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Research Article
In this study, heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu) concentrations in soil within the vicinity of six
diferent industries (International Textile, Chikki holdent Industries, Pz Cusson, 7up bottling
company, Clay Industries and Chemstar industry) in Lagos State were used to investigate their
influence on human health risk through ingestion, inhalation and dermal exposure pathways. The
result revealed that the extent of human health risk varied with exposure pathways, Metal species
and industry type. The Hazard Quotient derived from the inhalation are much higher than the US
environmental protection agency guide lines value. The values of health index for various heavy
metals and the multiple exposure pathway for all the industries were higher than the thresh value
of 1. The ingestion pathway, which account for 65.41% and 97.18% health index for adult and
children respectively was the dominant exposure route for all the metals to local residents. The
cancer risk index falls within the acceptable limit with the exception of Cd for adult as well as Pb
for both adult and children through inhalation. The dermal exposure pathway which account for
99.9% total cancer risk index for both adult and children was the dominant exposure route. The
range of cancer risk was calculated and the results showed higher risk than an acceptable value
of US environmental protection agency (1E-06 – 1E-04) indicating some concern about building
houses, markets and farms near the industries.
Key words: Pathway, Ingestion, Inhalation, Dermal, Non–carcinogenic, Cancer, Adult and Children
INTRODUCTION
The challenge of environmental pollution due to toxic usage (Filazi et al., 2003; Mlitan et al., 2013). This is
metals is of major concern in most major metropolitan evident in industrial areas where stationery and mobile
cities (Fan et al., 2012; Mlitan et al., 2013; Alexander et al., sources release large quantities of heavy metals into the
2018; Timothy, 2018). Atmospheric emissions from atmosphere.
industrial establishments are one of the major sources of
environmental pollution (Akenolo et al., 2008; Taspinar Soils and plants in nearby zone of industrial areas display
and Bozkurt, 2018 Sulaiman et al., 2018). increased concentration of heavy metals, serving in many
cases as sinks of pollution loads (Addo et al., 2012;
Industries have largely been responsible for discharging Williams et al., 2018). Soils around industries take up large
untreated effluents containing trace metals such as zinc quantities of pollutants which exceeding the natural
(Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), emission levels (Gupta et al.,2015; Winther and Slentø
mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), Iron (Fe) and 2010; Odukoya et al.,2011; Raymond et al., 2011).
Chromium (Cr) [Colombo et al., 2001; Hu et al., 2013; Xiao
et al., 2017]. Heavy metal pollution of surface soils due to intense
industrialization and urbanization has become a serious
Pollution in developing nations is correlated with the concern in many developing countries (Kovacs et al.,
degree of industrialization and the intensity of chemical 1993; Wei and Yang, 2010; Yaylal and Abanz, 2011;
Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Nachana’a T. 063
Mireles et al.,2012; Du et al.,2013). Due to the disturbance documented information on human health risk of the
and acceleration of nature’s slowly occurring geochemical industry derived heavy metals in Lagos. For these
cycle of metals by man, most soils of rural and urban reasons, this study aims to investigate the influence of
environments may accumulate one or more of the heavy heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu) concentration in soil
metals above defined background values high enough to within the vicinity of six different industries in Lagos State
cause risks to human health, plants, animals and on human health risk through different exposure pathways.
ecosystems, (Amore et al., 2005; Gupta et al., 2009; The outcome from the study could be used as guide in
Sharma et al., 2014; Etim,2016; Bwatanglang et al., making policy toward regulating settlements around
2019). industries.
Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Int. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 064
Data
HQ = ADIi/RfDi ………………………………………. (4)
The data on heavy metal concentrations in soil around six HI=∑HQi ………………………………………………. (5)
industries (International Textile, Chikki holdent Industries, CRI= ADIi x CSFi …………………………………….... (6)
Pz Cusson, 7up bottling company, Clay Industries and in which i stands for each metal.
Chemstar industry) (Table 1) used in this study to
investigate the human health risk were obtained from A HQ < 1 or HI < 1 signify no associated risk, meaning the
Adesuyi et al., (2015); while exposure factors used for the exposed population is not likely to experience any adverse
health risk assessment through different exposure health hazard. However, a level of concerns exist, if the
pathways for soil (Table 2) and Reference doses (RfD) in HQ or HI >1 (Bwatanglang et al., 2019). Also CRI is
(mg/kg-day) and Cancer Slope Factors (CSF) for the considered negligible if the CRI < 10-6, tolerable if CRI is
individual heavy metals per exposure pathways (Table 3) 10-6<CRI <10-4 and considered high if the CRI > 10-4. The
from Bwatanglang et al., (2019). complete picture of the cancer risk for an individual
following the combination of all the metals over a lifetime
Health Risk Characterization for all the exposure pathways are described in equation 7.
