1

yHkESdyfjcif;
yxrtBud r f ? 2008-ck E S p f ? arv? tk y f a & - 500/

wefzdk;
1500 - usyf

rsufESmzHk;yef;csD
omwifhxuf

uGefysLwmpmpDESifh *&yfzpf
apm0if; (vkyftm;)

zvif
xGef;qdkif

pmtkyfcsKyf
{u&D

pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf - 3 2 0 0 9 9 0 2 0 8
rsufESmzHk;cGifhjyKcsuf - 3 2 0 1 6 8 0 3 0 8

OD;a&TxGef;atmif (0207) vkyftm;yHkESdyfwdkuf? trSwf 5? vrf; 100?

uefawmfuav;? &efukefNrdKUu rsufESmzHk;ESifh twGif;pmom;rsm; ½dkufESdyfí
OD;a&TxGef;atmif (01522) ESvHk;vSpmay?
trSwf 5? vrf; 100? &efukefNrdKUu xkwfa0jzefYcsdonf/
 3

odum© um& pmpOf ( 3 )

tdyfruf xl;qef; pGrf;rSpGrf;

rpdk;&drfpmoifom;

ESvHk;vS pmay
trSwf 5? vrf; 100? vGwfvyfa&;&yfuGuf?
r*FvmawmifnGefYNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
zkef; - (01) 290981
 4

rm wd um

jrwfbk&m;\ w&m;a[myHk 6
odu©mum&pmpOf odkYr[kwf tvif;ul;a&mifpOf
ausmfxufcdkif (zm;pnfajr) 7
jyefpma&;jcif; taMumif;&if; 15

odu©mum& (1) tjyKESifhtzsuf oHk;oyfcsufrsm;

,ckb0 edAÁmef&jcif;taMumif; 18
pGrf;rSpGrf; 24
aeYpOfa<u; aeYpOfqyf 29

odu©mum& (2) trSefESifhtrSm; oHk;oyfcsufrsm;

xdk;Zmwf\ t½IH;tjrwf 35
tyg,frusawmYbl;vm; 42
tcufqHk;ESifY tjrwfqHk; 49
0daoo|me0PÖem xl;qef;&mtzGifh 54
pdwfjzpfpOf 59
 5

rm wd um

odu©mum& (3) tppfESifhtwk oHk;oyfcsufrsm;

aovkvyk *k K¾ v
d f 65
aovkvkyk*¾Kdvf ( 2 ) 73
&[Eåmyk*¾KdvfwdkY\ cE¨mig;yg; 80
tBuHBuD;&Spfck 86

odu©mum& (4) bmoma&;ausmif;wdkuf txdrf;trSwfrsm;

rEåav; rpdk;&drfwdkufopf 93
&[ef;wdkYq&m wdkYq&m 103
þopfyifBuD; 104

odu©mum& (5) aemufqufwGJ trSwfw&rsm;

tdyfrufBuD;ESifh tdyfrufuav;rsm; 108
urm&GwfrSonf tnmpk&GmqDodkY 116
t&SiftmeE´m 123
yifv,fa&b,frcef; 129
 6

jrwfbk&m;\ w&m;a[myHk

aom "r®H a'aowd tm'duvsmPH raZÑuvsmPH

y&da,momeuvsmPH omw¬H oAsOÆeH au0vy&dykPÖH y&dok'¨H
jA[®p&d,H yumaowd/ (0d? yg? 1? 1/)
*kPfawmfudk;yg;wdkYESifh jynhfpHkawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf
oDvudk jyaomtm;jzifh tpü aumif;jcif;&Sdaom? orm"dudk
jyaom tm;jzif h tv,f ü aumif ; jcif ; &S d a om? ynmud k
jyaomtm;jzifh tqH;k ü aumif;jcif;&Sad om? owdy|mef tp&So d nfh
teuft"dyÜm,f wdkYESifh jynhfpHkaom? odxdv "edw tp&Sdonfh
o'´gtoHk;tEIef; wdkYESifh jynhfpHkaom? xnfhoGif;zG,f&m r&Sdojzifh
tvd k r &S d a tmif jynh f p H k a om? y,f E k w f z G , f & m r&S d o jzif h
tyd k r &S d a tmif pif M u,f a om? w&m; (a'oemawmf ) ud k
a[mawmfrl\/
jA[®m? ewf? vl? owå0g[lorQwdkYtm; txufyg *kPfckepfyg;
wdkYESifh jynhfpHkaomw&m; (a'oemawmf) wdkYudk a[mawmfrlvsuf
odu©moHk;yg;wdkYjzifh odrf;,ltyfaom tusifhjrwf (omoe jA[®
p&d,? r*¾ jA[®p&d,) ESpyf g;udk xif&mS ;odomatmif jyoay;awmf
rl\/
oufawmfxif&Sm;? jrwfbk&m;\
trsm;jynfol? EIwf&dSolwdkY
ajymrloGufoGuf? em;pHkxufodkY
ckefwufjyefYyGm; *kPfpum;/
Mum;olwdkif;vnf; Mum;r0/
ajymolwdkif;vnf; ajymr0/
 7

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó

odu©mum&pmpOf odkYr[kwf tvif;ul;a&mifpOf

(u)
]]Ak'¨0g'trnfcH twkty bmom0g'wdkYudk wkHYjyef
ajz&S i f ; jy&mü oD v ? orm"d ? ynmw&m;ud k avh v m
rSwfom;xm;jcif; &SdrSom jzpfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/}}
þpmyk'd o f nf rpd;k &drpf moifom;\ ]]tMum;tjrifEiS hf ,Mwm}}
pmtkyf (pm 20-25) rS jzpfygonf/ rpd;k &drpf moifom;\ aqmif;yg;wdu Yk kd
vpOfxkwf "r®&HoD? "r®&wem r*¾Zif;wdkYrSm ygavh &SdaomaMumifh
owdxm;rdcyhJ gonf/ aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif vuf&o dS ½kyrf eS f 0g' (Realism)?
obm0t"du0g' (Naturalism)? ukd,fusKd;pGefY trsm; tusKd;jyK0g'
(Altruism) rsm;ESifh tvGef eD;pyfudkufnDaMumif; awGUjrif &ygonf/
xd k Y a Mumif h txyf x yf jyef í jyef í zwf c sif p zG , f a umif ; aom
"r®&owpfckudk &&Sdygonf/
opö m w&m;xJ ü pG r f ; tm;rsm; ud e f ; 0yf a eMuayonf /
aqmif;yg;rsm;onf bmom omoemtaMumif; ppfppfaygufayguf
avhvmolrsm;twGuf tvGefaus;Zl;rsm;ygonf/ erlemwpfckrQudk
xkwfjyyg&ap.../
]]tMum;tjrif ÓPfawmfBuD;onf (1) oDvodu©m udk
rusifholrsm;? (2) oDvodu©mudk usifhqJolrsm;? (3)
 8
oD v od u © m ud k jynh f p H k a tmif u sif h o l r sm;? (4) orm"d o d u © m ud k
rusifh&ao;olrsm;? (5) orm"dodu©mudk usifhqJolrsm;? (6)
orm"dodu©mudk jynhfpHk½HkrQ usifholrsm;ESifh vHk;0 rqkdifyg/
oDvodu©mudk jynhfpHkatmif usifhNyD;aom? orm"dodu©mudk
(txl;ojzifh) jynhfpHkatmifusifhNyD;aom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESifhom
qdkifygonf}}
pm-77 [lí azmfjyxm;ygonf/
þpmyd k ' f t & ]]oD v ? orm"d ES p f r sKd ; pvH k ; jynh f p H k a tmif
usifhNyD;aom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;onfom tMum;tjrif&ol-tMum;tjrifÓPf
&ol-tMum;tjrif&Sdol jzpfEkdif\}} [k od&ygonf/ þa&;om;csuf
pdppfcsufonf BuD;rm;aom"r®'óeyif jzpfygonf/ rSwfrdatmif
zwfxm;&ef vdktyfvSayonf/ xyfwvJvJ jyefzwfcsifp&m "r®&oudk
jzpfay:vmapygonf/
odu©mum&pmpOf (1) rSm yg0ifonfh bmoma&;yGJawmf
txdrf;trSwf pmpkrsm;onfvnf; tm;uszG,f&m pHjyKxdkufolrsm;\
twk,lzG,f&mrsm;yif jzpfí todÓPfrsm;pGm jzpfyGm;vmapygonf/
aqmif;yg;wdkif; aqmif;yg;wdkif;rSmyif tvGef aus;Zl;rsm;aom tcsuf
tvufrsm;ESifh jynhfaevsuf &Sdygonf/

(c)
rpdk;&drfpmoifom;\ ]]tMum;tjrifESifh ,Mwm}} pmtkyf
taMumif; a&;om;aecsdefrSmyif rdwfaqGwpfOD;u ,ckvdk aqG;aEG;
vmygonf/
]]vuf&dS uReaf wmfw0Ykd ef;usirf mS vuf&v
dS o
l m;awG&UJ um,uH?
0pDu?H raemuHawGukd aumif;rGef oefpY if ,Ofaus;vmatmif rqH;k rbJ
rnTefMum;bJeJY? apwDBuD;BuD;awG? ausmif;BuD;BuD;awG wnfaqmuf
 9
aeMuwm wnfaqmufjyaeMuwm[m taqmuftOD omoemjyKyJ
jzpfr,f/ 'DaeY tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH *sumwmNrdKUrSm aAma"mAk"kapwDawmf
BuD;awG tdkrif;,dk,Gif;vmwmudk oifcef;pm,lwwfzdkY aumif;ygw,f}}
[líyif jzpfygonf/
]]cifAsm; pOf;pm;Munhfprf;ygAsm/ tck vlOD;a& 500-ausmf &SdwJh
usKyf w d k Y & G m rS m ax&0g' Ak ' ¨ b mom tqH k ; trawG u d k vuf u d k i f
jyKxm;wJhausmif;eJY tJ'Dausmif;udk udk;uG,folawGu wpfpk? NyD;awmh
rlrrSefwJhausmif;eJY tJ'Dausmif;udk udk;uG,folawGu wpfpk qdkygawmh?
b,folawGu rsm;ovJ/ ax&0g' udk;uG,folawGxJrSma&m ax&0g'
ppfppfudk udk;uG,fol-vufcHol-oabmaygufol-aqG;aEG;EdkifolawGu
b,fESa,muf&SdvdkYvJ/ wpf&GmvHk;aygif;&ifawmifrS q,fa,muf
aumif;aumif; r&Sdbl;/
]]'Dawmh "r®0g'DawGeJY t"r®0g'DawGvdkY &Sd&mrSm...b,fol
awGu rsm;ovJ? uJ...b,folawGu tm;aumif;aeNyD;...b,fol
awGu tm;eJaeovJ/ cifAsm;pOf;pm;Munhfprf;yg}} [lí aqG;aEG;
vmygonf/
aMomf...taqmuftOD omoemjyKrsm;u tiftm;BuD;vm
MuavNyDwum;/ ax&0g'ESifhrnDaom t"r®0g'Drsm;u tiftm;
BuD;vmMuavNyDwum;/ wpfzef ax&0g'omoemawmf tqHk;tr
wdu Yk kd a&;om; a[majym ydcYk saeMu½Hrk Qjzifh vHak vmufaomtaetxm;
&S-d r&Sd qdo k nfuv kd nf; pma&;olwYkd ax&0g'D Ak'b
¨ mom0ifrsm; taejzifh
qifjcifoHk;oyfrdzdkY vdktyfvmygNyD/
rSefvS\/ ,aeYacwf vpOfxkwf pme,fZif;rsm;wGif
(1) ax&0g'pmayrsm;?
(2) ax&0g'wpf0uf tjcm;wpf0uf pmayrsm;?
(3) ax&0g' vHk;0r[kwfaom pmayrsm;[lí oHk;rsKd;
&Sdaeayonf/
 10
rnfonfhpmayu ta&twGufESifh t&nftcsif; (tjyif
tqif) omvGef BuD;pdk;aeygoenf;.../ trSwf (2? 3) pmayrsm;u
omvGef Bu;D pd;k aeaMumif; txl;ajymaezG,yf if r&Sad wmhavNy/D xdaYk Mumifh
ta&twG u f a &m t&nf t csif ; yg ax&0g'pmaywd k Y u
tm;BuD;vmatmif Edk;Mum; BudK;pm;MuzdkY txl; vdktyfvmygNyD/
0w¬Kwdkwpfyk'fxJrSm ]]tdrfuqif;oGm;wJh r,m;udk jyefvm
apcsif&if 'Gdo&P*Hkudk yGm;rsm;&r,f-[k ,Mwmay;xm;&m xdk,Mwm
twdkif; jyKvkyfNyD; rMumrDrSmyif qif;oGm;wJhr,m;u jyefa&mufvm
w,f}} [lowwf/
*rÇD&trnfcH aA'ifq&m "mwfq&mwdkY\ bmoma&;a&m&m
vkyf&yfwdkYum; aMumufp&maumif;vSygawmhonf/ tzsufpGrf;tm;
BuD;vSygbd/ tqdkygpmayrsm;onf ax&0g' pmayrsm;ESifh rnfrQ
avmuf qefYusifaeoenf;...? y#dyu© jzpfaeoenf;...qdkonf
rsm;udk aqG;aEG;rdygonf/
þuJhodkYaom tzsuform;pmayrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifvm &NyDjzpfí
acwftavsmuf ax&0g' jrwfE;kd olrsm;tzGUJ ? rl&if;jzpfaom Ak'"¨ r®tm;
jrwf E d k ; ol r sm;tzG J U ponf r sm; ay:xG e f ; vmjcif ; onf
obm0usvSygayonf/
xdkYtwl ax&0g'pmaywdkYudk ajrawmifajr§mufay;jcif;?
ax&0g' pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ pmaya&;om;jyKpkrIrsm;udk azmfxkwf
csD;usL;*kPfjyKjcif;? xdkpmaywdkYudk us,fus,fjyefYjyefYjzpfatmif xkwfa0
ay;jcif;? vufqifhurf; a[majymay;jcif;? ax&0g'a,mifa,mif
bmoma&;pmaya,mifa,mifjyKí wky uyfrSDaeMuaom twkty
rsm;udk azmfxw k jf yay;jcif;wdv
Yk nf; rvGrJ aoG &So
d ifah eygNy/D odrYk o
S mvQif
tqdkyg *rÇD&pmayrsm;udk ycHk;csif;,SOfNyD; wGef;wdkuf vSJcsEdkifMurnf
jzpfygonf/ tu,fíom bmodbmom aeaeMurnf qdkvQifum;
rawG;0Hhp&maywnf;/
 11
tjcm;tjcm; r*¾Zif;wdkYüvnf; txufüazmfjycJhaom 0w¬K
uJhodkY aA'if ,Mwm pmayrsm; rnfrQavmuf rsm;jym;aernfenf;
qdkonfudk rodEdkifay/ trsm;tjym; &SdaeMurnfrSm aocsmvSygonf/
*rÇD&trnfcH aA'if ,Mwmorm;rsm;onf ½dk;½dk;wef;wef; rvkyfMu
awmhbJ bk&m;-w&m;-oHCmwdkYudk ckwHk;vkyfum tqef;xGifNyD;
a[majymay;aeMuNyjD zpfaMumif; tvGex f if&mS ;vSygonf/ ½d;k tvSaom
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;udk yl;owfí tjrwfxkwf,laeMuNyD jzpfygonf/
þodkY yl;owfí tjrwfxkwf,laejcif;udk odwwfol rsm;rsm;
&Szd Ykd vdt
k yfygonf/ Ak'b¨ mom0if vltrsm;pkuvnf; pmaumif; ayrGef
wdu Yk kd rzwfMuay/ pmzwfygonf qdak omfvnf; av;eufp;l &S xufjruf
vSaom pmaywdkYudkrl rzwfMuay/ txl;ojzifh trSefw&m; [kwf-
r[kwfudk qifjcifpOf;pm;zdkY&ef tvGeftrif; ysif;&dMuayonf/ vlvdrf
vleyfwdkYtwGuf rkwfqdwfysm;pGJudef;rsm; &SdNyD;-&SdqJ-&SdvwåHU jzpfaeyg
awmhonf/
ax&0g'ESifh qefYusifaom *rÇD&0g'Drsm;ESifh aemufvdkuf
aemufygrsm; wjznf;jznf;csi;f tm;Bu;D vm&ef wmplaeMuNyjD zpf aMumif;
owd x m;rd y gonf / þod k Y a om tajctaersKd ; wG i f wm0ef
odolwdkYtaejzifh vspfvsL½Ií raeoifhawmhNyD/
rSef\/ yd#uwfoHk;yHk raysmufrysufatmif 0rf;Adkufay:
oJtdwfrsm;wifívnf;aumif;? oJtdwfrsm;ay: 0rf;AdkufarSmufí
vnf;aumif; apmifha&SmufawmfrlcJhMuaom 'k|*grPdrif;vufxufu
oHCmawmft&Sifjrwfrsm;\ aus;Zl;udk jyefvnfwkHYqyfzdkY&ef qifjcif
rdygonf/
*rÇD&0g'Drsm;xuf ydkqdk;olrsm;rSm wpfzufü ax&0g'rludk
a[majyma&;om;aeygvsuf tjcm;wpfzufü r[m,meESihf t&nf;Bu;D
rl0g'wdkYudk jyefYyGm;atmifvkyfaeolrsm; jzpfygonf/
 12
xdkYaMumifh oufqdkif&m ax&0g'pmay ax&0g'uavmif&Sifrsm;
taejzifh tqdkyg ESpfzufcRefvkyf&yfrsm;udk trSeftwdkif;odMuatmif
uavmifzGifhí a0zefwifjyzdkY&efvnf; vdktyfaeNyD jzpfygonf/
þuJhodkYaom ESpfzufcRef pmayorm;rsm;? ESpfzufcRef ,Mwm
orm;rsm;? ESpfzufcRef *rÇD&orm;rsm;onf aMumufp&maumif;vS
ygonf / tEÅ & m,f j yK tzsuf p G r f ; tm; tvG e f B uD ; rm;vS y gonf /
taqmuftOD omoemjyK bk&m;wnfjyolwdkYxufvnf; xkxnf
Bu;D rm;Muygonf/ euf½iId ;f ESpjf rK§ ycf suf Bu;D rm;vSygonf/ Oyrmwpfcrk Q
jyyg&ap/
]]avmuwGif rdbarwåmonf tvGefyif BuD;rm;aMumif;?
tNrx J m0& &Siof efwwfaMumif; vlwikd ;f yif Mum;zl;Muygonf/
od&Yk mwGif Bu;D rm;pGm &Siof efwwfaom arwåmw&m;udk zsuq f ;D
Ekid af om ql;[lonfrmS yif pum;uav; wpfpw k nf;om jzpfyg
onf/
pum;uav;wpfpkaMumifh rdbarwåmrsm; ikyfuG,foGm;
MuNyD;aemuf om;b0 ta0;a&mufoGm;atmif pGefYvTwfypf
cJhjcif;rSm zcifudka&m om;udkyg ql;pl;oGm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
zcifonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm om;udk pGefYypfcJhygonf/
om;onfvnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmyif b0'ku©awGudk rEdkif0ef
xrf;cJh&ygonf/
pifppftm;jzifh q&mBuD;a[mcsuftwdkif; jzpfcsifrS jzpfyg
vdrfhrnf/ uav;\twdwfuHuvnf; a[mcsuftwdkif;
tusKd;rsm; ay;csifrSay;ygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif q&mBuD;
a[mcsufrsm;udk zcifjzpfoluawmh ,HkMunfcJhavNyD/ ,HkMunf
onfhtwdkif;awmh a[mcsufawGu rrSefchJygacs/ rrSefcJhaomf
 13
vnf; uav;rSmawmh cH&NyD;jzpfygonf/ uav; cHpm;&NyD; aemuf
zcifBuD;crsmrSmvnf; aemifw&rqHk;yif jzpf&ygonf/
þudpw ö iG f t"dutcsuf vufonfrmS q&mBu;D yif jzpfyg
onf/ q&mBuD;onf vli,fuav;wpfOD;\ b0a&SUa&;udk
ayghayghwefwefawG;NyD; &J&JBuD; ajymcsypfchJygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
q&mBuD;onfvnf; ql;yifBuD; jzpfcJh½Hkomru q&mBuD;\
pum;rsm;rSmvnf; ql;twdyif jzpfcJhMu&ygonf/}}
(tMum;tjrifESifh,Mwm? pm-45-46)
tu,fíom Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;u pmaumif;ayrGefwdkYudk
av;av;eufeufxm;NyD; zwf½Iqifjcifí trSef-trSm;ESifh [kwfEdkif-
r[kwfEdkifwdkYudk pOf;pm;qHk;jzwfEdkifMuygrlum; þuJhodkY zcifvnf;
aemifw&zG,f&m r&Sd? uav;vnf; 'ku©a&mufzG,f&m r&Sdacs/ q&m
BuD;vnf; vlvnfuscGifh&p&m r&Sdacs/
odaYk omf Ak'b¨ mom0if qdok rl sm;uvnf; pmrzwfMu? av;av;
eufeuf rpOf;pm;Mu/ xdkYaMumifh *rÇD&trnfcH pmayrsm;? *rÇD&trnfcH
olrsm;\ 'ku©ay;rIrsm; trsm;tjym; cHpm;aeMu&onfudk awGUjrif
ae&ygonf/

(*)
rpdk;&drfpmoifom;\ odu©mum&pmpOfrsm;onf xdkuJhodkYaom
,aeYacwf tajctaersm;\ awmif;qdkcsufESifhtnD ay:xGuf&ef
vdktyfaeaom pmayrsKd;jzpfaMumif; pma&;ol xifjrifrdygonf/
t"d u tm;jzif h pmzwf o l r sm;buf u vnf ; pOf ; pm;
awG;ac:jyKvkyf&ef rysif;&dMuzdkY ta&;BuD;vSygonf/ odu©mum&
pmpOf b uf u vnf ; a&S U oG m ;acgif ; aqmif t aejzif h quf v uf
nTefjyoGm;zdkY ta&;BuD;ygonf/
 14
þta&;BuD; ESpfckwdkYteuf rpdk;&drfpmoifom;\ odu©mum&
pmpOfrsm;uawmh trSefw&m;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:jcif; jyKwwfap&ef
pmzwfolrsm;\ a&SUOD;ydkif;uae rD;&SL;wefaqmif tvif;a&mifozG,f
cHhxnfpGm &SdaevdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; pma&;ol &J&J0Hh0Hh ,HkMunfygonf/
rpdk;&drfpmoifom;\ odu©mum&pmpOfrsm;onf tqdkyg
omoemzsufolrsm;? omoemh&efolrsm;? (ESpfzufcRef pmayorm;rsm;?
ESpfzufcRef ,Mwmorm;rsm;? ESpfzufcRef aA'ifq&mrsm;? ESpfzufcRef
*rÇD&orm;rsm;? Ak'¨bmom0if trnfcHrsm;) tm;vHk;\ oabmjcif;&m
(tvdrf-tnm-tNzD;-tjzef;? ajr§mufvHk;-ajcmufvHk;-tzHk;-tzd) wdkYudk
trSeftwdkif;yif ay:vGifxif&Sm;pGm odomvmatmif OD;aqmifae
rnfrSm rvGJEdkifaumif;ay/
odu©mum&pmpOf tay:ü pma&;ol\ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;
rSef-rrSefudkrl tcsdefay; apmifhMunhf&efom&Sdygonf/ odkYr[kwf
odu©mum&pmpOf (1? 2) ponfwdkYudk vufawGUzwf½IMunhf&efom
jzpfygonf/ pma&;ol\ xifjrifcsufwdkYudk rpdk;&drfpmoifom; a&;om;
xm;onfh oHaygufuAsmwdkuav;jzifh ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf/

wdkYomoem? wdkYbmom? nDnm igwdkY xrf;MupdkY/

ycHk; a&TÓPf? tiftm;oef? wGef;uef &ef&Sif; vif;apzdkY/
rdpäm 0dkif;tHk? &efolykef? awGUBuHK atmifyGJ EJTEdkifzdkY/

ausmfxufcdkif (zm;pnfajr)
a&ausm&f mG ? NrKd iu
f av;pmwdu
k f
bm;tHNrdKUe,f? u&ifjynfe,f/
2007 ckESpf? arv? 14 &uf/
 15

jyefpma&;jcif; taMumif;&if;
rdrda&;om;xm;onfh pmayrsm;udk BudKufESpfoufolrsm;vnf;
&SdMuyg\/ ay;pmrsm;vnf; vmMuyg\/
,if;pmrsm;udk azmfjyjcif;rSm ]]rdru
d ,
dk u
f kd <um;0g&ma&muf onf/
txif B uD ; cH c sif & ma&muf o nf / rd r d o d v Qif NyD ; onf h u d p ö u d k
pmzwfolrsm;a&SU csjyojzifh rdrdbufygatmif twif;a&m ZGwfyg
odrf;oGif;,l&ma&mufonf/ odu©m&Sdol vlynm&Sif &[ef;ynm &SifwdkY
rESpfoufonfh twåKuúHoe? y&0rÇe t&müvnf; wnfonf}} [k
,l q rd \ / xd k Y a Mumif h tqd k y gay;pmrsKd ; ud k rd r d p mtk y f r S m
xnhfoGif;azmfjy&ef 0efav;vSyg\/
trSeftm;jzifh rdrdxH ay;ydkYpm rnfonf rdrdod&efrQom jzpfyg
\/ odyYk gvsuf rdr\d pmtkyrf mS azmfjyaevQif ay;pma&;ydo Yk \
l twåpw d f
(b0if) udk jr§ifhwif&ma&mufatmif ajr§mufay;jcif;jzpfí pdwfynm
enf;pepft& rdrdbufygatmif odrf;oGif;um &,ljcif;yifwnf;/
þay;pmürl rdrdpmtkyfudk zwf&ef wdkufwGef;jcif;xuf pmzwf
olwdkY odoifhodxdkufonfrsm;? tusKd;rsm;zG,frsm;udk aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f
ozG,f a&;om;xm;ojzifh azmfjyvdkuf&jcif; jzpfygonf/
rdrdomod&rnfh udpöudk olwpfyg;tm; odapojzifh rvdkvm;
tyfaom jyóemrsm;vnf; &Sdwwfyg\/ ]]tvSLaiGrsm;udk bk&m;
 16
a*gyutzGJUu tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfMu&m rnfonfhtjypfjzpfoenf;}} [k
'umuav;wpfa,mufu avQmufxm;vmonfhtar;udk xdk'um
uav;tm;om &Sif;jyoifhygvsuf w&m;yGJrSm xnhfoGif;a[mjyojzifh
ESpfOD;ESpfzuf t&Suf&Muzl;ayNyD/ xdkYaMumifh aemufaemifumvwdkYrSmrl
rnfonfhay;pmrsKd;udkrS xnhfoGif;azmfjyrnf r[kwfay/
rdrdonf trSefw&m;ESifh twlaeoljzpfí rdrdbufrSm trSef
w&m; yg&Sdaeayvdrfhrnf/ trSefw&m;udk BudKufoljzpfvmatmif
qGJaqmif&rnfhenf;vrf;udk rdrd rodacs/ xdkxdky&dowfudk rdrdbuf
ygvmatmif qGJaqmifenf;udkrl tawmftwefrQ odygonf/ odkYaomf
vnf; omoemudk wvGJoHk;NyD; ukd,fusKd;&SmolrsKd; rjzpfvdkay/

trSefw&m;onf tusKd;&Sda&;udk OD;wnf\/

rdrd\ pma&;jcif;onf xdktrSefw&m;udk
OD;wnfxm;jcif;rQom jzpfyg\/
zwfolrsm;twGuf aumif;usKd;&Sdygap/
rzwfolrsm;twGuf rwwfEdkifawmhNyD/

rpdk;&drfpmoifom;
(4.6.2007)
 17

odu©mum& ( 1 ) tjyKESitzsuf
fh oHk;oyfcsufrsm;

wd[dwfy#doaE¨pdwfjzifh pwifcJhaom uav;rsm;onf

þb0rSmyif edAÁmef&Edkifonftxd tusKd;BuD;rm;Edkifygonf/
odkY&mwGif opömw&m;awmf...../
❈ ❈ ❈

'Dxuf ydk[kwfwmu tvSL&Sif um,uH&SifrSm oDvig;yg;

&Sdjcif;uom ydkNyD; ta&;BuD;w,fAs/ txl;owdxm;p&m
aumif;wmu...&Gwzf wfyal Zmfoyl J jzpfjzpf? tvSLay;wJo h yl J
jzpfjzpfaygh/ ig;yg;oDv &Srd /S oDv r&S&d if tusK;d xifrmS r[kwf
ygbl;/
❈ ❈ ❈

wpf-ypöa0u©Pm qifjcif&r,f/ ESpf-tvSL&Sif 'um

'umrawGudk oD;oefY arwåmydkY&r,f/ oHk;-...../
 18

,ckb0 edAÁmef&jcif;taMumif;
(u)
vom;t&G,f uav;i,fuav;wpfOD;udk Munhfvsuf -
]]uav;rSmawmh avmbvJ r&Sd? a'govJ r&Sd? aomuvJ r&Sd?
tukodkvfawG r&Sd}} ponfjzifh qifjcifrdygonf/
odkY&mwGif rMumrD ESpfumvrsm;twGif;üyif uav;qDu
xGufvmMurnfh avmb? a'go ponfrsm;ukd awGUMu&rnf[kvnf;
ajrmfjrifrdygonf/
rSefygonf/ vlYb0wGif a&muf&SdvmMu? BuD;jyif;vmMuaom
vlom;wpfOD;OD;onf csrf;omonfjzpfap? qif;&Jonfjzpfap aeYpOfESifh
trQ vIyf&Sm;aeMu&NrJ jzpfygonf/ avmuonf vIyfaejcif;oabm
&Sdygonf/ rnfonfhtcgrQ Nidrfaeavh r&Sdyg/
avmu\ vIyaf ejcif;rsm;twGi;f ü yg0ifae&aom vlb Y 0rsm;
onfvnf; vIyfaeMu&rnfom jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh vIyf&Sm;rIukd,fpD
&Sdaejcif;rSm xif&Sm;vSygonf/ rnfolrqdk vljzpfpuwnf;u vIyf&Sm;
vm&ayawmhrnf/ xdkvIyf&Sm;rIwGif ukodkvfjzpfap? tukokdvfjzpfap
wpfckckawmh xif&Sm;vmawmhrnfom/
uav;i,ftzdkY&mrl ]]'gukokdvfvm;? 'gtukokdvfvm;}} [k
cGJjcm;Edkifao;rnf r[kwfay/ ukokdvfa&;udka&m? tukokdvfa&;udkyg
 19
jyKvkyfrdrnfom jzpfygonf/ ukokdvfrsm;avrnfvm;...? tukokdvf
rsm;avrnfvm;../ tajzrSm ywf0ef;usifESifh oufqkdifvmygonf/
]]ukov kd rf rI sm;aom ywf0ef;usix
f u
J uav;rSm ukov dk f rsm;Ny;D
tukov dk rf rI sm;aom ywf0ef;usix f uJ uav;rSmrl tukov
dk f rsm;rnf}}
[k ,lqp&m &Sdygonf/
(c)
þae&mwGif vlYb0\ vm&mtaMumif;ESifh vm;&mtusKd;
rsm;udk pOf;pm;rdygawmhonf/
vlYb0onf a&S;b0u jyKvkyfcJhaom 'geaumif;rI? oDv
aumif;rI? OykofapmifhrI tp&Sdaom umrm0p& ukokdvfuH&SpfckxJu
wpfcck ak Mumifh jzpfciG &hf vmaom b0jzpfygonf/ qdv
k o
kd nfrmS ukov
dk f
aumif;rIa[mif;aMumifh vlYb0udk &&Sdjcif;yif/
ukokdvfuHa[mif;u tm;aumif;vQif aumif;oavmuf
aumif;usK;d Bu;D ygonf/ tm;raumif;vQiaf wmh aumif;usK;d enf;wwfyg
onf/ wcsKdUuav;rsm;rSm arG;vmpuwnf;u a&m*gonfuav;rsm;
jzpfaewwfNyD; wcsKdUrSmrl vlwdkif;u cspfr0atmif jzpfaeMuygonf/
þonfrmS uHa[mif;\ tm;aumif;jcif;-raumif;jcif;ESio hf m oufqidk f
ygonf/
uHa[mif;u tm;tvGefaumif;aom uav;rsm;rSm wd[dwf
y#doaE¨pdwfjzifh pwifcJhygonf/ tm;aumif;½HkrQrSmrl 'dG[dwfy#doaE¨
pdwf? tm;raumif;ygu ok*wdt[dwf y#doaE¨pdwfjzifh (arG;&myg
tuef;? tyif;? tqGHU? t-trsm;) jzpfvmMu&aMumif; od&ygonf/
wd[w d f y#doaE¨pw
d jf zifh pwifcahJ om uav;rsm;onf þb0
rSmyif edAÁmef&Ekdifonftxd tusKd;BuD;rm;Edk ifygonf/ odkY&mwGif
opömw&m;awmfudk emMum;&jcif;ESifh ESvHk;oGif;rI rSefuefjcif;[laom
 20
t*Fg&yfESpfcsufjzifh jynhfpHkrSom r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfrsm; &&SdNyD; edAÁmef
txd &Edik af Mumif; od&ygonf/ tqdyk g t*Fg&yfEpS cf k r&Syd gu r&Edik yf g/
(rlvyPÖmo? r[ma0'v’okwf)

xdkYjhyif olawmfaumif;udk rSD0Jqnf;uyfjcif;? olawmfaumif;

w&m;udk em,ljcif;ESifh avmukwå&mw&m; tm;avsmfaom tusifhudk
usifhjcif;[laom t*FgoHk;&yfESifh jynhfpHk&rnf[kvnf; od&ygonf/
rdru d ,
dk u
f kd tBu;D trSL;jyKum tukov dk yf ,fNy;D ukov dk yf mG ;jcif;?
avmuudk tBu;D trSL;jyKum tukov dk yf ,fNy;D ukov dk yf mG ;jcif;ESihf "r®ukd
tBuD;trSL;jyKum tukokdvfy,fNyD; ukokdvfyGm;jcif;[laom t"dywd
oHk;yg; &SdvQifvnf; edAÁmeftxd tusKd;&SdEdkifaMumif; od&ygonf/
(rm*@dokwfESifh? wdut*Fkwå&ygVdawmf)

xdkYjyif t&d,mjzpfatmif a[majymEdkifaom olawmfaumif;

wdkYudk rSSDcdk&jcif;? t&d,mjzpfaMumif; olawmfaumif;w&m;udk emMum;&
jcif;? oifhwifhatmif ESvHk;oGif;jcif;ESifh avmukwå&mw&m; tm;avsmf
atmif 0dyóemtusifhudk usifhjcif;[laom t*Fgav;&yfwdkYESifh jynhfpHk
&rnf[kvnf; od&ygonf/
(ygxdu0*¾ygVdawmf)

olawmf oljrwf? NrJ qnf;uyfí

rSwfrSwfom;om;? w&m;udk em
jzLpGm ESvHk;? wajzmifh oHk;vsuf
tm;wuf usifhBuH? aomwmyef
jzpf&ef taMumif; av;/
(awmifNrdKU? r[m*E¨m½Hkq&mawmfbk&m;)
 21
xdkYjyif y#d½lya'o0go? ykaAÁpuwyknwm? twåor®myPD"d?
y@dwmeOöao0em [laom orÜwdåpufav;yg;wdkYESifhvnf; jynhfpHk
&rnfyif jzpfygonf/
xdkYjyif bk&m;ü ,HkMunfjcif;? ukd,fvuft*Fg usef;rmjcif;?
0rf;wGif;ESvHk; ajzmifhpif;jcif;? 0D&d,xufoefjcif;ESifh ½kyfemrfcE¨mwdkY\
jzpfyGm;rI csKyfuG,frIwdkYü ÓPfpl;&Sjcif;[laom t*Fgig;csuf&SdrS edAÁmef
txd tusKd;&SdEkdifaMumif; od&ygonf/
(yOö*Fkwå&ESifh ygxdu0*¾ygVdawmf)

