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All content following this page was uploaded by Eric Louis Holzman on 21 March 2016.
Daniel S. Welle
Dept. Of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Delaware
311 Dupont Hall
Newark, DE 19716 USA
Tel: +1 (302) 831-8784
Email: weile@ee.udel.edu
Modern Antenna Handbook, edited by Constantine A. Balanis, tions. Chapter 3 covers waveguide antennas, with an emphasis on
New York, John Wiley & Sons, 2008 xviii+1680 pages, ISBN 978- design and detailed examples. The last twenty-five pages are
0-470-03634-1. devoted entirely to fabrication, and describe materials, machining,
and environmental conditions. Chapter 4 provides a summary of
Chapter 1 provides the reader with a good review of the Reconfigurable antennas as achieved through redistribution
fundamentals of antennas, quoting often from the IEEE Standard of currents by diodes in an aperture are discussed in Chapter 8. A
Definitions of Terms for Antennas (IEEE Std 145-1983). The text large variety of electrically large and small examples are featured,
on circular polarization explains well the commonly confused rela- including single patch and dipole antennas, a reflector, a reflectar-
tionship between the transmitting and receiving modes of antenna ray, and patch and slot arrays. Chapter 9 has the general title
operation. The table at the chapter's end is an excellent summary "Wideband and Traveling-Wave Antennas," but the chapter con-
of important antenna parameters and formulas. centrates on three antennas: biconical, helical, and Yagi-Uda. I
have not seen so much detail on biconical and bowtie antennas in
The nine chapters of the next part of the book overview any other book. Chapter 10 is devoted to small and fractal anten-
antenna elements. Chapter 2 discusses dipoles, monopoles, and nas, with emphasis on the former. The author reviews fundamental
loops, combining theory with brief discussions of some applica- bandwidth properties and limitations of antennas, and then dis-
IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vel. 51, No. 6, December 2009 135
cusses small dipoles and loops. Three sections cover self-resonance particularly on different element types. The section on numerical
and impedance matching, and optimizing bandwidth. Only in the analysis methods is standard, and it leaves out the most-challeng-
final section do fractal antennas receive attention. ing aspect of this topic: analyzing the effect of an FSS on an inte-
grated antenna or array, a potentially memory-intensive problem.
Part 3 of the handbook contains three chapters on arrays and The last section focuses on non-ideal implementation issues,
synthesis methods. The best of these is Chapter 11, "Arrays and including those introduced by curved screens and terahertz fre-
Smart Antennas." Adhering to the overarching philosophy of the quencies.
handbook, the chapter discusses only wireless applications. Perti-
nent array theory is briefly presented. After a page on propagation Chapter 17 covers RF micro-electromechanical systems (RF-
models, smart antennas are explored in depth, including algorithms MEMS) and micro-machined antenna applications. Most of the
for beamforming, their advantages for wireless communications, chapter concentrates on the RF-MEMS switch, and its use in
and implementation and system-level issues. One page on multi- reconfigurable printed antennas and phase shifters. Micromachin-
ple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) systems concludes the chapter. ing planar antenna structures to improve their performance con-
Generous use of examples and tabular comparisons enhance under- cludes the chapter.
standing of the concepts.
Chapter 18 breaks from the motif of the previous four chap-
Chapter 12, on wideband arrays, describes three different ters by turning to feed antennas, which are associated with secon-
approaches to wideband antenna design, written by three groups of dary antennas such as reflectors. A summary of feed parameters,
authors. Perhaps the most interesting approach is Ben Munk's cur- such as gain, polarization, and bandwidth, is followed by extensive
rent-sheet array (CSA) concept, based on capacitively coupled coverage of a wide variety of feed types, grouped broadly: circular,
dipole elements over a ground plane. Workers at Harris Corpora- rectangular, planar, linear, and compound. The key components
tion have developed a number of unusual multi-octave CSA pro- that excite the feed, such as diplexers and beamforming networks,
totypes, which are described in considerable detail. I had not seen are also discussed. Throughout the chapter, the author gives plenty
this material before. The next section of the chapter is devoted to of useful design equations and graphs.