To predict the possible carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic TCRI= CRI (ing) + CRI (inh) + CRI (dermal) …… (7)
risks that may prompt up following the exposure of the Where, TCRI is total cancer risk index, while CRI (ing), CRI
heavy metals in the soil to both the adults and children (inh), and CRI (dermal) are risks contributions through
residing around the Industries, risk assessment processes ingestion, inhalation and dermal pathways respectively
were carried out. This was achieved by integrating (Kamunda et al., 2016)
possible exposure pathways to quantitatively estimate the
likelihood of health hazard. Table 1: Heavy metal concentration in soils (mg/kg)
around the six different Industries in Lagos (Adesuyi1 et
The risk exposure pathways involve taking the average al., 2015).
daily intake (ADI) of the toxic metals (mg/kg day) following Industry Zn Cd Pb Cu
oral ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact route using International Textile 19.58 0.27 32.58 40.20
the methods described in equations 1-3 (Sun and Chen, Chikki Holdent 14.32 0.19 9.98 0.93
2018; Bwantanglang et al.,2019). Industries
Pz Cusson 49.21 0.02 18.10 18.21
ADIing= 10-6× Csoil× (IngR × EF × ED)/ (BW × AT) …... (1) 7up bottling company 17.46 ND 1.60 9.09
ADIinh= Csoil× (InhR × EF × ED)/ (PEF × BW × AT) …. (2) Clay Industries 0.23 ND 1.12 22.08
ADIdermal= 10-6× Csoil× (SA × AF × ABS × EF × ED)/ (BW Chemstar 54.11 0.15 29.27 31.11
× AT) …… (3) EU threshold value 300 3.0 300 130-140
USEPA threshold 300 3.0 300 80-200
The ADIing, ADIinh, and ADIdermal stand for average value
daily intake (ADI) for ingestion, inhalation and dermal
UK threshold value 100-200 1.4 70 63
exposure pathways respectively and Csoil is the heavy
USEPA – US environmental protection agency.
metal concentration in the soils around each industry.
Other parameters and their corresponding functions are
Table 2: Exposure factors used for the health risk
described in Table 3 (USEPA, 2004; DEA, 2010;
assessment through different exposure pathways for soil
Bwatanglang et al., 2019).
Factor Unit Children Adult
Hazard Quotient (HQ) was used to analyze the potential Body weight (BW) kg 15 60
non-carcinogenic effect of the metals in the soils by Exposure frequency (EF) days/year 350 350
relating the estimated ADI of each elements with their Exposure duration (ED) years 6 30
reference dose (RfD) for each exposure pathway as Ingestion rate (IngR) mg/day 200 100
shown in equation 4 (Liu et al., 2013). Inhalation rate (InhRair) m3/day 10 20
Skin surface area (SA) m2 2100 5800
To describe the cumulative non-carcinogenic effect in the Soil adherence factor mg/cm2 0.2 0.7
study, the health index (HI), expressed as the sum of the (AF)
HQ as described in equation 5 was used (Kamunda et al.,
Dermal Absorption factor 0.1 0.1
2016; USEPA, 1997). The RfD for each metal and for each
(ABS)
exposure pathway were presented in Table 3 (USEPA,
Particulate emission m3/k 1.3 x 109 1.3 x 109
2016; Huang et al., 2017; Bwatanglang et al., 2019)
factor (PEF)
The probability of developing any type of cancer over a Conversion factor (CF) kg/mg 10-6 10-6
lifetime was represented by the cancer risk index (CRI) Average time (AT) days
calculated by integrating the ADI with the respective For carcinogen 365 x 70 365 x 70
cancer slope factors (CSF) for each metal as shown in For non-carcinogens 365 x ED 365 x ED
equation 6 (Sun and Chen, 2018). (Bwatanglang et al., 2019)
Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Nachana’a T. 065
Table 3: Reference doses (RfD) in (mg/kg-day) and Cancer Slope Factors (CSF) for the individual heavy metals per
exposure pathways
Elements RfDing RfDdermal RfDinh CSFing CSFdermal CSFinh
Cd 5.60E-04 5.00E-04 5.7E-05 3.80E-01 - 6.30E+00
Pb 3.60E-03 5.25E-04 3.52E-03 8.50E-03 - 4.20E-02
Cu 3.70E-02 2.40E-02 4.02E-02 - - -
Zn 3.00E-01 7.50E-02 3.00E-01 - - -
(Bwatanglang et al., 2019)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The ingestion pathway, which accounted for 65.41% and
97.18% HI for adult and children respectively, was the
The non-carcinogenic and cancer risk posed by the dominant exposure route of all the metal to local residents.
presence of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu in soils around six Therefore, for the non-carcinogenic risk, we can fastly
industries (International Textile, Chikki holdent Industries, reduce their hazards from ingestion.
