SPE 10009
SPE
Sandstone Reservoirs
by Robert J. Weimer, Getty Professor, Colorado School of Mines and R. W. Tillman
Cities Service Co.
ABSTRACT
The or1g1n and distribution of a sandstone
reservoir for petroleum are controlled primarily by
the processes by which the sand was deposited. Stud-
ies of modern environments of deposition and associ-
ated Holocene deposits provide a basis for under-
standing petroleum fields and predicting reservoir
distribution and behavior.
The Rocky Mountain province of the United States
contains structural and stratigraphic traps from which
petroleum is produced from all types of sandstone
reservoirs ranging in age from Cambrian to the Eocene.
Three large typical stratigraphic traps, where reser-
voirs are of Cretaceous age, are described. The Cut
Bank field, Montana produces from alluvial point bar
sandstones; Patrick Draw field, Wyoming produces from
marine shoreline sandstones; and, Hartzog Draw field,
Wyoming produces from marine shelf sandstones.
INTRODUCTION
The majority of petroleum reserves in the world
is found in ancient sandstones which have porosity
and permeability. When sandstone contains petroleum
that can be extracted by known technology, it is re-
ferred to as a sandstone reservoir. Sandstone reser-
voirs are normally composed of stable minerals (e.g.,
quartz, feldspar and rock fragments), accessory
minerals and pores saturated with fluids. To be clas-
sified as sandstone, individual sand grains must be
between 1/8 and 2 mm in diameter. The quantity of
pore volume and the nature of the interconnections
between pores may be related to the primary processes
under which the sandstone accumulated, or they may be
related to secondary changes (diagenesis) that are
post-depositional.
The origin and distribution of a reservoir rock
are controlled primarily by the processes by which
the sand was deposited. Scientists concerned with
the origin of sedimentary rocks are fortunate because
References and illustrations at end of paper.
Society of Petroleum Engineers
'
they can observe the conditions and processes by
which sediments accumulate today and use their obser-
vations to interpret the origin of ancient sediment.
By using the areas of modern environments of deposi-
tion as natural laBoratories, scientists seek to im-
prove the quality of their work. A massive effort
has been underway for the past 30 years by industry,
government and university scientists throughout the
world to investigate modern environments of deposi-
tion and to interpret the results of the processes
in Holocene sequences. Concepts have· evolved from
these studies that hava revolutionized scientific
thought aBout sedimentary rocks.
Genetic Unit Concept
The results of these investigations clearly re-
affirm the time-honored concept that processes within
the environment of deposition control the type and
distriBution of lithology and associated primary
porosity and permeabiJity. Therefore, newly depos-
ited stratigraphic units can be described as process-
controlled genetic units. Sediments with a common
genesis have similar lithologies because the physical,
biologic and chemical processes within the environ-
ment are similar. For convenience, the phrase is
shortened to genetic unit.
The genetic unit is defined as a deposit re-
sulting primarily from the physical, chemical and bio-
logical processes operating within the environment at
the time of sedimentation. The approach is to recog-
nize lithologic differences that can be. related to a
stratigraphic level at which a unique set of proc-
esses began to influence sedimentation and when they
stopped (e.g. the deposit associated with the point
bar of a meandering stream channel) . . The process-
controlled genetic unit is almost always a smaller
scale unit than a formation. The genetic unit may be
equivalant to facies as used by some authors. The
words may be combined as "genetic facies" or
"environmental facies".
2 SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS
Environments of Deposition
Geologists and petroleum engineers are inter-
ested in predicting the thickness and areal extent
(trend) of a sandstone reservoir. Experience tells us
that each reservoir has finite limits and that one can
explain these limits by reconstructing the environment
of deposition in which the sandstone accumulated. An
environment is a geomorphic unit in which physical,
biological and chemical processes operate to form a
deposit (genetic unit). If a particular geomorphic