more-traditional arrays of Vivaldi printed radiators. The last sec-
tion covers fragmented arrays, which use multilayer, highly opti- Chapters 19 and 20 are devoted to the topic of antenna meas-
mized versions of printed antennas: what I would call fancy bowtie urements. Chapter 19 concentrates on near-field scanning, and is
elements. Like bowties, these elements radiate forward and back- divided into two main sections. The first provides a theoretical
ward, so that lossy material is required to eliminate resonances background, and the second covers the practical implementation of
caused by an underlying ground plane. planar, spherical, and cylindrical scanning systems. There is a brief
discussion on measurement uncertainty at the end of the chapter,
Chapter 13 briefly overviews practical synthesis methods for which includes two tables that provide quantitative estimates of the
antenna and arrays. Standard shaped-beam and low-sidelobe syn- uncertainty levels from a variety of sources encountered during the
thesis are first reviewed, followed by a more interesting discussion measurement of a low-sidelobe array. Chapter 20, adapted from
on pole-residue methods for time- and frequency-domain synthesis. Chapter 17 of Balanis' Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, dis-
cusses the practicalities of antenna measurements from a more
general perspective. Topics include antenna ranges, microwave
Part 4, on antenna structures and techniques, begins with absorber, instrumentation, and measurement of radiation patterns,
Chapter 14, an excellent tutorial on negative-refractive-index gain, directivity, radiation efficiency, impedance, current, and
transmission-line metamaterials for antennas. With many practical polarization. The last section is a qualitative overview of meas-
examples, it avoids dwelling heavily in the theoretical world. urement troubleshooting.
Antenna-related structures are created by loading transmission
lines with reactive elements. Such devices include phase-shifting Chapter21, a very good review of antenna scattering, does not
lines, high-directivity couplers, broadband baluns, series power seem to fit the Handbook's wireless theme. Many relevant exam-
dividers, and series-fed printed dipole arrays having reduced beam ples and drawings illustrate the concepts well. Antenna scattering
squinting, leaky-wave antennas. A wealth of photographs of real- modes and impedance effects on scattering are described, leading
ized hardware and measured results complement the discussion. to a total radiation and scattering formulation. A section on
antenna-structure scattering discusses shaping, discontinuities,
Chapter 15, on artificial impedance surfaces for antennas, absorbers, and cancellation. After a brief discussion of array scat-
focuses mainly on author Sievenpiper's mushroom-type high- tering, the chapter concludes with radomes and frequency-selective
impedance surface and its applications. Even so, many of the ideas surfaces.
are of general applicability. After a thorough explanation of the
Sievenpiper surface - including a useful design section - a number The seven chapters of Part 5 are devoted to antenna applica-
of antenna applications are described, including diffraction control, tions. Chapters 22, 23, and 24 on wireless antennas for mobile
tunable impedance surfaces, and reflective and leaky-wave beam communications overlap considerably in their material: two chap-
steering. An interesting section on holographic artificial impedance ters would probably have been sufficient. Chapter 22 focuses on
surfaces shows how these surfaces can be used to incorporate low- the user antenna. An excellent figure overviews the key aspects of
profile or confonnal antennas onto complex-shaped metal plat- the design procedure for such low-gain antennas. Fundamental
forms. One fascinating example describes how a cylinder can be parameters are reviewed, followed by a section on handset anten-
coated with an artificial impedance surface to redirect incoming nas and human interactions. A flowchart serves to clearly organize
radiation from a dipole to its opposite side. the topics for the reader: external and internal antennas, multiple
antennas, housing effects, and human interactions. Another large
Frequency-selective screens (FSS) are the subject of Chap- section goes into laptop computer antennas, and is organized into
ter 16, which begins with a useful section on system requirements similar topics. Chapter 23 also discusses user antennas, but the best
for applications such as reflectors, radomes, and frequency-scanned part of chapter is the section on base-station antennas, a topic not
antennas. The next section, on design parameters, has good detail, covered in Chapter 22. As in that chapter, the author makes good
136 IEEEAntennas and Propagation Magazine, Vel. 51, No. 6, December 2009
use of figures to summarize design issues, requirements, and perti- antenna; and periodic structure analysis. A short section entitled "A
nent antenna technology. Chapter 24 attempts to cover mostly the Perspective on Numerical Modeling" gives some good practical
same material as the previous chapters in just twenty-five pages. advice. Sources of available software also are provided.
Chapter 25 carries the title "Antenna Array Technologies for Chapter 30 is devoted to the Finite-Difference Time-Domain
Advanced Wireless Systems," which makes me wonder why it is (FDTD) Method. The basic Yee algorithm serves to introduce the
not in Part 3, on arrays. Despite the title, the authors have chosen method. Transmitting and receiving antenna formulations are out-
photographs and examples of arrays from military radar applica- lined, and input signal functions are described. The rest of the
tions. The authors could have followed the theme of the handbook, chapter explores four separate examples: a cylindrical monopole, a
and shown wireless array applications such as Iridium and Global- horn, a spiral, and a microstrip patch. The authors discuss the
star. The authors seem to have chosen to discuss a few specific unique challenges of analyzing each example antenna, and provide
array topics. They include a relatively standard review of beam- practical guidance.
