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ρ σ K K
CN = 1.0067 × o2 o−W × ro ×
µ oCosθ K rw ϕ
....................................... (A-8) 0.1
0.5351*Phi
K = 0.2722e
It is important to point out that Krw and Kro (at the intersection R 2 = 0.8718
point of the two curves) are relative permeability of water and oil, 0.01
respectively. Krw is generally less than 30% for water-wet reser- 0 5 10 15
voirs and greater than 50% for oil-wet reservoirs(13). The corre-
sponding Sw for the selected Kro point is less than 50% for oil-wet Porosity (%)
reservoirs and Sw > for water-wet reservoirs. Where the oil density
FIGURE 1: Permeability-porosity correlation for UAE carbonate
is expressed in kg/m3, viscosity is in centipoise, IFT in N/cm, and
reservoir.
permeability in Darcy.
1
6
Flow Unit # 2
5
Sample # 1 Sample # 2
0.1
RQI (um)
4
(dimensionless)
Sample # 3 Sample # 4
J-Function
Flow Unit # 1
2 0.01
Flow Unit # 2
1
Flow Unit # 1
0 0.001
0 50 100 150 0.1 1 10 100
Water Saturation (% pv) Phi (Z) (%)
FIGURE 3: Reservoir quality index vs. Phi (Z) for UAE carbonate
FIGURE 2: J-function of the producing formation for Well A. reservoir.
RQI (um)
FU # 2
FU # 1
0.01
1 10
Phi (Z) (%)
FU # 1
300
Figure 6. This figure shows the existence of only two flow units.
250 This means that the reservoir shows four flow units when all wells
200 are considered but only two of them cross through Well A.
FU # 2 A comparison of Figures 3 and 5 shows that the application of
150
the CN concept is capable to identify four flow units while the
100 RQI application provides only two flow units. This means that the
50 addition of fluid and rock-fluid properties (which may be almost
constant for the same well but different from one well to another)
0
into the CN technique improves the performance for reservoir
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 description although the same data set is used. In addition, a com-
SQRT (K/Phi), Sqrt (mD)
parison of Figures 4 and 6 indicates that although the RQI and CN
concepts confirm the existence of two flow units through Well A,
the CN provides accurate and more harmonious identification than
FIGURE 6: Characterization Number (CN) vs. SQRT (K/Phi) for
the RQI concept does. This is shown in Figure 6 where the scat-
Well A.
tering degree of used data points is much lower than that shown in
Figure 4 for the RQI. It is important to emphasize that although
heterogeneous nature of carbonate reservoir(s) and/or the non- the application of the RQI concept requires a log-log plot (which
suitability of the RQI concept for this situation. usually accumulates data points and reduces its scattering degree)
to obtain a straight line (characterizing single flow unit), its final
Application of the Characterization Number result still shows a high scattering degree of data points. On the
Technique other side, the CN concept uses a Cartesian plot and provides a
lower scattering degree. The CN technique also has another
Although the use of the reservoir quality index (RQI) for reser- advantage of plotting more rock/fluid variables involved in the
voir description has proven effective, a number of other available CN vs. dual parameter of K /ϕ .
properties can still be added to improve the application of the con-
cept. Three such improvements have been identified in this work.
These include: (1) the density of reservoir flowing fluids (oil and
water); (2) the rock-fluid properties, such as interfacial tension
Conclusions
and relative permeability of oil and water systems; and, (3) the 1. A permeability correlation is developed for the UAE carbon-
variation in dynamic flow conditions. The addition of these prop- ate reservoir. This correlation is capable of predicting the
erties provides a more robust reservoir description/characteriza- permeability using porosity data. A comparison between it
tion considering fluid, rock, and rock/fluid properties. This varia- and the permeability correlation for Saudi Arabia shows that
tion of fluid properties (density, viscosity, and IFT) from well to the UAE carbonate reservoir has higher permeability than
well is expected to have a greater impact to differentiate between that of the Saudi Arabian reservoir, when both have the
different oil flow units because of expected variations of tempera- same porosity values.
ture and pressure conditions. 2. Applying the concepts of J-function and reservoir quality
The Characterization Number (CN) is plotted vs. K /ϕ using index on an actual carbonate reservoir show that the RQI
all data points for the UAE carbonate reservoir under investiga- provides better identification of the flow units constituting
tion in Figure 5. Inspection of Figure 5 shows that the producing this formation than the J-function does.