,HkMunf usef;rm? pdwfajzmifhpGmjzifh

vGefpGm tm;xkwf? emrfESifh½kyfudk
jzpfcsKyf ÓPfjrif? þig;tif
rSefyif r*f&aMumif;/
(rdk;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;)

xdkYjyif ]]oD-£ef-abm-Zm-o'f? q,fhwpf&yf? jynhfvwf r*f

&aMumif;}} ESifhtnD vlwdkYü tmZD0|ruedpöoDv &Sd&rnf/ £a`E´
ajcmufyg; apmifph nf;rI&&dS rnf/ tpm;tpm tm[m&ü ½lyum, rQw½Hk
wdkif;xGmí a&mifh&JrI &Sd&rnf/ xufoefaom 0D&d,jzifh Edk;Mum;pGm
BudK;pm;rI &Sd&rnf/ o'¨g? owd? [d&d? MowåyÜ? Am[kópö? 0D&d,? ynm
þckepfjzmaom w&m;wdkYESifh jynhfpHkrI&Sd&rnf/
þt*Fg (11) csuf&SdvQif edAÁmeftxd tusKd;&SdEdkifaomaMumifh
,ckb0rSmyif r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYudk &&SdEkdifaMumif; od&ygonf/
(v,fwD'DyeDaygif;csKyf? yxrwGJ? aAm"dyu©d,'DyeD)
 22
txufyg ygVdawmfrsm;ESifh 'DyeDwdkYudk awGUod&aomtcg
wd[dwfy#doaE¨pdwfjzifh vlYb0 pcGifh&olrsm;rSm þb0rSmyif r*fÓPf
zdkvfÓPfrsm; &&SdEkdifaMumif; od&ygonf/ t*¾om0u? r[mom0u
jzpfaom t&Sio f m&dyw
k &å m? t&Sirf [marm*¾vmef? t&Sirf [muóy?
t&SiftEk½k'¨g? t&SiftmeE´mwdkYvdk yg&rD&SdrI wdwdusus oD;oefYrvdk
tyfaMumif; od&ygonf/
odkY&mwGif trd&if;udkowfrI? tz&if;udkowfrI? bk&m;&Siftm;
aoG;pdrf;wnfatmifjyKrI? &[EÅmudkowfrI? oHCmawmfcsif;oif;cGJrI[l
aom yOömeEÅ&d,uHBuD;ig;yg;? ed,wrdpäm'd|dBuD;oHk;yg; (taMumif;
qdkwmr&Sd? tusKd;qdkwmr&Sd? taMumif;tusKd;r&Sd) wdkYrSvnf; uif;&Sif;
&rnf jzpfygonf/
rSeyf gonf/ trdt&if;udo k wfrI paom uHBu;D rsm;&Sv d Qif rnfrQ
BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwo f nf jzpfapumrl psmefw&m; r*fw&m; r&Ekid af wmhbJ
i&JodkYom a&muf&NrJ "r®wm&Sdygonf/
xdtYk wlyif (ouúm,'d|Ed pS q f ,fEiS hf rdpmä 'd|d ajcmufq,fEh pS yf g;?
tEÅ*¾g[durdpäm'd|d q,fyg;) ed,wrdpäm'd|dBuD; oHk;yg;wdkY &SdvQifvnf;
i&JodkYom us&NrJ"r®wm &Sdygonf/
ouúm,'d|d ESpfq,fudk tpGJjyKí 'd|d rSeforQonf ok*wdodkY
aqmifjcif;iSm rpGrf;EdkifbJ i&JüomvQif pifppfraoG epfjrKyfapwwf
yg\/ (t*Fkwå&|uxm? 1? 369)
txufyg t|uxmpum;t&qkdvQif 'd|dtm;vHk;rS uif;&Sif;
&rnf[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/
þodv Yk Qif wd[w d yf #doaE¨pw d jf zifh pwifcahJ om vlom;wpfO;D
wpfa,mufonf aumif;rItqifq h ifh jyKvyk u f m edAmÁ eftxd aumif;usK;d
&SdEdkifouJhodkY yOömeEÅ&d,ESifh rdpäm'd|d tukkokdvfrsm;udk jyKvkyfrdum
i&JodkYvnf; a&mufEdkifygonf/
 23
xdkYaMumifh uav;i,fb0rSae BuD;&ifhvmum tdkrif;aoqHk;
&csed t
f xd þb0wpfcx k rJ mS yif aumif;usK;df trsK;d rsK;d ? qd;k usK;d taxGaxG
&SdaeMuyHkrsm;udk A[kokw &Sdxm;MuzdkY vdktyfygonf/
vlom;wpfa,mufa,muf\ b0wGif uav;t&G,üf jzpfap?
vlBuD;t&G,fü jzpfap? tdkrif;aomt&G,fü jzpfap aeYpOf vIyf&Sm;rI
jyK&aom um,uH? 0pDuHESifh raemuHrsm;t& ukokdvf-tukokdvfrsm;
xif&Sm;&SdaeMurnfom jzpfygonf/
ukokdvfrsm;&Sdygu ok*wdb0 vlYbHk? ewfbHk? jA[®mhbHkwdkYudk
a&muf&SdcGifh &Ekdifygonf/ edAÁmefodkYvnf; a&mufEdkifygonf/
tukodkvfrsm; &SdvQifrl 'k*¾wdb0? i&JbHk? NydwåmbHk? wd&pämefbHk?
tol&um,fbHkwdkYodkY a&muf&Sdrnfom jzpfygonf/
xdaYk Mumifh vlom;wpfO;D \ vm;&ma&muf&mrsm;rSm aumif;qd;k
ESpfrsKd;pvHk;yif jzpfygonf/

(*)
þodaY k om vm;&ma&muf&mwdoY k nf pifppftm;jzifh um,uH&iS f \
jyKrlvIyf&Sm;rIESifhom oufqkdifonf/ xdkYaMumifh uav;t&G,frSpum
ukokdvfaumif;rIrsm;atmif jyKpkapmifha&Smufwwfaom todkif;t0dkif;
ywf0ef;usiftwGif; vljzpfcGifh&&SdMuaom uav;i,frsm;ESifh vlom;
rsm;rSm t&awmfMuayonf[k qdkp&m&Sdygonf/
ukokdvfuHvrf;? o'¨gpGrf;jzifh
BudK;yrf;EkdifrS? vlYb0
t& awmfvdrfhrnf/

2006-ck? ZGefv? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;

 24

pGrf;rSpGrf;
wpfaeYü rEÅav;NrdKU EkdifiHawmfy&d,wåd omoemhwuúokdvfrS
t&Sif0g,mrmeE´onf pma&;olxHodkY <ua&mufvmygonf/
t&Sifonf wuúoDvm r[m"r®mp&d, M.A. bGJUtwGuf
&Sifr[moDv0Ho\ qkawmif;cef;ysKdU tzGifhusrf;jyKpk&ef jyifqifvsuf
&Syd gonf/ xdaYk Mumifh pma&;olxw H iG f pma[mif; usr;f a[mif;rsm;&Sv
d Qif
[laomtawG;jzifh a&mufvmjcif;jzpfygonf/
ysKdUtzGifhusrf; jyKpk&jcif;rSm vG,fulaomtvkyf r[kwfyg/
ygVdusrf;rsm;a&m? a0g[m&qdkif&m tzGifhusrf;rsm;yg &SmazG&ygonf/
wcsKdUusrf;wdkYrSm rdwåLul;rS &&SdEdkifygawmhonf/ vlvnf; yifyef;? tcsdef
vnf; ukef? aiGyg &if;ESD;&ygonf/
qkawmif;cef;ysKUd rSm ysKUd ygtzGUJ rsm;uyif t|uxm&if;ESihf rnD
[k ynm&Sifrsm;u owfrSwfjcif;cH&aomysKdU jzpfaeygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
]]usrf;od rcuf? usrf;n§d cuf}} [laom pum;pOft& usrf;n§d&Sif;wrf;
rsm;yg xnhfoGif;wifjy&rnfjzpfí rvG,fvSay/ bmrQyif rp&ao;/
pmtkyf&SmyHkawmfBuD;ESifh wdk;&ygonf/ pma&;olxHrSm oltvdk&Sdaom
pmtkyrf sm;um; r&Syd g/ odaYk omf pma&;olxH wpfaeukef aeoGm;ygonf/
Ä Ä Ä
 25
&[ef;csif; pum;ajymjzpfMuawmh ]]pum;ajym&m w&m;yg}}
qdkovdk w&m;rsm;vnf; ygvmavonf/
]]t&Sifbk&m;u bmoma&;&m ar;cGef;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk
BuKd qxkd m;w,fqakd wmh ar;&tH;k r,f/ wynhaf wmfwYkd y&dwaf wG? *gxm
awGudk &GwfwJhtcg bmaMumifhpGrf;w,f? tusKd;&Sdw,fqdkwm ajymprf;
ygtHk;}} [k t&Sif0g,mrmeE´u pwifaqG;aEG;vmygonf/
]]"r®upGrf;vdkY pGrf;wmaygh}} [k pma&;olu ajzvdkufygonf/
]]'Davmufajz½HkeJYawmh ar;cGef;u rajyao;bl;av/ "r®u
bmaMumifh pGrf;wmvJqdkwm? b,fvdk pGrf;wmvJqdkwmawG xif&Sm;
atmif vkyfygtHk;}} [k qdkvmjyefygonf/ ar;cGef;u awmfawmfcufvm
ygonf/
]]"r®u pGrf;vdkYpGrf;wmuawmh aocsmw,f? bmvdkYvJqdkawmh
bk&m;a[m*gxm wpfyk'fjzpfjzpf? y&dwfwpfokwfjzpfjzpf? q,fESpf-
tESpfESpfq,f &Gwfqdkae&if BuD;yGm;csrf;om jzpfMuwmawGcsnf;yJ/
tusKd;ay;wmcsnf;yJ/ 'gawGudk wu,f awGUae-jrifae&wmyJ/
]]tJ'D"r®u bmaMumifhpGrf;wmvJ qdkwmuawmh aocsmwJh
tajz&zdYk cufw,f/ wcsKUd usawmh ukov dk af wG wtm;rsm;vmNy;D a&rsm;
a&Edkif? rD;rsm;rD;Edkif qdkovdk tukodkvfawGeJY raumif;usKd;awGu
olYbmom a0;ukefwmvJ jzpfEdkifw,f/
]]Oyrm-arwåokwfed'gef;? tm#mem#d,okwfed'gef;? r[m
or,okww f t
Ykd &qd&k if ewfcspv f ?Ykd ewfapmifah &Smufv?Ykd tEÅ&m,fuif;
Muw,f? aumif;usKd;&Muw,fqdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f/
]]*gxmwpfyk'f? okwfwpfokwfudk q,fESpf? tESpfESpfq,f
wkdifatmif aeYwdkif; rysufruGuf &GwfqdkylaZmfae&ifvJ "r®ó0e-
"r®a'oem bm0emukov dk af wGu eJrmS rSr[kww f myJ/ uHaumif;NyaD ygh/
uHaumif;rSawmh tEÅ&m,fuif;wm? aumif;usKd;&wm? BuD;yGm;wm?
 26
csrf;omwmawGvJ vmawmhrSmyJav}} [k pma&;olu qufvuf
aqG;aEG;ay;ygonf/
]]aumif;w,f? t&Sifbk&m;ajzwJh tajzaumif;w,f/ wynhf
awmfwdkY vlawGxuf ewfawGu toufydk&SnfMuw,f/ jrwfpGmbk&m;
oufawmfxif&mS ;&Spd Ofu w&m;emcGi&hf wJh ewfawGu w&m;udk ESpo
f uf
Muygvdrfhr,f/
]]olwEYkd pS o
f ufcw
hJ hJ w&m;udk tckwpfcg Mum;&awmhvJ 0rf;om
auseyf jzpfMurSmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh w&m;&GwfzwfylaZmfoludk olwdkYu
wwfEdkifoavmufawmh tEÅ&m,fuif;atmif apmifha&SmufMurSm
aocsmygw,f/ BuD;yGm;csrf;omatmif ulnDMurSm aocsmygw,f/
wynhfawmfwdkY Owå&eE´rmwmokwfwdkY? tmV0uokwfwdkYrSm 'Dtcsuf
awG &Sdygw,f}} [k t&Sif0g,mrmeE´u tus,faqG;aEG;ygonf/
]]'Dae&mrSm pOf;pm;p&m&Sdwmu jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mcJhwJh
*gxmawG? okwfawmfawGxJu qdk&ifawmh [kwfNyDaygh/ a&S;ynm&SdawG
a&;pDcJhwmawG? 'grSr[kwf ckacwfygVdynm&SifawG a&;xm;wJh *gxm
awGqdk&ifawmh tJovdkrsKd; emMum;cJh&wJh ewfawG &Sdyghrvm;/
]]wcsKdUawGqdk&if *gxmvJ rrSefbl;? t"dyÜm,fvJ rrSefbl;/
wpfvHk;p ESpfvHk;puav;yJ bk&m;oH-w&m;oHygw,f/ b,fvdkyk*¾Kdvf
awGu a&;xm;wmvJ rodbl;/ tJ'gawGudk &GwfqdkylaZmf&ifawmh
pGrf;yghrvm;}} [k pma&;olu wifjyygonf/
t&Sif0g,mrmeE´uawmh ]]tJ'gawGuawmh raocsmygbl;/
tusKd;ay;csifvJ ay;ygvdrfhr,f}} [k qdkygonf/ pma&;oluawmh
pGrf;vdrfhrnf[k rxifyg/
t&Sif0g,mrmeE´uyif -
 27
]]jrwfpGmbk&m;u t&Sifom&dykwå&mtm; qGrf;vSL wmeJY...
t&S i f o m&d y k w å & mu Ak ' ¨ t m; qG r f ; vS L wm... b,f [ mu
ydkNyD;tusKd;BuD;rvJ/
]]tJ ' gud k & S i f ; jyawmh t&S i f o m&d y k w å & mxuf jrwf A k ' ¨ u
aumif;rIuHtaMumif; ydkodvdkY jrwfAk'¨u t&Sifom&d ykwå&mtm;
vS L wmu yd k N yD ; awmh tusKd ; BuD ; w,f v d k Y qd k M u w,f /
(Oy&dyPÖmo|uxm)
]]'gudkMunhfawmh apmapmu t&Sifbk&m;ajymcJhwmawG? *gxm
ysufawG? bk&m;a[m r[kwfwmawGudk &Gwfzwfwmu rodvkdYqdkwm
xif&Sm;aew,fav/ od&if &GwfrSmr[kwfygbl;/ bk&m;a[mwJh *gxm
awG? okwfawGxuf ydkpGrf;wJh *gxmwdkY? okwfwdkYqdkwm &SdygtHk;rvm;}}
[k aumufcsufcsjyygonf/
]]'gqdk&if t&Sifbk&m;taeeJY taMumif;tusKd;odrS? ÓPf&SdrS
tusKd;&r,fvdkY qdkvdk&ma&mufwmaygh}} [k pma&;olu rSwfcsufcsjy
vdkufygonf/
pma&;ol\ rSwfcsufudk oabmwlum ]]apmapmu t&Sif
bk&m; ajymwJhtxJrSm q,fESpf-tESpfESpfq,favmuf &GwfrSqdkwm
ygw,faemf/ bmoabmvJ}} [k t&Sif0g,mrmeE´u ar;vmygonf/
]]wynhaf wmfwYkd EGm;Edn
Yk p§ w
f OhJ yrm? aumufyifpu
kd w
f hJ OyrmawG
&Sdw,fr[kwfvm;/ oD;csdefwefoD;? yGifhcsdefwefyGifhwmaygh/ q,fESpf
avmuf &Gwf&ifawmh ukodkvfawGu a'0wmEkówd jzpfaer,f?
ukokdvfrdwåLawG yGm;rsm;vmr,f? tmpdPÖuHawG jzpfvmr,f/ tJ'D
awmhrS Ouú|ukokdvf? Av0ukokdvftjzpf a&mufvmr,f/ tusKd;ay;zdkY
tm;tifjynhfvmNyDvdkY qdkEdkifwJhumvaygh/
]]wynhfawmfwdkYvJ *gxmawG? okwfawG &Gwfzl;wmyJ/ odod
omom tusKd;rjzpfygbl;/ t&Sifbk&m;vJ &Gwfzl;avmufygw,f}} [k
pma&;olu &Sif;jyvdkufygonf/
 28
xdkYjyif ]]txl;owdxm;p&maumif;wm &Sdao;w,f/ bmvJ
qdkawmh &GwfzwfylaZmfolyJ jzpfjzpf? tvSLay;wJholyJ jzpfjzpfaygh/
ig;yg;oDv&SdrS? oDvr&Sd&if tusKd;xifrSm r[kwfygbl;/
]]'Dawmh ig;yg;oDvjzpfatmif &Sdatmif odatmif vkyfrxm;
bJeYJ &Gwzf wfyal ZmfwmawG? vSL'gef;wmawGrmS ukov dk rf sK;d aphjzpfaomfvJ
aumif;usKd;tyifawG vmrSmr[kwfbl;/ tESpfav;q,f &Gwfzwf
ylaZmfvJ ajcmufaoGU? ykyfaqG; ysufukefrSmygyJ/
]]ckacwfrSm tajymrsm;Muwmu tvSLeJYywfoufvm&if
tvSLcHyk*¾KdvfrSm oDv&Sd-r&Sd qdkwmcsnf;ygyJ/ 'u©dP0db*FokwfrSm
tvSLcH wpfusdyfav;a,mufvdkY a[mxm;ygw,f/ wd&pämefawmif
ygao;w,f/
]]tJ'aD wmh oDv&Sw d hJ tvSLcHy*k K¾ v
d uf kd vSL&if ydak umif; wmawmh
[kwyf gw,f/ 'Dxuf yd[ k w
k w f mu tvSL&Si?f um,uH &Sirf mS oDvig;yg;
&Sjd cif;uom ydNk y;D ta&;Bu;D w,f}} [k &Sn&f n S f a0;a0; aqG;aEG;rdygonf/
pma[mif;aya[mif;rsm; &vd&k jim; qdak ompdwjf zifh a&mufvm
aom rdwfaqG&[ef;uawmh pma&;olxHrS vdkwm&roGm;yg/ pma&;ol
uawmh olx Y rH &S aom jyóemudk rlwnfvsuf pmrlwpfy'k f &&Syd gonf/
"r®&wem? "r®&HoD pmzwfy&dowf wdkYodkY wpfzefa0iSay;vdkufygonf/
«trQ&Muygap.../»

2006-
2006-ckck? Edk0ifbmv? "r®&wemr*¾Zif;
 29

aeYpOfa<u; aeYpOfqyf
(1)
pma&;ol ra&mufb;l aom NrKd Uuav;wpfc&k o dS nf/ ,if;NrKd UwGif
xif&Sm;aom pmoifwkdufwpfck &Sdonf/ ,if;pmoifwdkuf\ y"me
r[mem,u q&mawmfrSm tHhMop&m usifh0wfrsm;jzifh jynhfaevsuf
&Sdonf/
q&mawmfonf pmoifom; uefo Y wfxm;ygonf/ qGr;f cHr<u
&yg/ 'um 'umrawGu vma&mufuyfvLS jcif;udk vufcpH rD x H m; onf/
'um 'umrwd k Y u uk d , f w d k i f v S L onf v nf ; &S d í qG r f ; zd k ; 0w¬ K aiG
vTJtyfvSLonfvnf; &Sdygonf/ uyÜd, qGrf;csuf qGrf;uyf 'umtzGJU
xm;ygonf/
pmoifom;rsm;rSm pmudo k m oif,&l ygonf/ pme,fZif; rsm;ESihf
jyifypm vHk;0rzwf&yg/ rdwfaqGrsm;xHrS ay;pmvmvQif q&mawmfxH
ydkYí q&mawmfzwfNyD;rSom zwfcGifh&ygonf/ ravsmf aompmrsm;
jzpfygu q&mawmfu azsmufzsufypfygonf/ þudpörsm; twGuf
q&mawmfrSm wm0efBuD;vSygonf/
ausmif;wdu
k f wHcg;rkcu
f Mkd unhv f suf vl0ifvx l u
G u
f kd tNro J wd
xm;&ygonf/ aeYv,fydkif; tdyfcsdefrSm pmoifom;rsm; tdyf-rtdyf
udkvnf; ppfaq;ygonf/ aexdkifraumif;jzpfvQif q&mawmfu
 30
Munhf½Iapmifha&Smufygonf/ apwem&Sif q&m0efrsm;u wm0ef,lxm;
onfh ausmif;wkdufaq;cef;vnf; &Sdygonf/
pmar;yGJrsm;rSmvnf; atmifEdkifajc&SdoludkomvQif ajzcGifhjyK
ygonf/ ,if;pmoifwkdufrS ajzcGifh&ol ig;yg;&SdvQif tenf;qHk; av;yg;
rSm aocsmayguf atmifygonf/ ig;yg;pvH;k atmifonfu rsm;ygonf/
þuJo h aYkd om pmar;yG0J ifciG hf ukid w
f ,
G yf rkH mS tvGeaf umif;ygonf/ tvGef
tESpfom&jynhf0ygonf/
wcsKd U url ynm&nf rjynh f r D a omf v nf ; atmif y G J u d k om
tvd k & S d w wf y gonf / xd k Y a Mumif h t&nf t csif ; rjynh f r D o nf h
wynhfrsm;udkvnf; pmar;yGJ 0ifcGifh ajzqdkcGifh ay;xm;Muygonf/
þodjYk zifh t&nftcsi;f r&Sb d J pmar;yGaJ tmifvmolrsm; &Sw
d wfygonf/
þonfwu Ykd kd Munhí
f rpd;k &drq
f &mawmfBu;D b'´EÅ ol&,
d mbd0o H
(t*¾g+bd"Z) url ]]ukd,fhwynhfudk ukd,fwdkifowfwJh q&mawG}} [k
rdefYawmfrlcJhzl;ygonf/
q&mawmfBu;D \ pum;awmftwdik ;f yif usio hf ;kH onfh q&mrsm;
rsm;jym;vSonfh acwfrSmyif t&nftcsif;jynhfrDrSom pmar;yGJajzcGifhjyK
onfh &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; q&mawmfvnf; &Sdygao;onf/ om"kac:zG,f
aumif;vSygonf/
(2)
tqdkygq&mawmfonf nydkif;wGif arwåmbm0emudk usifhyg
onf/ q&mawmfxHrSm 'um 'umrrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;? wynhfrsm;\
emrnfpm&if;rsm; &Sdygonf/ emrnfwpfckESifh vlyk*¾KdvfwpfOD;pDtwGuf
ykw;D wpfywfww d d arwåmydaYk Mumif; od&ygonf/ arwåmydpYk &m emrnfEiS hf
vlyk*¾Kdvf rsm;rsm;vmonfhtwGuf usdef;pufcsdef r&Sdoavmufyif
jzpfvmaMumif; od&ygonf/
 31
oufawmf 0gawmfuvnf; BuD;&ifhNyDjzpfaMumif; od&ygonf/
odkY&mwGif ]]q,frdepfcefYrQ tdyfpuf? jyefx? wpfem&Davmuf arwåmydkY}}
pepfjzifh arwåmbm0emudk usifhNrJusifhvsufyif &SdaMumif;vnf; od&
ygonf/
txufyg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk q&mawmfBuD;\ vuf&if;
wynhfESpfyg;xHrS odcGifh&jcif; jzpfygonf/ q&mawmfBuD;\ wynhf
ESpfyg;onf pma&;olESifh &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqGrsm; jzpfMuygonf/
,if;rdwfaqGrsm;xHrS q&mawmfBuD;taMumif; Mum;od&aomtcg
a&pBuKd q&mawmfBu;D b'´E*Å E¦om&\ arwåmbm0emtaMumif; rsm;udk
atmufarhrdygonf/
a&pBuKd q&mawmfBu;D onf yckuLú pmcsenf;udk pwifazmfxw k f
cJhaom pmcsq&mawmfBuD; jzpfygonf/ pmcsysufojzifh qGrf;pm;
uGrf;pm;udkyif vdkufawmfrrlyg/ pmayydkYcsjcif;udk omoemjyKjcif;[k
,HkMunfvsuf &Sdygonf/ xdktcsdefrSmyif v,fwDq&mawmfvnf;
xif&Sm;vmygonf/
rEÅ a v; pH a usmif ; wd k u f r S m uwnf ; u pmcsq&mtjzpf
ausmaf pmvsuf v,fww D u
kd f wnfawmhvnf; pmcsq&mtjzpfyif OD;pGm
ausmfMum;ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh a&pBudKq&mawmfBuD;u v,fwD
q&mawmfuav;tm; oD;oefY arwåmydkYvsuf &Sdygonf/
od k Y & mwG i f v,f w D q &mawmf u w&m;a[mjcif ; ud k y g
aqmif & G u f v suf ausmf a pmvmaomtcg ]]v,f w D q &mawmf
uav;...pmcsaew,fqv kd Ykd oD;oefaY rwåmydaYk ewm/ tckawmh w&m;
awG vSnhfa[maew,fvdkY Mum;wmeJY-oaAÁowåmxJ xnhfvkdufNyD}} [k
trdefY&SdawmfrlcJhygonf/
þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk jyefvnfatmufarhvsuf ]]emrnf
wpfckESifh vlyk*¾Kdvfwpfa,muf oD;oefYarwåmydkYjcif;rSm a&S;q&mawmf
BuD;rsm; usifhoHk;cJhaom xHk;pHwpfckavvm;}} [k pOf;pm;rdygonf/
 32
pma&;oluawmh owd&ovdkom arwåmydkYygonf/ usifh0wf
wpfckuJhodkY jyKí rysufruGuf ydkYjcif;r[kwfyg/ odkY&mwGif pma&;ol\
OyZÑm,fq&mawmf b'´EÅod&dE´mbd0Ho (t*¾g+bd"Z) \ Mo0g'awmf
rsm;rS rMumrMum Mum;em&onfh Mo0g'wpfckudkum; owd&rdwwf
ygonf/
]]'um 'umrawGu vSLxm;wJh ypönf;av;yg;udk &[ef;awGu
oHk;pGJMuwJhtcg toHk;rwwf&if ta<u;wifw,f/ £Py&dabm*
jzpfw,faygh/ 'DtwGuf ypöa0u©Pm qifjcif vsuf oH;k pG&J r,fvaYkd wmh
odMuw,f/ 'gayrJh tav;rxm;Mu wmawG awGUae&w,f/
]]wu,fwrf;u ypöa0u©Pm qifjcif½HkeJYudk vHkavmuf wm
r[kwfbl;/ wpf-ypöa0u©Pm qifjcif&r,f? ESpf-tvSL&Sif 'um-
'umrawGudk oD;oefY arwåmydkY&r,f? oHk;-ur®|mef; w&m; wpfckckudk
yG m ;rsm;&r,f / 'D o H k ; csuf p vH k ; vk y f E d k i f r S wm0ef auswmyg/
ta<u;rwifawmhb;l / £Py&dabm*rS vGww f ,f}} [laom Mo0g'yif
jzpfygonf/
OyZÑm,f q &mawmf \ apmif h a &S m uf r I a Mumif h w&m;pOf
vkyf&rnhf0efudk aocsmodem;vnfaomfvnf; vufawGUrSmrl jynhfpHk
atmif rvkyfjzpfbJ &Sdwwfygonf/
arwåm&Sif q&mawmfurl wm0efrysuaf tmif arwåmusi0hf wf
udk usifhawmfrlvsuf &Sdygonf/ arwåmESifhtwl ypöa0u©PmwdkY?
ur®|mef;wdkYudkvnf; yGm;rsm;aernfjzpfaMumif; (awG;odjzifh) MunfndK
&ygonf/ ]]£Py&dabm*rS vGwfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfEdkifavpG}}
[k tm;usMunfndKpdwfrsm; jzpfrdygonf/
þuJhodkYaom "r®0ef? omoemh0ef? y&0ef? twå0ef ausyGef
atmif aqmifpGrf;onfh &[ef;ax&fjrwfrsm;rSm &Sm;yg;vSaomfvnf;
]]&Sdum; &Sdygao;\}} [k tm;udk;tm;xm;pdwfrsm; jzpfrdygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ *kPfawmfudk rSwfom;yGm;rsm;jcif;? cE¨mudk,fü
 33
xif&Sm;&Sdaom rwifhw,fjcif;\ oabmudk rSwfom;yGm;rsm;jcif;?
ao&jcif;\ oabmudk qifjcifyGm;rsm;jcif;ESifh owå0gwdkYtay:rSm
arwåmbm0em yGm;rsm;jcif;wdkYudk pwk&m&u©w&m;[k ac:ygonf/
tyg,frusatmif apmifhwwfonfh w&m;[k t"dyÜm,f&ygonf/
arwåmw&m;aMumifh psmef-tbdnmOf &&Sdygu jA[®mhjynfodkY
vm;a&muf&ayvdrfhrnf/ orm"drSm 0dyóemyg&SdvQifum; r*f-zdkvf
edAÁmefwdkYudk &&SdEkdifayvdrfhrnf/

2007-ck? Zefe0g&Dv? "r®&wemr*¾Zif;

 34

odu©mum& ( 2 ) trSefESifhtrSm; oHk;oyfcsufrsm;

tcsKdU "r®uxdursm;qdkvQif w&m;udk ykHjyifjzpfatmifyif

a[moGm;Muygonf/ tcsKdU pma&;q&mrsm;uvnf; Ak'¨0if
pmayrsm;udk xd;k Zmwfrsm;pGmjzifh wifqufaeMuygonf/ "r®ukd
azsmfajza&;oifcef;pmrsm; xifaeovm;.../
❈ ❈ ❈

w&m;em,lolwdkY\ pdwftm;wuf<ua&; EdI;aqmf&if;jzifh

tpGef;wpfzufodkY usa&mufzG,f&SdaeaMumif; qifjcifp&m
&Sdygonf/ "r®uxdu q&mawmfrsm;u w&m;a[mjy&mrSm
vnf; ajr§mufvGef;í acsmufwGef;&mra&mufatmif owd
aqmifawmfrlMu&ef tvGefta&;BuD;ygaMumif; yefMum;vdk
ygonf/
❈ ❈ ❈

tqdkygpmaMumif;wdkYudk zwfvsuf rsufvHk;jyL;Mu&rnfom

jzpfygonf/ ...../ rodvQif odatmifBudK;pm;zdkY vdkygonf/
rodygbJESifh oda,mif0g;ygu...../
 35

xdk;Zmwf\ t½IH;tjrwf
(1)
22.4.2006 nu w&m;yGJwpfckqDodkY oGm;a&mufum w&m;
em,lcJhygonf/ "r®uxduq&mawmfu ESpfyGJqufjzpfí n 8-em&DrS
yv’ifwufEdkifrnfjzpfaMumif; today;xm;NyD; jzpfygonf/
odkY&mwGif w&m;yGJodkY 7-em&DcefYrSm yHkrSeftwdkif; a&mufvmMu
olrsm;twGuf Ak'¨*,m bk&m;zl;rSwfwrf;acGudk y½dk*sufwmjzifh jyoyg
onf/ &Si;f vif;csurf sm;vnf; em,lciG &hf Muygonf/ Ny;D cgeD;ydik ;f rSm awmh
-
]]'Dae&mrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u a&qmawmfrlvdkY t&Sif
tmeE´mudk a&cyfapygw,f/ a&awGu aemufoGm;Muw,f/
bmvdv Yk q
J akd wmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u bk&m;tavmif;b0wpfcrk mS
EGm;i,fuav; jzpfcJh&ygw,f/
]]wpfaeYrSm rdcifEGm;rBuD; a&aomufae&m txufbuf
uae aqmhcJhzl;ygw,f/ rdcifEGm;rBuD;[m a&aemufawGudk
aomufcJh&ygw,f/ tJ'D0#fa<u;aMumifhvdkY qdkMuygw,f/
t&Sit
f meE´m[m a&cyfNy;D uyfwt hJ cgrSmawmh jrwfpmG bk&m;&JU
wefcdk;awmfaMumifh a&MunfjzpfoGm;ygw,f}}
 36
ponfjzifh Mum;em&ygonf/ oHa0*&p&mvnf; aumif;yg
onf/ odkYaomf.../

(2)
2005-ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v
f xJrmS 'umBu;D wpfO;D ESihf qHak wGUpOf þodYk
avQmufxm;ar;jref;ygonf/
]]ig;yg;oDvxJu ygPmwdygwrSm t*Fgig;csufnDrS tusKd;
ay;w,fqdkwm [kwfygovm;bk&m;}}
pma&;olu [kwrf eS af Mumif; 0efc&H iS ;f jyay;ygonf/ "r®y'vm
pu©Kygvaw¬& 0w¬KoGm;udkvnf; udk;um;&Sif;jyygonf/
]]t*Fgig;csufqdkonfrSm -
1/ ygaPm? owå0gvnf;aumif;/
2/ ygPondwm? owå0g[laom trSwf&Sdonf\ tjzpf
vnf;aumif;/
3/ 0"updwåH? owfvdkaompdwf vnf;aumif;/
4/ Oyuúarm? vHkYvjyKjcif; vnf;aumif;/
5/ aweOyuúarer&PH? xdkvHkYvjzifhaojcif; vnf;aumif;/
£wd? þodkY/ yOö? ig;yg;wdkYonf/ wóygPmwdygwó? xdkowfrI\/
orÇm&m? taMumif;taqmuftODwdkYonf/ a[mEÅd? jzpfukef\}} (t|
omvdeD? edó,? jynfq&mawmfrl? yxrwGJ? 564/) ponfwdkYrSm
vm&Sdonfhtwdkif;yif jzpfMuygonf/
]]wynhfawmfuawmh OD;Zif;ajymjywmudk vufrcHEkdifygbk&m;/
bmvdkYvJqdkawmh owfvdkaompdwf &SdrSqdkwmuvJ wpfcsuf? owå0g
[laom trSwf&Sdonf\ tjzpfqdkwmuvJ wpfcsuf? tJ'DESpfcsufr&SdvJ
uHxdkufrSmygbk&m;/ owå0gjzpfw,f? owfw,f? aow,fqdk&if
ygPmwdygw odu©myk'f ysufrSmyg/
 37
]]OD;Zif;vJ Mum;zl;rSmyg/ bk&m;tavmif;u EGm;uav; jzpfcJh
zl;w,f/ EGm;rBuD; a&aomufaewmudk a&aemufatmif aqmhcJhw,f/
tJ'D0#faMumifh y&dedAÁmefpHcgeD;rSm a&aemufudk bkOf;ay;&w,f-qdkwJh
w&m;av/
]]EGm;uav;rSm a&aemufygapvdkYvJ pdwfr&Sdbl;/ olYtar
a&aemufawG aomuf&ygapvdkYvJ trSwfrxm;bl;/ tJ'gu tusKdf;
ay;vdYk 0#fa<u;qdu k vf mw,f qdrk aS wmh OD;Zif;ajymjywJh owå0g[laom
trSwf&SdrSqdkwmeJY aoapcsifwJh apwemygrS qdkwm[m ,kwådrwef
ygbl;/
]]yk&Gufqdwfudk wufeif;rdvdkYao&if ygPmwdygwuH xdkufudk
xdkuf&rSmyg/ pu©Kygvrax&f ydk;aumifawG eif;wm[m uHrxdkufbl;
qdkwm rjzpfEdkifygbl;}} ponfjzifh tqdkyg'umBuD;u wifjyvmygonf/
'umBuD;u ygPmwdygwrSm t*Fgig;ck&SdaMumif;udk vufrcH
Edkifyg/ pma&;oluvnf; EGm;uav;Zmwfudk vufrcHEkdifyg/ ]]a&aemuf
ygap? ightarvJ a&aemufawGudk aomufygap}} qkdonfh jypfrSm;aom
oabm r&SdbJ uHrajrmuf&may/
]]pmxJrSmawmh tJ'DZmwfudk tckxd rawGUzl;ygbl;/ 'gayrJh
q&mawmfBu;D wpfyg; a[mxm;wmqdak wmh &SmMunhyf gtH;k r,f}} [kqu kd m
pum;&yfxm;vdkufMuygonf/