forming circuits and beam-steering components. A large section of
the chapter discusses the continuous transverse stub antenna, an Chapter 31, on the Finite-Element Method (FEM), is one of
interesting low-cost array concept, but hardly the only one. A sec- the best chapters of the book. Despite its limited length, it provides
tion on digital beamforming is the only section to directly address a broad overview of the FEM in both the frequency and time
communications systems. The last section is devoted to low-profile domains, and includes some of the latest advances. Two sections
array antennas on electromagnetic bandgap/ ferrite ground planes. overview finite-element formulations in the frequency and time
domain. Mesh-truncation approaches, including absorbing bounda-
Chapter 26, on antenna design for MIMO, starts where Chap- ries, perfectly matched layers, and boundary integral equations, are
ter 11 on arrays ends, and also seems to belong in Part 3 of the described. The authors describe an interesting combination of time-
handbook. MIMO, though developed for wireless communications, domain FEM for modeling of the antenna's details, and the FDTD
is really less an application than a technique for using arrays. The method for efficient modeling of the external region. They discuss
discussion focuses on the "interaction of the antenna elements with feed modeling, input impedance, and far-field pattern computation.
the electromagnetic propagation" to help the engineer design Another section covers phased arrays, both infinite and finite, in
antennas for MIMO systems. The material includes a MIMO over- both the time and frequency domains. The section "Numerical and
view and sections on antenna diversity, including mutual coupling Practical Considerations" is filled with excellent advice, including
in the MIMO systems model, super directivity in MIMO systems, a discussion comparing frequency- and time-domain solvers. The
and MIMO antenna synthesis. In general, the exposition is mostly authors touch on domain decomposition, a relatively new extension
theoretical and equation-based, with only a few computational of frequency-domain FEM for solving electrically large problems.
examples given. The last fifteen pages of the chapter contain a variety of examples,
both narrowband and wideband, single antennas and arrays (infi-
The last two chapters of this part of the Handbook are written nite and finite), and even examples on antenna-platform interac-
by the same authors and are related in content, although neither tion.
pertains to wireless applications. Chapter 27 is a very good intro-
duction to the near-field antennas used for medical therapy and Optimizers often are mated with numerical-analysis software,
diagnostics, with clear explanations and practical examples. The so Chapter 32, on genetic algorithms, complements well the previ-
chapter is divided into two sections, the first of which covers ous chapters in this part of the Handbook. The focus of the chapter
therapeutic applications such as the ablation of cancerous tissue. is on applications of genetic optimization to a variety of antenna
Antennas are divided into those placed externally and those placed problems, including array, horn, and reflector pattern synthesis.
internally to the body. Single antennas, including patches, Although genetic optimization is very powerful, many other opti-
waveguides, and even phased arrays, may be used externally. mization methods are available, and this rather short chapter could
Physically small antennas, such as loops and dipoles, are used have been extended with discussions of some of those methods.
internally. The challenge is to design the antenna to minimize
heating of healthy tissues near the target tissue. The second section The last chapter of the Handbook, on neural networks (NNs),
focuses on sensing and imaging applications, such as detection of is an understandable introduction to the topic. A number of exam-
the heartbeat. Some simple equations and plenty of figures are used ples help the reader grasp how neural networks can be used to
throughout the chapter. Chapter 28 is concerned with exposure of solve antenna problems. Each example briefly describes how the
humans to electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell phones and method is implemented, and how the problem benefits from use of
power lines, and methods for measuring the effects. Two types of a neural network. The last sections of the chapter describe issues
experimentation are described whereby cells and tissues or live and disadvantages that arise when neural networks are used to
animals are exposed to radiation in a lab. The antennas are usually solve antenna problems.
designed and optimized through trial-and-error numerical simula-
tion. Topics covered include the interdisciplinary approach to bio- In general, Modern Antenna Handbook is uniformly well
electromagnetic research, induced fields, features of exposure sys- written, up-to-date, and filled with a wealth of practical informa-
tems, and antennas for the two types of experiments. tion. This makes it a useful reference for most antenna engineers
and graduate students.
The final part of the Handbook comprises five chapters on
numerical electromagnetic analysis and modeling of antennas. The
subject of Chapter 29 is integral equations and their solution by the
Method of Moments. A few pages briefly set up the principal Reviewed by:
equations and introduce the Method of Moments. The remainder of
the chapter discusses thin-wire antennas; feed models; basis func- Eric Holzman
tions; the source singularity in the Green's function; accuracy and 2633 Turf Valley Road
convergence; printed-circuit antennas, including analysis of a patch Ellicott City, MD 21042
IEEEAntennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 51, No. 6, December 2009 137