unit containing a sandstone reservoir is placed in an
overall depositional model, a predictive method can
be established that is useful in the exploration for
and the production of petroleum.
In general, sandstone containing primary porosity
and permeability (good reservoir characteristics) was
deposited where high energy currents operated in an
environment of deposition. During movement of water,
or air, as a current, clay and silt grains remained
in suspension while sand grains were transported as
bed load. The winnowed sand accumulated as "clean"
sand with interconnected pore spaces.
Seven of the most common environments of deposi-
tion, where sandstone reservoirs are deposited, are
illustrated in the depositional model (Fig. 1).
These are: fluvial point bar (PB); deltaic distribu-
tary channel (DC); lacustrine delta and shoreline (L);
desert eolian (E); marine shoreline and delta front
(S); marine shelf (SH); and, marine deep water (DW).
Each sandstone has its own unique set of internal
features and geometry that controls the nature of
petroleum production. If one can observe in core or
outcrop the internal features of inorganic and organic
sedimentary structures, textures, paleontology and
composition, the environment of deposition can be
reconstructed and used as an aid in exploration.
EXAMPLES OF ANCIENT SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS
Structural and stratigraphic petroleum traps are
present in the Rocky Mountain province of the United
States in intermontane basins (Fig. 2) that formed
during the Laramide orogeny (Late Cretaceous through
Eocene). During the Late Jurassic and for most of
the Cretaceous the entire province was the site of
one basin of deposition (Fig. 3). Most of the major
types of reservoir rocks shown on Fig. 1 can be ob-
served within this depositional basin which spanned
the North American continent from the Gulf of Mexico
to the Arctic Ocean (Fig. 3). The dominant source
of sediment to the basin was along the west margin
and lithologic facies was controlled by changes from
coastal plain to shoreline to marine shelf and the
deeper water basin. Intertonguing of nonmarine
strata on the west with marine strata in the center
of the basin is the dominant pattern of sedimenta-
tion (Fig. 4). Thickness of the Cretaceous strata
varies from 2,000 to 20,000 ft. The stratigraphic
level of the 3 important fields is shown on Fig. 4
by the letters A (Cut Bank), B, (Patrick Draw), and
C, (Hartzog Draw). Each field is typical of a sand-
stone reservoir representing a particular environ-
ment of deposition.
SPE 10009
CUT BANK FIELD, GLACIER COUNTY, MONTANA
General Description
The largest oil field producing from fluvial
sandstones in the Rocky Mountain region of the United
States is the Cut Bank oil and gas field in north-
western Montana (1, Fig. 2). Total production is 150
million bbls with a projected ultimate production to
be more than 160 million bbls. Discovered in 1926,
the field is a stratigraphic trap1 on the west flank
of a large closed structural dome (Fig. 5). Produc~
tion is from a fine- to medium-grained conglomeratic
sandstone with the net pay averaging 18 ft in thick-
ness in the oil-productive area. The field is
approximately 24 miles in length and varies in width
from 2 to 5 miles (49,000 productive acres). The
sandstone appears to be continuous throughout the
field, but out of approximately 1,200 producing wells
as many as 200 dry holes occur within the field
limits. These dry holes are due to local loss of
porosity and permeability preventing commercial pro-
duction. The pay zone averages 15 percent porosity
and permeability varies from 10 to 100 md; average
water saturation is 35 percent. Most wells were
drilled with cable tool rigs and completed open hole
with the pipe set on top of the pay section. Average
depth is 2,900 ft; oil in place is estimated to be
612 million bbls. Accumulative gas production is
265 Bd of gas.
Strata of upper Cretaceous age are exposed on
the surface over the field. These strata have a
regional west dip and progressively younger for-
mations are exposed from east to west. The producing
sandstone in the Cut Bank field is the Cut Bank Sand-
stone at the base of the Kootenai Formation. The age
of the Cut Bank is uncertain but is probably Early
Cretaceous. The sandstone is a gray, salt and pepper
cross stratified sandstone, shaly and fine grained in
the upper part but becoming coarse grained and con-
glomeratic near the base. The sandstone contains