(3)
txufygpum;0dkif; ajymjzpfcJhMuNyD;aemuf tqdkyg EGm;uav;
Zmwfudk owdxm;rdjzpfcJhonf/ 2006-ckESpf rwfvxJü b'´EÅar"m0D
q&mawmf\ apwD,yumoeDusrf;udk zwfjzpfcJhygonf/ EGm;uav;
ZmwftaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
]]txacg b*0g ygeD,H tyg,d/}} ('D? 2? 107)
 38
]]xd k t cgü jrwf p G m bk & m;onf a&Munf a wmf u d k
aomufawmfrlNyD}}
þodkY jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf tmeE´mukd ]ygeD,H} [k
a&omrn apaomfvnf; a&aemufudk r,loifh/ nDawmf
tmeE´m? csD;rGrf;tHhMoaomt&mü ]]þ **Fgjrpfa&tvsOfonf
cPcsif; jrLnpfuif;í tpäm 0dyÜoEém tem0dvm oE´wd=
Munf v if o nf j zpf í ? txl ; Munf v if o nf jzpf í ? vH k ; 0
aemuf u sKjcif ; r&S d o nf j zpf í pD ; \}} qd k a ompum;ud k
axmufav/
]]a&Munfuo
kd m aomufawmfr&l onf}} [k rSw,
f &l rnf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif a&iwfawmfrljcif; taMumif;udk -
]]rnfonfu
h mv? rnfonhb f 0? rnfonft
h ukov
kd u
f \
H
0dygufawmfaMumifh a&aemufudk aomufawmfrl&onf[k
rnfonfhusrf;*efwdkYrSm qdkonf vmonf}} [k rawGU rjrif
bl;ay/
þuJhodkY usrf;*efwdkYü rqdkrvmbJESifh ]]bk&m;avmif;
EGm;i,fjzpfpOftcgu trd a&aomufíaepOf a&nmu
jrL;xl;upm;jcif;aMumifh trdonf a&aemufudk aomuf&\/
xdkraumif;rIuHaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf a&aemufudk
aomufawmfrl&onf}} [k ajymqdkaom pum;rSm 0#fawmf
wpfq,hEf pS yf g;okdY t0iftygpum; r[kwaf Mumif;udk (tyg'ge?
|? 1? 128) vm ur®yad vmwdu=uH\npfErG ;f jcif; 12-yg;t&
odomayonf/
xdkYaMumifh ¤if;pum;udk o*Fg,em av;BudrfwGif yg0if
aompum; r[kwf[k rSwf&rnf/
 39
txufygpum;&yfonf apwD,yumoeDusrf; pmrsufESm
(119? 120? 121) wdkYrS aumufEkwfcsufom jzpfygonf/ pOf;pm;awmf
rlMuygukef/
(4)
]]pOf;pm;awmfrMl uyguke}f } [k wdu k w
f eG ;f &jcif;rSm taMumif;&if;
&Sdygonf/ txufyg EGm;uav;ZmwfaMumifh ygPmwdygwodu©myk'f
awmfrmS vmíxdcu kd af Mumif; azmfjyxm;ygNy/D trSeu f trSm;jzpf&ygNy/D
þae&mwGif pOf;pm;Munhfp&mrSm ]]þ EGm;uav;Zmwf
b,fuvmoenf;}} qdkjcif; jzpfygonf/
yd#uwfoHk;yHkxJrS vmonfr[kwfyg/ rdcifaus;Zl; csD;usL;
vdkolu olYqE´twdkif; ZmwfzGJUxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf/ ,if;udk "r®
uxduu ,lí yd#uwfw&m;awmfxJ xd;k xnfx h m;jcif;om jzpfaMumif;
awGU&ygonf/ ]]xdk;Zmwf}} [k ac:&ygonf/ ]]vkyfZmwf}} xuf
wpfrlxl;ygonf/
vkyZf mwfu olaY e&mrSmyJ olaeygonf/ w&m;awmf xJrmS
0ifvmNy;D r½Iyyf g/ xdu
k oh J aY k d om xd;k Zmwf? oGi;f Zmwf rsm;udk w&m;yGJ
rsm;rSma&m pmayrsm;rSmyg awGUvm &ygonf/
tcsKUd "r®uxdursm;qdv k Qif w&m;udk yHjk yifjzpfatmif yif
a[moGm;Muygonf/ udk,fydkif tawG;tac:qdkwm rsm;yg
w&m;0if a Munmí xnh f a y;vk d u f M uygao;onf /
w&m;yGJvnf;NyD;a&m bk&m;a[mcJhonfh w&m;u 10-rdepf
pmavmufom&SdNyD; "r®uxdu\ tawGUtBuHK tawG;tac:
qifhyGm;EG,f,SufawGu rdepf 50-pm avmuf &Sdygonf/
,if; rdepf 50-pmrsm;rSm aemiftcga&m ,cktcgrSmyg w&m;
r[kwfbJ w&m;trnfcHxm;onf jzpfí? em,lolwdkYu bk&m;a[m
 40
tjzpf wxpfcs ,Hrk w S o
f mG ;MuvQif tb,fojYkd zpfrnfenf;/ bk&m;a[m
w&m;udk xdyg;vmrnfrSm aocsmvSygonf/
tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;uvnf; Ak'¨0ifpmayrsm;udk xdk;Zmwf
rsm;pGmjzifh wifqufaeMuygonf/ usrf;nTef;vnf; ryg/ rSD&mvnf;
r&SdbJESifh twifh&JMuygayonf/ txufyg EGm;uav;ZmwfuJhodkY
twwfMuL;rIrsm;rSm Ak'¨"r®ESifh qefYusifvSygonf/
wcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;u w&m;onf tEkynm[k qdkMuygao;
onf/ "r®udk azsmfajza&;oifcef;pmrsm; xifaeovm; rod&ay/
]]tEkynmqdkonfrSm twkynmjzpfonf}} [k &SdwfpyD;,m;u
zGifhjycJhzl;ygonf/ (&SdwfpyD;,m;\ pmEk,Of)/
]]w&m;"r®qdkonfrSm opöm=tppftrSef jzpfonf}} [k jrwfpGm
bk&m;u &Sif;jycJhzl;ygonf/ (opömav;yg; a'oemawmf)
qdk&aomf ]]w&m;onf twkynmr[kwf? w&m;onf tppf
trSefomjzpfaMumif;}} wxpfcs udef;ao,l&rnfom jzpfygonf/
w&m;tEkynmt,lrSm aMumufp&maumif;vSonf/
txl;owdxm;p&m &SdonfrSm "r®uxdutcsKdU ua&m
"r®pmayynm&Sif tcsKUd uyg "r®ukd vGwaf jrmufa&; twGu[ f k
r,lqMubJ 0goembm*D,twGufom ,lq aeMuaMumif;
awGU&ygonf/
]]tjcm;ESifh aysmfrnfhtpm; w&m;ESifhaysmfyg}} [kyif qdkMuyg
ao;onf/ ]]w&m;ykcuf arS;tdyfpuf}} [kvnf; qdkMuygao;onf/
t"dyÜm,frSm ]]ukokdvf&aevQif jzpfwmyJ}} [lonfhoabmyif jzpfyg
onf/ aemufaemifb0awGrSm w&m;txHk&½Hk yg½Hkyif[k qdkvdkygonf/
þoabmrSm ar;p&mawG &Sdygonf/ w&m;txHk &½Hkyg½HkrQjzifh
b,fb0txd tmrcHcsuf &SdygovJ/ ykxkZOfb0rSm bmrS tmrcHcsuf
r&Sad Mumif; odxm;MuNy;D om;yg/ xdo k jYkd zpf&um; 0goembm*d, r[kwb f J
edaAÁ"d,jzpfatmif a[mMua&;MuvQif bk&m;u qlrSm
 41
aMumufaeMuíavm/ ]]edaAÁ", d }} qdo
k nfrmS ]]b0ESi'hf u k u© kd xd;k azmuf
&GHUaMumufoGm;onfh ÓPftjrifyg&Sdjcif;}} yif jzpfygonf/
b0onf vlyJjzpfjzpf? ewfyJjzpfjzpf 'ku©tppfom jzpfygonf/
odkYygvsuf ]]0domcguJhodkY bHkpOfpHvsuf w&m;&Muwm? edAÁmefa&mufMu
&wmawGvJ &SdwmygyJ/ tdrfrSmae&if; umr*kPftm½HkawGESifh aysmfarGU
jcif;jzifv
h J w&m;&Ekid w f mygyJ}} ponfjzifh a[mMu a&;MuwmawGvnf;
rsm;jym;vSygonf/
]]þbk&m;omoemawmfü 0domcguJhodkY umr*kPfwpfzuf?
w&m;tm½Hkwpfzufjzifh ESpfzufeif;vsuf bHkpOfpHum uRwfwrf;
0if&rnfholrSm b,fESa,muf&SdovJ}} qdkvQif tajz&usyfMuay
vdrfhrnf/ vla&mewfyg 7-OD;om &Sdygonf/ yrmPajrmufonfh ta&
twGuf r[kwfyg/
bk&m;omoemrSm uRwfcGifh&Mu? t&d,mjzpfMuonfh yk*¾Kdvf
rsm;rSm edaAÁ"d,rsm;om rsm;vSygonf/ (0goembm*d,-wdkYu ckepfOD;
rQom &Sdygonf/)
'ku©opömxJu azmufxGufEdkifrSom edAÁmefodkY 0ifa&mufEkdifMu
ygonf/ 'ku©opömqdkonfrSmvnf; tjcm;r[kwf/ b0yifwnf;/ tck
b0a&m aemufb0awGyg b0rSeo f rQonf 'kuo © pömjzpfygonf/ rSe\ f /
b0ü ½kyef mrf&o dS nf/ ½kyef mrf&vdS Qif jzpfNy;D ysu&f rnfrmS "r®wm yifwnf;/
þodv Y k Qif omoemawmfEiS yh f wfoufí xd;k Zmwfw&m;? yHjkyif w&m;?
0goembm*d, w&m;rsm;rSm omoemjyK trnfcv H suu
f yif omoemzsu&f m
a&mufwwfaMumif; owdxm;p&mrsm;tjzpf awGU&? BuHK&ojzifh
pOf;pm;awmfrEl ik d MfuzdY k wifjyvku
d &f ygownf;/

2006-ck? atmufwdkbmv
mv?? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;
 42

tyg,frusawmYbl;vm;
pma&;olonf 30.12.2005 aeYv,fu "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;
wdu
k rf t
S jyef a&Tw*d o
kH Ykd oGm;cJyh gonf/ a&Tw*d b
kH &k m;twufrmS atmufyg
w&m;awmfudk emMum;vdkuf&ygonf/
]]wpf e m&D o mom tcsd e f u av;twG i f ; rS m emr½l y
y&dapä'ÓPf? ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf ESpfyg;&&Sdatmif OD;Zif;
a[may;yghr,f/ 'DÓPfESpfyg; &vdkY&Sd&if aemifb0awGrSm rdpäm
'd|d rjzpfawmhbl;/ tjcm;bmomawGudk rudk;uG,fawmhbl;/
tyg,frusawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifhrdkY a,m*DwdkYuvJ *½kwpdkuf
em,lMuzdkY wdkufwGef;ygw,f}}
þw&m;pum;awmfrSm tvGefaumif;ygonf/ rSefvnf; rSefyg
onf/ odkY&mwGif pma&;olrSmawmh tawG;awG x<uvmygonf/
rSefygonf/ tb,fodkY&atmif a[mygrnfenf;/ a,m*DwdkYu
tb,fodkY&atmif ,lMuygrnfenf;/ wpfem&Domom a[m½Hkjzifh
&ygrnfavm/ wpfem&Domom em,l½Hkjzifh &ygrnfavm/
tb,fhaMumifh þtawG;rsm; 0ifvm&oenf;[k qdkvQifrl
pma&;ol\ ydkYcsqJpm0gu ,if;ÓPfESpfyg;tcef;odkY a&mufaeqJ
jzpfaomaMumifhyif jzpfrnf[kxifygonf/
 43
þtawG;rsm;u ausmif;xd vdkufvmMuaomaMumifh pm0g
vdkufol OD;yOöif;wpfyg;xHrS rSwfpkiSm;í jyefzwfMunhfrdygonf/
Ä Ä Ä

tar; / / or® o eÓPf o nf b,f t csd e f a &muf r S

ay:aygufvmcGifh &Sdoenf;/
tajz / / awblruocFg& (cE¨m) paom w&m;wdüYk vu©P?
&o? ypöKy|mefwu Ykd kd rSwof m;ydik ;f jcm;jcif;\ tpGr;f jzifh awblru ocFg&
½kyfemrfESpfjzm 'ku©opömwdkYudk odrf;qnf;Edkifaom 'd|d0dok'¨d/
tqdyk gw&m;wd\ Yk taMumif;w&m; y'|mefukd rSwo f m;jcif;\
tpGrf;jzifh ork',opömudk cGJjcm;odjrifaom ucFg0dw&P0dok'¨d/
þ0dok'¨dESpfyg; jynhfpHkNyD;aomtcg a&mufrSomvQif or®oe
ÓPf ay:aygufvmcGifh &Sdygonf/
rSwfcsuf/ / or®oeÓPftqifh ra&mufrDuwnf;u 'ku©
opömESihf ork',opömwdu Yk kd o½kytf m;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? vu©P-&o-
ypöKy|mef- y'|meftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; uGJuGJjym;jym; em;vnfNyD;om;
jzpf&rnf/
xdkYaMumifh 0dyóemÓPfjzifh edAÁmef&vdkolwdkif; -
(1) 'ku©opömxdkufaom pdwf? apwoduf? ½kyf
(2) ork',opömxdkufaom avmbwdkYtaMumif; aemaus
aeatmif oif,l rSwfom;xm;Mu&rnf/

'd|d0dok'¨djzpfyHk=emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfjzpfyHk
vu©Pt&um;-
t&um;-awblruocFg& emrfw&m;? ½kyfw&m;\
oabm&\/
 44
(a'goü Murf;wrf;aomoabm &Sdonf/ ,if;oabmonf
a'gow&m;\ vu©Pmrnf\/ <uif;w&m;rsm; avhvmyg/)
&ot&um;-
&ot&um;-awblruocFg& emrfw&m;? ½kyfw&m;wdkY\
udpö&\/ 0g-Oyg'f? XD? bif jynhfpHkjcif;&\/
(a'goü a&GU&Sm;apjcif;udpö? (0g) rdrd\ rSD&myk*¾Kdvfudk ylavmif
apjcif;udpö &Sdonf/ ,if;udpöonf a'gow&m;\ &ornfygonf/
wpfenf;um;-a'gow&m;\ jzpfwnfysufjcif;onfyif a'gow&m;\
&o jzpfygonf/)
ypöKy|met&um;-
|met&um;-awblruocFg& emrfw&m;? ½kyw f &m; wd\Yk
tjcif;t&m/ 0g-tusKd;w&m;&\/
(a'goonf a,m*Dyk*¾Kdvf\ pdwfxJwGif jypfrSm;wwfaom
tjcif;t&mjzifh xifvmwwfygonf/ xdt k jcif;t&monf a'gow&m;
\ ypöKy|me jzpfygonf/ wpfenf;um;-a'goaMumifh ygPmwdygw?
z½ko0gpm? Asmyg' 'kp½dkufrIrsm; jzpfvmwwfMuygonf/ þtusKd;
w&m;rsm;onf a'gow&m;\ ypöKy|mejzpfygonf/)
(eD? |? 299/)
rSwfcsuf/ / 'ku©opömxkdufaom awblru emrfw&m;?
½kyfw&m;wdkYudk vnf;aumif;? ,if;wdkY\ vu©P? &o? ypöKy|mewdkYudk
vnf;aumif; ydkif;jcm;odjrifvQif 'd|d0dok'¨d jzpfygonf/ emr½lyy&dapä'
ÓPf jzpfygonf/ twå'd|drS uif;pifNyD [lvdk/

ucFg0dw&P0dok'¨djzpfyHk=ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPfjzpfyHk
1/ tusKd ; w&m;rS m y#d o aE¨ t cgüjzpf a om emrf w &m;
½kyfw&m;/ taMumif;w&m;rSm t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'ge? ur®/
2/ tusKd ; w&m;rS m y0wå d t cgüjzpf a om ½k y f w &m;/
taMumif;w&m;rSm uH? pdwf? Owk? tm[m&/
 45
3/ tusKd ; w&m;rS m y0wå d t cgüjzpf a om emrf w &m;/
taMumif;w&m;rSm pu©Kyom'? ½lyg½Hk ponfrsm;/
(u) tusK;d w&m;rSm y0wåt d cg ukov
dk ef mrfw&m;/ taMumif;
w&m;rSm orÜwådpufBuD; av;yg;/
(c) tusKd ; w&m;rS m y0wå d t cg tuk k o k d v f emrf w &m;/
taMumif;w&m;rSm 0dyÜwåd pufBuD; av;yg;/
(*) tusKd;w&m;rSm y0wådtcg 0dyguf emrfw&m;/ taMumif;
w&m;rSm ukokdvf? ukodkvfuH/
(C) tusKd;w&m;rSm y0wådtcg tm0ZÆef; Bud,memrfESpfyg;/
taMumif;w&m;rSm b0ifpdwf? oEÅD&Ppdwf/
(i) tusKd;w&m;rSm y0wådtcg <uif;Bud,m emrf (18) yg;/
taMumif;w&m;rSm &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf oEÅmefawmf/
þodkYvQif (1) y#doaE¨tcgü t0dZÆm? wPSm? Oyg'ge? ur®
[laom taMumif;w&m;wdaYk Mumifh emrfw&m;? ½kyw f &m;rsm; jzpfvmMu
&onf? (2) y0wådtcgü uH? pdwf? Owk? tm[m& [laom taMumif;
w&m;wdkYaMumifh ½kyfw&m; jzpfvmygonf? (3) y0wådtcgü pu©Kyom'?
½lyg½Hk paomtaMumif;w&m;wdkYaMumifh pu©K0dnmPfpdwf paom emrf
w&m;rsm; jzpfvmMuygonf/ (u? c? *? C? i wdkYüvnf; enf;wl
od&m\/) ponfjzifh taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk odrf;qnf;jcif;? odjrifjcif;
onf ypö,y&d*¾[ÓPf jzpfygonf/ ucFg0dw&P0dok'¨d jzpfygonf/
,HkrSm;jcif;udk vGefvmNyD;jzpfí ta[wku 'd|d? 0dor'd|dwdkYrS
uif;pifNyD[k qdkvdkygonf/ taMumif;w&m; y'|mefwdkYudk odjrifjcif;?
odrf;qnf;jcif;aMumifh oa[wku? or tjzpf xif&Sm;ygonf/
Ä Ä Ä
 46
txufyg pum;pkwdkYrSm ydkYcscsuf rSwfpkrsm; jzpfygonf/
,if;wdkYrSmvnf; ygVd? t|uxm? #Dumvm qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;yif jzpfMu
ygonf/
odkYjzpfí ]]emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf? ypö, y&d*¾[ÓPf}} &zdkY
qdkonfrSm ajymoavmufrvG,faMumif; xif&Sm;ygonf/ xdkYxuf
cufonfrSm-tpOD;qHk;jzpfaom 0dyóemÓPf (=or®oeÓPf) jzpfzdkY?
xdkYxuftvGef O',AÁ,ÓPf? b*FÓPf ponfh 0dyóemÓPfwdkY
jzpfzdkYum; ydkícufcJygawmhonf/
'd|d0dok'¨d rwdkifcifrSmvnf; -
(1) oDvpifMu,f&jcif;
(2) eD 0 &Pac: umrwd k Y - a'gowd k Y uif ; pif j cif ; tm;jzif h
ukd,fa&mpdwfyg pifMu,frS tajccHyDoí w&m;wufaMumif; od&yg
onf/
þodaYk om oabmoGm;rsm;udk pOf;pm;Munhv f Qif tqdyk g ÓPf
ESpfrsKd;udk wu,f&zdkYrSm vG,fvSonfr[kwfyg/
odomatmif wifjy&vQif...txufyg oifcef;pmrsm;udk
oifjyay;aom pma&;olESifh pm0gvdkufaom pmoifom;wdkYrSm tqdkyg
twdkif; o½kyfoabmrsm; odxm;Muaomfvnf; wu,hftppftrSef
tm;jzifhrl ,if;ÓPfESpfyg;wdkYudk &&Sdxm;MuNyD[k rqdkomay/
]]aemifb0awGrmS rdpmä 'd|fd rjzpfawmhb;l ? bmomjcm; rud;k uG,f
awmhbl;? tyg,frusawmhbl;}} [kvnf; rqdkomay/ wpfem&Domom
em,lMu&aom a,m*DwdkYrSmrl rSwfpka&;,l&aom pmoifom;rsm;
avmuf tod jzpfrnfrxifyg/
pma&;oltaejzifh wpfcGef;wpfyg'om em,lcJhaom w&m;
awmfrSm tp-tv,f-tqHk; rnfodkYa[mxm;aMumif; rod&yg/ w&m;
aumif;wpfyk'f jzpfrnf[k ,HkMunf&ygonf/
 47
odkYygaomfvnf; w&m;em,lolwdkY\ pdwftm;wuf<ua&;
EdI;aqmf&if;jzifh tpGef;wpfzufodkY usa&mufzG,f&SdaeaMumif; qifjcif
p&m &Sdygonf/
pma&;ol Mum;zl;aom yHkwdkywfpuav;wpfckudk owd&rd
ygonf/
Ä Ä Ä

wpfcgwke;f u &dyof mBu;D wpfcwk iG f a,m*Drsm; w&m;tm;xkwf

Muygonf/ a,m*Da[mif;wpfOD;rSm ÓPfpOfrsm; &NyD;NyD[k owfrSwf
cHcJh&ygonf/ ur®|mef;q&mawmf\ w&m;ppfcsuft& tajzxGuf
jcif;yif jzpfygonf/
,if ; w&m;ppf c suf r S m a,m*D t m; pd w f " mwf w uf < ua&;
tm;ay; ajrm§ ufpm;vGe;f aomaMumifh acsmufxaJ &mufc&hJ aMumif; awGU&
ygonf/
aemufrMumrDrSm a,m*Dopfrsm; w&m;0ifvmMuygonf/
wpfaeYwGif ausmif;0dkif;oefY&Sif;a&; aqmif&GufMu&m a,m*Dtopfu
csHKykwfi,f&Sd yqkyfyeDtHkudk rD;wdkufrnf[k jyKvkyfygonf/ xdktcgwGif
ÓPfpOf&NyD;om;qdkol a,m*Du -
]]a[h...a[h? cifAsm; rvkyfeJY? rvkyfeJY/ cifAsm;u ÓPfpOf
rem&ao;bl;/ tyg,fusvdrhfr,f/ 'gu ygPmwdygwyJ/ usKyfu
ÓPfpOfemNyD;om;/ udpör&Sdbl;}} [kqdkum wm;qD;ygonf/
yqkwfyeDtHk rD;wdkufjcif;udkvnf; ÓPfpOfemNyD;om; a,m*D
uyif wm0ef,lvdkufygonf/
þonfrSm pma&;olMum;zl;aom yHkwdkywfp jzpfygonf/ þyHk
xJrmS qifjcifp&m rsm;pGm yg&Sad eMuonf r[kwyf gvm;/ qifjcifawmfrl
Mu&ef jzpfygonf/
 48
pma&;ol qifjcifrdonfhoabmuawmh ÓPfpOf&NyD;om;
a,m*DrSm pma&;olESifh pmoifom;wdkY\ tajctaexuf bmrS rydk
ao;yg/ pmayokw ÓPfpOfrsKd;? vlajymolajym ÓPfpOfrsKd;om jzpfyg
onf/ þuJhodkYaom ÓPfpOfjzifh tb,frSm tyg,fvGwfygtHhenf;/
taMumif;rSmrl wu,fwrf; ÓPfpOf&NyD;ygu ygPmwdygw
'kp½dkufudk jyK0Hhvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/ ,if;odkY 'kp½dkufrjyK0HhrSom tyg,f
vGwfrnf jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh ]]aemifb0awGrSm tyg,fvGwfzdkY? rdpäm'd|drjzpfzdkY?
bmomjcm; bmomrSm; udk;uG,folrjzpfzdkY? emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPf? ypö,
y&d*[ ¾ ÓPf ESpyf g;wdu Yk kd (y&d,wåt
d aejzifv
h nf;) &&Sad tmif tbd"r®m
w&m;awmfrsm; oifMum; em,l rSwfom;Muyg/
y#dywådtaejzifhvnf; wu,f&&Sdatmif BudK;pm; avhusifh
cH,Nl y;D or®oeÓPf? O',AÁ,ÓPf ponfrsm;yg aygufajrmuf atmif
usifhawmfrlMuyg}} [k wdkufwGef;pum; qdkcsifvSygonf/
xdkYtjyif "r®uxdu q&mawmfrsm;u w&m;a[mjy&mrSm
vnf; ajr§mufvGef;í acsmufwGef;&m ra&mufatmif owdaqmifawmf
rlMu&ef tvGefta&;BuD;ygaMumif; yefMum;vdkygonf/
opömw&m;u rkom;rjzpfoifhay/

2006-ck? 'DZifbmv? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;

 49

tcufqHk;ESifY tjrwfqHk;
vpOfxkwf r*¾Zif;? *sme,f ponfwdkYudk rsm;rsm;pm;pm; rzwf
jzpfcJhonfrSm av;vavmuf &SdNyDjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh zwfcsifpdwf
jzpfvmojzifh r*¾Zif;oHk;tkyf iSm;ckdif;vdkufygonf/ 1367-ckESpf\
ESpfopfOD; vufaqmifrGefozG,f jzpfaom 2005-ckESpf? arvxkwf
r*¾Zif;wpfapmifudk yxrOD;qHk; zwfrdygonf/
xdkr*¾Zif;pmtkyf\ tzGifh aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk zwf&if;
zwf&if;jzifh tHhMowkefvIyfrdygonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm
b0ul;aumif;a&;twGuf jyifqifa&;yif jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh
&nf&G,fcsufuawmh aumif;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif-
]]uREfkyfwdkY a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;a'oemawmf
rsm;u &Sif;onf/ &Sif;wmudk ½IyfatmifvkyfaeMuonfu
#Dumq&m? usrf;jyKq&mawGyifwnf;/
]]ygVdygXfom;rsm;udk rodolu rsm;\/ udk,fawGUjzpf\/
jzpfaeonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfudk ygVdygXfom;jzifh a&;om;
a[mMum;ygu vlodenf;\/ rodEkdifol rsm;ayonf/ rSefay
onf/ 0dyóem w&m;pcef;rsm;wGif tjzpfrsm;aeonf/
w&m;xl;&&ef? t&d,m aomwmyefjzpf&ef tm;xkwfMuonf/
r&EkdifbJ &SdaeMuonf/ xdkodkY rjzpfoifhay/
 50
]]ar;p&mawmh &Sd\/ edAÁmefqdkonf jzpf\/ edAÁmefonf
um; Nidrf;at;aom yDwdcsrf;omjcif; pdwfyifwnf;/ xdkpdwf
onf b,ft&mudrk Q rSw D nfaejcif; r&Sad wmhay/ xdpk w d u f av;
jzifh wnfaecsed w f iG f qmavmifjcif;? emusijf cif;rsm; r&S/d csKy\ f /
aysmuf\/ bmrQr&S/d xdpk w d jf zifoh m wnfaeí jzpf\/ xdo k nf
udk ormywf0ifpm;aeonf[k zGifhqdkonf/
]]xdpk w
d jf zpfjcif;udk r*fqu dk jf cif;[kac:\/ r*fpw
d jf zpfay:
jcif;wnf;/ xdkr*fpdwfudk xyfumxyfum pdwfwnfatmif
BudK;pm;aejcif;onf zdkvfpdwfjzifh wnfjcif;jzpf\/
]]ormywfudk r*fpdwfjzifh 0ifpm;Ekdifygu rpm;raomuf
bJ 7-&ufom trsm;qH;k jzpf\/ (y) edAmÁ efqakd om r*fzv kd q f udk f
NyD; xdkpdwfjzifh t&m&mudk tpGJrxm;jcif;aMumifh edAÁmefodkY
pH0ifEkdif\/ (y) Ak'¨w&m;rsm;onf &Sif;vGef;\/ &Sif;onfudk
½Iyfatmif pdwfu vkyfaejcif;omwnf;/
]]yd#uwf oHk;yHkyHkaomf cE¨mig;yg;&\/ xyfí tusOf;qHk;
csKyfvkdufaomf ½kyfESifhemrf[líom &Sdawmh\/ emrf=pdwf
apwoduf jzpf\/ ½kyo f nf cE¨mjzpf\/ emrfpw d u
f cHpm;onf/
½kywf &m;u jzpf\/ ysu\ f / ½kyw f &m;\ jzpfae-ysuaf ejcif;udk
emrfpdwfu odae-cHpm;aejcif;om jzpf\/}}
txufyg ul;,lwifjycsufrSm xdkr*¾Zif;\ aqmif;yg;xJrS
jzpfygonf/ Ak'¨w&m;awmfrsm;udk odygu tqdkygpmaMumif;wdkYudk
zwfvsuf rsufvHk;jyL;Mu&rnfom jzpfygonf/
jrwfAk'¨\ a'oemawmfrsm;rSm ygVdbmomjzifh &SdMuygonf/
ygVdbmomudk em;rvnfMuaomaMumifh #Dumq&m? usrf;jyKq&mwdkYu
&Sif;jyMu&ygonf/ ½Iyfatmifvkyfxm;Mujcif; vHk;0 r[kwfyg/
 51
qdkvdkonfrSm a'oemawmfwdkYu &Sif;\qdkapumrl
t&mXmetm;avsmfpGm teufrSef&zdkY tvGefcufcJygonf/
v,fwq D &mawmfBu;D uyif ]]tcufwiG f yd#uwf? tjrwf wGif
edAÁmef}} [k urÜnf; xdk;cJh&ygonf/ ,ckacwf pma&; olwdkY
teufrSefrsm;udk odcGifh&jcif;rSm t|uxmq&m? #Dumq&m?
usrf;jyKq&mwdkY\ aus;Zl;yifpnfrS toD; tyGifhrsm;om
jzpfygonf/
xdkaqmif;yg; a&;om;olukd,fwdkifyif ygVdygXfom;rsm;udk
rodaMumif; ukd,fawGU[k 0efcHxm;&onf r[kwfygavm/ aus;Zl;&Sif
q&mawmfawGudk jypfrSm; apmfum;0Hhonfwum;/ jrwfAk'¨\ rl&if;
a'oemawmfawGudk wpftkyfwavrQ rzwfbl;bJ rzwfEdkifbJvsufESifh
&Sif;\[k ajym0Hhayonfwum;/
Ak'¨0Ho ygVdawmf *gxmrsm;? "r®y' *gxmrsm;? ax&ax&D
tyg'ge *gxmrsm;? r*Fvokwå *gxmrsm;udkaomfrS tzGifhusrf;r&Sdu
rodEdkifMuaMumif; qifjcifrdzdkY vdktyfygonf/ (]]uREfkyfwdkY a*gwr}}
tpcsDaom 0gusESpfckESifh? ]]ygVdygXfom;rsm;}} tpcsDaom 0gusrsm;udk
aocsmzwfMunhfygu ajzmifhajzmifhBuD; qefYusifaeaMumif; odom
ygonf/ taMumif;rSm jrwfAk'¨u jrefrmbmomjzifh w&m;a[mcJhonf
r[kwfyg/)
xdkYjyif ]]0dyóem w&m;pcef;rsm;wGif ygVdbmomudk rod
jcif;aMumifh w&m;xl; r&Mu? t&d,m rjzpfMuaMumif;ESihf xdo k Ykd rjzpfoifh
aMumif;}} wdkYudk azmfjyxm;&m aMumufp&maumif;vSygonf/
t&d,mjzpfzdkY tajccHrsm;? 0dyóemjzpfzdkY tajccHrsm;? jynhfpHk
&rnfh t&nftcsif;rsm; tajrmuftjrm; &Sdygonf/ pifppftm;jzifh
,ckacwf 0dyóemw&m;pcef;rsm;rSm ygVdbmomjzifh w&m;a[mjcif;
udk rjyKMuyg/ odkYjzpfí ygVdbmomudk rodjcif;ESifh w&m;xl;r&jcif;rSm
t"duusaom taMumif;tusKd;pyf[yfrI r[kwfyg/ ygVdbmomudk
 52
odvnf; r&oifhao;u r&onfomwnf;/ w&m;pcef;yGJrsm;ESifh
tuRrf;r0ifbJ a&;&JaypGwum;/
xdkYjyif ]]edAÁmefonfum; Nidrf;at;aom yDwdcsrf;omjcif; pdwf
yifwnf;}} tpcsDum vmjyefygonf/ trSeftm;jzifh jrwfAk'¨ a'oem
awmfwGif pdwf? apwoduf? ½kyf? edAÁmef[k tbd"r®m w&m;ukd,fav;yg;?
y&rwfw&m;ukd,fav;yg; &Sdygonf/ oN*ØK[fusrf;udk oifzl;aom
ukd&ifi,fuav;rsm;yif odxm;MuNyD;om;yg/
xdkYaMumifh ]]edAÁmefonf-pdwf}} qdkaom w&m;rSm rw&m;aom
trSm;om jzpf&ygawmhonf/ edAÁmefonf edAÁmefyif jzpfygonf/
pdwfvnf; r[kwf? apwodufvnf; r[kwf? ½kyfvnf; r[kwfyg/ trSef
odvdkygu oN*ØK[fqdkif&musrf;rsm;ESifh ukd,fusifhtbd"r®musrf; ponf
rsm;udk avhvmzdkY vdktyfygonf/ pGrf;EdkifvQifawmh jrwfAk'¨\ tbd"r®m
yd#u usrf;pmygVdawmfrsm;rSm tjynhftpHk vm&Sdfygonf/
]]Nird ;f at;aom yDwcd sr;f omjcif; w
d jf zifoh m wnf&adS ejcif;}} onf
ormywf0ifpm;jcif;[k t"dyÜm,f&aom 0guspkvnf; yg&Sdao;&m
vG,fulvGef;vSygwum;/
pifppftm;jzifh ormywfonf psmeormywf? zvormywf[k
ESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf/ Nidrf;at;aom yDwdcsrf;omjcif;pdwfjzifhom wnfae
½Hrk QEiS ahf wmh ormywfEpS rf sK;d pvH;k yif rjzpfEidk af o;yg/ qdik &f musiphf Ofrsm;
toD;oD; &SdMuygonf/ rvG,fvSaywum;/
xdkYjyif vmjyefao;onfrSm ]]r*fpdwfudk xyfumxyfum
jzpfwnfatmif}} [lay\/ r*fpw d o f nf b,fy*k K¾ v d rf mS rS? b,ftcgrSmrS?
b,fae&mrSmrS ESpfcgxyfí jzpf½dk;r&SdaMumif; jrwfAk'¨ a[mjyxm;
ygonf/ &Si;f \[k qdck o hJ avmuf ½Iyaf tmifvyk o f ul m; &Sad yao;oud;k /
]]r*fpdwfjzifh ormywfudk 0ifpm;Edkifygu}} [k qdkjyefao;onf/
jrwfAk'¨a[mjy&m a'oemawmfwdkYwGif qdkcJhNyD;wdkif; psme? zv[k
 53
ormywf ESpfrsKd;om &Sdygonf/ r*fpdwfrSm ESpfBudrfrQyif xyfíjzpfjcif;
r&Sad omaMumifh ormywfukd r*fpw d jf zifh b,fy*k K¾ v d rf S 0ifpm;Ekid o
f nf[k
r&Sday/
]]edAmÁ efqakd om r*fzv
kd q
f u dk Nf y;D }} [k qdjk yefao;onf/ r*fEiS zhf v kd f
wdkYonf pdwfapwoduf w&m;pkrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ edAÁmefonf pdwf
apwoduf r[kwf? xdkYaMumifh r*fzdkvfwdkYudk edAÁmef[k rqdkEdkifaMumif;
jrwfAk'¨u a[mxm;ygonf/
jrwfAk'¨\ w&m;a'oemawmfwdkYudk tprQaomfvnf; ravh
vm? tv,fxdvnf; ra&muf? tqHk;xdvnf; raygufygbJvsufjzifh
]]jrwfAk'¨w&m;rsm;onf &Sif;vGef;\? &Sif;onfudk ½Iyfatmif vkyfaejcif;
omwnf;}} [k tcdkiftrm 0gjyefao;onfwum;/ trSefwu,f
½Iyfatmif vkyfolum; t|uxmq&m? #Dumq&m? jrefrmjyef usrf;
q&m ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;wdkY r[kwfMuyg/
cE¨mig;yg;udkrQ w&m;ukd,foabmjcif;&m ruGJygbJvsufjzifh
]]yd#uwfo;kH yHk yHak omf? xyfí tusO;f qH;k csKyv f u kd af omf}} [k qdjk yefao;
onf/
rodvQif odatmifBudK;pm;zdkY vdkygonf/ rodygbJESifh
od a ,mif 0 g;ygu bk & m;&S i f u d k t"r® p G y f p G J & m a&muf &
wwfygonf/
pma&;olwifjyonfh aqmif;yg;&Sifonf jrwfAk'¨udk pGyfpGJol
tjzpfodkY a&muf&&Smygawmhonf/ cE¨mig;yg;udkrQ rodí ]]emrf=pdwf
apwoduf jzpfonf? ½kyfonf cE¨mjzpfonf}} ponfjzifh trSefESifh
wloa,mifa,mifrsm; a&;om;xm;&Smayonf/ pma&;oltaejzifh
us,u f s,jf yefjY yefY ra&;omí wdu k sO;f vd&k if;rQ wifjycJjh cif; jzpfygonf/
odkYaomfvnf; trSefESifhtrSm;url uGGJjym;EdkifygNyD/

2005-ck? 'DZifbmv? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;

 54

0daoo|me0PÖem
xl;qef;&mtzGifh
(1)
a&mifjyefr*¾Zif;? trSwf 113-wGif xl;qef;aom *gxmoHk;yk'f
awGU&ygonf/ pm-73 ESifh pm-29 yg *gxmESpfrsKd;rSm rSm;aeonfudk
jyifvudk v
f Qif *gxmrSef *gxmaumif;rsm; jzpfvmEdik pf &m &Syd gonf/ pm-
35 yg *gxmrSmrl rnfodkYjyifjyif *gxmaumif; rjzpfEdkifawmhonf txd
ysufpD;usKd;yJhaeygonf/
a&S U rS m wif j yvd k u f a om *gxmES p f y k ' f ü jref r mjyef r sm;yg
a&;om;xm;aom pma&;q&mwdu Yk kd cs;D usL;rdygonf/ pme,fZif;rsm;rSm
Ak'¨bmomqkdif&m ygVdbmom *gxm ponfwdkYudk a&;om;azmfjy toHk;
jyKygu jrefrmjyefteufyg&SdzdkY ta&;BuD;vSygonf/
*gxmESpfyk'fudk trSm;a&mtrSefyg a&;jy&vQif pm&Snfrnf
jzpfaomaMumifh trSefjyifvsuf wifjyygrnf/

(2)
Oy*EÉm edrd®awe? 0&a0aoe aeu"m/
[&EÅH om"kyÜom'H? ed&*FPH ear o'g/
ykanemaee oAÁrÜd? ordZÑwk ,xdpädwH/
 55
taeu"m? rsm;aom tjym;tm;jzifh/ edr®dawe? zefqif;
tyfaom/ 0&a0aoe? jrwfaomtoGifjzifh/ om"kyÜom'H? olawmf
aumif;wdkY\ MunfndKjcif;udk/ [&EÅH? aqmifawmfrlaom/ ed&*FPH?
udavom uif;awmfrlaom/ (Ak'¨H? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk/) Oy*EÉm? a&S;½I
uyfí/ o'g? tcgcyfodrf;/ ear (=ermrd) &Sdcdk;yg\/
taeeykane? þodkY &Sdcdk;ylaZmf&aom ukokdvfaumif;rI
aMumifh/ oAÁrÜd? tvHk;pHkvnf;jzpfaomqkonf/ ,xdpädwH? tvdk&Sdwkdif;/
ordZÑwk? jynhfpHk&ygapom; t&Sifjrwfbk&m;/

