English 9

William Shakespeare
-an English poet, dramatist, playwright and actor often called the English national poet and
considered by many to be the greatest dramatist of all time.
-His father was John Shakespeare, a successful local businessman. While his mother was
Mary Arden, came from an ancient family and was the heiress to some land.
-He married Anne Hathaway.
-He wrote 38 plays, 158 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses.
-He had three children.
The Seven Ages of Man
1. The infant
2. The whining school boy
3. The lover
4. The soldier
5. The justice/judge
6. The old man
7. The death/dotage/very old man
Onomatopoeia
-a word that sounds like what it is describing. It creates sound effect.
Alliteration
-the repetition of every words beginning sounds.
Example: Sally sells sea shells.
Assonance
-the repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close together.
Example: Uncertain rustling of each purple curtain.
Consonance
-the repetition of consonant sound within and at the end of the words.
Example: The rising sun criticizes the flowers as it scorches their lazy petals.
Rhyme
-the ending sounds of words are repeated.
End rhyme
-rhyming words appear at the end of the lines.
Internal rhyme
-rhyming words appear within the line.
Blank verse
-a poetry with an unrhymed iambic pentameter lines that was widely used by Shakespeare.
Holo rhyme
-when the words of two entire lines sound alike.
Cross rhyme
-when the sound at the end of the intervening lines are matched.
Capitalization
 Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence.
 Capitalize a proper noun.
 Capitalize a person's title when it precedes the name. Do not capitalize when the title
is acting as a description following the name.
 Capitalize the person's title when it follows the name on the address or signature.
 Capitalize the titles of high ranking government officials when used before their
names. Do not capitalize the civil title if it is used instead of the name.
 Capitalize any title when used as a direct address.
 Capitalize points of the compass only when they refer to specific regions.
 Always capitalize the first and last words of titles of publicationd regardless of their
parts of speech.
 Capitalize federal or state.
 Capitalize the first word of a salutation and the first word of a complimentary close.
 After a sentence ending with a colon, do not capitalize the first word if it begins a list.
 Do not capitalize names of seasons.
Punctuation
 Comma (,)
-use commas to separate independent clauses in a sentence.
-use commas after introductory words, phrases or clauses that come before the main
clause.
-use a pair of commas to separate an aside from the main body of the sentence.
-use a comma to shift between the main discourse and a quotation.
 Period (.)
-To end a sentence.
-For abbreviations.
 Question Mark (?)
-It goes at the end of a sentence which is a question.
 Exclamation Point (!)
-Used in ending extreme emotions expressed in a sentence.
 Quotation marks (“”)
-used to quite another person's words exactly, whether they can be spoken, or written.
-used to denote irony or sarcasm, or to note something unusual about it.
 Colon (:)
-used after a complete statement in order to introduce one or more directly related
ideas, such as series of directions, a list, or a quotation or other comments illustrating
or explaining the statement.
-used to separate chapter and verse from the bible or to separate hours, minutes and
seconds.
 Semicolon (;)
-to join related independent clauses in compound sentence.
 Apostrophe (‘)
-to form possessives of nouns.
-to show the omission of letters.
-to show contraction.
 Parentheses ( () )
-occasionally and sparingly used for extra, non-essential material included in a
sentence.
 Hyphen (-)
-used to join two or more words together into a compound term and is not separated
by spaces.
 Dash
-used to separate words into statements. There are two common types: en dash and
em dash.
En dash- to
Em dash- convey an abrupt change
Paraphrasing
-defined as putting into your own words or texts that are originally from the author.
-plagiarizing other's works.
-rewording or using different words of something written texts/context.
Strategies
 Reword
-replace words and phrases with synonyms whenever you can.
 Rearrange
-rearrange words with sentences to make new sentences. You can rearrange the
ideas presented within the paragraph.
 Realize
-some words and phrases cannot be changed names, dates, titles, etc., but you can
present them differently in your paraphrase.
 Recheck
-make sure that your paraphrase conveys the meaning as the original text.
Beowulf
-an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines.
-the oldest surviving Anglo-Saxon epic poem.
-the author was an anonymous.
Germanic Tribes
 Anglos
 Saxons
 Jutes
Character
 Beowulf
-A Geatish hero who fights in the Royal Hall and its residents from the monster
Grendel.
 Grendel
-usually depicted as a monster or giant.
 King Hrothgar
-legendary Danish king of the sixth century.
Epic Poem
-a long narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic
deeds and events significant to a culture or nation.
Kennings
-combine two words to create an evocative and imaginative alternative word.
Lyric Poetry
-which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person.
Epic Poetry
-a long, narrative poem that tells about the adventures of a hero who reflects the ideals
and/or values of a nation or race.
Transitional Devices
-words or phrases that help carry a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to
another, or from one paragraph to another.
-also known as “Sequence Markers or Signals.”
To add
 And/and then
 Again
 Besides
 Equally important
 Nor
 Too
 Next
  Lastly
 In addition
 Further/Furthermore
 What's more/Moreover
 Finally
To compare or contrast
 Whereas
 But
 Yet
 On the contrary
 By comparison
 Compared to
 Although
 Conversely
 However
 Nevertheless
 Meanwhile
 In contrast
To prove
 Because
 For
 Since
 For the same reason
 Furthermore
 Moreover
 Indeed
 In fact
 In addition
 In any case
 Obviously
 Evidently
To show exception
 Yet
 Still despite
 Of course
 However
 Nevertheless
To summarize or conclude
 In brief
 On the whole
 Summing up
 To conclude
 In conclusion
 As I have shown
 As I’ve said
 Hence
 Therefore
 Accordingly
 Thus
 As a result
 Consequently
To show time
 Immediately
 Thereafter
 Soon
 Next
 Then
 Later
 Previously
 Formerly
 First, second, etc.
 Finally
 After a few hours
To emphasize
 Definitely
 Extremely
 Obviously
 Indeed
 Never
 Certainly
To give an example
 For example
 For instance
 In this case
 In another case
 In this situation
 To demonstrate
 To illustrate
 As an illustration
To show sequence
 First, second, third and so forth
 Next
 Then
 At this time
 Afterward
 Subsequently
 Simultaneously
 Thus
 Hence
 Therefore
 Soon