varying amounts of black chert, either as grains or
pebbles in the lower part. The sandstone rests on a
scour surface under which as much as 60 feet of the
underlying marine Jurassic Swift Formation was
removed by erosion (Fig. 6). Underlying the Swift is
the Rierdon and Sawtooth Formations of Jurassic age
which overly the Mississippian Madison Formation.
Depositional Model
The pay sandstone shows texture and structure
that indicates low energy conditions accreting over
high energy. The texture grades upward from con-
glomerate to fine-grain sand; the structures change
upward from flat bedding and trough cross-strati-
fication (sets are 6 in to 2 ft thick) to ripple
laminated layers. The sand is capped by red, purple,
and green mudstones from which all organic matter has
been oxidized. No fossils other than wood fragments
have been reported from the sandstone. The lith-
ologies are typical of a vertical section w:Hhin a
point bar sandstone (genetic unit) associated with a
meandering stream channel (Fig. 7). Similar obser-
vations for the lithology of the Cut Bank were
reported by other authors 1 ,2
SPE 10009 R. J. WEIMER AND R. W. TILLMAN
Because of its widespread nature, the Cut Bank
Sandstone is interpreted as a complex of point bar
sandstones within several meander belts of a broad
alluvial valley. The valley is thought to have been
at least 50 miles in width and probably hundreds of
miles in length (Fig. 5) with flow direction to the
northeast.
The Cut Bank field is at the updip eastern margin
of the valley where fluvial sandstones rest on a scour
surface cut into the marine Jurassic shale 3 . The up-
dip seal is provided by the impermeable marine shale
(Fig. 6); the top seal is impermeable mudstones of the
flood plain environment. Oil and gas accumulated in
the point bar sandstones and dry holes within the
field are believed to be in impermeable abandoned
channel fill or channel margin flood plain deposits.
Because of the lack of'reliable geological data
from cable tool well logs, the width of the alluvial
valleys and dimensions of individual point bar sand-
stones cannot be determined accurately. Based on the
distribution of dry holes, each individual point bar
is estimated to be from one to three miles across and
the width of each meander belt would be similar. Be-
cause of a stable tectonic setting, younger meander
belts probably cannibalized older ones and, therefore,
an accurate reconstruction of individual systems is
not possible from available data.
Geologic History of Accumulation
The geologic history of the deposition of the
Cut Bank Sandstone is related to the following se-
quence of events. During early Cretaceous a world-
wide drop in sea level caused the incisement of drain-
age into Jurassic shales on the northwest flank of the
Kevin-Sunburst dome. With a rise in sea level during
the early Cretaceous the alluvial deposits filled the
valley and the Cut Bank Sandstone was deposited as a
series of coalescing meander belts containing numerous
point bar sandstones. Abandoned channel fill makes up
approximately 15 percent of the area within the Cut
Bank field. Nonmarine deposits of the Kootenai For-
mation, 500 to 650 ft thick, overlie the Cut Bank
Sandstone. Overlying marine sandstones and shales of
the Colorado ~ormation were deposited during an over-
all marine transgression in the late Cretaceous. The
Cut Bank Sandstone was buried by several thousand feet
of Cretaceous beds prior to the uplift of the Kevin-
Sunburst dome in the early Tertiary. Oil and gas
believed to have been generated in the marine Ellis
Shale then migrated to the updip pinchout of the Cut
Bank Sandstone where it was trapped at the edge of
the alluvial valley.
PATRICK DRAW FIELD, SWEETWATER COUNTY, WYOMING
General Description
Gas accumulations in ancient shoreline sand-
stones of the Mesaverde Group are well known in the
Cretaceous rocks of the Rocky Mountain area. One
area along the western part of the Wamsutter arch of
south-central Wyoming contains gas and oil in 2 main
shoreline sandstones of the Almond Formation (upper
Mesaverde Group) where they cross a broad structural
arch 4 (Fig. 8). Magnitude of dip on the arch is 4 0
3
East in the Cretaceous and 20 East in the Tertiary.
The cross section (Fig. 8) shows the structural and
stratigraphic position of the petroleum accumulations.
Only the Table Rock field is a closed structural
trap; Patrick Draw, Desert Springs and West Desert
Springs fields are stratigraphic traps. The updip