þ*gxmygVdESifh teufonf pm-29 ü azmfjyyg&SdcJhygonf/

odkY&mwGif ygVdrSmvnf; ]]Oy*EÅ0g aeupm}} [k rSm;aeonf/ teuf
rSmvnf; t"dyÜm,fazmfr&Ekdifatmif ½kyfysufqif;ysuf rSm;aeonf/
trSefrSm ,ckazmfjyygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/
*gxmwGJ jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh *gxmjynhfap&ef tv,fyg'
udk txufyxryg'ESifhwGJí wpf*gxm? atmufwwd,yg'ESifh wGJí
vnf; wpf*gxm[k ,l&ygonf/ tv,fyg'udk ESpBf urd x f yfxm;onf[k
qdkvdkygonf/
txuf E S p f a Mumif ; rS m Ob,&um&0d y k v m*gxm jzpf í
atmufESpfyg'rSm yxr&um&0dykvm*gxm jzpfygonf/ *gxmtjynhf
tpHk ra&;jcif;um; teuft"dyÜm,f jynhfpHkaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh
csefa&;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
a&SUESpfaMumif;jzifh *kPfawmfrsm;ESifh jynhfpHkaom jrwfbk&m;udk
&Scd ;kd yHk zGUJ qdak &;om;xm;ygonf/ aemufq;kH pmwpfaMumif;jzifh qkawmif;
yHkudk zGJUqdka&;om;xm;ygonf/ &Sdcdk;jcif;ESifh qkawmif;jcif; t"dyÜm,f
jynhfpHkvSygonf/
 56
(3)
aemuf*gxmwpfyk'frSm pm-73 rSm azmfjycJhaom ok*w
*kPfawmf jzpfygonf/
ok*awm ok*w"meH? ok*awm ok'¨&Hydp?
edAÁmeH ok*awm ,mwd? ok*waw earm ear/
ok*awm? aumif;aompum;udk qdkawmfrlwwfaom jrwfpGm
bk&m;onf/ ok*w"meH? Oyg'geu©E¨m[k qdfktyfaom &efolab;rS
vGwfNidrf;&mjzpfaom edAÁmefü wnfawmfrlwwfygay\/
ok*awm? edAÁmefü wnfawmfrlwwfaom jrwfpGmbk&m;\
ok*w[laom *kPfawmfonf/ ok*awm=(ok*wH)? aumif;aom
0dyóembm0emudk ajymqdka[mjyavh&Sdaom o'¨gEkom&Drnfaom
olawmfaumif;taygif;udk/ ok*w"meH? Oyg'geu©E¨m[k qdktyfaom
&efolab;rS vGwfNidrf;&mjzpfaom edAÁmefodkY ydkYaqmifawmfrlwwfygay
\/
ok*awm? aumif;aom 0dyóembm0emudk a[mawmfrlavh
&Sdawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ ok*awm=(ok*wH)? aumif;aom
0dyóembm0emudk &GwfqdkyGm;rsm;avh&Sdaom o'¨gEkom&Drnfaom
olawmfaumif;taygif;udk/ ok'¨&Hyd? tvGefaumif;jrwfonfvnf;
jzpfaom edAÁmefodkY/ ,mwdp? ukd,fawmfwkdifvnf; <uoGm;awmf rlwwf
ygay\/ ,mwd=(,maywd) p? olwpfyg;wdkYtm;vnf; <uoGm;apwwf?
<uoGm;atmif jyKawmfrlwwfygay\/
ok*w? aumif;aom 0dyóembm0empum;udk a[mawmf
rlavh&SdaomaMumifh ok*w*kPfESifh jynhfpHkawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;/
aw? &Sifawmfjrwfbk&m;tm;/ t[H? wynhfawmfonf/ earm? OD;jzifh
nGwfusKd; vuftkyfrdk;vsuf/ ear=(ermrd)? &Sdcdk;yg\ t&Sifjrwf bk&m;/
 57
þ*gxmygVdESifh teufudk pm-73 rSm azmfjyxm;ygonf/
*gxmrSm yxroum&0dykvm*gxm trsKd;tpm; jzpfygonf/ *gxmü
uwåm;yk'f? uHyk'frsm;udk cGJí teufay;csufrsm; yg&Sdaomfvnf; *gxm
&if;üum; uwåm;yk'frsm;om yg&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh o'´genf;tm;jzifh
0dbwåd0dyv’moenf;? tvuFmenf;tm;jzifh odavotvuFmenf;
ajrmufatmif a&;zGJUxm;onf[k ,lq&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkY
r,lygu t"dyÜm,fzGufí todcufatmif jr§Kyfa&;xm;&m a&mufaom
aMumifh udvd|a'go oifhzG,f&m &Sdygonf/
rlvpmqdkonf ynm&SifyDoatmif *½kwpdkuf a&;zGJUxm;&m
vuf&mqef; jzpfygonf/ pma&;olonf pmrlyg aqmif;yg;&Sif\
teufodkY tpOfvdkufum teuf&atmif BudK;pm;í wifjyjcif; jzpfyg
onf/ odkY&mwGif rlvpmqdk\ rl&if;vuf&m rDrnfrxifyg/ rl&if;
vuf&mudk awGUvdkvSygonf/ (ynm&Sif\ vuf&mrGef)

(4)
aemufxyf*gxmwpfyk'frSm ]]tusKd;teEÅ BuD;rm;aom *gxm
BuD;}} [k acgif;pD;wifxm;aom *gxmjzpfygonf/ pm-29 ü yg&SdcJhyg
onf/
Aka'¨g Ak'¨ó? £'¨d Ak'¨ó? edrd®wH "mwkAka'¨g/
b*0g wkrSmuH twåbm0H edr®dwH Aka'¨g/
Aka'¨g Ak'¨ó? £'¨d Ak'¨ó? edrd®wH pdwåHAka'¨g/
Aka'¨g Ak'¨ó? £'¨d Ak'¨ó? edrd®wH um,Aka'¨g/
Aka'¨g Ak'¨ó? £'¨d Ak'¨ó? edrd®wH onmPAka'¨g/
þ*gxmonf *gxm[kqdkí *gxmjzpfvmygonf/ *gxm
zGJUenf; wpfckESifhrQ rnDyg/ *gxm r[kwfyg/ wpfvHk;csif;ü teuf
&Sdaomfvnf; wpf*gxmvHk; teufr&Sdyg/ tvuFmenf;t& tayww¬
 58
jrefrmEkdifiHonf ax&0g' jzpf½Hkomru y&d,wf (oifrI) a&m
y#dywf (usifhrI) yg txufwef;usaom Ak'¨EdkifiHawmf jzpfyg onf/
odkYygvsuf q&mawmf orm;awmfrsm;xHvnf; rjyo raqG;aEG;/
rdrdukd,fwkdifvnf; rodem;rvnfygbJESifh tvGJvGJtacsmfacsmf olrsm;
ac:íom tazac:vdkuf&onf tarESifhbmawmfrSef;rodolrsm;
&Sdaejcif;twGuf &SufzG,f&mrsm; wdk;yGm;aeOD;rnfyif jzpfayvdrfhrnf/

2004-ck? azazmf0g&Dv? a&mifjyefr*¾Zif;

 59

pdwfjzpfpOf
]]Oywdó y&dAdkZfonf azmfjyyg w&m;a'oem *gxm\
xuf0ufudk emMum;&onfESifh aomwmywådr*fwnfum
aemuf w pf 0 uf emMum;NyD ; onf E S i f h aomwmywå d z d k v f ü
wnfav\/}}
þpmpkuav;udk trSwf (4)? ydawmufajrr*¾Zif;? pm-96 wGif
azmfjyyg&Scd yhJ gonf/ pma&;q&mu rif;uGe;f q&mawmfBu;D \ r[mAk'0¨ if
wwd , wG J ? tcef ; (16) pm-1 ud k ud k ; um;ygonf [ k v nf ;
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
pmrSm;aeonfudk odygonf/ odkY&mwGif ajymvdkpdwf rjzpfrdyg/
ud;k um;csuuf ykd gawGUrS pdw0f ifpm;vmygonf/ q&mawmfBu;D url þodYk
ra&;wef&m[k oHo,jzpfvmygonf/ xdkYaMumifh r[mAk'¨0if wwd,
wGJudk &Sm&ygonf/ awGUygonf/ q&mawmfBuD; a&;xm;onfrSm -
]]Oywd ó y&d A d k Z f o nf azmf j y&myg w&m;a'oem
*gxma&SUxuf0ufudk Mum;em&vQifyif aomwmywåd zdkvfü
wnf a v\/ *gxmaemuf xuf 0 uf u d k u m;
aomwmyefjzpfNyD;aomtcg em,lrI NyD;qHk;avonf}} (pm-
6) [lí awGU&ygonf/
 60
Zmwf&if; tusOf;csKyfESifhwuG rSm;yHk-rSefyHkrsm;udk qufvuf
wifjyvdkygonf/ Zmwf&if;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;onf &mZN*dK[fjynf
a0VK0efausmif;wGif oDwif;oHk;qJ wydkYwGJvqef; (1) &ufavmufü
odOönf;q&mBuD;onfvnf; wynhfwdkYNcH&Hvsuf &mZN*dK[frSmyif &Sdae
ygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m; wynhfwdkYwGif t&SiftóZdrax&fvnf; yg&Sd
ygonf/ odOn ö ;f q&mBu;D wynhw f wYkd iG f OywdóESihf aumvdwwdv Yk nf;
yg&Sdygonf/
t&SiftóZdrax&f qGrf;cH<uaeonfudk Oywdó awGUjrif
rdygonf/ t&SiftóZdudk jrif½HkrQjzifhyif jrifhjrwfaomw&m;&Sdoltjzpf
odvsuf rsujf cnfrjywfatmif vdu k yf gvmygonf/ q&mtaejzifv h nf;
trSwfjyKvsuf qGrf;pm;&ef jyKzG,f&mwdkYudk pD&ifay;ygonf/
qGr;f udpNö y;D aomtcgrS t&Sit f óZdtm; q&mESihf w&m; wdu Yk kd
Oywdó ar;ygonf/ Oywdótm; t&SiftóZdax&fu -
]]q&mrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;? w&m;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;}} [k
ajzMum;ygonf/
]]jrwfpGmbk&m;u tb,f0g'&Sdí tb,fw&m;a[moenf;}}
[k Oywdóu qufvufar;onf/ t&SiftóZduvnf; tajcysKd;
pum;cHum -
]]a,"r®m a[wkyÜb0g?
awoH a[wHk wxm*awm tm[/
awoOö a,m eda&ma"m?
{0H 0g'D r[moraPm}}
*gxmudk a[mjyygonf/
*gxmtESpfcsKyfrSm opömav;yg;jy w&m;awmfyif jzpfygonf/
yxryg'jzifh 'kuo © pöm? 'kw,
d yg'jzifh 'kuu © jkd zpfapwwfaom ork',
opöm? wwd,yg'jzifh wdkuf½dkuftm;jzifh eda&m"opöm? y"meenf;
 61
tm;jzifh eda&m"opöm &&Sad Mumif;jzpfaom r*¾opömwdu Yk kd a[mjy xm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/
þ*gxmvm yxr-'kwd, ESpfyg' a&SUxuf0uftqHk;ü
Oywdóonf aomwmywådr*fÓPfESifh aomwmywådzdkvfÓPf ESpfyg;
pvHk;udk tjcm;r&SdbJ wpfqufwnf;yif &&Sdjcif;jzpfygonf/ (r[m
Ak'0¨ ifü r*fÓPf&onfukd rqdx k m;yg/ ygVdawmftzGihf ygpdwt f |uxm
pm-256 ponfwdkYüvnf; aomwmywådzdkvfwnfyHkudkom zGifhjyyg&Sd
ygonf/)
xdkYaemuf Oywdóonf t&SiftóZdudk cGifhyefí jrwfpGm
bk&m; oDwif;oHk;&mXmeudk ar;jref;um y&dAdkZfausmif;odkY jyefoGm;
ygonf/ aumvdwtm; ajym&rnhf uwdu0wf&Sdxm;aomaMumifh
oli,fcsif;tm; ajymjy&ef oGm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ *gxmudkvnf; a[mjy
ygonf/ aumvdwonfvnf; *gxmav;yg'tqHk;ü (aomwmywåd
r*fESifh) aomwmywådzdkvf wnfygonf/
aomwmywådzdkvf wnfMuNyD;aom OywdóESifh aumvdw
wdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m;xH oGm;a&mufqnf;uyfa&;udk y&dAdkZfrsm;ESifh
odOönf;q&mBuD;wdkYtm; yefMum;Muygonf/
q&mBu;D url ]]avmuü ynmrJo h ul rsm;oavm? ynm&Sd olu
rsm;oavm? ynmrJholrsm; ighxHvmMuvdrfhrnf? tb,fenf;ESifhrQ
igrvdkufEdkif? tarmifwdkYom oGm;Muavmh}} [k cGifhjyKvdkufygonf/
od&Yk mwGif usew
f ynht
f m;vH;k yg vdu
k yf goGm;onfukd awGU&aom
tcgüum; aomurD;awmufvsuf aoG;yGufyGuftefygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH a&mufaomtcg &Siftjzpf &[ef;tjzpf
awmif;yefMu&m tm;vHk;yif {[dbdu©K&[ef;wdkYcsnf; jzpfMuygonf/
xdaYk emuf aumvdw (&Sirf [marm*¾vmef)? Oywdó (&Sio f m&dyw
k &å m)?
wynhfrsm; (&[ef;rsm;) toD;oD; w&m;xl;&um &[EÅmcsnf; jzpfMu
ygonf/
 62
þazmfjycJhonfrSm Zmwf&if; tusOf;csKyf jzpfygonf/
]]*gxma&SUxuf0uftqHk;rSm aomwmywådr*f wnf
ygonf / aemuf x uf 0 uf t qH k ; rS m aomwmywå d z d k v f
wnfygonf}} [laom a&;om;csufrSm;yHkudk wifjyygrnf/
trSeftm;jzifh Ak'¨tbd"r®ma'oemawmfü Ak'¨ukd,fawmfwdkif
a[mxm;aom pdwfjzpfpOfjy a'oemrsm; yg&Sdygonf/ y|mef;ygVdawmf
teEÅ&ypönf;tzGifhwdkYü ]]ra*¾g zvó teEÅ& ypöa,e ypöa,m}} [k
yg&Sdygonf/
qdkvdk&if;rSm ]]aomwmywådr*fonf aomwmywådzdkvftm;
(ou'g*grdr*fonf ou'g*grdzdkvftm;? tem*grdr*fonf tem*grd
zdkvftm;? t&[wår*fonf t&[wåzdkvftm;) teEÅ&=emrfw&m;
jcm;xm;jcif;r&Sdaom=ypö,=taMumif;w&m;tjzpfjzifh jzpfay:vmap
ygonf}} [líyif jzpfygonf/
r*fav;yg;aMumifh zdkvfav;yg;jzpf&mrSm bmrS tjcm;r&SdbJ
wpfqufwnf;yif qufwkdufjzpfvm&ygonf/
yHkpHcsjy&ygrl b0*Fpve? b0*FkyÜapä'? raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;? Oypm?
tEkvHk? a*gMwbk? aomwmywådr*f? aomwmywådzdkvf oHk;Budrfxyf
jzpfvsuf b0if-pdwfrsm;[k jy&rnfjzpfygonf/
pdwjf zpfpOfwiG f r*fEiS zhf v
kd t
f Mum;ü bmrS rjcm;yg/ rjcm; ygrSom
teEÅ & ypö n f ; w&m;rsKd ; jzpf & ygonf / teEÅ & ypö n f ; tus,f ü
jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd,fawmfwdkifuvnf; a[mjyxm;ygonf/
þpdwjf zpfpOf a&SUaemufww Ykd iG f A[kow k tusK;d iSm tenf;i,f
a&;om;vdyk gao;onf/ r*¾jzpfpOf av;yg;wdw Yk iG f aomwmywård *f a&SUü
a*gMwbk[kvnf;aumif;? o*g'g*grdr*f ponfwkdYa&SUü a0g'ge
[kvnf;aumif;? wpfenf;tm;jzifh Oypm? tEkvHk? a*gMwbk (a0g'ge)
pdwfoHk;yg;t&mü ]]tEkvHk? tEkvHk? tEkvHk}} [k oHk;Budrf emrnf wpfck
 63
wnf;jzifhvnf;aumif; jzpfvm&ygonf/ þodkY oHk;Budrfjzpf&onfrSm
xufjrufaomÓPfBuD;&Sifrsm; r*fzdkvf&&müom jzpf&jcif; jzpfygonf/
EHkYeJYaomÓPf&Sifrsm; r*fzdkvf&&Sd&mwGifum; (y&duH)? Oypm?
tEkv?kH a*gMwbk? (a0g'ge) [k av;Burd ?f wpfenf;tm;jzifh tEkvckH sn;f
av;Burd f (a&SUü) jzpfí qufvsuu f m; r*f? zdv k ?f zdv
k [
f k zdv
k Ef pS Bf urd o
f m
jzpf&ygonf/
qdv k okd nfrmS y&dupH onfwo Ykd nf aZmpm&if;0if pdwrf sm;jzpfí
aZmxHk;pHtwdkif; pdwfjzpfpOfwpfckxJü ckepfBudrfxufrydk&aomaMumifh
y&duHrSpvQif zdkvfESpfBudrfxd ckepfpdwf qufwkdufvnf;aumif;? OypmrS
pvQif zdkvfoHk;Budrfxd ckepfBudrfqufwdkufvnf;aumif; jzpf&onf[k
qdkvdkygonf/ þodkYvQif pdwfjzpfpOfrsm;t&rSmrl tjcm;r&SdbJ jzpf&
jcif;om jzpfygonf/
pma&;q&murl þaqmif;yg;tpü ul;,lazmfjyxm;ouJhodkY
yif *gxmwpf0ufww d jd cm;Ny;D rS uGmNy;D rS[k qdx k m;ygonf/ aocsmwdus
*CeProdMuaomfvnf; ]]rsufawmifwpfcwf? vQyfwpfjyuftcsdef
wduk av;twGi;f rSmyif pdwaf ygif; uka#wpfoed ;f ausmf qufwu kd f jzpfMu
(NyD;) ysufMuaMumif;}} Mum;zl;Muygonf/ aemufwpf0ufa[m&m
tcsdefonf rsufawmifwpfcwfpmxuf ydkvGef;rnfrSm aocsmygonf/
pdwaf ygif; uka#b,fEo S ed ;f yif jzpfonf[k rqdEk ikd yf g/ pdww f pfck jcm;vQif
uG,fvQifyif teEÅ&ypönf;t&mü ryg0ifEdkifyg/ odkY&mwGif bk&m;&Sif
udk,fwkdifuyif r*f+zdkvfwdkYudk teEÅ&t&mü a[mxm;yg\/
txuf a zmf j yyg wif j ycsuf r sm;tm;vH k ; rS m trS m ;-trS e f
odomap&eftusKd;twGuf oufoufom &nf&G,fygonf/ rlv
aqmif;yg;&Sifudk ykwfcwfvdkjcif;? pmzwfolrsm;udk 0ifh0gvdkjcif; paom
&nf&G,fcsufqdk; wpdk;wpdrQ r&SdygaMumif; ½dk;om;pGm0efcHcsufyg
wpfygwnf; jyKvdkygonf/
2003-ck? t trSrSwf (7)? ydawmufajrr*¾Zif;
 64

odu©mum& ( 3 ) tppfESifhtwk oHk;oyfcsufrsm;

igh&iS af v;? aovkvyk *k K¾ v

d rf sK;d u 0dyóem½IvQif 0dyóem
jzpfygao;oavm? r*fÓPfodkY a&mufEdkifygao; oavm/
...../ pma&;olwdkYonf ab;&efaygvSaom oHo&mBuD;udk
tvsm;vdkuf qGJqefY&efyif pdwful;rdum.../
❈ ❈ ❈

bmoma&; pmzwfy&dowfxJrSmu -
toda&m? tusifhyg BuD;&ifhjynhfpHkaom *kP0k¹d? 0,0k¹d
yk*¾Kdvfrsm; &Sdaewwfygonf/
❈ ❈ ❈

yk x k Z Of ? aomwmyef ? ou'g*grf ? tem*grf w d k Y u

bmhaMumifh 0dyóem ½Iygoenf;/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfu bmhaMumifh
0dyóem ½Iygoenf;/
❈ ❈ ❈

pma&;olwrYkd mS r*fzv
kd ef Ad mÁ ef vdck sipf w
d f wu,f&v
dS Qi.f ./
 65

aovkvkyk*¾Kdvf
(1)
q&mawmfBuD;wpfyg;xHrS arQmfvifhrxm;aom ar;cGef;wpfck
tar;cH&ygonf/ q&mawmfBuD;rSm oufawmf (80) ausmfcJhNyD;ygNyD/
&[ef ; w&m;ud k tpOf B ud K ;pm;aomf v nf ; r*f Ó Pf w pf c k r Q r&&S d
ao;aMumif; 0efcHum 1366-ckESpf? y0g&PmaeY Oykofy0g&PmjyK&m
odrftwGif;rSmyif -
]]t&Sifbk&m;wdkYu Mo0g'ay;zdkY awmif;yefMuaomfvJ wynhf
awmfudk,fwdkifuyif ckxd t&d,mjzpfatmifudk rvkyfEdkifbl;/ touf
uvJ BuD;vSNyD/ wynhfawmftm; enf;aumif;uav;rsm;&SdMu&if
a[may;awmfrlMuygtHk;bk&m;? u,frawmfrlMuygtHk;bk&m;}} [k
oHCmhy&dowftm; yefMum;&Smygonf/
q&mawmfBuD;xHrS tm;i,f 0rf;enf;aomtoHjzifh rdefYvm
aom pum;aMumifh oHCmawmfrsm;vnf; pum;pyif &Smr&Muay/
odkYaomf &[ef;w&m;udk yGm;rsm;zdkY owd? oHa0* rsm;pGm jzpfyGm;Mu
ygonf/ þonfyifvQif q&mawmfBuD;\ Mo0g'w&m; jzpfygawmh
onf/
y&d,wåd? y#dywåd ESpfckpvHk;ü aMumifhMupdkufawmfrlaom awm
ausmif;ae q&mawmfBuD;xHrS -
 66
]]igh&Sifav;? r&PmoEé0DxdrSm a&mufaeNyDjzpfwJh aovkvk
yk*¾KdvfrsKd;u 0dyóem½IvQif 0dyóemjzpfygao;oavm? r*fÓPfodkY
a&mufEdkifygao;oavm}} [k ar;vmjcif;udk cH&ygonf/
pma&;olonf tajzay;p&m r&SdcJhaomaMumifh vuftkyf
csv
D suo f m emMum;ae&ygonf/ q&mawmfBu;D rdeaYf om r&PmoEé0x D d
qdkonfrSm pdwftpOfaygif; 17-BudrfrS 22-Budrf 0ef;usifavmufom
jzpfNy;D vQif {uefrck s ao&awmhrnfh yk*K¾ v
d rf sK;d jzpfaMumif;udk em;vnfyg
onf/ odkY&mwGif þrQavmufxd aovkvkyk*¾KdvfrsKd;u 0dyóemyGm;-
ryGm;qdkonfESifh r*fÓPf &-r&qdkonfudk em;rvnfEkdifyg/
rsufpdwpfrSdwftwGif;rSm pdwfaygif; (Budrfa&) uka#wpfodef;
ausmf jzpfMu? ysufMuaMumif; od&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh pdwfBudrfa& 17-
csuf 0ef ; usif r Qom usef & S d o l o nf u m; rsuf p d w pf r S d w f p mrQyif
touf&Sif&ef tcsdefr&SdawmhaMumif; wGufq&ygonf/ þyk*¾KdvfrsKd;rSm
0dyóem jzpfao;\avm.../ t&d,m jzpfEdkifao;\avm.../

(2)
q&mawmfBuD;tm; uefawmhNyD; tajzravQmuf0HhbJ jyefvm
cJ&h ygonf/ odaYk omf ,if;ar;cGe;f Bu;D um; pma&;olaY cgif;xJoYkd 0ifvsuf
vdkufygvmcJhygonf/ tajzudk&Smaomfvnf; tajzudkrawGU&/ ar;cGef;
BuD;udkom xyfwvJvJ awGUae&ygonf/ þodkYjzifh tajzr&aom
ar;cGef;BuD;udk arhxm;zdkYom BudK;pm;&ygonf/ pma&;olonf pm0g
ydkYcsjcif; paom udpörsm;üom tcsdefay;xm;vdkufygonf/
ewfawmfvxJwGif yxrBuD;wef; y|mef;pm0g ydkYcsvm&m
tm&r®P0db*F-yÓ§ 0g&odkY a&mufvmcJhygonf/ ]]tAsmuawm "ar®m
tAsmuwó "r® ó tm&r® P ypö a ,e ypö a ,m}} tzG i f h u d k
oifjy&aomtcg ygVdawmf 0gustoD;oD;udk qdkum jrefrmjyef?
 67
t&aumuf? owådNydKif ponfrsm;udk ppfjy&ygonf/ q&mawmfBuD;\
ar;cGef;tajzudkvnf; wtHhwMo awGU&ygawmhonf/
tus,jf y ygVdawmfww Ykd iG f ]]t&[m 0w¬KH tedpaö wm 'kua© wm
tewåawm 0dyówd - &[EÅmyk*K¾ v d o f nf [',0w¬K½yk "f mwfukd tedp?ö
'k u © ? tewå t m;jzif h 0d y óem½I o nf } } [l í a[mxm;ygonf /
[',0w¬K½kyf"mwfaMumifh 0dyóemjzpfay:vmonf[k qdkvdkjcif;yif
jzpfygonf/
þygVdawmfü [',0w¬K½kyf"mwfonf (u) r&PmoEé
r[kwfaom tcgwdkYüjzpfaom [',0w¬K½kyf"mwf? (c) r&PmoEé
tcgüjzpfaom [',0w¬K½kyf"mwf[k ESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf/ ,if;ESpfrsKd;
pvHk;aMumifhyif 0dyóemÓPf jzpfvm&aMumif;udk y|mef;t&aumuf
usrf;BuD;u zGifhjyxm;ygonf/
taMumif;rSm (u) r&PmoEé r[kwfaom [',0w¬K
½kyf"mwf (tm½Hk-ypönf;w&m;) ü tm&r®Powåd? yka&Zmwowåd?
tw¬dowåd? t0d*wowåd[k owådav;rsKd;&Sdí? (c) r&PmoEéjzpfaom
[',0w¬K½kyf"mwf (tm½Hk-ypönf;w&m;) üum; tm&r®Powåd?
edó,owå?d yka&Zmwowå?d 0dy, Ü w k o å wå?d tw¬o d wå?d t0d*wowå[ d k
owådajcmufrsKd;&Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/
þygVd a wmf E S i f h tzG i f h u srf ; BuD ; wd k Y u d k axmuf v Qif
]]r&PmoEé 0Dxrd mS a&mufaeNyjD zpfonfh yk*K¾ v d f (&[EÅm) uyif
0d y óem½I v Qif 0d y óemjzpf E d k i f \ -[k twd t us
tajz&ygonf/
odkYjzpfí 0dyóem jzpf-rjzpf tajzu &Sif;oGm;ygNyD/ r*fÓPf
&Edik -f r&Edik u
f akd wmh &[EÅm yk*K¾ vd rf mS &p&mr*fÓPf[k r&Sad omaMumifh
ajymp&mr&Sdyg/ jrwfpGmbk&m;uvnf; þ (Asm+Asm) ygVdawmfü &[EÅm
 68
yk*K¾ v
d üf jzpfaom 0dyóemÓPf jy|mef;aom r[mBu, d m tusK;d w&m;
udkom a[mygonf/
pm0gxHk;pHtwdkif; wpfaeYcsif;wufoGm;&m aemufaeYnrSmyif
]]tAsmuawm "ar®m ukovó "r®ó tm&r®Pypöa,e ypöa,m}}
tzGio hf Ykd a&muf&ydS gonf/ þtzGiühf rl aou©y*k K¾ v d w f EYkd iS hf ykxZk Ofy*k K¾ v
d f
wdkYrSm 0dyóem jzpfEdkifyHkrsm;udk a[mxm;ygonf/
]]aou©m 0g ykxZk eÆ m 0g 0w¬KH tedpaö wm 'kua© wm tewåawm
0dyóEÅd - aou©yk*¾Kdvfac: zv|mefoHk;yg;wdkYESifh ykxkZOfyk*¾KdvfwdkYu
[',0w¬Kudk (r&PmoEérSm jzpfap? r&PmoEé0Dxdr[kwfaom
tcgrSmjzpfap) tedpö? 'ku©? tewå[k 0dyóem½IMuonf}} [lí jzpfyg
onf/ t"dyÜm,frSm tcgESpfrsKd;üjzpfaom [',0w¬K ½kyf"mwf (tm½Hk
ypön;f w&m;) aMumifh aou©y*k K¾ v d ?f ykxZk Ofy*k K¾ v
d w
f Ykd oEÅmefrmS 0dyóem
ÓPf jy|mef;aom umrm0p&ukodkvfrsm; tusKd;w&m;taejzifh
jzpfay:vmMuonf-[k qdkvdkygonf/
þygVd a wmf E S i f h t&aumuf u srf ; wd k Y u d k axmuf í
r&PmoEé 0DxdrSm a&mufaeNyDjzpfonfh aovkvkyk*¾Kdvf
(yk x k Z Of ? aou© ) uvnf ; 0d y óem½I v Qif 0d y óem
jzpfonfomwnf;[k tajztwdtusudk &&Sdygonf/
odkY&mwGif r*fÓPf&Edkif\-r&Edkif\qdkonfu ygVdawmf
wdkuf½dkufrvmacs/ xdkYaMumifh t&ifuavhvmcJhzl;aom tr&yl&NrdKU?
wl;armif;ausmif;wdkuf q&mawmfBuD;jyKpkaom (y|mef;wHcGef) usrf;udk
tm½HkjyKrdygonf/
y|mef;wHceG u f sr;f wGif 0w¬m&r®P yka&Zmwedó,\ ypö,yk eÜ f
tusKd;w&m;pkü tbdnmOfa'G ygjcif;-rygjcif;udk 0g'aygif; rsm;pGm?
tud;k tum;aygif;rsm;pGmjzifh &Si;f vif;jyxm;ygonf/ a&S;q&m Bu;D rsm;u
tbdnmOfa'G jzpfay:EdkifaMumif;? r&PmoEé0DxdtcgrSm jzpfaom
[',0w¬K½kyf"mwf (tm½Hk? ypönf;w&m;? taMumif;) aMumifh
 69
tbdnmOf? psmefwefcdk;rsm; jzpfEdkifaMumif; ,lqum qHk;jzwfxm;Mu
ygonf/ a&S;q&mrsm; 0g'udkvdkufvQif r*fÓPfrsm; jzpfvmEkdif
aMumif;om &Sdygonf/
odkYaomf...
jrefrmouú&mZf 1121-ESpfwGif xef;wpfyif&Gm? aAm"dausmif;
q&mawmf b'´EÅeE´ar"m jyKpkpD&ifí NyD;pD;aom (,cktcg EkdifiHawmf
vH;k qdik &f m y|mef;bmomtwGuf jy|mef;pmtkyt f aejzifh wifwh ,fvsuf
&Sdaom) y|mef;t&aumufusrf;BuD;ESifhwuG? aemufaemuf q&mawmf
wdkYurl a&S;a&S;q&mwdkYESifh rwlMuay/ aocgeD;tcgü [',0w¬K
½kyf"mwfrSm tm;jywfvkrwwfjzpfí tvGeftm;enf;aeaomaMumifh
psmef? tbdnmOf? r*f? zdv k f w&m;Bu;D wdYk jzpfjcif;iSm aus;Zl;rjyKEidk [
f o
k m
qHk;jzwfMuygonf/
xdkYaMumifh aemufaemufq&mawmfwdkY\ 0g'odkY vdkufvQifrl
0dyóemrQom jzpfEkdifí r*fÓPfodkYum; ra&mufEdkifyg/ t&d,m
rjzpfEkdifyg[k ,lq&ygonf/ þae&mwGif a&S;a&S; q&mawmfBuD;wdkY\
0g'? aemufaemuf q&mawmfBuD;wdkY\ 0g'wdkYudkom wifjy&jcif;
jzpfygonf/
pma&;olowdjyKrdonfrSm 0w¬m&r®P yka&Zmwedó,
[laom tm&r®PESihfvnf;qdkif? yka&ZmwESifhvnf; qdkifaom edó,
ypönf; tzGifhygVdawmfwdkYü ]],H ½lyH edóm, raem"mwk p raem
0dnmP"mwk p 0wåEÅd}} (ypö,eda'´o)? ]]0w¬K ukovmeH tukovmeH
0dygumAsmuwmeH ud&d,mAsmuwmeH cE¨meH}} (yÓ§0g&) [kom &Sdjcif;
aMumifh tusK;d jzpfaom raem0dnmP"mwk t&wGif tbdnmOfa'Gyg\-
ryg\[kvnf;aumif;? psmef? r*f? zdkvfwdkY yg\-ryg\[kvnf;aumif;
rqHk;jzwfEkdifaomt&myif jzpfygonf/
odkY&mwGif r&PmoEé0DxdtwGif;ü r&PmoEéaZm[lonfrSm
umraZmrsm; (29-yg;) teuf wpfckckonfom av;Budrf? ig;Budrf
 70
jzpfaMumif; zGifhqdkMuaom usrf;*efwdkYESifhtnD ,lvQifum; tbdnmOf
a'Gvnf; rygEkdif? psmefaZm? r*faZm? zdkvfaZmrsm;vnf; rygEdkifonfrSm
,HkrSm;p&m r&Sdawmhay/ xdkYaMumifh aemufaemuf q&mwdkY 0g'onfom
usrf;*efwdkYESifh nDnGwfonf[k qdkcsifvQif qdkEdkifaumif;&mayonf/
pma&;oltaejzifh rjzpfrae ajz&vQif oif½;kd pmtkyt f &
okwr,ÓPfrQjzifh ajz&rnfomjzpfí r&PmoEé0x D t
d wGi;f
aovkvyk *k K¾ v
d rf mS [',0w¬Kukd 0dyóem½IvQif 0dyóemum;
jzpfEidk \
f / r*fÓPfou Ykd m; ra&mufEidk af wmhay-[k ajz&ygrnf/
odkYjzpfí aocgeD;rSmyJjzpfjzpf? aocgeD;r[kwfonfh tcgrSmyJ
jzpfjzpf 0dyóem½IvQif ukokdvf&jcif; (umrm0p&ukokdvfjzpfjcif;) u
aocsmygonf/ umrm0p&ukokdvfuH&SdvQif ,ckb0rS csKyfNidrf;vQif
umrok*wdb0 (ckepf) ckwdkYteuf wpfckckrSm ½kyfopf? emrfopf? cE¨m
topfjzifh b0opfjzpf&jcif;tusK;d &S½d rkH Qru ,if;'kw,
d b0rSm r*fzv
kd f
&zdkYvnf; arQmfrSef;Edkifygonf/
pma&;olwdkYonf &[ef;w&m; (0dyóem) ryGm;Edkifao;
aomaMumifh q&mawmfBuD;uJhodkYaom yk*¾KdvfBuD;rsm;\ tifrwef
BuD;av;aom ar;cGef;BuD;rsm;udk wdwdusus tajz&Smr&Edkifyg/
q&mawmfBuD;onf r*fzdkvfr&ao;ygu aovkvkjzpfaom
tcgxdyif 0dyóemw&m;udk av;pm;pGm yGm;rsm;tHh[k ESvHk;oGif;
&Sdxm;[ef wlygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]]r&PmoEé0DxdrSm a&mufaeNyD
jzpfonfh yk*¾KdvfrsKd;u 0dyóem½IvQif 0dyóemjzpfygao;\avm/
r*fÓPfodkY a&mufEdkifygao;\avm}} [k ar;cJhaMumif; odEkdifygonf/
(a*g"durax&fuJhodkY oroDoD&[EÅmrsm;&Sdí xdkrax&fwdkY\
&[EÅmjzpfyHk? 0DxdpOfjzpfyHkrsm;udkvnf; avhvmoifhygonf/)
 71
(3)
q&mawmfBuD;ar;xm;aom ar;cGef;\ tajzudk &&Sdxm;NyD
jzpfaomfvnf; q&mawmfBuD;xH wpfzef jyefa&mufjzpfzdkYu rvG,fay/
xdkYaMumifh q&mawmfBuD;tm; tajzpum; avQmufxm;jcif; rjyKEdkif
ao;yg/ tu,fíom avQmufxm;jzpfvQif q&mawmfBuD;u tm;&
0rf;omjzpfum om"kac:awmfrlvdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfrdygonf/ xdkYjyif
0dyóemw&m;udkvnf; qwufxrf;ydk; wdk;awmfrlygvdrfhrnf/ q&m
awmfBuD;rSm aovkvkjzpfaomfvnf; 0dyóemtm;xkwfrnf[k ESvHk;
oGif;xm;apumrl xdktcgrsKd;wGif r*fzdkvf&zdkY rjzpfEdkifaMumif; odawmf
rlygu ,ckuwnf;uyif txl;wvnf BudK;pm;vdrfhrnfrSm aocsm
ygonf/
q&mawmfBuD;onf BudK;pm;oavmuf ½dk;om;jzLpifaMumif;
tvGefxif&Sm;vSygonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif y0g&PmaeY oHCmy&dowf
a&SUwGif tm;i,faom toHawmf? 0rf;enf;aom toHawmfjzifh w&m;
&zdYk usiBhf uyH mG ;rsm;enf; aumif;aumif;&Sv
d Qif oem;u,fraomtm;jzifh
a[mjyay;awmfrlMuyg[k awmif;cHawmfrljcif; jzpfygonf/
þae&mwGif pma&;olwdkY qifjcifMunhfp&m wpfck&Sdygonf/
q&mawmfBuD;onf r*fzdkvfwpfckrS r&ao;? edAÁmefwpfckrS r&ao;
jcif;aMumifh 0rf;enf;vsu?f tm;i,fvsuf &Syd gonf/ pma&;olrmS uawmh
r*fzdkvfr&ao;jcif;? edAÁmefr&ao;jcif;aMumifh 0rf;enf;rI tm;i,frI
wpfcgrQ rjzpfbl;ao;ay/ &&m&aMumif;udkyif wu,f rvkyfEdkifao;
ay/
pma&;olESifh (pma&;oluJhodkY arhavsmhMuol) pmzwf
y&dowfwdkYrSm tb,frnfaom tm;udk;p&m? tm;xm; p&m
&Sdaejcif;aMumifh 0rf;renf;bJ? tm;ri,fbJ aysmfyGJ 0ifvsuf
tm;wufaeMuygoenf;/
 72
pma&;olwdkYonf oHo&mudkvnf; ab;[krjrifí raMumuf
wwfMuacs/ r*fzdkvfedAÁmefudkvnf; acr[krjrifí &csifpdwf rjzpfay:
Muacs/ xdkYaMumifh ab;&efaygvSaom oHo&mBuD;udk tvsm;vdkuf
qGq
J ef&Y efyif pdwu
f ;l rdum ewfb0? jA[®mb0? olaX;b0 ponfrsm;udk
&zdkY qkawmif;wwfMuygao;onf/ t&darawå,s jrwfbk&m;udk
udk;pm;um a&omcdkvdkufMuao;onf/
twåm-[d-twåaem
emaxm-rdefYrSm? a'oemü
]]wnf&m}} eufjy? yk'f ]]emx}} aMumifh
udk,fuomvQif? udk,hf ]]ukd,f}} yif[k
jzpfpOf wnfum tm;udk;&m
jrwfpGm rdefY>rufMum;/
r*fzdkvf r&? udk,hfb0onf
udk,fu wnf&m r[kwfyg
jrwfpGm rdefY>rufMum;/
r*fzdkvfuif;uGm? ukd,fhcE¨maMumihf
oHo&m ab;qdk;? &ifqdkifwdk;u
tm;udk;p&m? r&Sdygí
q&mawmfh0,f pdwftm;i,f
udk;uG,f rJha,mifwum;/
(q&mawmfBuD;tm; &Sdcdk;uefawmhvsuf)

