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Sustainability and Energy
and reducing dependence on oil imports from
PERSPECTIVE politically unstable regions. Renewables are
less polluting, both in terms of local emissions
Ethanol for a Sustainable (such as particulates, sulfur, and lead) and green-
house gases (carbon dioxide and methane) that
cause global warming. They are also more labor-
Energy Future intensive, requiring more workforce per unit of
energy than conventional fossil fuels (3).
José Goldemberg* Although technologically mature, some of the
renewable sources of energy are more expensive
Renewable energy is one of the most efficient ways to achieve sustainable development. Increasing than energy produced from fossil fuels. This is
its share in the world matrix will help prolong the existence of fossil fuel reserves, address the particularly the case for the “new renewables.”
threats posed by climate change, and enable better security of the energy supply on a global scale. Traditional biomass is frequently not the object of
Most of the “new renewable energy sources” are still undergoing large-scale commercial commercial transactions and it is difficult to eval-
development, but some technologies are already well established. These include Brazilian uate its costs, except the environmental ones. Cost
sugarcane ethanol, which, after 30 years of production, is a global energy commodity that is fully continues to be the fundamental barrier to wide-
competitive with motor gasoline and appropriate for replication in many countries. spread adoption of traditional biomass despite its
900
gasoline prices (2004) US$/m3
between Russia and Ukraine did not show the warning bell. European Commission, 1049 Bruxelles, Belgium.