seal in each stratigraphic trap is the change from
porous and permeable shoreline sandstone to imper-
meable shale and siltstone of coastal plain environ-
ments. The top seal is marine impermeable Lewis shale
which may also be the source of oil. Gas may be
either biogenic or from coal in the nonmarine portion
of the Almond. Each shoreline bar complex contains
water in low stru~tural positions which defines the
downdip limit of production.
Cretaceous exploration in the area started by
drilling in 1955 on the Table Rock anticline, and
Almond production was established where shoreline
bar 1 crossed the closed structure. Later drilling
found the stratigraphic traps to the north and west
at Desert Springs, Patrick Draw and West Desert
Springs. Production is at depths from 3,500 to
6,500 feet.
The Patrick Draw field, discovered in 1959, is
one of the most significant oil fields in the Mesa-
verde Group. The Wasatch Formation (Eocene) is ex-
posed at the surface. Approximately 56 million bbls
of oil and 11 Bcf of gas have been produced over 22
years. An estimated 200 to 250 million bbls are in
place in the reservoir. A typical electric-log from
the field of the UA-5 and UA-6 sandstone is shown in
Fig. 9. Reservoir characteristics are summarized in
Table 1 5 ,6
Lithology and Distribution of Productive Sandstones
Two different sandstones produce petroleum in
the upper 60 ft of the Almond (Figs. 9 and 10). The
lower sandstone, called the UA-6, is near the middle
of the interval and is oil-productive both in the
West Desert Springs field (T. 20 N., R. 99 W.) and
in the northern part of the Patrick Draw field
(Fig. 8). The sandstone is gray, very fine- to fine-
grained .. calcareous, and ranges from a wedge-edge to
more than 25 ft thick. The average thickness of the
productive sandstones is about 12 ft. Because of the
erratic distribution of production, the fine grain
size, and the close association above and below with
coal beds and lagoonal shale, the UA-6 sandstone is
interpreted as having been deposited as tidal creek
channels and tidal flats west of a shoreline sand
trend (Fig. 11).
A second sandstone, the UA-S, is the main oil-
productive sandstone at Patrick Draw. This sandstone
occurs near the top of the Almond and is overlain by
the marine Lewis Shale (Fig. 9), by oyster-bearing
coquina layers, or by 5-10 ft of carbonaceous shale
and impermeable sandstone. The UA-5 sandstone (bar
2, Fig. 8) is quartzose, gray, fine- to medium-
grained, calcareous, and contains abundant dark gray
to black chert grains and minor amounts of feldspar.
The mineral percentages in the sandstone are: quartz
64; chert 32; feldspar (mostly plagioclase) 4; and
trace amounts of biotite, muscovite, chlorite, and
zircon. Cement is dominantly silica, but carbonate
4 SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS
(calcite or dolomite) and clay minerals (kaolinite)
alsq are present. The UA-5 sandstone ranges in thick-
ness from a wedge-edge to more than 30 ft (Fig. 10).
Coquina layers of the oyster, Ostrea glabra, are
found near the to~ of the sandstone in the middle part
of Patrick Draw field. particularly in the area of
thin sandstone in the middle of the field. In the
northern part of the field, thin laminae of shale and
siltstone within the sandstone exhibit angles of
cross-lamination as much as 20 0 • The UA-5 sandstone
rests on a coal bed or associated gray laminated silt-
stone and carbonaceous shale. Thickness variation
within the UA-5 interval results from addition of
sandstone both at the base and top of the unit. How-
ever, the top of the sandstone shows topographic
relief of only 5-10 ft in relation to marker beds in
the overlying Lewis Shale (Fig. 9). The relief at the
base of the sandstone is of the same order of magni-
tude. The porous and permeable UA-5 sandstone zone
occurs over an area at least 20 mi long and 6 to S
mi wide (Fig. 10).
The UA-5 sandstone pinches out updip at the
western margin of Patrick Draw field into impermeable
coal-bearing shale and siltstone and, in addition, the
interval may be cut out by an unconformity at the base
of the Lewis Shale 7 • To the north the oil-productive
sandstone grades laterally into impermeable shale,
but, in a nearly identical stratigraphic position and
in a higher structural position, a water-bearing sand-
stone is found. The trend and thickness variation of
this sandstone and its relationship to the Patrick
Draw field are shown by the isopachs on Fig. 10. Al-
though a separate reservoir, the sandstone is corre-