formation of this reservoir consists of four distinct flow units. 3. A new technique is developed to provide more detailed
This result is very interesting and means that one may be able to information on the flow units of the reservoir. This tech-
produce a more refined reservoir description over the description nique is based on using the dimensionless analysis technique
provided using the concepts of J-function and RQI, as obtained in to develop the Characterization Number. It was successfully
this study in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. The reasons for this applied to the UAE carbonate reservoir for which data was
more refined reservoir description are that the Characterization available.
ρ V D R
Acknowledgement π1 = O O P = e
µOCosθ Cosθ ..............................................................(A-3-a)
The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the manage-
ment of Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Oil Co. (ADMA-OPCO)
for providing the data used in this study, and their permission to
publish this work. σ 1
π 2 = O−W =
VW µW N C ....................................................................(A-3-b)
REFERENCES
1. TIAB, D. and DONALDSON, E.C., Petrophysics-Theory and
Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport
K /ϕ
Properties; Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX, 1996.
π3 = = RQI
2. EBANKS, W.J., Jr., Integrated Approach to Reservoir Description D D
p P
..................................................................(A-3-c)
for Engineering Projects; abstract only, AAPG, 1982.
3. EBANKS, W.J., Jr., SCHEIHING, M.H., and ATKINSON, C.D.,
Flow Units for Reservoir Characterization; AAPG, pp. 282-289, One can characterize the first group (A-3-a) as the Reynold’s
1983. Number, Re, (divided by contact angle); the second group (A-3-b)
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the third one (A-3-c) as the Reservoir Quality Index, RQI, divided
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Uncored Intervals/Wells; paper SPE 26436, the 66 th Annual by pore diameter. Multiplication of the above three dimensionless
Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum groups together yields the characterizing function, denoted here as
Engineers, Houston, TX, pp. 205-217, October 3 – 6, 1993. the Characterization Number (CN), combining the type of flow
5. Schlumberger, Log Interpretation, Principles/Applications; regime (Reynold’s Number), the ratio of viscous to interfacial ten-
Schlumberger Educational Services, Houston, TX, 1989. sion forces (Capillary Number), and the reservoir description of
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Considerations Related to the Quantitative Evaluation of the cation is expressed as follows:
Physical Characteristics of Reservoir Rock From Electric Log Data;
Trans. AIME, Vol. 189, pp. 105-118, 1950.
ρ σ V K
7. TIMUR, A., An Investigation of Permeability, Porosity, and CN = o o − W o
µ Cosθ µ V
Residual Water Saturation Relationships; Proceedings of SPLWA, o w w ϕ
......................................................(A-4)
9th Annual Logging Symposium, New Orleans, LA, Paper K, pp. 1-
17, June 23 – 28, 1968.
8. MORRIS, R.L. and BIGGS, W.P., Using Log-Derived Values of By definition using Darcy’s law for steady-state flow, oil and
Water Saturation and Porosity; Proceedings of SPWLA, 8th Annual water velocities can be expressed as follows:
Logging Symposium, Denver, CO, Paper X, pp. 1-26, June 12 – 14,
1967.
9. LEVERETTE, M.C., Capillary Behaviour in Porous Solids; Trans. Vo =
(
2πK o h Pe − Pwf )
AIME, Vol. 142, pp. 152-169, 1940. µo Ln (re / rw )
10. YUAN, H.H. and SWANSON, B.F., Resolving Pore Space
Characteristics by Rate Controlled Porosimetry; SPE Formation
Evaluation, pp. 17-25, March 1989. and
11. SANER, S., KISSAMI, M., and AL-NUFAILI, S., Estimation of
Permeability From Well Logs Using Resistivity and Saturation Data;
SPE Formation Evaluation, pp. 27-31, March 1997. Vw =
(
2πK w h Pe − Pwf )
12. Personal communication with the Petroleum Development Section of µ w Ln (re / rw )
......................................................................(A-5)
Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Oil Co.; ADMA-OPCO, 2001.
13. CRAIG, F.F., The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding;
Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, 1971. Divide VO by VW from Equation (A-5) yields: