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TAF. Benitaryani1, PD. Utomo2
1Medical Doctor, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia 2Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sardjito Hospital
Figure 5. Diagrams show normal development of the frontonasal region. (a) Early in gestation, the frontal
BACKGROUND: Encephalocele is herniation of intracranial contents through the neural tube defect. bone (superior arrow) is separated from the nasal bone (inferior arrow) by a small fontanelle or fonticulus
These lesions are classified by their contents and location. Data on the prevalence of encephaloceles DISCUSSION: The category of congenital lesions includes the rare developmental midline nasal frontalis (F). A small remnant of the prenasal space remains anterior and inferior to the intracranial
range from 1 in 2500 to 1 in 25000 normal births. Meningocele is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled hemial foramen cecum (C). Beneath these structures lies the cartilaginous nasal septum (S) or capsule. (b) With
masses in children.1 Such anomalies may be understood by studying their anatomy and embryologic
sac, lined and covered by meninges. Meningoencephaloceles may be subdivided into occipital, parietal, continued growth, the frontal and nasal bones fuse, creating the frontonasal suture between them. The
development. Potential intracranial extension or connection, if present, has implications for treatment
basal and syncipital. The syncipital group has been divided into three types which comprise fronto- foramen cecum (arrowhead) becomes shallower, and the crista galli (*) forms. The septum (S) grows
and prognosis. In patients with this type of lesion, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is essential to anteriorly and fuses with the nasal bones, obliterating the prenasal space.
ethmoidal (subdivided by facial skeleton exit site into naso-frontal, naso-ethmoidal and naso-orbital),
characterize and map the lesions. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) may be helpful in older Smith et al. states that cysts containing brain tissue, even if a link with the brain can not be
interfrontal and those associated with craniofacial clefts. This paper reports a case of congenital fronto-
children, but a lack of ossification at the base of the skull in very young children may simulate defects. demonstrated, should be regarded as encephaloceles.5 As in the cases reported by various authours, our
ethmoidal meningoencephalocele which is rare.
patient had a naso-ethmoidal meningoencephalocele of the fronto-ethmoidal type because the hernial
Development of the nose and the nasal cavities occurs between 3 and 10 weeks of gestation.2,3 By the opening was situated more laterally between the frontal and nasal bones.6,7 Because of their position
CASE REPORTS: A 5-months-11-days-old girl, with major complaint of frontal swelling between the 10th week, the palatal shelves and the inferior septum fuse to form the secondary palate.2 and size, fronto-ethmoidal meningoceles and meningoencephaloceles cause alterations and distortions
eyes since birth and progressively enlarged in size. The swelling inflated when crying or straining, and of the surrounding facial structures such as displacement of the medial orbital walls, the entire orbits,
sometimes deflated according to her intracranial pressure at the moment. When hospitalized, the telecanthus and hypertelorism.8 Patients with this malformation demonstrate swellings of varying size in
patient once vomited unexpectedly. the glabella- nasal region. These swelling may be sessile or pedinculated. On palpation the mass may be
solid and firm or soft and cystic. The contents of the sac mostly consists of glial tissue, often infiltreted
with fibrous trabeculae. The skin over the mass may be normal in appearance, thin and shiny or thick and
wrinkled. Hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis may be noted. Visual acuity may be decreased.
Strabismus and lacrimal obstructions, resulting in epiphora and/or dacryocytitis can be observed .9
Figure 4. Diagrams show normal development of the nasal cavities. Black and white areas indicate the
turbinate anlagen. n = nasal cavity, o = oral cavity, p = palatal shelves, s = septum, t = tongue. (a) At 9 Differential diagnosis should be made from traumatic encephalocele, ethmoid-frontal sinus mucocele,
weeks of gestation, the cartilaginous nasal septum directly overlies the buccal cavity. (b) A few days neurinoma, hemangioma and glioma. Diagnosis or clinical recognition might not be easy if the cerebral
later, the inferior nasal cavity widens and the palatal shelves assume a more horizontal orientation. (c) hernia is confined mainly within the nose. A common feature of encephaloceles that enter the nasal and
Figure 1. The smooth and rounded swelling seen over the nose of the patient
Close to the 10th gestational week, the palatal shelves begin to approach each other, the primitive nasopharyngeal space is impairment of nasal airway. These lesions are easily mistaken clinically for nasal
turbinates start to take shape, and the nasal septum begins to descend. (d) At the end of the 10th week, polyps or tonsiller hyperplasia.
the palatal shelves fuse at the midline to form the secondary palate, which fuses superiorly with the nasal Confirmatory diagnosis of frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele is made by Head Non-contrast MSCT
septum. The oral and nasal cavities now are separated, and the turbinates are almost fully formed. Scan. It helps to understand about bony abnormalities in the skull and soft-tissue components of the
brain.
The nasofrontal fontanelle, or fonticulus frontalis, temporarily separates the nasal and frontal bones (Fig
5a). Simultaneously, the transient prenasal space separates the nasal bones and the underlying
Figure 2. Midsagittal Non-contrast MSCT Scan image shows a nasoethmoidal encephalocele (E) cartilaginous nasal capsule.4 A diverticulum of dura mater extends from the anterior cranial fossa
under the nasal bone. A stalk (*) connects the encephalocele with the intracranial brain. through a foramen into the prenasal space. This diverticulum briefly contacts the skin at the tip of the CONCLUSION: We reported a case of Frontoethmoidal Meningoencephalocele. Head Non-contrast
nose before retracting back into the cranium. The nasal and frontal bones fuse, obliterating the MSCT Scan is an important imaging modality to help the radiologist and clinician determine a specific
fonticulus frontalis and forming the frontonasal suture (Fig 5b). The prenasal space becomes smaller with diagnosis.
growth of the adjacent bone structures and eventually is reduced to a small blind canal (the foramen
cecum of frontal bone) anterior to the crista galli. Finally, the foramen cecum is filled by fibrous tissue.
ACKNOWLEDGES AND REFERENCES:
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Figure 3. Head Non-contrast MSCT Scan showed hypodense lesions in both anterior orbital cavities, and on the
accompanied by more numerous intracranial anomalies and incur a worse prognosis. 4. Lowe LH, Booth TN, Joglar JM, Rollins NK. Midface anomalies in children. RadioGraphics 2000;20:907–922.
5. Paller AS, Pensler JM, Tomita T. Nasal midline masses in infants and children: dermoids, encephaloceles and gliomas. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127:362–366.
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right anterior cranial fossa. A widened subarachnoid space in the right anterior cranial fossa is communicated with 7. Swanwela C, Suwanwela N: A morphological classification of sincipital encephalomeningocele. J Neusurg 36:201-211, 1972.
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