Chapter 9: Continued….

•Variations from Mendel’s Laws

• Which of the following crosses will give
tall and dwarf pea plants in same
proportions?
• (a) TT x tt
• (b) Tt x tt
• (c) TT x Tt
• (d) tt x tt
Question

• How many types of gametes can be

produced by a diploid organism who is
heterozygous for 4 loci?
• (a) 4
• (b) 8
• (c) 16
• (d) 32
Question

• Mohan and Rukmini both have free earlobes

(a dominant trait), but their son does not.

• Show with a Punnett square how this is

possible.

• If they have two more children, what is the

probability that both of them will have free
earlobes?
• In watermelons, the allele for green color (G)
is dominant over the allele for striped color
(g) and the allele for short shape (S) is
dominant over the allele for long shape (s).
When long, striped watermelons are crossed
with watermelons heterozygous for both
traits, what proportion of the offspring are
striped and short?
• A. 0
• B. 1/4
• C. 1/2
• D. 9/16
• Variations on Mendel’s Laws...
•In incomplete dominance, F1
hybrids have intermediate
phenotype.
Figure 9.18-s3

P Generation

Red White
RR rr

Gametes R r

F1 Generation
Pink
Rr

1 1
Gametes 2 R 2
r

F2 Generation Sperm
1 1
2
R 2
r

1
R
2
RR Rr
Eggs
1
r
2
Rr rr
Figure 9.18-s3

P Generation

Red White
RR rr

Gametes R r

F1 Generation
Pink
Rr

1 1
Gametes 2 R 2
r

F2 Generation Sperm
1 1
2
R 2
r

1
R
2
RR Rr
Eggs
1
r
2
Rr rr
•Can a gene have only two
versions?
• The ABO blood groups in humans involve
three alleles of a single gene (multiple alleles).

• IA  Enzyme adds Sugar ‘A’ (galactosamine)

• IB  Enzyme adds Sugar ‘B’ (galactose)
• i (for neither A nor B).

• IA and IB alleles are codominant.

Figure 9.20

Blood Reactions When Blood from Groups

Group Antibodies Below Is Mixed with Antibodies from
(Pheno- Present in Groups at Left
type) Genotypes Red Blood Cells Blood O A B AB
IA IA Carbohydrate
A or A Anti-B
IAi

IB IB Carbohydrate
B or B Anti-A
IB i

AB IA IB

Anti-A
O ii
Anti-B
• A child with blood group AB is born of a
woman with genotype IBIB. The father
could not be a man of genotype:
• (a) IAIA
• (b) IBIB
• (c) IAIB
• (d) IAi
• Pleiotropy: one gene influencing
several characters.

Pleiotropy Multiple traits

Single (e.g., sickle-cell
gene disease)
Figure 9.21
Individual homozygous
for sickle-cell allele

Sickle-cell (abnormal) hemoglobin

Abnormal hemoglobin crystallizes into long, flexible chains,

causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped.

Colorized SEM

Sickled cells can lead to a cascade of symptoms, such as

weakness, pain, organ damage, and paralysis.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Polygenic inheritance is
• the additive effects of two or more genes on a single
phenotypic character.

• e.g. Human height

Polygenic
inheritance Single trait
(e.g., height)

Multiple genes
Figure 9.22

P Generation = short allele

= tall allele
aabbcc AABBCC
(very short) (very tall)

F1 Generation

AaBbCc AaBbCc
(medium height) (medium height)
F2 Generation
Sperm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1
8 20
64
1

Fraction of population
8
1
15
8
64
1
8
Eggs 1
8
1
8
6
1
64
8
1
8
1
64

1 6 15 20 15 6 1
Adult height
64 64 64 64 64 64 64
Very short Very tall
When one gene influences another…
33°C
Epigenetic inheritance

• Transmission of traits by mechanisms not

directly involving DNA sequence.

• Can include methylation of nucleotides

• Histone modification
• See Figure 9.24 of Textbook (Chromosomal basis
of Mendel’s Laws)
Excluded Topics in this Chapter

• Linked genes
• Sex determination
• Sex-linked genes