Assignment No: 01

Title/ Problem Statement:

Title: Install, Configure 64 bit Linux Operating Systems, study basic architecture, memory system,
and learn basic administration.

Prerequisites:
Knowledge of Any Operating System

Objectives:
1.To learn how to Install,Configure 64 bit Linux Operating Systems.
2. Study basic architecture, memory system, and basic administration of OS.

Theory :
Architecture:

At the top is the user space. Below the user space is the kernel space. Here, the Linux kernel
exists.

User Space: This is where the user applications are executed. There is also the GNU C Library
(glibc). This provides the system call interface that connects to the kernel and provides the
mechanism to transition between the user-space application and the kernel.

Kernel Space: Here, the Linux Kernel exists which can be further divided into three levels. At
the top is the system call interface, which implements the basic functions such as read and write.
Below the system call interface is the kernel code, which can be more accurately defined as the
architecture-independent kernel code. This code is common to all of the processor architectures
supported by Linux. Below this is the architecture-dependent code, which forms what is more
commonly called a BSP (Board Support Package). This code serves as the processor and
platform-specific code for the given architecture.

Properties of the Linux Kernel

The kernel is layered into a number of distinct subsystems. Linux can also be considered
monolithic because it lumps all of the basic services into the kernel. This differs from a
microkernel architecture where the kernel provides basic services such as communication, I/O,
and memory and process management, and more specific services are plugged in to the
microkernel layer.

Functions of the Kernel

Now let’s look at some of the functions of the Linux kernel.

System Call Interface

The SCI is a thin layer that provides the means to perform function calls from user space into the
kernel. As discussed previously, this interface can be architecture dependent, even within the
same processor family. You can find the SCI implementation in ./linux/kernel, as well as
architecture-dependent portions in ./linux/arch.

Process Management
The kernel is in charge of creating and destroying processes and handling their connection to the
outside world (input and output). Communication among different processes (through signals,
pipes, or inter-process communication primitives) is basic to the overall system functionality and
is also handled by the kernel. In addition, the scheduler, which controls how processes share the
CPU, is part of process management.

Memory management
Another important resource that’s managed by the kernel is memory. For efficiency, given the
way that the hardware manages virtual memory, memory is managed in what are called pages
(4KB in size for most architectures). Linux includes the means to manage the available memory,
as well as the hardware mechanisms for physical and virtual mappings.

File Systems
Linux is heavily based on the filesystem concept; almost everything in Linux can be treated as a
file. The kernel builds a structured filesystem on top of unstructured hardware, and the resulting
file abstraction is heavily used throughout the whole system. In addition, Linux supports multiple
filesystem types, that is, different ways of organizing data on the physical medium. For example,
disks may be formatted with the Linux- standard ext3 filesystem, the commonly used FAT
filesystem or several others.

Device control
Almost every system operation eventually maps to a physical device. With the exception of the
processor,memory, and a very few other entities, any and all device control operations are
performed by code that is specific to the device being addressed. That code is called a device
driver. The kernel must have embedded in it a device driver for every peripheral present on a
system, from the hard drive to the keyboard and the tape drive.

Networking
Networking must be managed by the operating system, because most network operations are not
specific to a process: incoming packets are asynchronous events. The packets must be collected,
identified, and dispatched before a process takes care of them. The system is in charge of
delivering data packets across program and network interfaces, and it must control the execution
of programs according to their network activity. Additionally, all the routing and address
resolution issues are implemented within the kernel.

Properties of the Linux Kernel

The kernel is layered into a number of distinct subsystems. Linux can also be considered
monolithic because it lumps all of the basic services into the kernel. This differs from a
microkernel architecture where the kernel provides basic services such as communication, I/O,
and memory and process management, and more specific services are plugged in to the
microkernel layer.

Algorithm:
1. Download the Fedora live CD image file
2. Burn the image file to CD
3. Boot your computer from the CD
4. Fedora Live Desktop
5. Language Selection
6. The Installation Summary Menu
7. Keyboard Configuration
8. Date and time
9. Network Configuration
10. Storage and partitioning
11. Software Selection
12. Begin installation
13. The Configuration Menu and Progress Screen
14. Set the Root Password
15. User Creation
16. Reboot your system
17. Your installation is complete

Conclusion:
Hence we studied how to install and configure Linux Operating System.