2005-ck? Zlvdkifv? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;

 73

aovkvkyk*¾Kdvf ( 2 )
«u»
]]igonf ajcmufBudrfwdkifatmif psmefrS avQmusNyD;NyD/ psmef
avQmxm;olonf ]*wd} rNr/J ,ck ckepfBurd af jrmuf &&Sq d pJ smef ravQmrD
"m;vufeufudk ,lawmhtHh/ ukd,fhukd,fukd tqHk;pD&ifawmhtHh}}
txufyg tBuHtpnfESifh tqHk;tjzwfonf t&Sifa*g"duudk
b0\tqHk;odkY ydkYcJhygonf/
t&Sio f nf &mZN*Kd [jf ynf £od*vd ad wmifeyH g; ausmufnKd jym;
rSm oDwif;oHk;vsuf &Sdygonf/ rarhravsmhonfjzpfí udavom
Nidrf;aMumif;wdkYudk usifhBuHvsuf edAÁmeftm½Hkjzifh vTrf;NcHK xHkrGrf;xm;yg
onf/ a&SUa&SUpdwfESifh aemufaemufpdwfwdkYrSm 0dyóem rjywfrvyf
qufpyfvsufyif &Sdygonf/
odkYaomf t&SifhrSm pGJuyfaeaom a&m*gu ruGm? raysmuf/
xdak &m*gaMumifyh if psmefajcmufBurd f avQmusc&hJ jcif; jzpfygonf/ t&Sif
onf ok*wdESifhvGJrSm pdk;&drf&Smygonf/ 'k*¾wde,f tyg,fb0udk
aMumufvSygonf/
odkYjzpfí qHcs"m;i,fudk ,lum a&rsKd (vnfrsKd) udk jzwfzdkY&ef
anmifapmif;ay:rSm vJavsmif;ygonf/ xdkcP tawmtwGif;rSmyif
 74
"m;i,fudk,ltyfNyD; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/ ukd,fhukd,fudk tqHk;pD&ifjcif;
udpö NyD;oGm;ygawmhonf/ ("r®y'? |? 1? 272-273)

«c»
]]oDvESifh jynhfpHkukefaom? ruif;ruGmaom owdjzifh aeMu
ukefaom? aumif;pGm taMumif;w&m;jzifh odí vGwfajrmufjcif;ig;yg;
wdkYrS vGwfNyD;ukefaom a*g"duuJhodkY y#doaE¨0dnmPf rwnf&SdawmhbJ
y&dedAÁmef 0ifpHoGm;ol (&[EÅm) wdkY\ oGm;&mvrf;aMumif;udk tvHk;pHk
aom tm;tpGr;f jzifh BuKd ;yrf;&SmazGaomfvnf; rm&fewf rjrifEidk ?f r&Ekid ?f
rawGUEdkifay}}
txuf y gw&m;onf t&S i f a *g"d u y&d e d A Á m ef p H j cif ; ES i f h
ywfoufí jrwfpGmbk&m;a[mxm;aom "r®y'*gxm (57) yif jzpfyg
onf/

«*»
txufyg (u)? (c) wdkYudk oHk;oyfMunfhvQif (u) t&
anmifapmif;rSmavsmif;aeqJ t&Siaf *g"durSm t&d,mrjzpfao;? &[EÅm
rjzpfao;[k od&ygonf/ rSefygonf/ t&d,mwdkYrSm *wdNrJyg onf/
tyg,faMumufp&m r&Sdyg/
(c) t&rSmrl t&Siaf *g"du\ t&d,mjzpfjcif;? &[EÅm jzpfjcif;udk
od&ygonf/ rSefygonf/ bk&m;&Sif? yapöuAk'¨g? &[EÅm wdkYonfom
y&dedAÁmef 0ifpH&ygonf/

«C»
þodjYk zh pfvQif t&Siaf *g"duonf tb,ftcsed rf mS aomwmyef?
ou'g*grf? tem*grf? &[EÅmjzpfcGifh &vkdufygoenf;/
 75
tajzum; anmifapmif;xufrSm avsmif;vsuf a&rsKdudk
"m;i,fjzifh jzwf&m cPtwGif; pkwdpdwfrjzpfrD (raocifuav;rSm)
&[EÅmjzpfoGm;&ygonf/
þudpöudkavhvmzdkY pma&;olrSm wm0ef&Sdaeygonf/ "r®&HoD?
Zlvikd vf ? 2005-wGif pma&;ol\ ]]aovkvyk *k K¾ v d }f } aqmif;yg;udk azmfjy
cJhjcif;aMumifh jzpfygonf/
pma&;ol\ ]]aovkvkyk*¾Kdvf}} aqmif;yg;xJwGif aocgeD;
umvrSm 0dyóemÓPfom jzpfEidk af Mumif;? psmef r*fzv kd w
f u
Ykd rkd l r&Edik f
awmhaMumif; azmfjycJhygonf/ pma&;ol\ azmfjycsufrsm;rSmvnf;
y|mea'oemawmf tud;k tum;rsm;jzifh a&;om;cJjh cif;om jzpfygonf/
rSm;p&mr&Sdyg/
odaYk omf t&Siaf *g"du uJo h aYkd om aovkvrk mS yif psmef r*fzv kd f
&&SdoGm;Muaom yk*¾Kdvfjrwfrsm;vnf; &SdaeMuonfrSm trSefyif jzpfyg
onf/ þodkYqdkvQif trSefwpf0uf? trSm;wpf0uf jzpf&ygawmhrnf/
wpfaeYwiG f pma&;olav;pm;&aom q&mBu;D wpfO;D ESihf pum;
pyfrdygonf/ q&mBuD;rSm omoe"Z od&Dy0& "r®mp&d,bGJU&jzpfí
ESpfaygif; 40-ausmf y|mef;pm0gydkYcscJhol? ESpfaygif; 30-ausmf w&m;
usifhcJhol? ESpfaygif; 30-ausmfyif ur®|mef;w&m; a[mMum;jyocJhol
jzpfygonf/
q&mBuD;u ]]OD;Zif;a&;xm;wJhpmawG zwf&w,fbk&m;/ 'Dv
rSmygwJh ]]aovkvkyk*¾Kdvf}} qdkwmvJ zwf&w,f/ 'gayrJh A[kokw
jzpfatmif wynhfawmf avQmufxm;csifwmuav; wpfckawmh &Sdw,f
bk&m;/
1/ 0oDabmfEkdifwJh yk*¾Kdvfrsm;
2/ qkawmif;&SdcJhwJh yk*¾Kdvfrsm;
3/ 0#fa<u;ygcJhwJh yk*¾Kdvfrsm;rSmusawmh
 76
aovkvktcgrSm psmef r*f zdkvf &EdkifMuygw,f/ 0oDabmf&SdayrJh rvIyf
Edik af wmhb;l / rsuv f ;kH uav;udk zGix hf m;w,f}} ponfjzifh &Si;f jyygonf/
]]OD;yOöif;a&;xm;wmuvJ rrSm;ygbl;/ omrnyk*¾KdvfawGrSm
usawmh [',0w¬Ku tm;eJvGef;vdfkY r&EdkifMuawmhygbl;}} [kvnf;
&Sif;jyjyefygonf/
þtawG U tBuH K rS m tvG e f o wd j yKp&m aumif ; ygonf /
bmoma&;pmay a&;om;jyKpkolwdkYu odorQuav;jzifh a&;Mu&
ygonf/ pmzwfy&dowfxrJ mS u toda&m? tusiyhf g Bu;D &ifjh ynhpf akH om
*kP0k¹d? 0,0k¹dyk*¾Kdvfrsm; &Sdaewwfygonf/
,ck ]]aovkvyk *k K¾ v
d }f } rSm taMumif;tusK;d ESiw
hf uG Mum;odciG hf
&vkdufygonf/ q&mBuD;ESifh awGU&ojzifh A[kokwMo0g'udk uHaumif;
pGm &&Sdjcif;yif jzpfygawmhonf/
þae&mü t&Sifa*g"duonf 0oDabmfEdkifol (odkYr[kwf)
qkxl;&&SdcJhol (odkYr[kwf) 0#fa<u;ygcJholwdkYwGif tb,fyk*¾KdvfrsKd; jzpfyg
oenf;[k qifjcifp&m&Sdygonf/
xdkYjyifvnf; vQyfwpfjyufjzpfí [',0w¬K tm;enf;jcif;
r&Sdaom aovkvkyk*¾KdvfrsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/
usm;ud k u f usm;pm;cH & aom t&S i f j rwf w d k Y ? jrm;pl ; cH & í
av;bufaxmufae&aom t&SifjrwfwdkY? 'l;ESpfzufudk ½dkufcsKd;í
oufaojyKae&aom t&SifjrwfwdkY &[EÅmjzpfcGifh &yHkrsm;ESifhvnf;
csdefqqifjcifp&m &Sdygonf/ (r[mowdy|meokwf tzGifhusrf;BuD;?
opö'Dyu? q&mBuD;OD;Munf/ ½Iyg/)

«i»
pma&;oltaejzifh t&Sifa*g"duudk ]]oroDoD}} [k ,lqí
avhvmMunhfrdygonf/ (tH? yg? 2? owåuedygw? 405-406) wdkYwGif
tm[kae,s tpcsDaom oHCmh*kPfawmf (aemufydkif;ig;yg;) wdkYESifh
 77
jynhfpHkaom &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf 7-rsKd;wdkYudk jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;xm;
ygonf/
,if; 7-rsKd;wdkYwGif 'kwd,yk*¾KdvfrsKd;rSm ]]tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\
ukefjcif;ESifh toufwdkY\ukefjcif; ESpfrsKd;pvHk; ra&S;raESmif; (wpfNydKif
euf) jzpf\}} [k ygVdawmf wdkuf½dkuf&Sdygonf/
þygVdawmfpum;ESifh oroDoD\ t"dyÜm,frSm twlwlyif
jzpfygonf/ or=toufukefjcif;ESifh twltrQ? oDo=OD;acgif;ESifh
wlaom t&[wår*f? t&[wåzdkvf txGwftjrwfw&m;awmfBuD;?
þ=&&So d /l þodaYk om &[EÅmyk*K¾ v d jf rwf (vl? omraP? &[ef;ESihf ewf?
jA[®m) wdkYudk ]]oroDoD}} [k ac:qdkygonf/
þodq Yk v
kd Qif (1) y&deAd mÁ ef0ifpaH om pkwpd w
d =f aoqH;k pdw?f (2)
&[EÅ m jzpf a Mumif ; tppf j zpf a om t&[wå r *f p d w f (od k Y r [k w f )
t&[wåzdkvfpdwf (ESpfck) wdkY wpfNydKifeuf jzpfMuonf[k t"dyÜm,f
usvmjyefygonf/
odkY&mwGif ]]teEÅ&ypöa,m? oreEÅ&ypöa,m}} tus,fjy
rsm;t& jrwfpGmbk&m;\ a&rD;tpHktpHk wefcdk;jyawmfrl&m umvrSmyif
pdwfESpfckwdkY\ wpfNydKifeufjzpfjcif;rnfonf r&Sd[k od&ygonf/ ('D? |?
1? ed'gef;)
xdkYaMumifh ]]oroDoD}} qdkaom pum;vHk;rSm y&d,m,ftm;jzifh
oH;k EIe;f tyfaom pum;vH;k om jzpfygonf/ rkcstm;jzifh t"dymÜ ,f,v l Qif
rvGJraoG taotcsm ]]rSm;}} ygawmhonf/
trSefrSm (1) tmoa0gw&m;wdkY ukefcef;jcif;rQ jzpfukef
vwfaomf? (2) ypöa0u©Pmac: qifjcifÓPfjy|mef;aom pdwf\
tjcm;rJüh omvQi?f (3) toufuek jf cif;odYk a&muf\/ tMum;umv onf
rxifacs/ xdkYaMumifh ]]oroDoD}} [k vnf;aumif;? ]]tykAÁHtp&drH}} [k
vnf;aumif;? ]]{uyÜ[m&=wpfNyKd ief uf}} [k vnf;aumif; jrwfpmG bk&m;
a[mMum;tyfygonf/ (tH? |? 3? 149)
 78
tqdkyg t|uxmq&m\ &Sif;jycsufxJrSm (1) t&[wå r*f-
zdkvf pdwftpOfjzpfyHk (wpf0Dxd)/ (2) t& ypöa0u©Pmac: r*f-zdkvf
wdkYudk qifjcifaom pdwftpOfjzpfyHk (wpf0Dxd? ESpf0Dxd)/ (3) t&
y&dedAÁmefpH0ifyHk pdwfjzpfpOf (wpf0Dxd) [k (oHk;0Dxd? av;0Dxd) yg0if
aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ pdwftBudrfa&tm;jzifh 50-ausmf usef&Sd
aeaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
t|uxmtvdktm;jzifh ,if;pdwfBudrfa& 50-ausmf usef&Sd&m
umvudkyif aojcif;ESifh teD;uyfumv (aovkvktcg) [k ,lí
]]oroDoD}} [k oHk;EIef;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
t&Sifa*g"durSm 0oDabmfEkdifaom yk*¾Kdvfjrwfjzpfygonf/

«p»
pma&;olwifjycJhaom ]]aovkvkyk*¾Kdvf}} aqmif;yg;xJrSm
y&dedAÁmefpH0ifyHk pdwfjzpfpOf (&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf) odkYr[kwf pkwdpdwfjzpfpOf
(ykxkZOf? aou©) r&PmoEé wpf0Dxd? ESpf0DxdrQom tusKH;0ifygonf/
,if;rSmvnf; (tbd? |? #D wdkYt&) wifjyjcif;om jzpfygonf/
þrQxd aozdkYeD;aeaom aovkvkyk*¾KdvfrsKd;rSmawmh psmef
r*fzdkvfwdkY rjzpfEkdifaMumif;om rkcsjzpfzG,f&Sdygonf/ taMumif;rSm
oroDoDqdkaom a0g[m&onf y&d,m,fjzpfaeaomaMumifhyif/
odkYjzpfí t&Sifa*g"du\ t&[wå r*f-zdkvf&&Sdjcif;rSmvnf; av;0Dxd?
pdwBf urd af & 50-ausmx f d use&f adS ecdu
k rf mS &&Sjd cif;jzpfaMumif; avhvmí
awGU&ygonf/
þae&mwGif oroDoD &[EÅmav;rsKd;&Sdí tqdkyg t&Sif
a*g"durSm rnfonfhoroDoDenf;[k odomzdkY&ef qufvufwifjy
vdkygonf/
1/ trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom a&m*gESifhawGUae&aom
owd&o dS tl m; a&m*gNird ;f jcif;? tmoa0gukejf cif; (ESprf sK;d ) onf wpfcsuf
 79
wnf;om? wpfNyKd ief ufom jzpfygonf/ þyk*K¾ v d o
f nf ]]a&m*oroDo}D }
&[EÅmrnfygonf/
2/ trSwfrxm; wpfyg;yg;aom a0'emudk cHpm;ae&aom
owd&Sdoltm; a0'emNidrf;jcif;? tmoa0gukefjcif; (ESpfrsKd;) onf
wpfcsufwnf;om? wpfcsdefwnf;om? wpfNydKifeufom jzpfygonf/
þyk*¾Kdvfonf ]]a0'emoroDoD}} &[EÅm rnfygonf/
3/ &yfaerI paom £&d,mykwfwdkYwGif wpfckckESifhjynfhpHkaom
0dyóemÓPfjzpfay:vsuf &Sdoltm; £&d,mykwf\tqHk;owfjcif;?
tmoa0gukefjcif; (ESpfrsKd;) onf wpfNydKifeuf jzpfygonf/ þyk*¾Kdvf
onf ]]£&d,myxoroDoD}} &[EÅm rnfygonf/
4/ um,uH&iS u f BuKd ;yrf;jcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? r*fÓPf
zdkvfÓPfESifh toufukefjcif;wdkY\ yifukdoabmaMumifh vnf;aumif;?
(oufwrf;\ ukefjcif;aMumifhvnf;aumif;) toufukefjcif;ESifh?
tmoa0gukefjcif; (ESpfrsKd;) pvHk; wpfNydKifeufomvQifjzpfaom &[EÅm
yk*¾Kdvfonf ]]ZD0dworoDoD}} &[EÅm rnfygonf/
t*Fkwå&ygVdawmfvm tykAÁH-tp&drH t&mü þZD0dworoDoD
&[EÅmrsKd;udkom tvdk&Sdtyf\/ <uif;oHk;rsKd;wdkYudk r,ltyf/ (tH? |? 3?
149/)
t|uxmvm oroDoDwdkYESifh "r®y'vm t&Sifa*g"du\
"m;i,fjzifh tqHk;pD&ifyHkwdkYudk wdkufqkdifoHk;oyfMunhfaomtcg t&Sif
a*g"durSm ZD0wd oroDoD &[EÅmjrwfjzpfygaMumif; awGUrdygawmh onf/
(þoroDoD a0g[m&wGif av;ig;0Dxd tusK;H 0ifí y&d,m,f
pum;jzpfaMumif; owdjyKp&m&Sdygonf/)

2006-ck? aazazmf
zazmf0g&Dv? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;
 80

&[Eåmyk*¾KdvfwdkY\ cE¨mig;yg;
jrwfAk'¨a'oemawmfwdkYwGif cE¨mig;yg;udk a[mawmfrl&mü
w&m;ukd,f tukefvHk;yg0ifaom cE¨a'oemawmfESifh Oyg'gefwdkY\
tm½Hkjzpfaumif;aom Oyg'geu©E¨ma'oemawmf[k ESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf/
þodkY ESpfrsKd;cGJí a[mawmfrljcif;taMumif;udk 0dyóem
½Ityfaom w&m;ukd,frsm; oD;oefYxm;vsuf a[mawmfrlvdkaom
aMumifh (cE¨a'oemudk a[mNy;D ygaomfvnf;) Oyg'geu©Em¨ wdu Yk kd wpfzef
xyfa[mygonf-[k t|uxm? #Dumrsm;u &Sif;jyawmfrlMuygonf/
Oyg'geftaejzifh jzpfwwfaom umr? 'd|d? oDvAÁw? twå0g'
wdkYrSm avmuDw&m;wdkYudkom tm½HkjyKEkdifMuygonf/ tukokdvfw&m;
wduYk avmukw&å m (r*f? zdv k ?f edAmÁ ef) wdu
Yk kd tm½Hrk jyKEikd Mf uyg/ t"dymÜ ,f
rSm avmuDuo k v
kd w
f &m;? avmuD0yd gufw&m;? avmuDBu, d mw&m;ESihf
avmuDtukodkvfw&m;? avmuD½kyfw&m;wdkYaMumifhom Oyg'gef=
tukokdvf=wPSm+'d|dwdkY jzpfay:vmygonf/ ,if;odkYjzpf&mü xdkxdk
avmuDw&m;xJrSm tm&r®Pypö,owådyg&Sdí tm&r®Pypöa,mt&
aus;Zl;jyKjcif;aMumifhyif jzpfygonf/
avmukwå&mw&m;wdkYurl Oyg'gef=tukokdvf=wPSm+'d|d
wdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vm&onf[k r&Sdyg/ ukokdvfw&m;aMumifhom
avmukwå&m (r*f? zdkvf) rsm; jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ avmukwå&m
 81
edAÁmefw&m;url jzpfonf[kvnf; r&Sd? ysufonf[kvnf; r&dSaom
(tZmw? trw) w&m;xl;wpfckom jzpfygonf/
þae&mwGif pma&;olwifjyvdkaom t"dutcsufrSm &[EÅm
yk*¾KdvfjrwfwdkY\ cE¨mig;yg;yif jzpfygonf/ &[EÅmwdkY\ cE¨mig;yg;onf
(1) cE¨mavavm? (2) Oyg'geu©Em¨ avavm-[k qifjcifp&m &Syd g onf/
y|mef ; ygVd a wmf w d k Y w G i f &[EÅ m yk * ¾ K d v f u uk o k d v f w &m;?
tukokdvfw&m;? tAsmuww&m; (avmuDw&m;) wdkYudk tedpö? 'ku©?
tewå tjcif;t&mwpfckckjzifh 0dyóem½Ionf[k wdkuf½dkuf vm&Sd
NyD;vQif 0dyóemÓPf (Bud,mpdwf) wdkY jzpfvmyHkudkvnf; wdkuf½dkuf
a[mxm;ygonf/
tusKd;w&m;jzpfaom 0dyóemÓPf (Bud,mpdwf) wdkYrSm
0dyóemt½IcHjzpfaom avmuDukokdvfw&m;? tukokdvfw&m;?
tAsmuww&m;wdu Yk tm&r®Powåjd zifh aus;Zl;jyKjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:
vmonf[k a[mvdk&if; jzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkY\
cE¨mig;yg;onf (1) avmuDw&m;avavm? (2) avmukw&å m avavm
[kvnf; qifjcifp&m&Sdygonf/
r[mowdy|meokwfawmfwGif rdrdcE¨mukd,ftwGif;&Sd w&m;
wd k Y ü om 0d y óem½I j cif ; ud k t"d u xm;vsuf a[mxm;aMumif ;
r[mpnfq&mawmfBuD;u r[mowdy|meokwf edó,usrf;rSm
a[mxm;awmfrlygonf/
odkY&mwGif ygVdawmf&if;rSmrl (1) rdrdcE¨mudk,ftwGif;&Sd w&m;?
(2) rdrdcE¨mjyify? wjcm;yk*¾KdvfwdkY\ cE¨mudk,fwGif;&Sdw&m;? (3) tqdkyg
tZÑwå? A[d'¨ESpfXme&Sd w&m;tm;jzifh w&m;oHk;rsKd;pvHk;udk 0dyóem
½IEkdifaMumif; a[mxm;ygonf/
 82
ygVdawmfrSm twdtvif;yg&Sdaomfvnf; olwpfyg; cE¨mukd,f
twGif;&Sd w&m;udk 0dyóem½IvQif tEkrmeÓPf=rSef;qodjzifhom
rSef;vsuf ½IrSwf&jcif;jzpfí rodom rxif&Sm;jcif;aMumifh rdrdcE¨mukd,f
wGif;&Sd w&m;udk 0dyóem½IrSwfjcif;uom t"du[k qHk;jzwfxm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/
þae&mwGif qifjcifp&mwpfck ay:vmjyefygonf/ &[EÅm
yk*¾Kdvfu 0dyóem½Iaom tcg (1) rdrfdcE¨mukd,fwGif;&Sd w&m;udk
½Iygoavm? (2) olwpfyg;cE¨mukd,fwGif;&Sd w&m;udk ½Iygoavm-[lí
jzpfygonf/
tu,fíom &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfu rdrdcE¨mukd,fwGif;&Sd w&m;udk
0dyóem½IvQifrl &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfrSm ukokdvfw&m;rsm;ESifh tukokdvf
w&m;rsm; vHk;0r&SdMuay/ xdkYaMumifh 0dygufw&m;? Bud,mw&m;ESifh
½kyfw&m; (=tAsmuwcE¨m) wdkYom&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/ txufwGif
0dyóemÓPf\ tm½Hkjzpfaom (taMumif;w&m;) cE¨mwdkYrSm Oyg'gef=
tukov dk =f wPSm+'d|wd \ Ykd tm½Hjk zpfaom (taMumif;w&m;) cE¨m wdyYk if
jzpfMu&NrJ[k wifjycJhNyD;jzpfygonf/
þodq Yk v
kd Qif &[EÅmyk*K¾ v
d rf mS Oyg'gef=tukov
dk =f wPSm+ 'd|w
d Ykd
(vHk;0) r&Sdjcif;aMumifh &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf\ rdrdcE¨mukd,fwGif;&Sd tAsm uw
cE¨mw&m;wdkYonf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf\ ukd,fwGif;&Sd 0dyóemÓPf\ tm½Hk
jzpfygOD;rnfavm/
,if;odkY jzpfvQifrl Oyg'gef=tukokdvf= wPSm+'d|dwdkY\ tm½Hk
jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,f usa&mufvmygawmhonf/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf\
ukd,fwGif;ü tukokdvfw&m;rsm; vHk;0r&Sdjcif;aMumifh &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf
ukd,fwGif;&Sd Oyg'gef=tukodkvf= wPSm='d|dwdkY\ tm½Hkw&m;[kawmh
b,fvdkrS ,lcGifhr&SdawmhaMumif; xif&Sm;NyD;jzpfygonf/
 83
odkY&mwGif &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkY ukd,fwGif;&Sd tAsmuwcE¨mwdkYonf
tjcm;yk*K¾ v d f (ykxZk Of? aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grf) wdYk uk, d wf iG ;f
&Sd tukodkvf=Oyg'gef=wPSm+'d|dwdkY\ tm½Hkw&m;rsm; jzpfaumif;
ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf\ ukd,fwGif;&Sd tAsmuwcE¨mwdkYonf
(1) Oyg'geu©E¨m jzpfygonf/ (2) avmuDw&m; jzpfygonf/ (3)
&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfu rdrdukd,fwGif;&Sd tAsmuwcE¨mudk 0dyóem ½IEdkif
ygonf/ okdYaomf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf\ Oyg'geu©E¨mawmh r[kwfyg/ tjcm;
yk*¾KdvfwdkY\ Oyg'geu©E¨mom jzpfaumif;ygonf/
&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfu ukokdvfcE¨m? tukokdvfcE¨mwdkYudk 0dyóem
½IvQifrl olwpfyg;ukd,fwGif;&Sd (A[d'¨) w&m;wdkYom jzpfaMumif;
twdtus od&ygonf/
þukokdvf-tukokdvfcE¨mwdkY\ Oyg'geu©E¨mjzpfjcif; udpö
uawmh &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfESifh rpyfqdkifyg/ &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfwdkYrSm Oyg'gef[lí
wpfaphwpfqHrQ r&SdMuyg/ Oyg'geu©E¨mwdkYu Oyg'gef\tm½Hkjzpfjcif;?
0dyóemÓPf\ tm½Hkjzpfjcif;udpörSm (1) oP²mefwl? (2) oP²mefuGJ
taetxm;rsm;uvnf; ta&;ygaom aomhcsurf sm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&
ygonf/
oP²mefuGJtm;jzifh &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf\ cE¨mig;yg;u Oyg'geu©E¨m
jzpf&yHkudk aoma&,solaX;om;0w¬KwGif awGUEdkifygonf/ aoma&,s
onf &[EÅ m yk * ¾ K d v f t&S i f r [mupö n f ; ax&f u d k ]igh Z eD ; jzpf & if
b,favmufaumif;vku d af vrvJ}} [k Oyg'gef=wPSmpGjJ zifh jypfrmS ;rdco
hJ l
jzpfygonf/
rnfodkYyif&Sdygap.../ þae&mwGif qifjcifp&mwpfck &Sdvm
onfrmS (ykxZk Of? aomwmyef? ou'g*grf? tem*grf) wdu Yk bmhaMumifh
 84
0dyóem½Iygoenf;[k ar;vQif &[EÅmjzpfvdkaomaMumifh (odkYr[kwf)
edAÁmef&vdkaomaMumifh[k tajzxGufp&m&Sdygonf/
&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfu bmhaMumifh 0dyóem½Iygoenf;[k ar;vm
vQifrl rnfodkYajzoifhygoenf;/ pifppftm;jzifh &[EÅmyk*¾KdvfrSm &[EÅm
jzpfNy;D om;? edAmÁ ef&Ny;D om;yif r[kwyf gavm.../ xdaYk Mumifh tajzopf
wpfrsKd; &Sd&ayawmhrnf/
rSefygonf/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfonf tEkyg'daooedAÁmefudk &&Sd
xm;jcif; r[kwyf g/ oOyg'daooedAmÁ efukd &&Sx d m;jcif;om jzpfygonf/
oOyg'daooedAÁmefqdkonfrSm udavo0#f? ur®0#fESpfyg;wdkY uif;NyD;
vsuf 0dygu0#fawmf jzpfaumif;aom cE¨mukd,fBuD;&SdaeqJ edAÁmefudk
qdkvdkygonf/ xdkYaMumifh &[EÅmyk*¾KdfvfwdkYrSm 0dygu0#fawmftavsmuf
0rf;aoG;oGefjcif; ponfh 'ku©rsm;udk cHpm;&jcif;jzpfygonf/
xdkYjyifvnf; cE¨m&Sdw&m;rsm;rSm y&rwfw&m;wdkY oabmt&
jzpfjcif; ysufjcif; oabm&Sdí av;vHonf[kvnf; qdkMuygonf/
cE¨m0ef[k oH;k EIe;f avh&ydS gonf/ &[EÅmyk*K¾ v
d w
f oYkd nf cE¨m0efukd ayghap
vdkaomaMumifh 0dyóem½Ijcif; jzpfygonf/
þtajzudkMunhfvQif &[EÅmyk*¾Kdfvfonf rdrdukd,fwGif;&Sd
tAsmuwcE¨mwdkYüom t"dutm;jzifh 0dyóem½Irnf[k ,lqp&m
&Sdygonf/ &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf\ cE¨mwdkYuom &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvftay:ü wifEkdif
aumif;aom 0efxkyf0efydk; jzpfaumif;ygonf/ (&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfu tjcm;
yk*¾Kdvf wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk xrf;ydk;o,faqmifae&jcif; r&Sdygay/)
odkYjzpfí &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfu rdrdukd,fwGif;&Sd tAsmuwcE¨mudk
0dyóem½Iaomtcg tqdkygcE¨mig;yg;onf &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvftaejzifh
Oyg'geu©E¨m vHk;0r[kwfjcif;aMumifh ,if;&[EÅmyk*¾Kdvf taejzifh
oP²mefwl,lvQif 0dyóemÓPfwnf&m 0dyóem½Ityfaom w&m;
ukd,frsm; (tppf) r[kwfawmhay/
 85
0d y óemt½I c H taMumif ; w&m;u tppf r [k w f v Qif
0dyóemÓPf tusK;d w&m;rSmvnf; tppftrSef [kw-f r[kwf jyóem
ay:vmp&m &Sdjyefygonf/ 0dyóem½Ityfaom (t½IcH) w&m;awmh
[kwfonf? Oyg'gef\ tm½Hkw&m;awmh r[kwf[k r,loifhonfom
r[kwfygavm/
trSefudk 0efcHcsifygonf/ pma&;oltaejzifh &[EÅmyk*¾Kdvfu
0d y óem½I t yf a om t½I c H w &m;rS m oP² m ef u G J w &m;vm;...
(odkYr[kwf) oP²mefwlw&m;vm;...[k qHk;jzwfr&bJ &Sdaeygonf/
cE¨a'oemawmfBuD; ESpfck? y|mef;a'oemawmfESifh r[mowd
y|me a'oemawmfwdkYt& pma&;ol ÓPfrDorQ vdkuf,lí qifjcif
Munhfrdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/
odkYjzpfí a'oemawmfqdkif&m vdr®muRrf;0if ynm&SifwdkY
qifjcifoHk;oyf nTefjytyfaom qHk;jzwfxm;&m w&m;pmudk ruGm½Ijrif
ÓPfouf0ifzdkY pmvQifpDuHk; pdwfESvHk; arQmfwkef; arQmfqJ arQmfvsufyif/

2006-ck? Zefe0g&Dv? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;