Pz Cusson, 7up bottling company, Clay Industries and
Chemstar industry) in Lagos state through different The non-carcinogenic risk of all the heavy metals through
exposure pathways (ingestion, inhalation and dermal different exposure route for each industry were determined
contact ) are presented in Tables 5 and 6 respectively. (Figure 2). In this study area the main portion of non-
carcinogenic risk resulted from inhalation. The HQ of
Based on the exposure factors listed in Table 2, the International Textile, Chikki Holdent Industry, Pz
calculated ADIi values for each element and for each Cusson, 7up bottling Company, Clay Industries and
exposure pathway as presented in Table 4 for both the Chemstar derived from the inhalation are much higher
adults and children were observed to fall in this order than the US environmental protection agency guide lines
Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd. However, these values were observed to value Showing that the above mentioned industries are
be higher than their RfD values as listed in Table 3 except unsafe for local residence. Another prime non
for inhalation exposure pathway. From the result, the carcinogenic risk stems from ingestion of soil, with dermal
average exposure dose of the three exposure pathways absorption soil relatively low hazards.
for both adult and children are observed to increase in the
order of ADIinh< ADIdermal<ADIing. The overall result Figure 3 summarizes the separate non carcinogenic risk of
showed that adults are more susceptible to higher level of four metal pollutants. Among the metals Cu and Zn
exposure dose compared to the children. showed relatively higher potential health risk followed by
Cd and Pb. It is notable that Cu presented higher non
The hazard quotient (HQ) described in Table 5 for all the carcinogenic risk in soils from International Textile, Pz
elements following each exposure pathway were observed Cusson, 7up bottling Company, Clay Industry and
to be < 1. The HQing and the HQinh values for both the Chemstar than in the Chikki holden industry. Cadmium
adults and children were observed to follow the order Cd< concentration can be considered to be saved for people
Pb< Cu < Zn. While the exposure through the dermal route living around 7up bottling Company and Clay industry due
was observed to follow the ranking, Cd < Pb < Zn < Cu for to their low non-carcinogenic risk. Thus we can even
both adults and children. More attention should be given ignore the effect of Cd on human health. Also heavy metal
to Zn and Cu pollution. The HQ<1 recorded for all the (Pb) risk from Chikki holden industry and clay industry
elements further suggest no associated risk following the were far less than the toxic threshed hold by US
ingestion, inhalation or dermal exposure for both the adults environmental protection agency.
and children.
The total non-carcinogenic indices (HI) for various heavy
The non-carcinogenic risks posed by combining the metals and the multiple exposure pathway for each
respective HQ values for each exposure pathway were industry was summarized in Table 7. The risk from all the
observed to leads to human health index (HI) values < 1, industries were higher than the thresh value of 1. The
which means no associated risks for both the adults and heavy metals in soils around all the industries will cause a
children. However, the HI values for adult were observed problem as a result of high HI value. Therefore, local
to be much higher than the children in HIinh and HIdermal residents should not settle near the industries in order to
suggesting that, at relatively high levels of exposure, reduce the toxicity.
adults will be more likely at risk than the children. Although
in HIing the value for children was higher. The HI were The lifetime cancer risk (CRI) for the adults and children
observed to fall in this order HIing> HIdermal > HIinh. are presented in Table 6. The cancer risk was analyzed
only for Cd and Pb (because the result for Zn and Cu were
The result was observed to fall in similar group with the not available) for the ingestion, inhalation and dermal
findings conducted on the road side soil along Mubi – Yola exposure pathways. For regulatory purposes, a cancer risk
highway (Bwatangla et al., 2019), dust in urban parks of in the range of 10-6 to 10-4 is considered acceptable (Sun
Beijing (Du et al., 2013) and the road dust sample in the and Chen, 2018). From the results presented in Table 6,
city of Duzce, Turkey (Taspinar and Bozkurt, 2018). the CRI fall within the acceptable limit with the exception
Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Int. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 066
of Cd for adult as well as Pb for both adult and children minimum value of 0.01 For Cd to the maximum value of
through inhalation. Dermal exposure pathway was found 1.8 for Pb in Pz cusson soil.
to be within the range that pose cancer risk (>10 -4). The
CRI for all the exposure pathways for both age categories The comprehensive assessment result of cancer risk in
were observed to be in the order of Pb>Cd (Table 6). soils from different industries are shown in Table 8. The
wide range of cancer risk was calculated from 5.01E13 –
The CRI for both inhalation and dermal exposure 5.42E14 in clay industry and chikki Holden industry
pathways were observed to be higher in adults than the respectively .By the US environmental protection agency,
children. However, in ingestion exposure pathway in our results showed higher risk than an acceptable value of
children was higher than adults. The dermal pathway 1E-06 – 1E-04. The total combined risk for residents show
which account for 99.9% TCRI for both adult and children the following decreasing order Chikki Holden industry >
was the dominant exposure route of all the metal to local Chemstar > International textile > Pz cusson > 7up Bottling
residents as compared to ingestion and inhalation company > Clay industry for 5.42E14, 2.45E14, 1.98E14,
exposure route. The proportions of different exposure 1.83E14, 6.02E13 and 5.01E13 respectively.
