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Heredity, Inheritance and Variation

Heredity
- passing of traits

Genetics
- Geneticist
- Gregor Mendel is the father of
Genetics

Nature vs. Nature


Human Genome Project
- HGP
- Mapped out the sequence of Sides: Sugar Phosphate
genes (Medicine and Evolution) Steps: Nitrogen Bases
- 20,500 genes that shape how Middle of the Nitrogen Bases:
humans develop Hydrogen Bond
- Human development is not just
genetic
- Uniqueness is brought by the From Haploid to Diploid
combination of genes from their 23 pairs = 46 chromosomes (23
parents male, 23 female)
- Environment may influence their
child Plants: anther, ovary
Animals: sperm, eggs

DNA, Genes, Chromosomes and Traits Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)


Traits – observable characteristics
determined by gene Meiosis
Gene – specific segment of DNA - In which sex cells divides and
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – shuffles their genetic materials
double helix structure found inside a - The form of cell division that
chromosome creates gametes, or sex cells
(eggs or sperm) is called meiosis.
Gene-made Nitrogen Bases: It is a special form of reproduction
PROTEINS that results in four next-generation
cells, rather than just two, from
ADENINE – THYMINE each cell.
CYTOSINE - GUANINE
Mitosis
- The simple duplication of a Multicellular Organisms
cell and all of its parts. It - Organisms with more than
duplicates its DNA and the two one cell. This is the case for
new cells (daughter cells) have the animals, plants and most
same pieces and genetic code. fungi. In such organisms, cells
are usually specialised. All the
Two identical copies come from one original cells with the same function work
together. Such a group of cells is
23 Pairs of Chromosomes then called a tissue.
22 pairs – body chromosomes
(Mitosis) - Multi-cellular organisms have a set
1 pair (23rd) sex chromosome of cells that specialize in
(Meiosis) reproduction. Reproduction in
such organisms is usually sexual.
XX – female The sex cells are either sperm or
XY – male ovum (also named "egg") cells. If
XXX – metafemale they are sperm cells, the organism
XYY – metamale is male, if they are egg cells it is
female. If both are present, the
organism is a hermaphrodite.

Fertilization – Fallopian Tube, unite stem


and egg cell to Zygote to Fetus

Variation and Inherited Human Traits


 Chiasmata – crossover

 Mutation – permanent change in


Largest Chromosome DNA sequence
- Chromosome 1  Alleles – two or more variations
- 8,000 genes Two different alleles will interact in
Smallest Chromosome specific ways to cause a trait to be
- Chromosome 21 expressed.
- 300 genes
 Genotype – actual set of genes Punnet Square
 Phenotype – manifestation of - Used to predict the possible
organism’s genotype genetic makeup of an offspring
 Homozygous – alleles for a trait Allele Pairs
are the same
 Heterozygous – Two inherited Homozygous EE
alleles for a particular trait that are Dominant
different Heterozygous Ee
 Dominant Allele – expresses Homozygous ee
itself and masks the effect of the Recessive
other allele for the same trait
 Recessive Allele – masked
by the presence of the Dominant
Allele and will only manifest if
the organism is Homozygous for
the Recessive Allele

SS S – straight
Ss S – straight hair, curly
hair
S – dominant
s - straight

2:2 (Heterozygous) (Bb) – 50%


2:2 (Homozygous Recessive) (bb) – 50%

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