 86

tBuHBuD;&Spfck
,ck a cwf w G i f w&m;awmf r sm; emMum;&zd k Y tcG i f h t a&;
vG,fvifhwul &SdaeqJjzpfygonf/
]]udk,fhwGuf-olYwGuf? usKd;ESpfzufwdkY? rysuf wdk;yGm;? zGHUNzdK;
xGm;atmif? BudK;pm;wwf&m? apwemonf? yrm,SOfrSD;? avSolBuD;ESifh?
Adv
k Bf u;D rsm;vd?k vufaxmufv[ kd ?k rdeq
Yf kd nTejf y? 0D&,
d \? ESpq
f ude;f wG?J
o½kyfcGJ...}}
[lonfESifhtnD ax&0g' oHCmawmftqufqufwdkY tjyif;
txef BudK;pm;awmfrlcJhjcif;aMumifhom onfaeYonftcsdeftxd w&m;
awmfrsm; xif&mS ;&Sad ejcif; jzpfygonf/ w&m;awmfrsm; &Sad ejcif;aMumifh
w&m;yGJrsm;vnf; xif&Sm;&SdaeMuqJyif jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpfí w&m;
emcGifhESifh w&m;usifhcGifhrsm;udk vG,fvifhwul &&SdEdkifjcif; jzpfayonf/
pma&;olonf w&m;emjcif;udk pdw0f ifpm;ygonf/ w&m;yGrJ sm;
wGif "r®uxduq&mawmfwdkY\ a'oemÓPfpGrf;tm;aMumifh rdrd
odzl;NyD;om;w&m;uyif ydkí MunfndKzG,fjzpfvmwwfaMumif; tBudrf
Budrf cHpm;cJh&zl;ygonf/ ravhvmbl;ao;aom w&m;awmfrsm;
jzpfvQifum; qdkzG,fyif r&SdawmhNyD/ "r®&o=w&m;t&om tjynhft0
&&Sdawmhonfomwnf;/
 87
þodkY emMum;cGifh&cJhaom w&m;yGJrsm;teuf urm&GwfNrdKUe,f?
trSwf (1) &yfuGuf v,fwDausmif;wdkuf 0dyóemw&m;awmf
jyefyY mG ;a&;Xmeu usi;f yaom w&m;yGpJ Ofrsm;wGif okpw d må ½Hk ausmif;wdu
k f
q&mawmfBuD; a[mMum;tyfaom r[myk&do0dwuú okwåefac:
a,musmf ;jrwfwYkd BupH nftyfaom tBut H pnf&pS yf g; w&m;awmfBu;D rSm
MunfndKp&m tvGefaumif;ygonf/
q&mawmfBuD;u t*Fkwå&t|uxmvm tEk½k'¨gax&f\
taMumif;udk ususee yHkazmf a[mMum;cJhygonf/
wpf a eY a omtcgwG i f t&S i f t Ek ½ k ' ¨ g tm; tBuH a wmf r sm;
ay:vmygonf/
1/ r*fzv kd ef Ad mÁ ef ud;k wefaom avmukw&å mw&m;onf tvkd
enf;aom yk*¾KdvfoEÅmefüom jzpfay:vmwwf\/
2/ a&mifh&JvG,faom yk*¾KdvfoEÅmefüom jzpfay:vmwwf\/
3/ uif;qdwfpGmaewwfaom yk*¾KdvfoEÅmefüom jzpfay:
vmwwf\/
4/ BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaom yk*¾KdvfoEÅmefüom jzpfay:vm
wwf\/
5/ tm½Hw k pfcük uyfíwnfjcif; (owd) &Sad om yk*K¾ v d o
f EÅmef
üom jzpfay:vmwwf\/
6/ wnfMunfaompdw&f o dS l oEÅmefüom jzpfay:vmwwf\/
7/ tjrifrSef? todrSef&Sdol oEÅmefüom jzpfay:vmwwf\-
[lí BuHpnfaepOf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif <uawmfrlvmygonf/
8/ ]]tEk½k'¨-xdkodkYjzpfNyD;wum;/ oifonf &Spfckajrmuf aom
a,musmf ;jrwfwYkd BupH nftyfaom tBut H pnfuv kd nf; BupH nfO;D avmh?
oH o &mud k u s,f a pwwf aom yyOö w &m;r&S d o l oEÅ m ef ü om
avmukwå&mw&m;udk;yg; jzpfay:wwf\-[k &Spfck
 88
ajrmuf tBuHtpnfudkvnf; BuHpnfOD;avmh...}} [lí a[majym
rdefYrSmawmfrlygonf/
qufvufí ]]tEk½k'¨? þtBuHtpnf &Spfyg;wdkYudk BuHpnf
wwfaomaMumifh oifonf tvdk&SdorQ umvywfvHk;yif yxrpsmef?
'kw,
d psmef? wwd,psmef? pwkwp¬ smefwu Ykd kd 0ifpm;í aeEdik af yvdrrhf nf/
þpsmefav;yg;wdkYodkY pdwfudk a&S;½Ixm;olwdkYonf rsufarSmufb0 cHpm;
&aom csrf;omwdkYudk awmifhwrIrjyK&bJ? yifyef;rIr&SdbJ? NidKjiifrI r&SdbJ
omvQif &Edkifjcif;aMumifh edAÁmefodkYoufa&mufjcif;tusKd; wdk;yGm;ae
ayvdrrhf nf/ tEk½'k ?¨ oifonf þt&yfüyif 0gwGi;f oH;k vvH;k ae&m\}}
[k rdefYrSmum jyef<uawmfrlygonf/
t&SiftEk½k'¨gax&fum; jrwfpGmbk&m; rSmxm;awmfrlonfh
twdkif; ygpDe0Ho'g,&Sd apwDteD;rSmyif oDwif;oHk;um tyÜrwå=
owd&SdpGm? tmwmyD=0D&d,&SdpGm? y[dwwå=edAÁmefodkY apvTwftyfaom
pdwf&SdpGmaejcif;aMumifh rMumrDrSmyif &[EÅmtjzpfodkY a&muf&ygonf/
þw&m;awmfBuD;rSm usrf;*efXmersm;pGm Munhf½I&aom w&m;
awmfBu;D jzpfygonf/ odjYk zpfí "r®uxduq&mawmfBu;D \ ynmawmfukd
csD;usL;&ygonf/ w&m;awmf\ t"dyÜm,fudk &Sif;vif;jy&müvnf;
"r®obm0? "r®owåd tjynhft0&atmif a[mjyEkdifjcif;aMumifh tHhMo
&ygonf/ q&mawmfBuD;u -
]]tvdek w
J yhJ *k K¾ v
d rf mS om avmukw&å mw&m;qdw k hJ r*fÓPf
zdkvfÓPfawG vmwm/ vmyg-vmygvdkY ac:p&m awmif
rvdkbl;/ at;..tvdkBuD;wJhyk*¾KdvfrSmawmh rvm bl;? vmyg-
vmygvd k Y vQmxG u f a tmif ac:vJ r vmbl ; / 'gaMumif h r d k Y
r*f z d k v f & csif & if ? ed A Á m ef & csif & if tvd k e J o l jzpf a tmif
t&ifqHk;usifh&r,f}}
 89
ponfjzifh r*fzdkvfedAÁmef rjzpfEkdif? rvmEkdifaom taMumif;w&m;wdkYudk
tus,fw0ifh a[mawmfrlygonf/
pma&;oltygt0if Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYtaejzifh qifjcifp&m
rsm;pGm &&SdEdkfifygNyD/ pma&;olwdkYrSm r*fzdkvfedAÁmef vdkcsifpdwf wu,f
&SdvQif -
]]½kyfudkvnf; jyif? pdwfvnf; jyif?
jyifqifwdkif; &? jyKwkdif; vS?
okcedAÁmef wdkifvdrfhrnf}} qdkaom y|mef;q&mawmfBuD; Mo0g'
ESifhtnD pdwfudka&m ½kyfudkyg jyifqifMu&awmhrnf? jyKjyifMu&awmh
rnfom jzpfygawmhonf/
rjyKjyifygu ajymwmwjcm;? jyKwmwjcm;? pdwfuwjcm;?
vufuwjcm; jzpfaejcif;aMumifh edAÁmefr*fzdkvfESifh a0;aevdrfhrnfyif/
þae&mwGif pma&;olwdkY jyifqif&rnfh taetxm;wdkYudk ygVdawmfrS
bmomjyefí wifjycsifygonf/
1/ tvdkenf;olonf ighudk tvdkenf;ol[k odMuukef&m\-
[lívnf; tvdkr&Sday/ ighudk a&mifh&JvG,fol[k odMuukef&m\-[lí
vnf; tvdkr&Sday/ ighudk uif;qdwfpGmaeol[k odMuukef&m\-[lí
vnf; tvdrk &Sad y/ ighukd y"meduw&m;ig;yg;wdjYk zifh ur®|mef; tm;xkwf
ol[k odMuukef&m\-[lívnf; tvdkr&Sday/
ighudk um, a0'em pdwå "r®wdkYü owd&Sdol[k odMuukef&m
\-[lívnf; tvdkr&Sday/ ighudk yx0DuokdPf; ponfwdkYü wnfMunf
ol[k odMuukef&m\-[lívnf; tvdkr&Sday/ ighudk 0dyóem ynm&Sd
ol[k odMuukef&m\-[lívnf; tvdkr&SSday/ ighudk wPSm? rme? 'd|d
uif;vsuf arGUavsmfwwfol[k odMuukef&m\-[lívnf; tvdkr&Sday/
þodkYaom yk*¾Kdvfonfom tvdkenf;oltppf jzpfygonf/
 90
2/ a&mifh&JvG,folonf tjcm;tjcm;aom ouFef;? qGrf;?
ausmif;? aq;wdkYjzifh wif;wdrfa&mifh&J&m\/ þodkYaomolonfom
a&mifh&Joltppf jzpfygonf/
qdv
k okd nfrmS topfwpfcck &k vQif ta[mif;udk rwG,w f m
rodrf;qnf;bJ pGefYypfol? topfr&vQifvnf; ta[mif;jzifhom
aewwfí arQmfvifhapmifhpm;um &SmazGjcif;rjyKolom a&mifh&Jol[k
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf/
3/ uif;qdwfpGmaewwfolonf rif;? trwf? wdw¬d? wdw¬d
wynhf? bdu©K? bdu©KeD? Oygoum? OygouD-ponfwdkYu csOf;uyf
vmaomtcgüyif uif;qdwfrIü nGwfaompdwf? udkif;aompdwf? ½dIif;
(ouf0if) aom pdwjf zifh jyefomG ;jcif;ESiphf yfaom pum;udo k m ajymwwf
ygonf/ þuJhodkYaom yk*¾Kdvfonfom uif;qdwfpGmaeol tppf jzpfyg
onf/
4/ w&m;tm;xkwfolonf tukodkvfwdkYudk y,fjcif;iSm?
ukokdvfwdkYudk jynhfpHkapjcif;iSm BudK;pm;vsufaeygonf/ ukokdvfw&m;
wdkYü jyK&ef0efudkrcsbJ tNrJBudK;pm;ygonf/ þuJhodkYaom yk*¾Kdvfonf
w&m;tm;xkwfol? w&m;BudK;pm;ol tppfjzpfygonf/
5/ owd&adS omolonf jrwfaomowd? &ifu h suaf omowd
&Sv
d suf Mumjrifph mG aomumvu jyKco hJ rQ? ajymcJo h rQwu Ykd v kd nf; trSwf
&Ekdif atmufarhEkdifum odwwfygonf/ þuJhodkYaom yk*¾Kdvfonfom
owd&Sdol tppfjzpfygonf/
6/ wnfMunfaomolonf eD0&Puif;aom yxrpsmef?
'kw, d psmef? wwd,psmef? pwkwp¬ smefwEYkd iS hf jynhpf ykH gonf/ þuJo h Ykd aom
yk*¾Kdvfonfom wnfMunfoltppf jzpfygonf/
7/ ynm&Sdaomolonf ½kyfemrfwdkY\ jzpfjcif; ysufjcif;
oabmudo k ad om ynm&Sí d b0wPSmwdu Yk kd azmufcw JG wfaom ynm?
 91
'ku©uif;&m (b0uif;&m) oHo&mwpfzufu edAÁmefudk aumif;pGm
odwwfaom ynmwdkYESifh jynhfpHkygonf/ þuJhodkYaom yk*¾Kdvfonfom
ynm&Sdol tppfjzpfygonf/
8/ yyOöac: wPSm rme 'd|dwdkY tNyD;tjywfcsKyfNidrf;&m
avmukw&å mw&m; ud;k yg;wdüYk ajy;0ifcsO;f uyfaompdw?f Munfvifaom
pdw?f aumif;pGmwnfaompdwf &Sí d yyOöwrYkd S vGwaf ompdw&f o
dS o
l nfom
yyOöwdkY csKyf&mü arGUavsmfoltppf jzpfygonf/
pma&;ol tygt0if ykxkZOfe,fom;wdkYum; yyOöe,f avmuD
e,füom w0Jvnfvnf wG,fwmumjzifh wPSmvnf;yGm;rsm;? rme
vnf; yGm;rsm;? 'd|dvnf; yGm;rsm;vsufom &SdMuayonf/

2005-ck? Edk0ifbmv? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;

 92

odu©mum& ( 4 ) bmoma&;ausmif;wdkuf
txdrf;trSwfrsm;

ol\ pum;qHk;aomtcg vufudkcgí jyawmfrlonf/

❈ ❈ ❈

aeYpOfowfrSwfxm;aom y&d,wådpmaywm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmifaeMu&ojzifh tcuftcJrsm;udk pOf;pm;rd[ef
NiD;aiGUrd[ef r&SdMuyg/
❈ ❈ ❈

npOf 10;30 em&DrS 12 em&Dtxd pmoifom;rsm;\

pmjyefoH? pmtHoHrsm;udk Mum;ae&ygonf/
rD;a&mif&Sd vrf;ab;"mwfwkdifrsm;udk trSSDjyKí pmoifom;
tcsKdUu pmjyefaeMuygonf/ pmoifom;tcsKdUu pmtHaeMu
ygonf/
❈ ❈ ❈

vSL'gef;xm;Mu? &SdorQvnf;?
oHCmhwGufwm? wdkufoHCmodkY?
vTJumvSL'gef;? 'geyef;ESifh
('ge-oDv-orm"d-ynm)
 93

rEåav; rpdk;&drfwdkufopf
csD;usL;*kPfjyKxkdufaom y&d,wådpmoifwkdufBuD;rsm;wGif
y&d,wåd pmaywm0efukd ausyeG af tmif aqmif&u G v f su&f adS om rEÅav;
NrdKU? rpdk;&drfwdkufopfBuD;onfvnf; xdyfwef;u yg0ifayonf/
rpd;k &drw
f u
kd o
f pfBu;D onf rEÅav;NrKd U? rpd;k &draf usmif;wduk Bf u;D rS
qif;oufaygufzmG ;vmaom y&d,wåpd moifwu dk Bf u;D jzpfonf/ rpd;k &drf
ausmif;wdkufBuD;onf aus;Zl;&Sif rpdk;&drfq&mawmfBuD; b'´EÅol&d,
(tbd " Zr[m&|*k ½ k ? t*¾ r [my@d w ) \ yif r oD w if ; oH k ; &m
ausmif;wdkufBuD;vnf; jzpfonf/ y&d,wådpmaywm0efwdkYudk ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm aqmif&Gufawmfrl&m ausmif;wdkufBuD;vnf; jzpfonf/ wynhf
aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk jyKpkysKd;axmifay;awmfrl&m ausmif;wdkufBuD;vnf;
jzpfonf/
aus;Zl;&Sif rpd;k &drq
f &mawmfBu;D onf rpd;k &draf usmif;wku d f Bu;D ü
oD w if ; oH k ; awmf r l v suf omoemh w m0ef toD ; oD ; wd k Y u d k xrf ;
aqmifawmfrlygonf/ q|o*Fg,emwifpOftcgü 0efaqmifoHCmh
tzGJUBuD;\ Ouú|wm0efrsm;txd xrf;aqmifawmfrlcJhygonf/
q&mawmfBuD;onf rif;uGef; wdyd#u"& b'´EÅ 0dpdwåom&m
bd0Hotm; r[my|mef;usrf;BuD;udk wpfzufurf;a&muf wwfajrmuf
atmif oifjyay;aom pmcsq&mwpfql jzpfawmfrlonf/ tpdk;&
 94
yxrjyefpmar;yGJ "r®mp&d,wef; jy|mef;a&;wm0ef? enf;jywm0ef wdu Yk kd
xrf;aqmifaom rpdk;&drf y&d,wådq&mawmf b'´EÅpaE´mbmom
bd0Ho\ pmcsq&mwpfqlvnf; jzpfawmfrlygonf/ ,ck rpdk;&drf
ausmif;wdkufBuD;\ y"me r[mem,u q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh rpdk;&drf
wdkufopfBuD;\ r[mem,u q&mawmfBuD;rsm;\ pmcsq&mwpfql
vnf; jzpfawmfrlygonf/
aus;Zl;&Sif rpd;k &drq f &mawmfBu;D oDwif;oH;k awmfrcl &hJ m rpd;k &drf
ausmif;wdkufBuD;onf rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd y&d,wådpmoifwkdufBuD;rsm; pm&if;
wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifcJhaom pmoifwdkufBuD;wpfwdkuf jzpfonf/
,ckESpfwGif y&d,wådpmoifom;aygif; 579-yg;wdkY\ y&d,wådpmay
oif,l&m ausmif;wdkufBuD;vnf; jzpfygonf/
tqdkyg rpdk;&drfausmif;wkdufBuD;u qif;ouf aygufzGm;vm
aom ,ck rpdk;&drfwkdufopfBuD;onf vmjcif;aumif;aom y&d,wåd
pmoifwkdufBuD; jzpfygonf/
rEÅav; rpd;k &drw f u
kd of pfwiG f y&d,wåpd maywm0ef xrf;aqmif
aeMuaom pmcsq&mawmfrsm;onfvnf; vmjcif;aumif;aom pmcs
q&mawmfrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ rpdk;&drfwdkufopf pmcsq&mawmfrsm;
jzpfaom y"me r[mem,u q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf rpdk;&drfausmif;
wdkufBuD;rS ajymif;a&TUvmcJhMuaom q&mawmfBuD;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
rpdk;&drfwdkufopf (yxr) y"me r[mem,u q&mawmfBuD;
onf pmoifom;rsm; csrf;csrf;omomjzifh y&d,wådpmayrsm;udk BudK;pm;
oif,lEdkif&ef &nf&G,fvsuf wm0efrsm;? pnf;urf;rsm;udk twnfjyK
jy|mef;ay;avh &Sdygonf/
rpdk;&drfwdkufopfwGif y&d,wådpmay oif,laeMu aom
pmoifom;rsm;onfvnf; vmjcif;aumif;om pmoifom;rsm;
jzpfMuygonf/ rpd;k &drw f u
dk o
f pf\ jy|mef; pm? oifjypmrsm;onf
tptqHk; t&trd twwftod
 95
oif,l&aom pmrsm;csnf; jzpfMuygonf/ pmar;yGJ atmif&efrQudkom
&nf&G,faom xkwfEkwfpmrsm; r[kwf Muyg/
rpdk;&drfwdkufopf\ t&nftcsif;&Sd yif&if;wynhfrsm;onf
tqdkyg usrf;pmtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk twef;tqifh tm;avsmfpGm tptqHk;
oif,lzl;olrsm;? avhusufzl;olrsm;csnf; jzpfMuygonf/
xdkYjyif rpdk;&drfwdkufopf pmoifom;rsm;\ a&muf&Sdaexkdif
MuyHkonf rpdk;&drfwdkufopfwGif aeqJjzpfaom rdwfaqGpmoifom;
wpfOD;OD;\ wm0ef,lrIjzifh vma&muf avQmufxm; aexkdifMuolrsm;
jzpf M uygonf / rpd k ; &d r f q &mawmf r sm;uvnf ; þod k Y vma&muf
avQmufxm;aeMuolrsm;udk ydkí ESpfoufMuygonf/
rdb? q&morm;rsm;? 'um 'umrrsm;\ wm0ef,lrIjzifh
vma&mufavQmufxm;aeMuolrsm;udkvnf; vufcHawmfrlygonf/
rpd;k &drw
f ukd of pfü aevdí k aecGiahf vQmufxm;aom pmoifom; rSeof rQ
onf a&mufqJtwef;tm;avsmfpGm pmjyefcdkif;jcif;? pmayoabmt&
prf;oyfjcif;wdkYudk cHEkdif&nf &SdMu&rnfcsnf; jzpfygonf/
prf;oyfcHEdkif&nf r&Sdygu wpfywfMum? ESpfywfMum owfrSwf
&ufjzifhom aecGifh&Muygonf/ rdb? q&morm;rsm;? 'um 'umr
rsm;\ wm0ef,lrIjzifh a&mufvmMuaom tcsKdUpmoifom;rsm;wGif
wm0efraus pnf;urf;rvdkufemolrsm; yg0ifwwfMuygonf/
wpf c gu rd k ; uk w f r S 'umrwpf O D ; onf ol \ &[ef ; ud k
pmoif&ef&nf&G,fvsuf vma&mufavQmufxm;zl;onf/ ol\&[ef;
onf wm0efraus? pnf;urf;rvdkufemoljzpfí ESif'PfrdoGm;onf/
xdktcg xdk'umronf ol\&[ef;udkyg wpfzefac:aqmifvsuf
tqifhjrifhum;BuD;jzifh a&mufvmjyefonf/
(yxr) y"me r[mem,u q&mawmfBuD;udk &Sdcdk;uefawmh
onf/ q&mawmfBuD;tm; vSLzG,f0w¬Krsm;? ypönf;rsm;jzifh vSL'gef;
 96
ylaZmfvdkaMumif;? tjypfudk onf;cHcGifhvTwfawmfrlvsuf wpfzef vufcH
awmfrlapvdkygaMumif; ponfwdkYudk om,macsiHpGm avQmufxm;onf/
ol\ pum;qHk;aomtcg q&mawmfBuD;u vufudkcgíjyawmfrlonf/
xdk'umronf vSLzG,f&mrsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;qnf;vsuf ol\
&[ef;ESifhtwl jyefoGm;&onf/
vmjcif;aumif;aom rpdk;&drfwdkufopfBuD;onf wnfjcif;
aumif;wdkYjzifh wnfvsuf pnfyifwdk;wufaeaom pmoifwdkufBuD;
jzpfonf/ rpdk;&drfwdkufopfwGif ausmif;aygif; 30-ausmf &Sdygonf/
tqdkygausmif;wdkYrSm (1) "r®ygvausmif;? (2) "r®bmPu
qGr;f pm;ausmif;? (3) "r®ygv qGr;f pm;ausmif;? (4) "r®bmPu ausmif;?
(5) "r®m"dywdausmif;? (6) "r®0de,&HoDausmif;? (7) "r® 0de,
qGrf;pm;ausmif;? (8) "r®um,ausmif;? (9) "r®od'¨dausmif;? (10)
"r®'geausmif;?
(11) "r®*g&0ausmif;? (12) "r®ord'¨dausmif;? (13) "r®ord'¨d
qGrf;pm;ausmif;? (14) "r®oDw*lausmif;? (15) "r®a0'*lausmif;? (16)
"r®a0'*l qGrf;pm;ausmif;? (17) "r®'Dy qGrf;pm;ausmif;? (18)
"r®'Dyausmif;? (19) "r®oDwvausmif;? (20) "r®umrausmif;?
(21) "r®umr qGrf;pm;ausmif;? (22) "r®okcausmif;? (23)
"r®0drkwåd&oausmif;? (24) "r®'g,m'ausmif;? (25) "r®yg&*lausmif;?
(26) "r®mbdrwaombdPDodrfausmif;? (27) "r®,meausmif;? (28)
"r®o[m,ausmif;? (29) "r®o[m,qGrf;pm;ausmif;? (30) "r®|me
ausmif;? (31) aqmufvkyfqJ "r®r[d'¨dausmif; (qGrf;pm;ausmif;awmf
BuD;) wdkY jzpfMuygonf/
xdkwGif trSwfpOf (9)? (19)? ESpfausmif;onf y"me r[m
em,uBuD;rsm; oD;jcm;oDwif;oHk;&mausmif;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
usefaom 29-ausmif; wdkYonf pmcs pmoifwdkYaeaom ausmif;rsm;
jzpfonf/
 97
ausmif;toD;oD;ü wpfvHk;wif a&tdk;pifrsm;rSpí q,fvHk;?
q,fih g;vH;k wif a&td;k pifrsm;? a&csK;d uefrsm;? w½kww f nfyif? ydawmuf
yifpaom t&dyfyif? yef;yifrsm;ESifh t&dyfyifrsm;atmuf wnfaqmuf
xm;aom em;aeysOfcif; uGyfyspfrsm; toD;oD;&SdMuygonf/
"r®'Dyausmif; ta&SUbufwGif 1344-ckESpfu wefzdk;aiGaygif;
454886 usyf 50g;-wdkYudk oHk;pGJí wnfaqmufNyD;pD;cJhaom wpfwdkif
ywfvnf jrnfoHus,f arQmfpifem&DBuD;wpfvHk; (em&DpifBuD;wpfck) &Sdyg
onf/ qufo, G af &;zke;f oH;k vH;k ("r®um, 02-26762/ "r®m"dywd 02-
38017/ "r®bmPu 02-26911) &So d nf/ uGeyf sLwm av;vH;k &So
d nf/
rpdk;&drfwdkufopfBuD;wGif 1360-jynfhESpfü 0gqdkoHCm 2479-
yg; &Sdonf/ pmcsq&mawmfaygif; 48-yg;cefY &Sdonf/ xdk 48-yg; wdkYwGif
y"me r[mem,uq&mawmfBu;D 3-yg;? r[mem,u q&mawmf 10-
yg;? pmcstzGJU0if em,uq&mawmf 35-yg;cefYwdkY yg0ifMuonf/
xdw k iG f y"me r[mem,uq&mawmfBu;D 3-yg;qdo k nfrmS (1)
"r®um,q&mawmf b'´EÅ od&dE´mbd0Ho? (2) "r®'Dyq&mawmf b'´EÅ
em,umbd0Ho? (3) "r®'g,m'q&mawmf b'´EÅ &mZ"r®mbd0Ho wdY k
jzpfonf/
r[mem,uq&mawmf 10-yg;qdo k nfrmS (1) OD;0gao|m bd0Ho-
"r®ord'¨dausmif;? (2) OD;auo&mbd0Ho-"r®bmPuausmif;? (3)
OD;0dvmombd0Ho-27/ (4) OD;okpdwåmbd0Ho-14? (5) OD;£E´um
vuFm&mbd0Ho-5? (6) OD;wdu©d`E´d,mbd0Ho-11? (7) OD;ol&d,mbd0Ho-
20? (8) OD;"r®oDvdwmbd0Ho-1? (9) OD;yndE´mbd0Ho-6? (10)
OD;ukovmbd0Ho-30-wdkY jzpfonf/
tqdkygpmcsq&mawmfrsm;wGif (wwd,) y"me r[mem,u
q&mawmfESifh (1) r[mem,uq&mawmfwdkYonf pmcsq&mawmfrsm;
 98
jzpfouJhodkY w&m;a[mq&mawmfrsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/ (3) (4)
r[mem,u q&mawmfwdkYonf pmcsq&mawmfrsm; jzpfouJhodkY
usrf;jyKq&mawmfrsm;vnf; jzpfMuygonf/
pmcstzGJU0if em,uq&mawmf 35-yg;cefYqdkonfrSm (1)
OD;pE´m0& (tpdk;&"r®mp&d,ESifh rpdk;&drf"r®mEk*¾["r®mp&d,) tp&Sdaom
wGJzuf pmcsq&mawmfrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ wGJzuf pmcsq&mawmfrsm;
onf wdkufwm0ef? ausmif;wm0efrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&GufMu&ygonf/
ouso[ D pmar;yGu J sr;f Ny;D aom t&Sijf rwfrsm;? ouso[
D pmoifwef;
atmifaom t&Sifjrwfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&pmar;yGJ *kPfxl;aqmif (y? 'k?
wjzifh atmifaom) t&SifjrwfwdkYtm; *kPfjyKylaZmfa&;twGufvnf;
aqmif&GufMu&ygonf/
xdkYjyif oDwif;uRwfvjynhfaeYü y"me r[mem,u? r[m
em,u q&mawmfwdkYtm; uefawmhyGJ? ylaZmfyGJtwGufvnf; pDrHMu&
ygonf/ oDwif;uRwfv yxrywfxJwGif EdI;aqmfjcif;ESifh vSLzG,f
ypönf;rsm; vufcHjcif;wdkYudk pwif aqmif&GufMu&ygonf/
rpdk;&drfwdkufopfwGif aeYpOf xrf;aqmifaeMu&aom wm0ef
rsm;rSm eHeuf 9;30 em&Dü pm0g? aeYv,f 1 em&Dü pmtHausmif;?
aeYv,f 2;30 em&Dü pmtHausmif;? nae 4 em&Dü pm0g? nae 5
em&Dü pm0g? (tcsKdU) nae 6;15 em&DcefYü bk&m;0wfwufMu&onf/
xdkYaemuf n 7 em&Dü n0gac: pm0g? n 8 em&Dü pmjyef
ausmif;? n 9 em&DcefYü n0gausmif;ac: pmjyefausmif;/ vqef;?
vqkw?f vjynh?f vuG,f Oykoaf eYrsm;ü tywfpOf avhusichf ef;pmar;yG?J
oD;jcm;owfrSwfaeYrsm;ü tm*HkpmjyefqdkMu&jcif; ponfrsm; jzpfMu
ygonf/
tqdkygwm0efrsm;wGif pm0g pm0g[lonf q&mrsm;u oifjyMuNyD;
wynhfrsm;u oif,lMu&jcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/
 99
pmtHausmif;[lonf q&mrsm;u apmifhMuyfMu&NyD; wynhf
rsm;u pmtHMu&jcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/
bk&m;0wfwuf[lonf q&mrsm;u apmifhMuyfMu&NyD; wynhf
rsm;u bk&m;&Sdcdk;jcif;? y&dwf&Gwfjcif;? arwåmydkYjcif;? qkawmif;jcif;?
trQa0jcif;? ypöa0u©Pm qifjcifjcif; ponfwdkYudk qdkvdkygonf/
pmjyefausmif;[lonf q&mrsm;u apmifhMuyfMu&NyD; wynhf
rsm;u usufpmrsm;udk rarhatmif tvGwfjyefqdkMu&jcif;wdkYudk qdkvdk
ygonf/
n0g
n0g[lonf Ak'¨ tbd"r®mtzGifh jrefrmjyef qdk½dk;usrf;BuD;?
t&aumufusrf;BuD;rsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/
q&mrsm;u apmifhMuyfjcif;[lonf pmtkyfyg-ryg? vm-rvm?
tvkyfudk vkyf-rvkyf ponfrsm;udk ppfaq;jcif;? qHk;rjcif;wdkYudk qdkvdk
ygonf/
tywfpOf avhusichf ef;pmar;yG[ J o
l nf vqef;? vqkw?f Oykof
aeYrsm;wGif rlBudK? rlvwef;? i,f? vwf? BuD; twef;wdkYtwGuf q&m
rsm;u ygVdtm*Hkar;cGef;? t"dyÜm,foabm ar;cGef;wdkYudk xkwfMu&NyD;
wynhfrsm;u ajzqdkMu&jcif;? q&mrsm;u apmifhMuyf&jcif;? tajzvTm
ppfaq;Mu&jcif;? 'Pfus-rus? a*Zufxkwfay;Mu&jcif; ponfwdkYudk
qdkvdkygonf/
vjynhf? vuG,f OykofaeYrsm;wGif oD;jcm;pmoifwef;ESifh
"r®mp&d,wef;ac: pmcswef;wdkYtwGuf aqmif&GufMu&ygonf/
tm*Hkpmjyef [lonf rlBudK? rlvwef;? i,f? vwf? BuD;wef;wdkY
twGuf owfrSwf&uftm;avsmfpGm ac:í q&mrsm;u pmjyefckdif;jcif;?
wynhfrsm;u pmjyefMu&jcif;wdkYudk qdkvdkygonf/
tqdkygwm0efrsm;udk usef;rma&;csKdUwJhjcif; paom cGifhjyK
avmufaom taMumif;r&SdvQif ysufuGufcGifh r&SdMu&yg/ xrf;aqmif
Mu&ygonf/ taMumif;vHkavmufrIr&SdbJ ysufuGufolrsm;twGuf
 100
pnf;urf;jypf'Pf ESprf sK;d &Syd gonf/ ½d;k ½d;k 'Pfay;jcif;ESihf ESi'f Pfay; jcif;wdYk
jzpfygonf/ ½dk;½dk;'Pfonf ay;tyfaomwm0efudk aqmif&Guf vQif
Nid r f ; ygonf / ES i f ' Pf o nf rNid r f ; yg/ quf a ecG i f h r&S d a wmh b J
xGufoGm;&ygonf/
txufygwm0efrsm;wGif pmtHausmif;? pmjyefausmif;? bk&m;
0wfwuf ysuu f u
G v f Qif ½d;k ½d;k 'Pfay;jcif;udk cH&ygonf/ eHeuf 5- em&DrS
6-em&Dxd (15) &ufwdkifwkdif pmtHvQif 'PfNidrf;ygonf/
avhusifhcef;pmar;yGJrsm; 'PfusvQif 7-&ufwkdifwkdif eHeuf
apmapm pmtHMu&ygonf/ t"dyÜm,far;cGef;rsm;wGif 20-&mckdifEIef;
trSwfr&vQif tpdk;&pmar;yGJ ajzcGifhvufrSwf odrf;qnf;xm;jcif;
cH&ygonf/ odkYaomf 20-&mckdifEIef;r&ol &Sm;ygonf/
pm0grsm;ysufvQif ESif'Pfay;jcif; cH&ygonf/ ausmif;wkdufrS
ESifxkwfygonf/ xdkYjyif tjcm;usL;vGefrI? cRwf,Gif;rIwdkYaMumifhvnf;
ESif'Pfay;avh &Sdygonf/ wdkufwm q&morm;rsm;ESifh oDwif;oHk;azmf
rsm;udk apmfum;jcif;? tcsif;csif; cdkuf&efjzpfjcif;? oHCduypönf;rsm;udk
cd;k jcif;? zsuq f ;D jcif;? oDwif;oH;k azmfw\ Ykd ypön;f rsm;udk cd;k jcif;? zsuq
f ;D jcif;?
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; xdyg;? aESmifh,Suf jyKrl ajymqdkjcif;? tywfpOf
pmar;yGJrsm;ESifh "r®mEk*¾[pmar;yGJrsm;udk rormenf;oHk;í ajzqdkjcif;?
t&ufaomufjcif; (tcgrJhpm;jcif;) paom tjypfrsm;udk usL;vGefvQif
ESifxkwfygonf/
ESpfpOf 0gqdkv? wefaqmifrkef;v? waygif;vwdkYü "r®mEk*¾[
pmar;yGJBuD;udk usif;yavh&Sdygonf/ yxrtBudrf? 'kwd,tBudrf
atmifjrifaom pmoifom;rsm;tm; twef;tqifhtm;avsmfpGm?
owfrSwfcsuftwdkif; 4-v axmufyHhygonf/
wwd,tBudrfatmifjrifaom pmoifom;wdkYtm; aemufESpf
0gqdkaeYü qkESif;obifusif;yí atmifvufrSwfESifhwuG 4-v
axmufyHhpm vSLzG,frsm; vSL'gef;ygonf/ wdkufoHCdub@maiGrsm;ESifh
 101
ynma&;ya'omyif tvSL&Sifrsm;\ ya'omyifrsm;rS wdk;yGm;aiGrsm;udk
tcsKd;us oHk;pGJaxmufyHhaMumif; avhvmod&Sd&ygonf/
rpdk;&drfwkdufopfwGif 1360-jynhfESpfü pmoifom; &[ef;
omraPaygif; 2430-cefY &Sdygonf/ xdk 2430-cefYwdkYwGif "r®mp&d,
ac: pmcswef;0if pmoifom;aygif; 500-cefY? oD;jcm; pmoifwef;0if
pmoifom;aygif; 130-cefY? yxrBuD;wef;0if pmoifom;aygif; 450-
cefY? yxrvwfwef; 450-cefY? yxri,fwef; 400-cefY? rlvwef; 300?
rl B ud K wef ; ac: tpd k ; &pmar;yG J w G i f rl v wef ; 0if c G i f h r &ao;aom
pmoifi,faygif; 200-cefYwdkY yg0ifMuygonf/ tqdkyg pmoifom;
wdkYwGif wkdif;aygif;? jynfe,faygif;pHkwdkYrS vlrsKd;aygif;pHk yg0ifvsuf&Sdyg
onf/
rpd;k &drw
f u
kd o
f pfwiG f aexdik v f su?f 0efaqmifvsu&f adS om pmcs
q&mrsm;ESifh pmoifom;wynhfrsm;wGif y"me r[mem,u? r[m
em,uq&mawmfrsm;rSm ypönf;av;yg; vHkavmufMuygonf/ pmcs
tzGJU0if em,ursm;ESifh pmoifom;rsm;rSmrl ypönf;av;yg; EGrf;yg;Mu
ygonf/ a&S;bkef;uHyg&Sdol tenf;pkrQom vHkavmufygonf/
tqdkyg a&S;bkef;uH&Sdol? vHkavmufolrsm;onfvnf; rD;tqif
roifhí a&wif pufrsm; rvIyf&Sm;Edkifaom tcgrsm;rSmrl uHwltusKd;
ay;jcif;aMumifh tusKd;wl cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ owfrSwfcsdefjzifh a&csKd;
vdjk cif; (use;f rma&; rjynhpf okH rl sm;) zGypf &m? avQmpf &mrsm;ESihf aq;p&m?
aMump&mrsm;udk tcsdeftm;avsmfpGm zGyfavQmfaq;aMum vdkjcif;?
a&oHk;uk#Drsm;udk toHk; jyKvdkjcif; ponfwdkYtwGuf tcuftcJ rsKd;pHk
awGUBuHKcHpm;Mu&ygonf/
pmoifom;oHk;pGJ&ef uk#Dcef; 60-ausmf&Sdaomfvnf; a&tcuf
tcJBuKH vQif a&rsm;avmif;xnhNf y;D rS tqifajyatmif aqmif&u G Ef ikd Mf u
ygonf/ odkYjzpfí oHk;a&jywfjcif;onf pmoifom;rsm;udk 'ku©rsm;
ay;avh&Sdygonf/
 102
rnfodkYyifjzpfap pmoifom;rsm;onf tm;ravsmhMu/ wm0ef
toD;oD; xrf;aqmifí arQmv f ifch sutf oD;oD;xm;um pGr;f aqmifvsuf
&SdaeMuygonf/ aeYpOf owfrSwfxm;aom y&d,wådpmaywm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmifaeMu&ojzifh tcuftcJrsm;udk pOf;pm;rd[ef? NiD;aiGUrd[ef
r&SdMuyg/ pmoifom;tm;vHk;twGuf wpfajy;wpfnDwnf; owfrSwf
xm;aom y&d,wåpd maywm0efrsm;udk wpfaygif;wpfpw k nf; aqmif&u G f
Mu&jcif;onf aysmf&TifzG,f? MunfEl;zG,f aumif;vSygonf/
pmoifom;rsm;\ pmjyefo?H pmtHorH sm;udk npOf 10;30 em&DrS
12-em&Dtxd Mum;ae&ygonf/ rD;a&mif&Sd vrf;ab;"mwfwdkif rsm;udk
trS D j yKí pmoif o m;tcsKd U u pmjyef a eMuygonf / tcsKd U u
pmusufaeMuygonf/ eHeufapmapm 4-em&D? 4;30 em&DcefYrSpí
qGrf;cHr<uMuao;cif? qGrf;cHjyefrSpí 9;30 pm0gcsdef ra&mufcif
wGifvnf; pmusufaeMuonf/
eHeufydkif;? nydkif; udk,fydkiftcsdefrsm;ü BudK;pm;aeMuaom
pmoifom;rsm;\ pmjyefo?H pmtHorH sm;onf aqmif;&moDaemufyikd ;f odYk
a&mufvQif ydkí NrdKifvmMuygonf/
tcuftcJ qif;&Jjcif;rsm;udk onf;cHMuvsuf y&d,wåd pmay
wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaeMuaom pmoifom;wynhfrsm;ESifh y&d,wåd
pmaywm0efudk OD;pD;xrf;aqmifaeMuaom pmcsq&mawmfrsm;\
oDwif;oH;k &mjzpfaom rpd;k &drwf ukd o f pfBu;D onf aumif;pGm wnfwhH vsuf
&S d y gonf / *E¦ " k & omoemh w m0ef r sm;ud k v nf ; ausyG e f a tmif
xrf;aqmifvsuf &SdaeMuygonf/

2002-ck? rwfv-{NyDv ? jrwfr*Fvmpmapmif

 103
&[ef;wdkYq&m wdkYq&m
Ak'¨bmom? omoemudk
urÇmESifhcsD? pHcsdef wnfvsuf
*kPf&nf jrifhausmf? yHkpHay:atmif
yHkazmfEdkifpGrf;? bkef;a&mif vTrf;onfh
&[ef;wdkYq&m? wdkYq&monf
cE¨m 0efcscJhNyDwum;/
urÇmt0ef;? pmoH vTrf;atmif
BudK;yrf; xdef;odrf;? pDrHudef;jzifh
csKyfNidrf; wnfNidrf? aemufqHk;csdefxd
rrSdef raysmuf? pOfwkdif; avQmufvsuf
rSwfausmuf ppfwrf;? *kPfa&mif vTrf;onfh
&[ef;wdkY q&m? wdkYq&monf
cE¨m 0efcscJhNyDwum;/
vSL'gef; xm;Mu? &SdorQvnf;
oHCmhwGufwm? wdkufoHCmodkY
vTJum vSL'gef;? 'geyef;ESifh
rEGrf; ruGm? oHk; odu©mwdkY
a0qm jynhfvQrf;? bkef;*kPf rTrf;onfh
&[ef;wdkY q&m? wdkYq&monf
cE¨m 0efcscJhNyDwum;/
(30.4.2003? n 12;27 em&D)-
 104
--
--«omoemawmfBu;D \ tusK;d pD;yGm;? qnf;uyfvmol &[ef; &Siv f wl \
Ykd
tusKd;pD;yGm;udk tpOfaqmif&Gufawmfrlaom rpdk;&drf wdkufopfBuD; (2)
wduk w
f \Ykd t"dywd r[mem,u? t*¾r[my@dw? tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k
b'´ E Å o d & d E ´ m bd 0 H o q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; onf 1365-ck E S p f ?
OD;wefc;l vjynhaf usmf (14) &uf? (30.4.2003) Ak'[ ¨ ;l aeY eHeuf (10)
em&DtcsdefwGif b0ewfeef; <ujref;awmfrl onf/»

þopfyifBuD;
&[ef; &Sif vl? jynfol jynfom;
tm;vHk; Mum;jrif? þopfyifum;
a&pif ,lvpf? a&aomufjrpfESifh
zkxpf uif;aMumif;? vHk;ywf aumif;ESifh
aumif;aumif; cefYxnf? ukd,f yifpnfESifh
a0pnf BuD;rm;? zGHUNzdK;tm;ESifh
udkif;zsm; jzefYxGuf? cuf tvufESifh
t&Gufcsif; xyf? yGifhcsif; uyf\/
&[ef; &Sif vl? jynfol jynfom;
tm;vHk; Mum;jrif? þopfyifum;
cdk0ifvm&m? rsm; ol igudk
ylem aysmufaq;? at;&dyf ay;\/
&[ef; &Sif vl? jynfol jynfom;
tm;vHk; Mum;jrif? þopfyifum;
cdk0ifvm&m? rsm; ol igudk
tqmajya&;? toD; ay;\/
 105
t&dyf cdkem;? toD; pm;NyD;
xGufoGm;aomcg? NyHK;&dyf jzmvsuf
Munfom tm;&? auseyfjy\/

t&dyfudk zsuf? tcufudk csKd;

ukd,fusKd;orm;? awGUBuHKjim;vnf;
w&m; ruGm? aewwf&Sm\/

&[ef; &Sif vl? jynfol jynfom;

tm;vHk; Mum;jrif? þopfyifum;
&SifoeforQ? wpfb0vHk;
ADZ oefY ppf? rsKd;qufopfwdkY
usef&pfapa&;? rsKd;½dk; ay;\/

&[ef; &Sif vl? jynfol jynfom;

tm;vHk; Mum;jrif? þopfyifum;
xifxifBuD;om? &yfwnfumjzifh
a&mufvmorQ? vrf;rSef &a&;
nTefjy ay;vsuf? c&D;qufzdkY
toufqHk;wkdif? aejyEkdif\/

&[ef; &Sif vl? jynfol jynfom;

tm;vHk; Mum;jrif? þopfyifum;
opfyiff rnf&? ac:½HkrQom
r[kwfygbl;? odkYygaomfjim;
bk&m; a[mjy? w&m;rSvQif
0,"r®m? ocFg&m-udk
 106
yHkvTm jzefYcif;? Z,m; oGif;í
xif;xif;BuD;yif? jrifapcsifodkY
wpfyifvHk;vHk; NydKcJhNyD/

aMomf...
&[ef; &Sif vl? jynfol jynfom;
tm;vHk; Mum;jrif? þopfyifBuD;
wpfyifvHk;vHk; NydKcJhavNyDwum;/
12.5.2003 ----------
12.5.2003----------

«xdkpOfu rpdk;&drfwdkufopf pmcsq&mawmfwpfyg;tjzpf?

