Dynamic Braking: DC Injection Method

Mikhael Glen Lataza

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
University of San Carlos, Technological Center
Cebu City, Philippines
mlataza@gmail.com

Abstract—To reduce deceleration time of large loads or for
emergency, a braking system is necessary. One type of method is
the DC dynamic braking or DC injection. In this system, a DC
voltage is impressed across the stator windings after the motor is
disconnected from the power supply. The dc current in the stator
windings produce a stationary magnetic field that exerts a
braking torque on the rotor. This braking torque dissipates the
rotational energy stored in the motor shaft. So, a DC dynamic
braking system was implemented using motor control circuit to
understand effect of DC input voltage to the deceleration time of
the motor. The motor control circuit enables the activation and
de-activation of DC dynamic brake which significantly reduces
the deceleration time of the motor. By increasing the DC input
voltage, the deceleration time further decreases.
Keywords—dynamic braking; dc injection method; motor
control
I. INTRODUCTION
After the motor source is turned off, the motor shaft will
continue to rotate for some time due to the stored rotational
energy in the moment of inertia of the shaft and load. For large
loads, this might take a larger span of time. To reduce the
deceleration time or for emergency, a braking system is
necessary [1].
Several methods of induction motor dynamic braking
system are listed in [2]:
 AC dynamic braking;
 Self-excited braking using capacitors;
 DC dynamic braking; and
 Zero sequence braking.
In DC dynamic braking, a DC source is impressed in the
stator windings after the AC source is removed from the
terminals. The DC source produces a stationary magnetic field
that causes the machine to operate as a generator where the
generated energy from the inertia is dissipated in the rotor
circuit resistance [2].
The process of dynamic braking can be understood by
looking at the torque produced by the rotor and stator magnetic
fields. By analyzing the equivalent circuit of polyphase
induction motor, torque is given by the equation below where
I2 is the rotor current, R2 is the rotor resistance, 1 is the
angular speed of stator magnetic field, and 2 is the angular
speed of rotor [3].
  
Under normal conditions, there is a slip (1 > 2), so the
torque is positive and acts in the same direction as the rotor.
At DC dynamic braking, the stator magnetic field is
stationary (1 = 0), and the torque will be negative which acts
in opposition to the rotor; thus, producing the braking torque.
A similar analysis was done in [4], and the braking torque
for a DC injection method is given by (2) where TBR is the
braking torque, r is the angular speed of rotor, Rr is the rotor
resistance, P is the number of poles, Lm is the mutual
inductance, Rs is the stator resistance, Lr is the rotor leakage
inductance, and U is the magnitude of the DC voltage. From
(2), the braking torque increases as the square of the input DC
voltage.
  
II. OBJECTIVES
This experiment aims to understand the operation of a DC
dynamic braking system for polyphase induction motor.
Specifically, it aims to
 Understand the operation of a control circuit with DC
dynamic braking system;
 Identify the effect of DC dynamic braking to the
deceleration time of the motor; and
 Identify the effect of the DC voltage level to the
deceleration time of the motor.
III. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT USED
The materials or equipment used in conducting this
experiment are the following:
 Three-phase induction motor;
 Variable rectifier;
  Digital multi-meter; V. DATA AND RESULTS
 Three contactors; A. Operation of the Control Circuit
 Three relays; The OP relay can be energized by the OP(on) pushbutton
and can be de-energized by the OP(off) pushbutton. The R
 Three NO & NC pushbuttons; and relay is energized when the RUN pushbutton is pressed, and
 Festo wires. de-energizes when the STOP pushbutton is pressed. The S
relay can only be activated when the OP relay is energized and
the STOP pushbutton is pressed; it can then be de-energized by
IV. METHODOLOGY pressing the RUN pushbutton.
First, the control circuit was constructed based on the
circuit diagram in fig. 1. After the connections were verified, Based on that, the OP relay activates or de-activates the DC
the control circuit was energized to 220 V single-phase source dynamic brake. The R contacts connect the induction motor to
to verify its operation. After verification of the control circuit, the three-phase supply. The S contacts inject DC voltage into
the power circuit was then assembled based on fig. 2. the motor from the variable rectifier. To prevent the DC source
from getting shorted with the three-phase source, the S and R
contacts are interlocked. This interlocking scheme is also
applied for forward and reverse control of polyphase motors
[5].

B. Effect of DC Injection to Deceleration Time

Results show that the injection of DC voltage decreased the
deceleration time significantly. The deceleration time further
decreased with the increase in DC voltage input.
The braking torque can be felt when the shaft is manually
turned while the DC injection is activated.

VI. CONCLUSION
To reduce the deceleration time of an induction motor, a
DC injection braking system can be utilized. The strength of
Fig. 1. Control circuit of DC dynamic braking system.
the braking system can be varied by changing the input DC
The power circuit was connected to a 220 V three-phase voltage.
source. The digital multimeter was connected to the output of The DC voltage is injected into the motor when the power
the variable rectifier to monitor the DC injection voltage. The is disconnected from the motor through the use of interlocking
variable rectifier was adjusted until about 20 V appears on the contacts and relays.
multimeter.
The deceleration time of the motor was observed for cases REFERENCES
when OP is on and OP is off. The DC injection voltage was
varied in steps until 30 V by turning the knob of the variable [1] "DC injection braking," 31 August 2018. [Online]. Available:
rectifier while observing the change in the deceleration time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_injection_braking.
[2] "Induction Motor Braking Regenerative Plugging Dynamic Braking of
Induction Motor," 30 July 2018. [Online]. Available:
https://www.electrical4u.com/induction-motor-braking/.
[3] D. Harrison, "The dynamic braking of induction motors," Proceedings of
the IEE Part A: Power Engineering, vol. 103, no. 8, pp. 121-129, 1956.
[4] A. Khoei and S. Yuvarajan, "Dynamic Braking of Induction Motors
Using DC Injection," Electric Machines & Power Systems, vol. 10, no.
5-6, pp. 417-420, 1985.
[5] "Forward Reverse Motor Control," 9 September 2018. [Online].
Available: https://motor-control-circuits.blogspot.com/2015/03/forward-
reverse-motor-control.html.

VII. REFLECTION
Dynamic braking can be used for emergency stop for safety
purposes. This experiment reminds me that safety is an
important consideration in the design of electrical systems.
Safety features must be embedded in system to prevent
personnel from injuries and property from damages.
Fig. 2. Power circuit with the DC source in parallel.
 VIII. CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that all the content written in this paper are
my original work and all borrowed content from other sources
are duly cited and listed in the references section.

Mikhael Glen Lataza

Author