routes for each industry as indicated from the potential
cancer risk assessment are shown in Figure 4. The risk The result should be considered in urban planning
level exposure pathways in all the industries are in the procedures such as land use structure adjustment, for
order inhalation > ingestion > dermal. Hence as with the example polluted soils could be used for roads and other
non-carcinogenic risk inhalation was the dominant construction purposes. Soil remediation approaches could
exposure pathway causing cancer risk when compared to also be applied .The most important first step is to control
the other routes the pollutant from the source to prevent the pollution from
Figure 5 shows the result of the cancer risk for individual entering into the soils around the industries. This would
element. Compared to the other three metals, (Zn, Cd and provide a powerful balance between environmental
Cu) Pb seems to be predominant contaminant that created protection and health risk reducing (Howared and Sammy,
a relatively high risk followed by Zn, Cu and Cd. The 2012; Peter et al., 2012; Adesuyi et al., 2015; Gupta et al.,
cancer risk exited in all the soils which varied from the 2015).
Table 4: Average daily intake (ADI) values in mg/kg/day for adults and children in soils around the industries in Lagos
Elements ADIing ADIinh ADIdemal
Adult Children Adult Children Adult Children
Zn 4.50E-01 7.23E-01 6.95E-04 2.78E-07 1.83E-01 1.53E-01
Cd 1.84E-03 2.24E-03 2.83E-07 1.13E-09 7.46E-03 6.17E-04
Pb 2.70E-01 4.32E-01 4.14E-06 1.66E-08 1.10E-01 9.08E-02
Cu 3.55E-01 5.68E-01 5.46E-05 2.18E-07 1.44E-01 1.19E-01
Average 2.69E-01 4.31E-01 1.80E-04 1.28E-07 1.11E-01 9.09E-02
Table 5: Hazard quotient (HQ) values for heavy metals in adults and children of soils around the industries in Lagos
Elements HQing HQinh HQdemal
Adult Children Adult Children Adult Children
Zn 1.50E-02 2.41E-02 2.32E-14 9.27E-15 2.44E-03 2.04E-04
Cd 3.28E-08 4.00E-08 4.96E-17 1.98E-17 1.49E-07 1.23E-08
Pb 8.82E-05 4.32E-08 1.18E-16 4.72E-17 2.20E-05 1.73E-06
Cu 9.59E-04 1.54E-05 1.36E-15 5.42E-16 6.00E-03 4.96E-04
HI 1.60E-02 2.41E-02 2.47E-14 9.88E-15 8.46E-03 7.02E-04
Contribution% 5.41% 97.18% 1.01E-10% 3.98E-11% 34.58% 2.83%
HI – health index
Table 6: Cancer risk (CRI) values for heavy metals in adults and children through the three exposure pathways of soils
around the industries in Lagos
Elements HQing HQinh HQdemal
Adult Children Adult Children Adult Children
Zn - - - - - -
Cd 6.99E-04 6.90E-04 2.83E-03 2.34E-04 1.08E11 4.29E10
Pb 2.30E-03 3.67E-03 9.35E-03 7.72E-04 3.52E-01 1.41E11
Cu - - - - - -
TCRI 3.00E-03 4.36E-03 1.22E-02 1.01E-03 1.08E11 1.84E11
Contribution% 2.77E-12% 2.37E-12% 1.13E-11% 5.49E-15% 99.99% 99.99%
TCRI – Total cancer risk Index
Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Nachana’a T. 067
Table 7: Non-carcinogenic hazard indexes (HI) for the four heavy metals and the three exposures pathways for the
industries in Lagos.
International Chikki Holdent Pz- 7up bottling Clay
Chemstar
Textile Industry Cusson Company Industries
Total Non- Carcinogenic Risk 6.93E14 1.90E14 6.40E14 2.11E14 1.76E14 8.58E14
Table 8: Cancer risks for the four heavy metals and the three exposure pathways for the industries in Lagos.
International Chikki Holdent 7up bottling Clay
Pz- Cusson Chemstar
Textile Industry Company Industries
Total Cancer Risk 1.98E14 5.42E14 1.83E14 6.02E13 5.01E13 2.45E14
Figure 2: Non carcinogenic risks through the three main Figure 5: Cancer risks of the four heavy metals
exposure pathways
CONCLUSION
Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
Int. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 068
Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria
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Human Health Risk Assessment of Industry Derived Heavy Metals Exposure to Communities around selected industries in Lagos State Nigeria