lated with the UA-5 sandstone because of stratigraphic
position, similar lithologic character, and what
appears to be the record of a similar geologic event.
Based on available sparse well control, the size of
this northern sandstone bar averages 4 mi in width
and more than 10 mi in length. The gas-discovery well
in West Desert Springs field was completed from this
sandstone; five additional wells in the field have
been completed with the producing area as shown on
Fig. 10. The reservoir is interpreted as having a
gas-water contact, although a narrow oil ring may be
present which cannot be developed economically.
Depositional MOdel
Based on core identification of internal sedi-
mentary structures, geometry based on reservoir con-
tinuity and isopach trends, the UA-5 sandstone is
interpreted as a shoreline sand deposit. In some
cores the sandstone shows a coarsening upward texture
with burrowed sandstone near the base, overlain by
trough cross-stratification in sets 1 to 3 ft thick,
which is overlain by parallel laminated sandstones.
These features are typical of a vertical profile
through a prograding barrier island shoreline deposit.
Other cores, especially in the north end of the Pat-
rick Draw field, show fining-upward textures, lags of
transported oyster shells at the base and within the
sandstone, trough cross-strata in sets 1 to 2 ft thick
with laminae of clay or carbonaceous material within
the cross lamina. The Ophiomorpha trace fossil occurs
within the sandstone indicating near normal marine
water salinity. These features indicate that the
sand was deposited in a tidal channel environment.
SPE 10009
Because of the widespread occurrence and thickness of
the channel sands, the shoreline is interpreted to be
within a meso tidal range (4 to S ft). The model on
Fig. 11 indicates the setting for the 2 different
types of shoreline sandstone.
The reservoir characteristic for the UA-5 sand-
stone at Patrick Draw is shown by Table 1. A water
flood has had poor success in the northern portion of
the field where the sandstone was deposited mainly in
tidal channel environment. Discontinuity in the lat-
eral porosity and permeability occurs between dif-
ferent tidal channels (genetic units).
HARTZOG DRAW FIELD, WYOMING
General Description
A common sandstone reservoir for oil production
from Cretaceous strata in the Rocky MOuntain region
is lenticular marine sa~dstone bars encased in marine
shale. Hartzog Draw field (3, Fig. 2), discovered in
1975, produces from the Shannon SandstoneS (Upper
Cretaceous) and is typical of this type bar. MOdern
log suites and good core coverage are available for
field studies.
Hartzog Draw, located on the gently sloping east
side of the Powder River basin, Wyoming (Fig. 12), is
the largest of the several linear northwest-southeast-
trending stratigraphically trapped oil fields in the
basin. Th,~ field is 1 to 4 mi wide and 22 mi long
with 2S,000 productive acres. The structure conforms
to a general southwest regional dip typical of that
portion of the basin and has minimal to no influence
on production.
An isopach map of the net sandstone thickness
shows a narrow linear character (Figs. 12 and 13).
The average sandstone thickness is 25 ft but ranges
up to 65 ft in the central portion of the field.
Where thickest, the initial flow potentials were in
excess of 3,000 barrels of oil per day. No water
table is apparent in the field and no formation water
is produced. The reservoir drive mechanism is solu-
tion gas.
A net pay isopach map very closely follows the
distribution of the net sandstone thicknesses. The
net pay section, as calculated from 17 cores, aver-
ages 14 percent por03ity and permeability averages
about 12 md 9 • These data for a typical well are
shown on Fig. 14. Net pay thickness for the field as
a whole ranges from 1 to 62 ft and closely parallels
the net sandstone thickness. Parameters calculated
from logs (using a 2.71 grain density with a 9 per-
cent density porosity cutoff) average 12.3 percent
effective porosity, 30 percent water saturation and
9 percent clay. The best porosities and permea-
bilities are generally associated with thick net pay
sandstones.
Oil in place is estimated to be 350 million
bbls, and with both primary and secondary recovery
methods the field is estimated to have an ultimate
recovery of more than 6S.5 million bbls. Oil is 36
API gravity with a paraffinic base. Depth to reser-
voir varies from 9,000 to 9,600 feet.
5 R. J. WEIMER AND R. W. TILLMAN SPE 10009