,cktcg ]]aejynfawmf rpdk;&drfwdkufopf}} y"me r[mem,utjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifaeol ]]t&Sift*¾"r®}} \ wdkufwGef;csuft& rpdk;&drf
wdkufopf q&mawmfBuD;\ *kPfawmfwdkYudk þuAsmjzifh ylaZmfxm;jcif;
jzpfygonf/»
 107

odu©mum& ( 5 ) aemufqufwGJ trSwfw&rsm;

OD ; yOö i f ; a&;wmu wjcm;ol a wG e J Y rwl b l ; / pmay
t,ltq aumif;w,f/ owdxm;p&muav;awGukd &atmif
&SmEdkifw,f/ vwkdif;ygatmif BudK;pm;a&;yg/
❈ ❈ ❈

tdrfrSmxdkifaevQif w&m;emjcif;ukokdvf &rnfr[kwf

aMumif;? "r®uxdu "r®'getvSL&SifwdkYu ay;aecsdefrSm
vufrvTwfoifhaMumif;? ,lrS&rSm jzpfaMumif;? ,ckvdk w&m;yGJ
&S&d modYk vmjcif;tm;jzifh rdru
d ,
dk u
f kd aus;Zl;wif&rSmjzpf aMumif;/
❈ ❈ ❈

ygomPavclyarma'gaom-ausmufpma&;xGif;xm;
ouJhodkYaom a'gorsm;u r*fzdkvfw&m;xl;wdkYudk wm;jrpf
wwfMuygonf/ wcsKUd url a,m*Dvyk Mf u\/ a'gotNiKd ;Bu;D udk
usawmh enf;enf;rQ ravQmhMuay/
❈ ❈ ❈

vlaumif;wpfa,muf? csD;rGrf;avmufatmif
apmifha&Smufvsufom? aeMuygpdkY/
❈ ❈ ❈

ukd,fusKd;oufoufom MunhfwwfolrSm apwemaumif;

vnf; ruyf? jA[®pdk&f"mwfvnf; rudef;í i&JrD; rNidrf;Edkif
&Sdayawmhrnf/
 108

tdyfrufBuD;ESifh tdyfrufuav;rsm;
tdyfruf\ tusKd;tjypfESifhywfoufí a&S;vlBuD;wdkY rdefYMum;
cJhonfrsm;udk Mum;od&ygonf/ rSefonf-rSm;onfudkawmh twdtus
rod&yg/ tcsKdUyk*¾KdvfwdkYrSm tawmfrSefMuygonf/ tcsKdUyk*¾KdvfwdkYrSm
rrSefMuyg/
tdyfrufudk vlwdkif; rufzl;MurnfrSm aocsmygonf/ pma&;
olvnf; tdyfrufrsm; rufzl;ygonf/
wpfBudrfwpfcgrS ra&mufbl;aom awmBuD;xJa&mufum
a>rrsm;ESifh twlae&jcif;? ayoHk;&mywfvnfavmuf&Sdaom bkef;BuD;
ausmif; ta[mif;BuD;xJa&mufum acgif;avmif;xdk;&jcif;? &efolwdkYu
wkwf"m; vufeufwdkYjzifh owfjzwf&ef vdkufvmcH&jcif;? odef;xDqk
aygufí aiGawGudk a&wGufodrf;qnf;&jcif; ponfjzifh tdyfrufrsm;pGm
rufcJhzl;ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tdyfrufrsm;taMumif; pma&;ol pdwf0if
pm;cJhrdygonf/
]]wdYk aeYv,fu tdyrf ufrufwm? &GmuvlawGu "m;awGeYJ wdu Yk kd
0dkif;ckwfMuwm? wdkYvJ ajy;rvGwfawmhbl;qdkNyD; rxl;Zmwf cif;& wmyJ/
uk d , f h n D w pf a ,muf u d k ck w f r d a wmh r S vef Y E d k ; vmw,f } } [k q d k u m
OD;yOöif;wpfyg; 0ifvmygonf/ rpdk;&drfpmoifom;u acgif;ndwfjy
ygonf/
 109
]]aeYv,frufwm bmrSr[kwfygbl;}} [kvnf; qdkygonf/
OD;yOöif;ESpfyg; ajymqdkMuaom pum;rsm;udk pma&;ol pdwf0ifpm;rd
ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh -
]]OD;yOöif;u 'gawGvJ odwmyJvm;}} [k ar;rdonf/
]]pmxJrSm &Sdw,fav? zwfzl;wmaygh}} [k rpdk;&drfpmoifom;u
&Sif;jyygonf/
0ifvmaomOD;yOöif;u tdyfrufrSm tusKd;r&SdaMumif; vufcH
ívm; rod/ csufcsif;yif jyefxGufoGm;ygonf/
rpdk;&drfpmoifom;u pmtkyfBuD;wpftkyfudk qGJ,lNyD; tdyfruf
taMumif;wdkYudk qufvuf&Sif;jyygonf/

1/ tdyfrufBuD; tdyfrufuav;
a,musfm;jrwfwdkY jrifruftyfaom tdyfrufrsm;? BuD;rm;aom
tusKd;w&m;wdkY jzpfvmrnfh taMumif;&if;jzpfaom tdyfrufrsm;rSm
tdyfrufBuD; jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh omrefvlwdkY jrifrufaom tdyfrufrsm;ESifh tusKd;
Bu;D rsm; jzpfvmjcif;\ taMumif;cHr[kwaf om tdyrf ufrsm;rSm tdyrf uf
uav;[k em;vnf&ygonf/
a,musfm;jrwfqdkonfrSm ,ckb0rSmyif uRwfwrf;0ifavmuf
atmif yg&rDjznhNf y;D om; bk&m;avmif;vsm (&[EÅmavmif;vsm) rsm;udk
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfygonf/

2/ tdyfrufjrifruf&aMumif; (4) yg;

"mwfacsmufcsm;jcif;? a&S;u cHpm;zl;jcif;? ewfwdkYu a&S;½I
aqmifjcif;? tusKd;w&m;\ a&SUajy;jzpfjcif; þtaMumif;av;ck
wdkYaMumifh tdyfrufudk jrifruf&ygonf/ taMumif; 1-ck? 2-ck? 3-ck
wdkYaMumifh rufonfvnf; &Sdwwfygonf/
 110
xdkwGif onf;ajc tp&Sdaom"mwfwdkY acsmufcsm;aMumif;
jzpfaom taMumif;wdkYESifh BuHKBudKufvQif "mwfacsmufcsm;jcif; jzpfyg
onf/ awmifay:rSusjcif;? aumif;uifrmS oGm;&jcif;? om;&Jorif-qif-
olcdk; ponfwdkYESifh BuHKawGU&jcif; ponfjzifh tdyfrufrsKd;pHk rufwwf
ygonf/
þodaYk om tdyrf ufwu Ykd kd "mwfacsmufcsm;í rufonf[k qdv k kd
ygonf/
a&S;ucHpm;zl;aom tpm;tpm? toHk;taqmif ponfrsm;
&Sdygonf/ pm;aomufqdkifrSm pm;&jcif;? cspfolESifhtwl oGm;vm&jcif;?
oDcsif;qdk&jcif;? w&m;em&jcif; ponfjzifh cHpm; BuHKawGUcJhzl;onfh
twdkif;yif tdyfruf jrifruf&wwfygonf/
þodkYaom tdyfrufrsKd;udk cHpm;zl;írufonf[k qdkvdkygonf/
tusKd;&Sdapjcif;udk vdkvm;aom ewfwdkYu tusKd;&Sdap&ef
tusKd;&SdaMumif; tm½Hkaumif;wdkYudk aqmifjywwfygonf/ xdkYjyif
tusK;d rJu h kd vdv
k m;aom ewfwu Ykd vnf; tusK;d rJah p&ef tusK;d rJah Mumif;
tm½Hkqdk;rsm;udk aqmifjywwfygonf/ toHk;taqmif tjynhftpHkjzifh
NcBH u;D ? wku
d Bf u;D rSm ae&jcif;? trdu I yf akH y:rSm vJusjcif;? acG;udu
k f cH&jcif;
ponfjzifh jrifruf&wwfygonf/
þodkYaom tdyfrufwdkYrSm ewfjyírufonf[k qdkvdkygonf/
uk o k d v f u H \ tpG r f ; jzif h jzpf v wå H U aom aumif ; usKd ; wd k Y \
a&SUawmfajy;tjzpf? tukokdvfuH\tpGrf;jzifh jzpfvwåHUaom raumif;
usKd;wdkY\ a&SUawmfajy;tjzpfjzifhvnf; tdyfrufrsm; rufvmygonf/
r,f a wmf r[mrm,ma'0D \ qif j zLawmf 0 if v mjcif ; ud k
jrifrufjcif;? aumovrif;BuD;\ EGm;eufav;aumif a0SUrnfa,mif
ponfjzifh (16) csufwdkYudk jrifrufjcif;rsm;rSm uHujyí rufonf[k
qdkvdkygonf/
odkYjzpfí uHt&rSm tdyfrufjrifol\ uH? tjcm;olwdkY\ uH[k
ESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf/ bk&m;avmif;\ bk&m;jzpfcgeD; nu jrifrufaom
 111
tdyrf ufBu;D ig;ckwu
Ykd v
kd nf; uHujyírufjcif;[k qdyk gonf/ tdyrf ufBu;D
jzpfygonf/ r,fawmfrm,m\ tdyfrufuawmh tdyfrufuav;om/

3/ tdyfruf rSef-rrSef
"mwfacsmufcsm;í rufjcif;? cHpm;zl;í rufjcif;wdkYrSm rrSef[k
qdkygonf/ ewfjyírufjcif;rSm rSefonfvnf;&Sd? rrSefonfvnf;&Sd[k
qdkygonf/
ewfwdkYu pdwfqdk;NyD; ysufpD;apvdkaomtcg azmufjyefonf
udkvnf; jyí (taumif;jzpfzG,f&mudk tqdk;? tqdk;jzpfzG,f&mudk
taumif;tjzpfjzifh jywwfaomaMumifh) rrSefonfvnf; &Sdygonf/
ewfwu Ykd cspv
f suf apmifah &Smuf rpvdak omtcgrSmawmh trSef
twdkif;yif jywwfMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh rSefonfvnf; &Sdygonf/
uHujyí jrifrufjcif;rSm vHk;0rSefonf/ vGJrSm;avhudk r&Sd[k
qdkygonf/

4/ tdyfrufrufaom yk*¾Kdvf
tdyfrufrufjcif; taMumif;&if;u av;rsKd;&Sdí tdyfrufvnf;
av;rsKd;yif &Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif wcsKdUtdyfrufwdkYrSm taMumif;ESpfrsKd;
aMumifh rufonfrsKd;vnf; &Sdwwfygonf/
tdyfrufav;rsKd;wdkYudk jrifruf&aomyk*¾Kdvf? rjrifruf&aom
yk*¾Kdvf[k ESpfrsKd;&Sdygonf/
0dyv’moac: azmufjyefjcif;oabm (12) yg;wdkYudk y,fxm;
NyD;aom &[EÅmrsm;? yapöuAk'¨rsm;ESifh or®morÁK'¨rsm;udk tdyfruf
rrufaomyk*¾Kdvf[k qdkxm;ygonf/
azmuf j yef j cif ; oabmwd k Y E S i f h jynh f a eaom aomwmyef ?
ou'g*grf? tem*grfwdkYESifh ykxkZOfyk*¾Kdvfrsm;udk tdyfrufrufaom
yk*¾Kdvfrsm;[k qdkygonf/
 112
acG;? EGm; paom wd&pämefrsm;? wapäo&J paom Nydwåmrsm;ESifh
i&Joil &Jom;wdu Yk vnf; ykxZk Ofy*k K¾ v
d rf sK;d jzpfí tdyrf ufjrifrufonf[k
qdkvdk&ma&mufygonf/ pum;rajymwwfaom ]]vlt}} rsm;rSmvnf;
tdyfrufrufMuygonf/

5/ tdyfrufrufaompdwf
tjynhft0 tdyfaysmfaeolonf b0ifpdwftpOfjzifh touf
&Sifaejcif; jzpfygonf/ b0ifpdwfu Nidrfoufaomoabm&Sdí ukokdvf
oabm? tukokdvfoabm uif;ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ,if;b0ifpdwfjzifh
tdyfaysmfaepOfrSm tdyfrufrufjcif; r&SdEdkifyg/ tdyfaysmfvsuf tdyfruf
rufonf[k ,lvQif tbd"r®ma'oemawmfESifh qefYusifygonf/
tdyfrufonf ½kyfyHktqif;? toH? teHY? t&om? tawGUtxd
tawG;pOf[kqdkaom tm½HkrsKd;jzpfí tdyfrufrufpdwfrSm avmb
ponfwdkYyg0ifaom tukodkvfpdwf? o'¨g? ynm ponfwdkYyg0ifaom
ukokdvfpdwfrsKd;om jzpf&ygonf/ tm½HkudkcHpm;&jcif;oabm (Action
and attendant) jzpf&ygonf/

xdkodkYqdkvQif tjynhft0Edk;aeoludk tdyfrufrufol[k ,l&rnf

avm[k ar;p&m&Sdvmygonf/ tjynhft0 Edk;aeaomolonf oaAÁm
[m&dupdwf (tifjynhftm;jynhf&Sdí uHajrmufatmifaqmif&Gufwwf?
cHpm;wwfaom ukokdvfpdwf? tukokdvfpdwf) wdkYjzifh touf&Sifol
jzpfygonf/ ,if;ukokdvf? tukokdvfpdwfrsKd;jzifh tdyfrufrufjcif;
r&SEd ikd yf g/ tdyrf uf rjzpfEikd yf g/ vufawGUomjzpfEikd o
f nf[k qdv
k kd ygonf/
tu,f í Ed k ; aeaomol u oaAÁ m [m&d u pd w f j zif h
tdyfrufrufonf[k ,lvQif 0de,a'oemawmfESifh qefYusif ygonf/
 113
&[ef;awmfwpfyg;yg;u okuf"mwfudka&GUatmif? xGufatmif
jyKrlvQif tmywfoifhonf[k ynwfxm;aom 0denf;odu©myk'f &Sdyg
onf/ ,if;odu©myk'fawmfü tdyfrufjrifrufí okuf"mwfa&GUoGm;?
xGufoGm;aom &[ef;rsKd;rSmusawmh (taAÁm[m&dujzpfí) tmywf
roifh[k jrwfAk'¨ukd,fawmfwdkif qHk;jzwfcsufcsxm;ygonf/
xdkYaMumifh tdyfrufrufaompdwfrSm -
(1) b0ifpdwfvnf; r[kwf&
(2) oaAÁm[m&du=ukokdvf? tukokdvfpdwfvnf; r[kwf&
(3) taAÁm[m&dupdwf jzpf&rnf[k qdkygonf/
taAÁm[m&dupdwf qdo k nfrmS ukov dk pf w
d af wmh [kwyf gonf/
ukokdvfpdwfjzpfay:onf[k rajymyavmufyg/ tukokdvfpdwfawmh
[k w f y gonf / tuk o k d v f j zpf o nf [ k rajymavmuf y g/ tm½H k u d k
cHpm;jcif;oabm &Sdygonf/ odkYaomf tifjynhftm;jynhf r[kwfyg/ (The
Little action and attendant)

þuJhodkYaom ukokdvfaZmpdwf? tukokdvfaZmpdwfrsKd;udk

]]arsmuftdyfpdwf}} [k ac:ygonf/ arsmufwpfaumif\ tdyfjcif;u
tvGefvsifjrefygonf/ Edk;onfrSmvnf; jrefonf/ (tdyfaysmfjcif;u
b0ifpdwf? Edk;jcif;u ukokdvfpdwf? odkYr[kwf tukokdvfpdwf jzpfyg
onf/) Edk;NyD;vQif NyD;csif;yif udka&Tarsmufu tdyfaysmfwwfjyefygonf/
odkYjzpfí arsmuftdyfpdwf tpOfjzpfí arsmuftdyfaeaomtcg
tMum;tMum;ü ukov dk pf w
d ?f odrYk [kwf arm[tm;Bu;D aom tukov
dk f
pdwfrsm;vnf; wzsyfzsyf nyfnyfygpNrJ jzpfygonf/
arsmuftdyfpdwftpOfrSm ygaomukokdvf? tukokdvfuJhodkYaom
pdwfjzifh tdyfrufjrifrufjcif;jzpfí tjynhft0tdyfaysmfcdkufrSm tdyfruf
rrufyg/ tjynhft0Edk;aecdkufrSmvnf; tdyfrufrrufyg/
 114
6/ tdyfrufu tusKd;ay;-ray;
tdyfaysmfaepOf tMum;tMum; nyfygvmaompdwf jzifh
tdyf wpf0uf? Edk;wpf0uf qdkouJhodkY tcsdefuav; rsm;rSm
td y f r uf jrif r uf y gonf / ,if ; pd w f u av;rS m
uk o k d v f j zpf E k d i f o nf / tuk o k d v f v nf ; jzpf E d k i f y gonf /
tAsmuwvnf; jzpfEkdifygonf/
tdyrf ufxrJ mS bk&m;zl;&jcif;? w&m;em&jcif;? w&m;a[m&jcif;
ponfwdkYudk jrifrufvQif ukokdvfpdwf jzpfygonf/ ukokdvf&ygonf/
(ukokdvf[k rac:avmufaom ukokdvfyif/)
tdyrf ufxrJ mS owf&jcif;? cd;k &jcif;? olrsm;r,m;ESihf nm;&jcif;?
t&ufaomuf&jcif; ponfwdkYudk jrifrufvQif tukodkvfpdwf jzpfyg\/
þodkYaom ukkokdvfa&;? tukokdvfa&; rxif&Sm;bJ tm½Hkudk
qifjcifr½d u
kH av;om jrifrufvQif tAsmuw (0dyguf) pdwf jzpfyg onf/
þ0dygufuawmh ur®oabmr&Sdí tusKd;ay;½dk;xHk;pH r&Sdyg/ ukokdvf?
tukodkvfwdkYuom ur®jzpfí (ur®ypöa,mt&) tusKd;ay; ygonf/
þodYk ay;wwfaomfvnf; tdyrf ufrufcu kd f ur®wu Ykd rl rS&D mu
tm;enf;jcif;aMumifh tifjynhftm;jynhf r[kwfí y#doaE¨tusKd;udk
ray;Edkifyg/ (uHwpfckaMumifh b0wpfckrSm b0opfjzpfcGifh&jcif;udk
y#doaE¨tusKd;[k ac:ygonf/)
y0wådtusKd;udkum; tjcm;ukokdvf? tukokdvfwdkYu 0dkif;0ef;
axmufr tm;ay;vQif jzpfapwwfygonf/ (,ckb0rSmyif jzpfap?
aemifb0rSmjzpfap arG;onfrS aoonfwdkYtMum; touf&SifpOfrSm
tusKd;wpfckck &&Sdjcif;udk y0wådtusKd;[k qdkygonf/)
tdyfrufí okufvTwf&aom &[ef;\ tukokdvfrSm t&m
r[kwfonfjzpfí ]tm;} ay;onfhuHwpfyg; r&Sdjcif;aMumifh bmtusKd;
udkrS ray;[k qdkygonf/
 115
7/ tcsdefESifh tusKd;ay;
tcsdeftm;jzifh aeYydkif;wpfavQmufvHk;rSm jzpfap? nOfhyxr ,H?
'kwd,,H? wwd,,HwdkYrSm jzpfap tdyfrufrufvQif tusKd;ay;onf[k
r&Sdyg/
tm;BuD;aom rdk;aomufcsdfef ]t½kPf} wufrSm tdyfrufjcif;rS
tusKd;ay;ygonf/ aumif;aomtm½Hkudk jrifrufu aumif;usKd;udk
&ygonf/ raumif;aom taMumif;t&mudk jrifrufu raumif;usK;d udk
&ygonf/
pm;xm;aomufxm;cJah om tpma&pmwdu Yk t½kPw f ufcsed üf
aumif;pGmusufNyD;jzpfí cE¨mukd,f&Sd aoG;aMumrsm;twGif; ysHUESHUvsuf
wnf&&dS m ]rS&D m} tm;aumif;aomaMumifh tdyrf ufu tusK;d ay;jcif;jzpf
onf[kvnf; &Sif;jyxm;ygonf/
þpmt& ]]aeYv,frufwm bmrSr[kwyf gbl;}} [k qdck ahJ Mumif;
pma&;ol oabmayguf&ygawmhonf/ rpdk;&drfpmoifom; &Sif;jyí
od&aomtcg pma&;olrufcJhaom tdyfrufrsm;udk jyefvnfoHk;oyf
Munhfrdygonf/
odaYk omf ]t½kPwf uf} rSm rufcohJ nfrsm; r[kwí f tusK;d &Srd nf
r[kwfawmhay/
nae a&mufavNyD/ ae0ifawmhrnf/ pma&;olwdkY tdyf&m
0ifMu&OD;rnf/ onfnt½kPfwufrSm odef;ig;&mqkBuD;aygufaMumif;
tdyfruf jrifrufcsifvSygawmhonf/ uHw&m;ESifh ewftrsm;u jyyg
apom;/
pm<uif; / / tH? |? 3/ 71-74? jAm[®mP0*¾? r[m
(pm<uif
okydeokwå0PÖemrSm vm&Sdygonf/)

2006-ck? ZGefv? a&mifjyefr*¾Zif;

 116

urm&GwfrSonf tnmpk&GmqDodkY
(1)
1367-ckESpf? 0gacgifvqef; (8) &uf? aomMumaeY (12.8.
2005).../ þ&ufpGJonf tjcm;olwdkYtwGuf trSwf&p&m &SdcsifrS
&Sdygvdrfhrnf/ t&Sif£E´mp&d,mbd0HoESifh oufqkdif&m um,uH&SifwdkY
twGufawmh wu,fhudktrSwf&p&m aeYaumif;&ufjrwf jzpfygonf/
t&Sif£E´mp&d,onf xdkaeYeHeufapmapm 5-em&DrSmyif
ouFef;½HkNyD; xD;udkudkifvsuf q&mBuD;OD;jrBudKif\ t*Fvdyfbmom
pmoifausmif;&Sd&m vSnf;wef;(urm&Gwf) odkY <uvmygonf/
yHkrSeftm;jzifh aomMumaeYwdkif; pmoifausmif; ydwfxm;avh
&Sdygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;&Sd&modkY oGm;zdkYrvdkyg/ xdkYjyif eHeuf 8-
em&DrS n 8-em&Dxd ausmif;zGifhavh&Sdjcif;aMumifh eHeuf 5-em&DrSm
<uvmzdkYvnf; rvdkyg/
odkYaomf t&Sif£E´mp&d,vnf; <uvmygonf/ tkwfusif;&Sd
pdefyef;ausmif;rS OD;awaZmbmo? tdrfawmf&mausmif;wdkufrS OD;Zif;
wpfyg;ESifh tjcm;OD;Zif;ESpfyg;wdkYvnf; <uvmMuygonf/ ajcmufem&D
xdk;cgeD;rSmyif q&mBuD;OD;jrBudKifvnf; ausmif;&Sd&modkY a&mufvmyg
onf/
 117
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tzGJUuawmh ausmif;rSmyif ntdyfvsuf
vl a jcmuf & mpmtwG u f xrif ; [if ; rsm; csuf j yKwf M u&ygonf /
vufaxmufq&mrsm;vnf; ausmif;rSmyif ntdyfMuygonf/
pmoifcef; (White Board) ta&SUbuf uyfvsufae&mwGif
ausmif;aqmifawmf? yv’ifawmfESifhwuG Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfjrwfwpfql
pHawmfrlvsuf &Sdygonf/ ½kyfyGm;awmfa&SUü qGrf;? a&csrf;? yef;? qDrDF;rsm;
ylaZmfxm;ygonf/ atmufem;ü uefawmhyGJBuD;rsm;vnf; ylaZmfxm;
ygonf/ xD;? wHcGefESifh atmifoajyrsm;vnf; pkpnf;xm;NyD; &SdMuyg
onf/
ajcmufem&D xdk;NyD;aomtcg oHCmig;yg;wdkYvnf;pHkNyD;? q&m
BuD;vnf;a&mufNyD;? ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;vnf; t½kPfqGrf;rsm; jyifqif
rIrsm;NyD;NyDjzpfí Ak'¨gbdaou taeuZmwif r*FvmBuD;udk pwifMu
ygonf/
Ak'¨gbdaou r*Fvmudk taMumif;jyKí aomMumaeYjzpfaomf
vnf; ausmif;zGifhxm;ygonf/ pmoifvmavh&Sdol &[ef;ig;yg;ESifh
ausmif;om; ausmif;ol wcsKdUwdkYu ajcmufem&Dta&muf <ua&muf
vmMuygonf/ pmoifrnfhaeYawmh r[kwfyg/
Ak'g¨ bdaouNy;D aomtcg q&mBu;D ESihf wynhw
f u Ykd ig;yg;oDv
,lMuygonf/ oHCmawmfwdkYu r*Fvokwf? arwåokwf? arm&okwf?
0¥okwfwdkYESifh *kPfawmfrsm;? ,H'kEédrdwåH*gxm? b0wk oAÁr*FvH *gxm
wdkYudk &GwfzwfylaZmfMuygonf/ t&Sif£E´mp&d,u w&m; tenf;i,f
a[mNyD; q&mBuD;ESifh ausmif;om;wdkYu a&pufcsí ukodkvftrQ a0iS
Muygonf/ ckepfem&Dx;kd cgeD; eHeufcif;onf om"kow H jYkd zifh MunfE;l zG,f
NyD;qHk;oGm;ygawmhonf/
trQa0 om"kac:Ny;D aomtcg qGr;f yGaJ &mufvmygonf/ q&m
Bu;D ESihf wynhrf sm;u uyfvLS Muygonf/ xdaYk emuf vufzuf&nfyv JG nf;
 118
uyfvSLMuygonf/ NyD;vQifNyD;csif; ausmif;om;wdkYu q&mBuD;udk &Sdcdk;
OD;cs uefawmhMuygonf/ xdkYaemuf q&mBuD;u oHCmawmfwkdY\
tcsKdyGJ0dkif;teD; vma&mufqnf;uyfygonf/ ukokdvfrsm; yGm;rsm;vsuf
yif/
t&Sif£E´mp&d,/ / q&m? OD;yOökif;vufaqmifay;wJh "r®
pmtkyfuav;awG zwfjzpf&JUvm;/
q&mBuD;/ / zwfjzpfygw,fbk&m;? OD;yOöif;ydkYay;vdkufwmeJY
wpfNydKufeuf tcsdef&&csif; wef;zwfygw,f/
t&Sif£E´mp&d,onf q&mBuD;\pmoifausmif;wGif pmzwf
wef;rSm ausmif;wufvsuf &Sdygonf/ xdkYjyif vpOfxkwf "r®&HoD?
"r®&wemwdrYk mS aqmif;yg;a&;avh&odS v
l nf; jzpfygonf/ pmrlctwGuf
0w¬KaiGr,lbJ pmtkyfrsm;udk,lNyD; eD;pyf&myk*¾Kdvfrsm;tm; "r®'ge
a0iSavh&Sdygonf/
q&mBuD ; uvnf ; aqmif ; yg;zwf & NyD ; pmquf a &;zd k Y y if
wdkufwGef;cJhygonf/ ]]OD;yOöif;a&;wmu wjcm;olawGeJY rwlbl;?
OD;yOöif;rSm pmayt,ltqaumif;w,f? owdxm;p&muav;awGudk
&atmif&SmEkdifw,f? vwdkif;ygatmif BudK;pm;a&;yg}} [k q&mBuD;
ukd,fwkdif rSmMum;xm;ygonf/
q&mBuD;/ / wynhfawmf a&Tjynfom t.x.u (3) udk
7;15 em&DavmufrSm oGm;&rSmbk&m;/ 'grS tcsdefrDa&mufrSm/ [dkrSm
uav;awGudk pmoifay;zdkYygbk&m;/
t&Sif£E´mp&d, / / aumif;ygw,f? pmoifaecsdefrSm
or®m0gpm? or®mur®EÅr*¾if jzpfwmyJ/ ukokdvf&wmygyJ/ ckeifu
ausmif;om;uvJ ajymxm;NyD;ygNyD/ 'gaMumifh w&m;awmif wdkay;
&wmyJ/ OD;yOöif;u q&mBuD;twGuf ]]Ak'¨udkawGU&Sdjcif;}} taMumif;
wpfem&DcGJavmuf a[may;rvdkY BuHxm;cJhwm/
 119
q&mBuD; / / ukokdvfvkyfMuwmuawmh ausmif;om;
ausmif;olawGu olwdkYapwemeJY ylaZmfay;Muwmyg/ wynhfawmfvJ
ukokdvf,l&wmaygh/ 'gayrJh OD;yOöif;wdkYeJYvJ awGU&atmif vmcJhwmyg
bk&m;/
ck e pf e m&D q ,f r d e pf a vmuf w G i f a&T j ynf o mod k Y q&mBuD ;
xGufcGmoGm;ygonf/ oHCmig;yg;ESifh ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;uawmh
ausmif;rSmyif usef&pfMuygonf/
eHeuf 10;30 em&Daemufydkif;rS ausmif;om; ausmif;ol
ajcmuf&mavmuf vma&mufMurnf jzpfygonf/ ukokdvfyGJ? aysmfyGJrsm;
pwifMurnf jzpfygonf/ &[ef;awmfig;yg;wdkYvnf; jyef<uMuygonf/
]]OD;yOöif;? Munhfay;ygOD;/ bk&m;rSm bmawGvdkao;ovJ}} [k
ausmif;om; udkjrifhjrwfOD;u ar;vmygonf/
t&Si£ f E´mp&d,uvnf; Munhaf y;ygonf/ vdw k mr&Sd jynhpf pkH mG
oyÜm,fvsufyif &Sdygonf/

