Bending and Axial

STRUCTURAL DESIGN III
Felix V. Garde, Jr.
January 2, 2018
Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 2, 2018 1 / 54

Combined Bending and Axial Load
The member subjected to axial compression and bending is referred to as
a beam-column.
Modes of failure for beam-column element:
• Axial tension and bending; failure usually by yielding.
• Axial compression and bending about one axis; failure by instability in
the plane of bending, without twisting.
• Axial compression and bending about the strong axis; failure by
lateral-torsional buckling.
• Axial compression and biaxial–torsional stiff sections; failure by
instability in one of the principal directions.
• Axial compression and biaxial bending–thin-walled open sections;
failure by combined twisting and bending on these torsionally weak
sections.
• Axial compression, biaxial bending, and torsion; failure by combined
twisting and bending when plane of bending does not contain the
shear center.
Differential Equation for Axial

Compression and Bending:
d2 y
Mz = −EI
dz 2
d2 y
Mz = Mi + P y = −EI
dz 2
rearranging,
d2 y P Mi
+ y=−
dz 2 EI EI
General loading of beam-column.

For design purposes, the expression for
moment Mz is of greater importance than
the deflection, then
Differential Equation for Axial
d 2 Mz 2 d2 Mi
Compression and Bending: + k M z =
dz 2 dz 2
P
where k 2 =
EI
The equation above is classified as sec-
ond order non-homogeneous linear ordi-
nary differential equation, the solution of
which is
Mz = Mc + Mp
the complete solution is,
Mz = A sin kz + B cos kz + f1 (z)

The maximum value of Mz may be found
by differentiation,
Differential Equation for Axial dMz
Compression and Bending: =0
dz
df1 (z)
0 = Ak cos kz − Bk sin kz +
dz
For most ordinary loading cases; con-
centrated loads, uniform loads, end mo-
ments, or combination thereof,
df1 (z)
=0
dz
then,
p
Mz(max) = A2 + B 2 + f1 (z)

Maximum Moment for Beam-Column:
Case I – end moments without transverse loading.
Case I – Unequal End Moments Without Transverse Loading

s
1 − 2(M1 /M2 ) cos kL + (M1 /M2 )2
Mz(max) = M2
sin2 kL

Case II – transverse uniform loading.
Case II – Transverse Uniform Loading

s 2
w 1 − cos kL w
Mz(max) = 2 +1− 2
k sin kL k
wL2

8 kL
= sec −1
8 (kL)2 2

Case III – equal end moments without transverse loading.
Case III – Equal End moments Without Transverse loading (Secant Formula)
r
2(1 − cos kL)
Mz(max) = Mo
sin2 kL
kL
= Mo sec
2
Moment Magnification
Assume beam-column subjected to lateral
Simplified Treatment for Members in loading w(z) and causes deflection δo at
Single Curvature Without End Trans- midspan.
lation: The secondary moment may be assumed
to vary as a sine curve.
Using moment-area method, the midspan
deflection y1 due to the secondary bend-
ing moment is,

P L 2 L
y1 = (y1 + δo )
EI 2 π π
P L2
= (y1 + δo ) 2
π EI
or,
Primary and secondary bending moment.
P
y1 = (y1 + δo )
Pe
π 2 EI
Simplified Treatment for Members in where, Pe = . Solving for y1 ,
L2
Single Curvature Without End Trans-
lation:

P/Pe α
y1 = δ o = δo
1 − P/Pe 1−α
where, α = P/Pe
The value of ymax is,
ymax = δo + y1
δo
=
1−α
The maximum bending moment including
the effect of axial force is,
Primary and secondary bending moment.
Mz max = Mo + P ymax

Substituting the expression for ymax , and
Simplified Treatment for Members in setting P = αPe = απ 2 EI/L2
Single Curvature Without End Trans-
lation: Mz max = Mo B1
where B1 is referred to as the magnifica-

tion factor,
Cm
B1 =
1−α
and
π 2 EIδo

Cm = 1 + − 1 α
Mo L2
Primary and secondary bending moment. which can be expressed as
Cm = 1 + ψα


† Pu
α=
Pe
Pu
=
π 2 E/(KL/r)2
Suggested Values for Cm for Situations with no Joint

Translation.
Members Subject to End Moments Only; No Joint Translation:
Primary plus secondary bending moment for members acted upon by end
moments only.
The theoretical maximum moment is given by,

s
(M1 /M2 )2 − 2(M1 /M2 ) cos kL + 1
Mz max = M2
sin2 kL

Primary plus secondary bending moment for members acted upon by end
moments only.
The equivalent moment ME may be expressed as,

s
(M1 /M2 )2 − 2(M1 /M2 ) cos kL + 1
ME = M2
2(1 − cos kL)
The maximum moment Mz max may be written as,

1
Mz max = Cm M2
1−α
where,
Cm = ME /M2
s
(M1 /M2 )2 − 2(M1 /M2 ) cos kL + 1
=
2(1 − cos kL)
The AISC Specifications for Cm is
M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4
M2
where,
M1 = smaller moment at one end of a member
M2 = larger moment at one end of a member
Comparison of theoretical Cm with the AISC straight line approximation.