Lithologies of Genetic Units (Facies) 3. Weimer, R. J.: "Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary,

Six genetic units (facies) associated with the
productive sandstones are identified. The lithologies
of these facies are summarized in Table 2. The
lateral and vertical associations are illustrated by
a cross section through the field (Fig. 13, location
on Fig. 12). Two facies in Table 2, the central and
planar laminated, are grouped together as the central
bar facies on Fig. 13.
Reservoir sandstones (marine bar central facies
and bar margin facies) range from 5 to 65 ft in thick-
ness and develop within a 60- to 90-foot sequence of
burrowed to bioturbated, rippled interbedded sand-
stone and shale (interbar and shelf siltstone facies),
which in turn is completely enveloped in dark gray,
commonly silty shale (shelf silty shale facies).
Of five facies observed in cores, only one, the
marine bar (central facies), is a consistently high
quality reservoir. Two others, the bar margin facies,
a ripple to trough cross-bedded sandstone with abun-
dant shale an.d siderite clasts, and the interbar
facies, a rippled interbedded sandstone and shale,
generally are marginal quality reservoirs.
Depositional Model
The Cretaceous basin of deposition (Fig. 3) had
depositional topography described as a shelf, slope
and basin lU (Fig. 15). Shannon Sandstone deposition
apparently occurred below effective normal wave base
near the middle of the western shelf of the seaway,
more than 100 kilometers from shore in water depths
exceeding 60 ft. Recognition of mid- to outer-shelf
foraminifera assemblages in shaley portions of the
field substantiates the shallow marine environment of
deposition interpretation and an Early Campanian age
for the sediments at Hartzog Draw field (D. Dailey,
personal communication).
Storm-generated waves are visualized as trans-
porting and winnowing sand and ultimately constructing
the narrow linear porous and permeable offshore bars
(Figs. 13 and 15). Sand transport from the shoreline
across the broad shelf may have been influenced by a
decrease in water depth because of a world wide sea
level change at approximately 81 million years ago.
When sea level again increased the sand was redis-
tributed into the present bar configuration (Fig. 15).
Porous and permeable sands related to energy levels
were stacked to give the facies distribution of reser-
voir rock in the Hartzog Draw field.
Cut Bank area, Montana", 10th Ann. Field Conf.
Guidebook, Billings Geological Society, (1959),
p. 84-89.
4. Weimer, R. J.: "Time-stratigraphic analysis and
petroleum accumulation, Patrick Draw field,
Wyoming", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geolo-
gists, (1966), v. 50, p. 2150-2175.
5. Burton, Guy: "Patrick Draw area, Sweetwater
County, Wyoming", Wyoming Geological Associ-
ation Guidebook, 16th Ann. Field Conf., (1961),
p. 276-279.
6. Lawson, D. E., and Crowson, C. W.: "Geology
of the Arch Unit and adjacent areas, Sweetwater
County, Wyoming", Wyoming Geological Association
Guidebook, 16th Ann. Field Conf., (1961),
p. 280-299.
7. Van Horn, M. D.: "Stratigraphy of the Almond
Formation, east-central flank of the Rock
Springs Uplift, Sweetwater County, Wyoming: A
Mesotidal-Shoreline Model for the Late Cre-
taceous", unpub. M.Sc. thesis (T 1955), Colo.
School of Mines, (1979), 150 p.
8. Martinsen, R. S., and Tillman, R. W.: "Hartzog
Draw, New Giant Oil Field (abs.)", Bull. Amer.
Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, (1978), v. 62,
p. 540 ..
9. Hunt, R. D., and Hearn, C. L.: "Reservoir
Management of the Hartzog Draw Field", paper
SPE 10195 presented at SPE-AIME 56th Annual
Fall Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, Oct. 5-7,
1981.
10. Asquith, D.O.: "Depositional topography and
major marine environments, Late Cretaceous,
Wyoming", Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geolo-
gists, (1970), v. 54, p. 1184-1224.

REFERENCES

1. Blixt, J. E.: "Cut Bank Oil and Gas Field,

Glacier County, Montana", Sp. Pub. Amer. Assoc.
Petroleum Geologists, Stratigraphic Type Oil
Fields, A. I. Levorsen, ed., (1942), p. 327-381.

2. Shelton, J. W.: "Stratigraphic models and

general criteria for recognition of alluvial,
barrier-bar and turbidity-current sand deposits",
Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists (1967),
v. 51, p. 2441-2461.
 TABLE 1 - Reservoir characteristics, Patrick Draw Field

Average porosity ....... . . .19.76%

Average permeability .... . .35.92 md.
Average water saturation .. .30-50%
Residual oil saturation ... .12-20%
Formation volume factor .. .1. 263
API gravity of oil. ...... . .410
Amount of gas in solution .. . . 540-1 ,200 cu.
ft.jstock-tank bbl.
Average reservoir temperature. ... 121°F.
Original reservoir pressure . .... . . . 1,790 PSIG at
+2,000-ft. datum
Original stock-tank oil in place. .845 bbls.jac.-ft.
Estimated primary-recovery factor .. .20%
Approximate average pay thickness. .20 ft.
(Gas-solution drive reservoir)

TABLE 2 - Summary of Hartzog Draw Field Facies Characteristics

MAP. I NE BAR
~AR I NE BAR (PLANAR LAMI NA TED) BAR MARG I N I NTERRAR BURROWED SHELF SHELF SILTY
(CENTRAL FACIFS) FAC I ES FACIES FAC I ES SIL TSTONE FACIES SHALE FACIES

Litho 1 o~y Fi ne-medi urn grai ned Fi ne-grai ned quartz- Fine-medium 1nterbedded Shal y, sandy )i lty Shal e;
quartzose sandstone, ose <;ancistone. grai ned sand- very fi ne- silt stone, very fi ne-
rooderately glauco- stone. sha 1e gra; !"led slightly grained, thi n
n; ti c; 1oca 1 5; de- and siderite s i 1ty sand- glauconitic. (1/3" ) s i 1ty
rite clasts. rip-up clasts stone and sandstone
and 1enses. si 1ty sha let 1enses.
very 91 auco- sl ightly
nHie. gl duconit; c.

Sedi mentary Predomi nant ly hi gh Mostly srrh-horizontal Mostly high Predomi nant 1y Few physical Current ripples
Structures angl e trough and plane-parallel 1 am- anqle trollghs, ril1f11e-forrn strtlctures sub-horizontal
planar-tangent i al i nated sandstone. some current heddi ng Srrr- preserved. laminae.
cross heddi ng. 0.5'+ thick 1am; na- ripples, face. Cur-
Trough set s common- set s. M;nor shale and shale clasts rent ripples.
ly horizontally sandstone ripples. commonly show
truncated. preferred
orientations.

Rurrov/i ng Sparse Sparse Sra rse Modprate to ~ore than 75% Low to moderate
locally high r.lIrrowed.
rercent
hurrowed.

Reservo; r Excellent, major Limited? Good Limi ted None None

Potential reservoir facies
 Fig. 1 - Stratigraphic model with
environments of deposition of
sandstone reservoirs.

Fig. 2 -Index map of structural basins,

Rocky Mountain region.

'000'.' .
~
Fig. 3 - Index map showing
outline of Cretaceous basin of
deposition.
A

LEGEND

"-","-"
MARINE

• SANDSTONE
. .\
D
~'-'"1
SHALE 6 LIMESTONE
SCALES OF SECTION -1wYei:-' -; .
. ! I
f 7
21000 FEET
5 50MILES
A"~ .~B~B
--'l~·-·
NONMARINE

IZ:2J
l~o°;J
SH.,55.COAL

. i CONGL.ass.
UTAH1 ,
'~'-'I"-' ••••••• STAGE BOUNDARIES

miles
SCALE OF INDEX

Fig. 4 - Diagrammatic restored section of Cretaceous strata with

position of Sandstones: Cut Bank (A); Almond (B) and Shannon (C).

Fig. 5 - Regional structure contour

map on top of Mississippian with
alluvial valley of Cut Bank Sandstone.
UNION OIL UNION OIL NORTHERN ORONANCE
20-35-5 18-34-4 30-34-3
c' o

ki.'~·- COL~~ADO
I, -j .
.

{l_
. KOOTENAI

MADISON GRP

Fig. 6 - Electric log section across

margin of alluv'i al valley.
Fig. 7 - Point bar model for Cut Bank
Sandstone.

,,
,,
,:
I
:,,
\
\\
\
\
\
,,
\
o'L-_...LI6 _ _12-'-I_---"18 Mil ..
\\.
N

r .. , )

WYOMING r . ' ';

.-- UTAH r-cOLORAi50----------------~

WEST EAST
POINT OF ROCKS TABLE ROCI<
2ON-IOIW
SE r9N-98W
I I
B

Fig. 8 - Structure contour map (in ft) on

top of Almond Formation and structural
section across Patrick Draw area.
 FOREST OIL #1l-2 ARCH 51
SENW SEC. 11-19N-99w, SWEETWATER CO., WYO.

SP R

Fig. 9 - Typical electric log, Patrick

Draw field with numbers for producing
sandstones.
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",

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OIL-WATER
CONTACTS
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h\
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\!..\ Q,\ \

GGuif Leon C.Q G. Arch Unit 39 ArchUni'P

Secg·TI9N-R~8W
!eo IB-'I"I9N-R Q9W Sec16-1;'I9N·R99W Sec13-Tl9N-R99W
I
I I .. I I
.--'---=L'-"'E'-¥-....,IS"--_________ LMa rker Benton i te

Fig. 10 - Isopach map of UA-5 sandstone with stratigraphic sections. Contour

interval, 10 ft.
 OPEN MARINE

fTZ1
I....!.!...J
T,ans'UonZ ...... Shaliow N""I,C
S""dsI""" Dopooiled B.I"",9Io0.. laclO

"l \\D
r FS
BRACKISH TO MARINE
Fo, •• he,. Buc~ Sa ..... IMe

TOE ~~~'~~~·~:'~n:"~~:I:::C"
TC T,daICh.nn .. IS.nd~Ion.
TC R T,daIC, •• kSandsion.

TDF Flo"" locl.1 Dena S.nd.lon"

DOMINANTLY FRESH
DF,eshW.I.,Me.. hICooU

~Ba"'.rISlandsan'hlone
x x'
MEANDER OF TIDAL BARRIER ISLAND OR SPIT

Q) ~~~O;~~,~~~_r::-"~:=~""._~.~ .',i"«VFOS- - - - S L
, ", ,~: SF

Fig. 11 - Map and section showing depositional

environments of shoreline zone.

R75W

Ii> '
d'O
o T \
,
"-+\ + \45
\ \N
\ \ \
'
\\ 4',

o 2 4 Mi. R75W
II ,. I I'i ill I I
01 5 Km.

Fig. 12 - Hartzog Draw field, net

isopach map, Shannon Sandstone,
contour interval, 10 ft. Structure
contours ( - 3800) on top of marker
bentonite.
 Fig. 13 - Stratigraphic section with
facies (location on Fig. 12).

CITIES SERVICE OIL COMPANY

HELDT DRAW FEDERAL AB-1A
HARTZOG DRAW FIELD, WYOMING
K = PERMEABILITY md 0.1 1.0
iii = POROSITY % 0.1 1.0
%OIL = OIL
SATURATION

Fig. 14 - Plot of porosity, permeability

and oil saturation in typical well.

Fig. 15 - Depositional model for

Shannon Sandstone at Hartzog Draw
field.