(2)
t&Si£ f E´mp&d,onf omoeyg&*lausmif;odYk jyefa&muf onf/
qGrf;bkOf;ay;NyD;aemuf vSnf;wef;odkY vmjzpfjyefygonf/ t&Sif
0gao|\ ]]tp tv,f tqHk; oHk;yg;pvHk; jynhfpHkMuygap}} pmrl
uGefysLwmpmpD tyfxm;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
,if;pmrludk ,lNyD;aemuf r[mpnfomoemh&dyfomBuD;rS
0efaqmif e,fvSnhf "r®uxdu t&SifynmaZmw (awmifom) udk
yifhaqmif&ef jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf pmrlu rNyD;yg/
t&S i f 0 gao|ES i f h t&S i f £ E´ m p&d , wd k Y o nf vS n f ; wef ; rS
r[mpnf&yd of m0if? ocifjryef;NcH yJc;l um;Bu;D *dwo f Ykd wuúpjD zifh oGm;yg
onf/ ocifjryef;NcH yJcl;um;BuD;*dwfrS aeYwpfem&Dum;jzifh
 120
tif;waumfxd vdu k Mf uygonf/ tif;waumfrS tnmpk&mG odYk jrif;vSn;f
pD;Mu&ygonf/ tnmpk&GmodkY naeoHk;em&DavmufrSm a&mufygonf/
t&Sif0gao|\ tpDtpOfjzifh tnmpk&Gm w&m;yGJrsm; usif;y
cJhonfrSm oHk;ESpfajrmuf &SdygNyD/ ,ck ]1367} ckESpfwGif rlvtpDtpOf
t& w&m;yGJ ]11} yGJ &Syd gonf/ ,ck 0gacgifvqef; (8) &uf? aomMumaeY
nw&m;yG J u m; wd a rG ; uk q &m OD ; Ed k i f O D ; +a':jrav; rd o m;pk ?
wef c G e f w d k i f & yf xH k ; BuD ; &G m wd k Y \ apwemtopf a Mumif h jzpf a y:
vm&ygonf/
þw&m;yGt J wGuf "r®uxdu&&Szd Ykd vdt k yfvmygonf/ aemufrS
yifh&aom aemufwdk;yGJjzpfí "r®uxduudk tm;emp&m&Sdygonf/
t&Sif£E´mp&d,ESifh "r®uxdu t&SifynmaZmwwdkYu tvGef&if;ESD;
uRrf;0ifMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh t&Sif0gao|u t&Sif£E´mp&d,\
tultnD&,lvsuf yifhjcif;jzpfí w&m;yGJn &GmodkYyifh&mrSmvnf;
t&Sif£E´mp&d,udkyg ac:,ljcif; jzpfygonf/
aemufwdk;yGJyif jzpfaomfvnf; wu,fjzpfvmonfrSm...
]r} wnftvSL&Sifuyif ajcmufOD;jzpfvmygonf/ a':cif0if;
rdom;pk xHk;BuD;&Gm? OD;bcdktm;&nfpl;í OD;wif0if;+a':vdIif rdom;pk
tnmpk&Gm? rdbrsm;tm;&nfpl;í a':pef;Munftm; trSL;xm;vsuf
rpdefvdIif? armifwifxGef; armifESr tnmpk&Gm? ESpfzufrdbwdkYudk
trSL;xm;í udkrif;Edkif+rjzLjzL0if; tnmpk&Gm? 'umBuD;OD;ausmfodef;+
a':cifprf; rdom;pk tnmpk&GmwdkYuvnf; rwnftvSL&Siftjzpf yg0if
vSL'gef; ylaZmfMuygonf/
w&m;yGJwGif 5000d^ ESifhtxuf vSL'gef;vQif rwnftvSL&Sif
[k owfrSwfygonf/ tqdkygtvSL&SifwdkY ESpfouf&m "r®uxdu &Sdxm;
vQifvnf; t&Sif0gao|u yifhay;ygonf/ tvSL&SifwdkYu 5000d^
txufvSLvQif w&m;wpfyGJjzpfatmif awmif;qdkcGifh &Sdygonf/
 121
ae0ifcgeD;rSm um;rsm;jzifh ywf0ef;usif&Sd&Gmrsm;rS w&m;
emvdo k rl sm;udk oGm;a&mufBuKd Muygonf/ w&m;yGNJ y;D vQiv f nf; jyefvnf
ydkYay;Muygonf/
naeajcmufem&DcGJwGif ]]£E´mp&d,? yv’ifwuf "r®uxdueJY
rdwq f ufpum; ajymay;ygOD;}} [k t&Si0f gao|u zdwyf gonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
t&Sif£E´mp&d,u rdwfqufpum;ESifh w&m;emvmMuzdkY taMumif;
wdkufwGef;pum;wdkYudk wpfem&Davmuf ajymygonf/
tdrfrSmxdkifaevQif w&m;emjcif;ukokdvf &rnfr[kwfaMumif;?
"r®uxduwdkY? "r®'getvSL&SifwdkY? w&m;yGJjzpfatmif aqmif&Gufay;ol
t&Sif0gao|wdkYu ay;aeMucsdefrSm vufrvTwfoifhaMumif;? ,lrS
&rSmjzpfaMumif;? ,ckvdk w&m;yGJ&Sd&m vmMujcif;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,fudk
aus;Zl;wif&rSmjzpfaMumif;? w&m;emjcif; ukodkvf&rIrsm;twGuf
aus;Zl;&Sirf sm;url "r®uxdu? "r®'geukov dk &f iS ?f t&Si0f gao|wdt Yk jyif
w&m;emvmolwYkd uk, d w f idk af &myif jzpfaMumif; ponfrsm;udk xnho f iG ;f
a[mjyay;oGm;ygonf/
ckepfem&DcGJwGif "r®uxdu t&SifynmaZmw yv’ifwufNyD;?
]]raMumufolwdkY\ atmifvH}} trnf&Sd w&m;awmfudk a[mawmfrlyg
onf/ udk;em&DcGJwGif ed*Hk;csKyfygonf/
rwnftvSL&Sifrsm;ESifh w&m;emvmolwdkY\ "r®'ge0w¬Krsm;rSm
]94000d} usyf ausmfygonf/ ukokdvfyGJBuD;wpfck NyD;pD;atmifjrif
oGm;ygonf/ w&m;xJrSm rSwfom;p&m rsm;pGmyg&Sdygonf/
ygomPavcl y arma'gaom=ausmuf p m a&;xG i f ;
xm;ouJ h o d k Y a om a'gorsm;u r*f z d k v f w &m;xl ; wd k Y u d k
wm;jrpf w wf M uygonf / xd k Y a Mumif h a,m*D r sm;rS m ,if ;
a'gorsKd;&Sdu 0dyóemjzifh ½IrSwfNyD; azsmufEdkifzdkY ta&;
BuD;aMumif;vnf; yg0ifygonf/
 122
rSefygonf/ wcsKdUurl a,m*DvkyfMu\/ &[ef; oHCmESifh
wnhfolwdkYudk arwåmxm;Mu\/ rkef;zl;oltay:rSm xm;zl;aom a'go
tNid K ;BuD ; ud k u sawmh enf ; enf ; rQ ravsmh M uay/ þuJ h o d k Y a om
ausmufpm=a'go&Sifrsm;twGuf r*fzdkvfw&m;wdkYuvnf; a&SmifcGm
xGufajy;aeMurnfomwnf;/
tck 1367-ckESpfwGif 0gwGif;w&m;yGJaygif; (12) yGJ jzpfoGm;
onf/ rlvpDpOfxm;&if; (11) yGJxJu 0gqdkvjynhf?n wdyd#u"&?
wdyd#uaum0d' pGef;vGef;0dyóemXmecsKyf q&mawmf b'´EÅokE´&
ax&f ]]vrf;aMumif;ESpfoG,f w&m;awmf}} "r®'ge0w¬K 200000d^
ausmfESifh 0gqdkvuG,fn? ajcmufxyfBuD;ausmif;wdkuf? a&Tbkef;jrifh
ausmif;q&mawmf b'´EÅMoo" (c&rf;) omoewuúoDv"r®mp&d,
]]aomuuif ; a0;aeEd k i f a &; w&m;awmf } } "r® ' ge0w¬ K 80000d ^
ausmfwdkYvnf; NyD;oGm;NyD jzpfygonf/
,ck 0gacgifvqef; (8) &uf nw&m;yGJ (aemufwdk;) vnf;
NyD;oGm;ygNyD/ odkYjzpfí þaeYþ&ufonf tjcm;olwdkYtwGuf trSwf
&p&m jzpfcsifrSjzpfrnf qdk&aomfvnf; t&Sif£E´mp&d,mbd0HoESifh
oufqdkif&m um,uH&SifwdkYtwGufawmh wu,hfudktrSwf&p&m
aeYaumif;&ufjrwfom jzpfaMumif; trSwfw& rSwfwrf;wif&ygawmh
onf/
(w&m;yGJ tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; trQa0aomtm;jzifh yl;wGJ
azmfjyvdkufygonf/)

2006-ck? ZGefv? rEkpm&Dr*¾Zif;

 123

t&SiftmeE´m
]]vlrdkufwpfaomif;? csD;rGrf;a&Smif;vnf;
vlaumif;wpfa,muf? jypfwifaMumufavmh}}
þvuFm tydkif;tpuav;udk Ak'¨bmomvdkufemol? pmay
avhvmol trsm;pk &MuodMuNyD;om; jzpfrnf[k ,HkMunfygonf/
þvuFmonf refvnfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; a&;om;cJhaom 20 &mpk
ESpf jrefrmh*E¦0ifusrf; (omoemESpftm;jzifh qdk&ygrl 25 &mpkESpf?
r&r®*ZÆuxmusr;f ) ac: r[mokwum&D-rCa'0vuFmusr;f Bu;D xJu
jzpfygonf/
qdkvdk&if; t"dyÜm,frSm -
]]tdk-pm½Iol-vlrdkufwpfaomif;\ csD;rGrf;rIudk cH,lcGifh&&Sd
yg\/ odaYk omfvnf; xdck s;D rGr;f cH&rIonf oifth wGuf *kPw f uf
p&m? tm;ud;k p&m r[kwcf yhJ g/ oifonf vlaumif;wpfa,muf
\ csD;rGrf;rIudkom cH,lcGifh &&Sdoifhygonf/
]]xdkYaMumifh oifonf vlrdkufwdkY\ uJh&JUcH&rI? csD;rGrf;cH&rI
wduYk kd *kPyf supf &m? tm;ysupf &m? aMumufvefpY &m[lívnf;
rSwfr,lygESifh/ *kPfwufp&m? tm;wufp&m[lívnf; rcH,l
ygESifh/ odkYaomfvnf; vlaumif;wpfa,muf\ csD;rGrf;cH&rIudkrl
oifhtwGuf *kPfwufp&m? tm;wufp&m[lí rSwf,lyg/
 124
]]xdkYaMumifh oifonf vlaumif;rsm;pGm\ uJh&JUrI? jypfwif
cH&rIudk rqdkxm;bd? wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ\ uJh&JUcH&rI? jypfwif
cH&rIudkyif aMumufvefYwwfojzifh uJh&JUrcH&atmif? jypfwif
rcH&atmifaeyg/ (aeyg-jyKrloGm;vm vIyf&Sm;yg? ajymqdk
aygif;oif; qufqHyg? MuHpnf pOf;pm; qHk;jzwfyg/)}} [k
qdkvdkaMumif; pOf;pm;rdygonf/
þavmuü vlrdkuf (rsm;)\ csD;rGrf;cH&aomol? vlrdkuf (rsm;)
\ uJ&h UJ jypfwifc&H aomol? vlaumif; (rsm;) \ uJ&h UJ jypfwifc&H aomol?
vlaumif; (rsm;) \ csD;rGrf;cH&aomol[lí vlav;rsKd;&SdEdkifaMumif;
pma&;ol pwkpuúZ,m; csMunhfrdygonf/
þodkY Z,m;csMunhfaepOf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ csD;rGrf;rI? &Sifom&d
ykwå&m\ csD;rGrf;rI? &Sifr[muóy\ csD;rGrf;rIESifh oHCmawmfrsm;pGm
wdkY\ csD;rGrf;rIwdkYudk cH,lcGifh&&SdcJhaom &SiftmeE´mrax&f taMumif;udk
zwf½IcGifh&&Sdygonf/ tvGefYtvGef tHhMoMunfndKrIrsm; jzpfrdygonf/
pma&;olonf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ uJh&JUjypfwifcH&aom yk*¾Kdvf
ESifh xdkyk*¾Kdvf\ uJh&JUjypfwifcH&atmif jyKrlyHkrsm;udk vnf;aumif;?
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\ f cs;D rGr;f cH&aom yk*K¾ v
d Ef iS hf xdyk *k K¾ v
d \
f cs;D rGr;f cH&atmif
tm;xkwfyHkrsm;udk vnf;aumif; pdwf0ifpm;cJhzl;ygonf/
0denf;yd#uwfawmfvm odu©myk'fawmf (pnf;urf;Oya') rsm;
jzpfay:vmMuyHk 0w¬KZmwfaMumif;rsm;udk oif,lcJhpOfu jrwfpGmbk&m;
\ uJh&JUjypfwifcH&aom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESifh jyKrlyHkrsm;udk awGU&SdcJh&zl;ygonf/
okwåefyd#uwfvm okwåefw&m;awmfrsm; (enf;vrf;Oya'o) udk
ajymjyyHk 0w¬KZmwfaMumif;rsm;udk avhvmrdcJhpOfuvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m;
\ csD;rGrf;cH&aom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESifh csD;rGrf;cH&yHkrsm;udk awGU&SdcJh&zl;ygonf/
xdkxdk uJh&JUcH&ol? csD;rGrf;cH&olrsm;\ b0jzpfwnfcJh&yHk? tqHk;
owf&yHkrsm;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f&m aumif;vSouJhodkY oifcef;pm
,lzG,f&mvnf; aumif;vSygonf/
 125
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf uJh&JUxdkufoludkom uJh&JUawmfrlí csD;rGrf;
xdkufoludkom csD;rGrf;awmfrlaom opöm0g'D jzpfawmfrlouJhodkY xdkxdk
yk*K¾ v
d w
f \Ykd uJ&h UJ xku
d af om tjcif;t&m? cs;D rGr;f xdu
k af om tjcif;t&m
wdkYudkvnf; a0zefydkif;jcm;awmfrlEdkifaom 0dbZÆ0g'D jzpfawmfrlygonf/
avmuom;wdkYuJhodkY vdkaomtcg csD;rGrf;í rvdkvQif uJh&JUaom yk*¾Kdvf
r[kwfygay/
xdkYaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;\ csD;rGrf;cH&olrsm;onfvnf; csD;rGrf;
cHxdkufaom yk*¾Kdvfxl;rsm;jzpfí uJh&JUcH&olrsm;onfvnf; uJh&JUcHxdkuf
aom yk*¾Kdvfxl;rsm;yif jzpfaomaMumifh pdwf0ifpm;p&m? oifcef;pm
,lp&maumif;vSaMumif; pOf;pm;rdygonf/
þodkY pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;vSaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;pGmwdkYwGif
csD;rGrf;cH&aomt&mü ,ckvuf&Sd ax&0g' omoemawmfBuD; tp
OD;ydkif;umvwpfavQmufvHk; tBuD;rm;qHk;aom wm0efBuD;rsm;udk
pGrf;pGrf;wrH pGrf;aqmifcJhol yk*¾Kdvfxl;BuD; t&SiftmeE´monf jrwfpGm
bk&m;\ cs;D rGr;f rIuo kd mru t&Sio f m&dyw
k &å m? t&Sirf [muóy wd\ Yk
csD;rGrf;rIwdkYudkyg cH,lcGifh&&SdcJhojzifh tvGefYtvGef MunfndKp&m
aumif;vSygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf t&SiftmeE´mtm; a&TEIwfawmfzGifh[vsuf
oHCmhpnf;a0;yGJobif twGif;üyif csD;rGrf;awmfrlcJhygonf/
]]&[ef;wd?Yk igbk&m;\wynhjf zpfuek af om? rsm;aomokw
&Sdukefaom &[ef;wdkYwGif (&[ef;wdkYxuf) t&SiftmeE´monf
tjrwfqHk;? tomqHk; jzpfayonf/
]]&[ef;wdkY? igbk&m;\wynhfjzpfukefaom? w&m;awmfudk
aqmif&GufrSwfom;aMumif; owd&Sdukefaom (rarhEdkifaom
owd&Sdukefaom) &[ef;wdkYwGif (0g-&[ef;wdkYxuf) t&Sif
tmeE´monf tjrwfqHk;? tomqHk; jzpfayonf/
 126
]]&[ef;wdkY? ig\ wynhfjzpfukefaom? bk&m;a[mawmf
rlaom enf;tm;jzifh odpGrf;Edkifaom? ÓP*wd&Sdukefaom
&[ef;wdkYwGif (0g-&[ef;wdkYxuf) t&SiftmeE´monf tjrwf
qHk;? tomqHk; jzpfayonf/
]]&[ef ; wd k Y ig\wynh f j zpf u k e f a om? oif , l j cif ; ?
o&ZÑm,fjcif; (&Gwfzwfjyefqdkjcif;) tm;jzifh aqmif&Guf
Edkifaom? 0D&d,&Sdukefaom &[ef;wdkYwGif (0g-&[ef;wdkYxuf)
t&SiftmeE´monf tjrwfqHk;? tomqHk; jzpfayonf/
]]&[ef;wdkY? ig\wynhfjzpfukefaom? jyKpkvkyfauR;wwf
ukeaf om &[ef;wdw Yk iG f (0g-&[ef;wdx
Yk uf) t&Sitf meE´monf
tjrwfqHk;? tomqHk; jzpfayonf}} [lí jzpfygonf/
þonfwdkYum; jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu t&SiftmeE´mtm; {w'*f
ig;wefbGJU csD;jr§ifhawmfrljcif; jzpfygonf/
xdkYjyif "r®aoemywd t&Sifom&dykwå&monf t&SiftmeE´mudk
atmufygtwdkif; vlod&SifMum; csD;rGrf;cJhygonf/
]]t&SiftmeE´monf teuf (tusKd;) üvnf; uRrf;usif
wwfod vdr®mygay\/ t&SiftmeE´monf ygVd (taMumif;)
üvnf; uRrf;usif wwfod vdr®mygay\/
]]t&SiftmeE´monf teufudkjyaom tu©&m (yk'f?
0gus) üvnf; uRrf;usifwwfod vdr®mygay\/ t&SiftmeE´m
onf teufudk xkwfazmfqdkaMumif; 0dN*dK[f0gus (ed½kwådenf;)
üvnf; uRrf;usif wwfod vdr®mygay\/
]]t&S i f t meE´ m onf a&S U pum; aemuf p um;wd k Y \
tquftoG,f (a&SUpum;tzdkYESifh aemufpum; tzdkYwdkYudk
a&maESmjcif;) üvnf; uRrf;usif wwfod vdr®mygay\}}
 127
xdkYjyif t&Sifr[muóy rax&fonfvnf; t&SiftmeE´mudk
þodkY csD;rGrf;awmfrlcJhygonf/
]]t&[wåzv kd o
f Ykd a&mufNy;D aom tmeE´monf wifw h ,f
yg aypG/ aMomf-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdcJhaomf
,aeY tmeE´mtm; rcRwf{uef aumif;csD;ay;&m\/ ,ck
þtcgü igonf jrwfpmG bk&m; ay;awmfrt l yfaom aumif;cs;D
udk (jrwfpGmbk&m;udk,fpm;) ay;aytHh}} [k BuHpnfí ]]om"k?
om"k? om"k}} [k oH;k Burd f >ruf[vsuf aumif;cs;D ay;cJyh gonf/
xdkYjyif yxro*Fg,emwif &[EÅmt&Sif jrwftaygif;uvnf;
t&SiftmeE´m\ csD;rGrf;zG,f&m*kPfwdkYudk 0dkif;0ef;nDnGwfMuvsuf þodkY
csD;usL;avQmufxm;cJhMuygonf/
]]t&Sifbk&m;-t&SiftmeE´monf aou©yk*¾Kdvf jzpfyg
aomfvnf; cspfjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? rkef;jcif;aMumifh
vnf;aumif;? rodjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? aMumufjcif;
aMumifh vnf;aumif;? ra&mufxu dk af om trIoYkd a&mufjcif;iSm
rxdkufyg/ (t*wdav;yg; rvdkufolyg/)
]]t*wdav;yg; rvdkuf½Hkom ruao;yg/ t&SiftmeE´m
onf jrwfpmG bk&m;txHawmfü okweå ?f tbd"r®m? 0denf;wdu Yk kd
rsm;pGm oif,ltyfcJhNyD;olyg bk&m;/ xdkYaMumifh t&SiftmeE´m
udkvnf; (yxr o*Fg,emwif yk*¾Kdvftjzpf) a&G;aumufawmf
rlygbk&m;}} [lí jzpfygonf/
t&SiftmeE´monf azmfjycJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; jrwfpGmbk&m; tp
&Sdukefaom twkr&Sdaom vlaumif;yk*¾Kdvf? twk&Sdaom vlaumif;
yk*¾KdvfwdkY\ csD;rGrf;rI cH,lcGifh&&Sdaom t&Sifjrwfjzpfygonf/ omoem
awmfü jzpfap? avmuü jzpfap csD;rGrf;jcif;? uJh&JUjcif; &SdouJhodkY
 128
uJh&JUcH&ol? csD;rGrf;cH&ol rsm;pGmvnf; &SdcJh? &SdqJ? &SdvwåHUyif jzpfyg onf/
odkYjzpf&mwGif csD;rGrf;cH&aomtcgüvnf; vlaumif; (wdkY) \
csD;rGrf;rI? vlrdkuf (wdkY) \ csD;rGrf;rIudk owdjyKí vlaumif; (wdkY) \
csD;rGrf;rIudk cH,lcGifh&&SdrSom *kPf,lxdkufygonf/ xdkYjyif uJh&JUcH&aom
tcgü vlaumif; (wdkY) \ uJh&JUrIudkcH&rSom 0rf;enf;aemifw jzpfoifh
ygonf/ vlrdkuf (wdkY) \ csD;rGrf;rIudk cH,lrdygu ]]vlrdkufcsD;rGrf;? *kPfem
EGr;f \}} qdok uJo h Ykd jzpf&wwfí vlru kd f (wd)Yk \ uJ&h UJ rIukd cH&yguvnf;
0rf;enf;aemifw jzpf&wwfygonf/
xdaYk Mumifh vlru kd f (wd)Yk \ cs;D rGr;f rI? uJ&h UJ jypfwifrw
I u
Ykd kd rcH,rl zd Ykd
ta&;BuD;vSaMumif; owdjyKoifhygonf/ odkYjzpfí tdk-pm½Iol? oifhtm;
wpfpHkwpfa,mufu csD;rGGrf;aomtcg? odkYr[kwf uJh&JUaomtcg xdk
csD;rGrf;ol? odkYr[kwf uJh&JUjypfwifolonf trSefpifppf vlaumif;jzpf
yg\avm [lívnf; owdjyKum pdppf&rnfom jzpfygonf/
tdk-pm½Iol? oifvnf; owdjyKaumif; jyKrdygvdrfhrnf/ þ
avmuü vlrdkuf (wdkY) \ csD;rGrf;cH&rIaMumifh azmufjyefrSm;,Gif; ysufpD;
jcif;odkY a&mufcJh&olrsm;? vlrdkuf (wdkY) \ uJh&JUcH&rIaMumifh tm;tif
ukefcef; nd§K;EGrf;ausaysmufjcif;odkY a&mufcJh&olrsm; rsm;pGm&Sd (cJh) yg
onf/
vlrdkufwpfaomif;? uJh&JUa&Smif;vnf;
vlaumif;wpfa,muf? csD;rGrf;avmufatmif
apmifha&Smufvsufom? aeMuygpdkY/
(t*Fkwå&ygVdawmf?
oDvu©E¨0*¾|uxmwdkYudk rDS;ygonf/)

2004-ck? azazmf0g&Dv? "r®&HoDr*¾Zif;

 129

yifv,fa&b,frcef;
«u»
bk&m;tavmif;vsmawmfonf av;oacsEF iS hf urÇmwpfoed ;f wdYk
wkdifatmif bk&m;jzpfaMumif; w&m;aumif;udk BudK;pm;awmfrlcJhygonf/
xdkYaMumifh bk&m;jzpfjcif; tusKd;w&m;udk taotcsm &&SdcJhygonf/
bk&m;jzpfjcif;qdo k nfrmS t&[wår*fÓPf+oAÁnKwÓPf ESpyf g;wdu Yk kd
&&Sdjcif;yif jzpfygonf/
,if;ÓPfESpfyg;wdkYudk &&Sdjcif; qdkonfrSmvnf; bk&m;&Sif\
ukd,fawmfpdwfawmfwdkYrSm ,if;ÓPfESpfyg;wdkY jzpfay:vmjcif;yif jzpfyg
onf/ ,if;ÓPfESpfyg;wdkY jzpfay:vmjcif;aMumifh w&m;awmfwdkYudk
tjynhftpHk odawmfrlygonf/ a[mvnf; a[mawmfrlcJhygonf/
xdkYaMumifh jrwfpGmbk&m;udk ]]w&m;ydkif&Sif}} [k ac:qdkMu&ygonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;xHrS w&m;emcGihf &olwrYkd mS vnf; w&m;rsm;pGmudk
od M uygonf / w&m;emí od o l r sm;uvnf ; xyf q if h x k w f a zmf
a[mawmfrlMuygonf/
þodkY a[mawmfrlMu&mwGif rlv"r®ydkif&Sif bk&m;ocifonf
rnfonfhae&m? rnfonfhtcg? rnfonfhyk*¾KdvfxHurS w&m;a[monfh
tzdk;tcudk ,lawmfrrlcJhyg/ w&m;emolwdkYu aus;Zl;odí? tusKd;odí
ylaZmforQwdkYudkom 'ger*Fvm? ylZmr*Fvm jzpfygapjcif;tusKd;iSm
 130
vufcHawmfrlcJhygonf/ xyfqifhyGm;í w&m;a[molwdkYuvnf; bk&m;
&Sif\ ]]rl}} udkom twk,lawmfrlMuygonf/
Ak ' ¨ o moemawmf ü tiS m ;vd k u f a om "r® u xd u [k
r&SdonfrSm aocsmygonf/ xdkYtwl "r®uxduudk iSm;,l
yd k i f q k d i f x m;aom t&S i f o cif [ k v nf ; r&S d p aumif ; yg/
jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh om0uwdkYu tNrJwrf; tcrJh a[mawmf
rlMuygonf/
jrwfpmG bk&m; y&deAd mÁ ef 0ifpaH wmfral omtcg oHCmawmfwu Ykd
bk&m;&Si\ f tarGawmftjzpf ]]"r®}} wdu Yk kd &&Syd ikd q
f idk cf MhJ uygonf/ bk&m;
&Sif\ rsufarSmufawmf om0uoHCmwdkYrS tqifhqifhtm;jzifh ,aeY
acwf &[ef;awmfrsm;onfvnf; bk&m;&SifxHrS "r®tarGawmfwdkYudk
tjynhft0 &&Sdxm;MuqJyif jzpfMuygonf/
xdaYk Mumifh w&m;yGBJ u;D rsm; Ncrd Nhf crd o
hf o
J J xif&mS ;qJyif jzpfaMumif;
rsufjrifukd,fawGU awGUBuHKcHpm;aeMu&ygonf/ 2006-ESpfOD;umv
Zefe0g&D? azazmf0g&DwdkYrSmrl &efukefNrdKUe,frsm;twGif; w&m;yGJrsm;
r&S d a omn[l í r&S d a Mumif ; od & ygonf / om"k a c:zG , f
aumif;vSaypGwum;/
aMomf...om"k-om"k-om"k/

«c»
oufawmfxif&Sm; jrwfbk&m; w&m;a[mvQif rnfolrqdk
vma&mufem,lEdkifygonf/ rnfolrqdk zl;ajrmfMunfndKEkdifygonf/
jyóemr&Sdyg/
om0uoHCmawmfwdkY w&m;a[m&mrSmvnf; tvm;wlyif
jzpfcJhMuygonf/ jyóemr&Sdyg/
 131
,aeYacwfrSmvnf; rnfolrqdk vma&mufí w&m;emcGifh
&Sdygonf/ zl;ajrmfMunfndKcGifh &Sdygonf/ jyóemr&Sdyg/
odkYaomf em,lcGifh zl;ajrmfcGifhtwGuf jyóemr&Sdaomffvnf;
&Sdaom jyóemum; &Sdvmayonf/ "r®uxduq&mawmfwdkYu tc
,lí a&mif;pm;aeMuaomaMumifhrsm; jyóem&Sdvmygovm;/ þ
odu Yk m; r[kww f ef&m/ "r®uxduq&mawmfwu Ykd w&m;awmf udv k nf;
ra&mif;Muyg/ toHawmfuv kd nf; ra&mif;Muyg/ tqif; awmfuv kd nf;
ra&mif;Muyg/
jrwf p G m bk & m;xH r S tarG & xm;aom w&m;awmf w d k Y r S m
oufqkdif&m "r®uxduq&mawmf wpfyg;ydkif r[kwfyg/ yifv,f a&
jzpf y gayonf / rnf o l r qd k vd k o vd k toH k ; jyKEk d i f M uygonf /
þoabmwdu Yk kd "r®uxduq&mawmfrsm;u taotcsm odawmfrMl uyg
onf/
xdkYaMumifh ]]em,lvdkolwdkif; vmemMuyg/ zl;ajrmfvdkolwdkif;
vmzl;Muyg}} [k wr*Fvm rqdkMuaomfvnf; cGifhjyKxm;NyD;om;yif
jzpfMuygonf/ odkYjzpfí ay:vmaomjyóemqdkonfrSm "r®uxdu
q&mawmfwdkYaMumifh r[kwfaMumif; tvGefaocsmvSygonf/
odq
Yk v kd Qif b,foaYl Mumifh b,foaYkd om jyóemrsm; ay:vm&
ygoenf;/

«*»
jyóemu rlydkifcGifh jyóemyg/ w&m;udkydkifcGifh r[kwfyg/
w&m;udk jrwfpGmbk&m;u ydkifygonf/ oHCmawmfwdkYu ydkifygonf/
"r®uxduq&mawmfwpfyg;u a[maomw&m;qdkvQif a[mjyaom
"r®uxduu ydkifygonf/
 132
rSefygonf/ "r®uxduu umv? a'o? yk*¾v ponfwdkYESifh
nDatmif a'oemÓPfjzifh csifhcsdefvsuf vHkUvya,m* pdkufxkwf
xm;&NrJjzpfí ]]"r®uxdu\w&m;? "r®uxduu ydkifqkdifaomw&m;}}
[k qdk&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tjcm;aom "r®uxduu rlv"r®uxdu
wpfyg; a[mxm;cJhaom w&m;wdkYudk ]]ighw&m;}} vkyfNyD; vlwGifus,f
rvkyfaumif;awmhay/ rl&if;a'oemawmfudk ,lí rdrdya,m*? rdrd
ÓPfjzifh a[mEdkifovdk a[mcGifh ydkifqkdifcGifhom &Sdygonf/
rl&if; a'oemawmfw&m;onfum; ]]yifv,fa&}}/ xdkYaMumifh
tjcm;aom "r®uxduwdkYuvnf; udk,fhenf;ukd,fh[efjzifh omoem
jyKawmfrlEdkifMuygonf/
]]tdk...'Dvdkqdk rlydkifcGifhqdkwm b,fuay:vmygovJ}}/

«C»
w&m;yGJ rSwfwrf;wif½dkuful;olwdkYaMumifh ,if;w&m;yGJESifh
ywfoufaom rlydkifcGifhjyóem ay:vm&ygonf/
rS w f w rf ; wif o l w pf O D ; u tjcm;rS w f w rf ; wif o l r sm;tm;
cGirhf jyKEidk yf g/ tb,faMumifq h akd omf xdw
k &m;yGt J pDtpOfEiS hf w&m;awmf
wdkYudk aps;uGufwifvdkaomaMumifh [lay\/ tHhMop&mygwum;/
xdkyk*¾Kdvftm; rlydkifcGifhudk rnfolu ay;oenf;/ xdkw&m;yGJESifh
ywfoufí rlydkifcGifh ay;Ekdifolum; tb,foljzpfygoenf;/
w&m;awmfEiS h f ywfoufí rlyik d cf iG ah f y;Ekid of rl mS "r®uxdu omvQif
tppftrSef jzpfygonf/ "r®uxduq&mawmfu ,if;w&m;udk BuKduo f vdk
oH;k pGEJ id k yf gonf/ od&Y k mwGif "r®uxdu q&mawmfu rnfoY l tm; ]]rlyik d cf iG }h f }
ay;ygrnfenf;/ b,fou Y l rk d Q ay;rnfr[kwyf g/ ray; aumif;yg/
 133
"r®uxdu\ cGifhjyKcsufrSm rnfolrqdk vma&mufí w&m;
em,lMuyg/ zl;ajrmfMunfndKvSnhfMuyg/ w&m;awmfwdkYudk rSwfom;
aqmifxm;awmfrlMuyg/ em;jzifh? pdwfjzifh rrSwfrdí uufqufjzifh
toHzrf;,lNyD; txyfxyf em,lrSwfom;vdkvQif toHzrf;xm;Muyg
[lav\/
þodYk toHzrf;,l&mü rnforYl mS zrf;,lciG &hf adS p? rnforYl mS awmh
zrf;,lcGifhr&Sdap&[k cGJjcm;csuf r&Sdyg/
þodkYvQif w&m;yGJESifhywfoufí wu,hfrlydkifyk*¾Kdvfu bmrS
rowfrSwf? rcGJjcm;ygbJESifh jyóemu wufvm&ao;ovm;/

«i»
wufvmygao;onf/ wufyHkum; yk*¾KdvfwpfOD;u rSwfwrf;
wif ½dkuful;ygonf/ rlydkif&SifBuD; [lay\/ olYbmomolay;NyD;
olYbmomol,lxm;aom bGJUxl;BuD; jzpfayowwf/ rSwfMuava&mh/
tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfuvnf; ½dkuful;rSwfwrf;wifonf/ rlydkif&Sifawmh
r[kwf/
þyk*K¾ v d Ef pS Of ;D wdYk ½du
k u
f ;l rSww
f rf;wifMu&mü ]]jzefaY 0zd}Yk } qkad om
&nf & G , f c suf c sif ; u vmíwl a eMuavonf / þae&mwG i f
aps;uGufjyóemBuD; wufvmygawmhonf/
yk * ¾ K d v f w pf O D ; u tustepD r H í aps;uG u f a jrmuf a tmif
aqmif&Gufygonf/ tjcm;olurl vdktyfolwdkYtm; "r®'getaejzifh
ypönf;zdk;? acGzdk;om,lí jzefYa0ygonf/
þodkYjzifh tustepDrHcsufrsm; aps;uGuf0ifvmcsdefrSm w&m;
vdkufpm; vltrsm;u w&m;acGrsm;&&SdNyD; jzpfaeMuaomaMumifh
aMu;wufaom aps;uGufu roGufawmhay/ xdktcg "r®'ge jzefYa0ol
tay: rausrcsr;f jzpfum tjiif;yGm;&onft h jzpfoYkd a&mufawmhonf/
 134
«p»
trSefrSmrl "r®ESifhpyfí pD;yGm;vkyfolwdkif;rSm "r®udk jA[®pdk&f
apmifhonfh taersKd;jzifh BudK;pm;oifhvSayonf/ þrQxd rpGrf;Edkif
vQifum; "r®udk apwemapmifhonfhtqifhawmh &Sdoifhygonf/
w&m;awmfESifh axmufulypönf;[k ESpfrsKd;&Sd&m BuD;jrwfvSpGm
aom w&m;awmfwdkYudk tao;tzGJjzpfaom axmufulypönf;rsm;\
wefzdk;jzifh olydkif-igydkif vufqkyfudkifxm;zdkYqdkwmBuD;u t½kyfqdk;vS
ygonf/
axmufulypönf;twGufaMumifh rlydkifcGifhvkyfxm;vQif 0ufvl;
usif;ü toGif;cHxm;&aom &wema&Tjrif;uJhodkY w&m;awmfrsm;vnf;
tusOf;usjcif;odkY a&mufMu&&Smayvdrfhrnf/
armfawmfum;rsm;pGm xkwfvkyfcJhaom FORD ukrÜPDydkif&Sif
[ife&DzdkY'fuawmifrS -
(1) ighum;udk vlwum pD;Ekdifap&rnf/ (vlwumwdkY oGm;vm
o,f,l vG,fulcsrf;omapzdkY olYukrÜPDu um;xkwfvkyfonf r[kwf
ygvm;/)
(2) ighum;udk aps;tenf;qHk;jzifh a&mif;csEkdif&rnf/ (aps;ouf
omrSom qif;&Jom;wdkYyg 0,f,loHk;pGJEkdifMurnf r[kwfygvm;/
oluY rk P
Ü xD w
k f um;awGa&m? olv Y yk if ef;awGyg wGiu
f s,Bf u;D xGm; tusK;d
rsm;rnf r[kwfygvm;/)
(3) ighum;udk ta<u;0,f,lcGifh &Sdap&rnf/ (aiGtaus ay;&
vQif 0,f,loHk;pGJolwdkYtay:rSm 0efBuD;wpfck wifaeMuayvdrfhrnf)
[k tcdkiftrm cH,lcsufxm; usifhoHk;oGm;cJhonf r[kwfygavm/
vlwumwdkYtay:rSmxm;onfh [ife&DzdkY'f\ apwemavmuf
awmh apwemxm;oifhygonf/
 135
rSeyf gonf/ "r®onf ay:cku d rf mS aps;aygaygjzifh 0,fpak vSmifí
&Sm;csdefa&mufrS aps;BuD;BuD;jzifh azmufa&mif;&aom ukefypönf;rsKd;
r[kwfaMumif; owdxm;rdzdkY ta&;BuD;vSygonf/
uk, d uf sK;d oufoufom Munhw f wforl mS apwemaumif;vnf;
ruyf? jA[®pdk&f"mwfvnf; rudef;í i&JrD;rNidrf;Edkif &Sdayawmhrnf/
i&JrD;u a0;ygao;onf/ tckb0rSmyif rD; (11) wefxJu
tOD;tp avmbqdk;BuD;u rD;xaeayawmhrnf/ tjzpfu qdk;vSygbd/
vkyfief;u ]]"r®}}? vlrSmu ]]t"r® avmb}}/
wpfzufu ]]a&rIwf}}? wpfzufrSmu ]]rD;p}}/
]]rD;rsm; rD;Edik ?f a&rsm; a&Ekid }f } qdo
k nfukd Mum;zl;í rD;udak &jzifh
Nid§rf;vsuf at;udef;qdkufMuygap [líom/

2006-ck? Mo*kwfv? "r®&wemr*¾Zif;

 136

odum© um& pmpOf ( 1 )

vlYavmuü odcsifwmawG trsm;BuD;/

odoifhwmawGvnf; trsm;BuD; &Sdaeyg\/
odoifhwmawGxJu tcsKdUtcsufonf
trsm;BuD; ESpfckaygif;xuf ydkrdkí
rsm;vnf;rsm;\/ jym;vnf;jym;\/
xdkya[Vd\ tajzrSefu b0\tjrifhqHk;odkY
ydkYay;ygvdrfhrnf/
rpdk;&drfpmoifom; \vuf&m
tMum; tjrifESifh ,Mwm
pmtkyfudk zwfMunhfyg/
ESvHk;vSpmaywdkufu xkwfa0jzefYcsdxm;ygNyD/
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf --3 2 0 6 8 5 0 6 1 0
 137

odum© um& pmpOf ( 2 )

- Ak'¨bmom0if ppfppf jzpfvdkygovm;...

- tqif h j rif h wef z d k ; &S d v l o m;
jzpfvdkygovm;...
- rdrd\toufESifh rdrd\b0udk tEÅ&m,f
uif;atmif apmifha&Smufvdkygovm;...
- enf;vrf;udkodvQif vG,fulygonf/
þpmtkyfudk zwfMunfhyg/

rpdk;&drfpmoifom; \
omoemapmifU ewfBuD;ESifU tdrf NcH ajr oefhpifenf;
ESvHk;vSpmaywdkufu xkwfa0jzefYcsdxm;ygNyD/
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf --3 2 0 4 6 9 0 7 0 7
 138

L
oHo&mc&D;ü
vrf;aysmufol....vrf;rSm;ol....vrf;jyol....
xdkoHk;OD;om;? c&D;oGm;wdkY?
trSm;r&Sd? yGm;owd &SdMuap&ef.....
t&Sdefjzifh ckwfarmif;vmaom
c&D;onfwif rD;&xm;BuD;wpfpif;
vrf;vTJvrf;ajymif; jyKvkyf&ol tvHjyorm;
tpdrf;-teD tjyrSm;vQif...
tawG;tjrif &Sifoefxufjrufa&; edrdwfyHk
rm&fewfESifU &SifOy*kwf
ESvHk;vSpmaywdkufu xkwfa0jzefYcsdxm;ygNyD/
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuf - 3 2 0 7 2 3 1 0 0 7
139