Moment Magnification – Members with Sidesway Possible
A simple approximation of Cm for mem-

bers with single curvature case is,

Cm
Mz max = M0 B = M0
1−α
The following expressions become,

2
π EIδo
Cm = 1 + − 1 α
4L2 Mo
(H/2)L3
δo =
3EI
HL
M0 =
2
then,
Beam-column with sidesway. Cm = 1 − 0.18α

Design of Members for Combined Forces and Torsion
Chapter H
This chapter addresses members subject to axial force and flexure about one or
both axes, with or without torsion, and to members subject to torsion only.
H1. DOUBLY AND SINGLY

that are constrained to bend about a ge-
SYMMETRIC MEMBERS
ometric axis (x and/or y) shall be limited
SUBJECT TO FLEXURE AND
by Equations H1-1a and H1-1b, where Iyc
AXIAL FORCE
is the moment of inertia about the y-axis
referred to the compression flange, in4
1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Mem-
bers in Flexure and Compression Note:
The interaction of flexure and com- Section H2 is permitted to be used in
pression in doubly symmetric mem- lieu of the provisions of this section.
bers and singly symmetric members
for which 0.1 ≤ (Iyc/Iy) ≤ 0.9,
H1. DOUBLY AND SINGLY SYMMETRIC MEMBERS SUBJECT TO

FLEXURE AND AXIAL FORCE
1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Compression

The interaction of flexure and compression in doubly symmetric members and
singly symmetric members for which 0.1 ≤ (Iyc/Iy) ≤ 0.9,
Pr
(a) For ≥ 0.2
Pc
Pr 8 Mrx Mry
+ + ≤ 1.0 (H1-1a)
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
Pr
(b) For < 0.2
Pc
Pr 8 Mrx Mry
+ + ≤ 1.0 (H1-1b)
2Pc 9 Mcx Mcy
where,
Pr = required axial compressive strength

Pr
(a) For ≥ 0.2 Pc = available axial compressive strength
Pc
= φ c Pn

Pr 8 Mrx Mry Mr = required flexural strength
+ + ≤ 1.0
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy Mc = available flexural strength
(H1-1a)
= φb Mn
Pr
(b) For < 0.2 x = subscript relating symbol
Pc
to strong axis bending

Pr 8 Mrx Mry y = subscript relating symbol
+ + ≤ 1.0
2Pc 9 Mcx Mcy to weak axis bending
(H1-1b)
φc = 0.90
φb = 0.90

where,
Pr = required axial compressive strength

Pu
(a) For ≥ 0.2 Pc = available axial compressive strength
φc
= φ c Pn

Pr 8 Mrx Mry Mr = required flexural strength
+ + ≤ 1.0
Pc 9 Mcx Mcy Mc = available flexural strength
(H1-1a)
= φb Mn
Pu
(b) For < 0.2 x = subscript relating symbol
φc P n
to strong axis bending

Pr 8 Mrx Mry y = subscript relating symbol
+ + ≤ 1.0
2Pc 9 Mcx Mcy to weak axis bending
(H1-1b)
φc = 0.90
φb = 0.90

where,
Pu = required axial comp. strength

Pn = nominal comp. strength
Pu
(a) For ≥ 0.2 considering the member as loaded
φ c Pn
by axial compression only

Pu 8 Mux Muy
+ + ≤ 1.0 Mux = factored bending moment about
φc P n 9 φb Mnx φb Mny the x-axis, including second order
Pu effect
(b) For < 0.2 = B1x Mntx + B2x Mltx
φ c Pn
if moment magnification is used
Pu 8 Mux Muy
+ + ≤ 1.0 in lieu of computing the elastic
2φc Pn 9 φb Mnx φb Mny
second-order moment
Mnx = nominal moment strength for
bending abour the x-axis
Pu where,
(a) For ≥ 0.2
φ c Pn
Muy = same as Mux except referred

Pu 8 Mux Muy to the y-axis
+ + ≤ 1.0
φ c Pn 9 φb Mnx φb Mny Mny = same as Mnx except referred
Pu to the y-axis
(b) For < 0.2 φb = 0.90
φ c Pn
φc = 0.90
Pu 8 Mux Muy
+ + ≤ 1.0
2φc Pn 9 φb Mnx φb Mny

Moment Magnifier – Braced Frame
According to AISC-C2.1b, Cm shall
The moment B1 for members having no be determined by analysis, given by
joint translation is, the following;
Cm Pu
B1 = ≥ 1.0 Cm = 1 + ψα = 1 + ψ
1 − αPu /Pe1 Pe1
where, where,
α = 1.0 Pu = factored axial compression load

Pe1 = Euler load using KL/r for the
and Cm shall be taken as follows;
of bending with K ≤ 1.0
1. For braced frames members having
transverse loading between supports,
Cm is an integral part of the moment π 2 EAg
magnifier B1 , may be conservatively Pe1 =
(KL/r)2
taken as Cm = 1.0.

Moment Magnifier – Braced Frame
The moment B1 for members having no
joint translation is,
into an equivalent uniform moment
Cm ME = Cm M2 . Thus,
B1 = ≥ 1.0
1 − αPu /Pe1
Cm = 0.6 − 0.4(M1 /M2 )
where,
The ratio is negative for single curvature
α = 1.0 and positive for double curvature.
and Cm shall be taken as follows; The brace frame beam-column total fac-
tored moment is
2. For braced frames members with-
out transverse loading between sup- Mu = B1 Mnt
ports, but having end moments M1
(smaller one) and M2 (larger one),
Cm converts the linearly varying pri-
mary bending moment
Example
1. Investigate the acceptability of a W 16 × 67 used as a beam-column in

braced frame under the loading shown. The steel is A572 Grade 60.

Beam-Column
b) Column effect. Calculate the
slenderness ratio KL/r (largest)
KL 1.0(15)(12)
= = 73
ry 2.46
s r
E 29, 000
4.71 = 4.71 = 104
Fy 60
hence,
s !
KL E
< 4.71
Solution: r Fy
a) Factored loads Solving for Fe

Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 525 kips π2 E π 2 (29, 000)
Fe = =
Mnt = 1.2MD + 1.6ML = 90 ft · kips (KL/r) 2 (73)2
= 53.4 ksi
The factored moment is, Mu = B1 Mnt
Beam-Column
The applicable equation for critical buck-

ling stress, Fcr is,
 
Fy
Fcr = 0.658 Fe  Fy
 
60
 
= 0.658 53.4  60
= 37.49 ksi
Solution: Solving for φc Pn ,
a) Factored loads
φc Pn = φc Fcr Ag
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 525 kips = 0.90(37.49)(19.7)
Mnt = 1.2MD + 1.6ML = 90 ft · kips = 664 kips
The factored moment is, Mu = B1 Mnt

Beam-Column Pu 8

Mux Muy

+ + ≤ 1.0
φ c Pn 9 φb Mnx φb Mny
c) Beam effect. The laterally unbraced

length Lb is 15 ft.
Mp = Fy Zx = 60(130)/12 = 650 ft · kips

Mr = 0.70Fy Sx = 410 ft · kips
s
E
Lp = 1.76ry = 7.9 ft
Fy
Lr = 35 ft
Solution:
Check Pu /φc Pn ≥ 0.2 Thus, Lp < Lb < Lr , then

Pu 525 Mn = Cb Mp −(Mp − 0.7Fy Sx )
= = 0.79 > 0.2
φc P n 664
Lb − Lp
Therefore, use ≤ Mp
Lr − Lp
Beam-Column hence, use Mn = Mp = 650 ft · kips
c) Moment Magnification. The slen-
derness ratio KL/r involved in mo-
ment magnification must relate to
the axis of bending
KL 1.0(15)(12)
= = 25.9
rx 6.96
Cm = 0.60 − 0.4(M1 /M2 )

= 0.6 − 0.4(0/90) = 0.6
π 2 EAg
Solution: Pe1 =
(KL/r)2
taking Cb = 1.67 π 2 (29, 000)(19.7)
= = 8430 ft · kips
(25.9)2
Mn = 1.67 650 − (650 − 410) Cm 0.60
B1 = =

15 − 7.9
1 − Pu /Pe1 1 − 525/8430
= 980 ft · kips = 0.64
35 − 7.9
Beam-Column
hence, use Mn = Mp = 650 ft · kips

e) Check AISC Formula (H1-1a)
omitting the bending term for the
y-axis

Pu 8 Mux
+ ≤ 1.0
φ c Pn 9 φb Mnx
substituting values,

8 90
0.791 + = 0.928 < 1.0
Solution: 9 0.90(650)
since B1 < 1.0, then use
Therefore, W 16 × 67 is acceptable.
B1 = 1.0

Displacement of a braced frame. Displacement of an unbraced frame.

An unbraced frame requires an analysis to accom-
plish the following:
1. Provide strength under factored loads to re-
sist gravity loads, neglecting any sidesway ef-
fect except in cases of unbalanced loading or
unsymmetric structural configuration where
a “significant retaining force”would be nec-
essary to prevent sway.
2. Provide strength under factored loads to re-
sist lateral load. The moment under lateral
load include the primary moments from first
order elastic analysis plus secondary moment
due to P − ∆ effect.
3. Provide stiffness such that the relative hor-
Displacement of an unbraced izontal deflection between adjacent floors
frame. (story drift), and for the entire frame, is
within specified limits.
(a) (b)
Summation of forces acting on all columns in one story of a multistory building frame.
account the influence of ∆2u is,

First-order analysis requires, X
B2 (Mlt1 + Mlt2 ) = Hu Ls + Pu ∆2u
Mlt1 + Mlt2 = Hu Ls
then,
The final moment equilibrium taking into P
Hu Ls + Pu ∆2u
B2 =
Hu L s
C2.1b Second-Order Analysis by Amplified

C2. Calculation of Required First-Order Elastic Analysis
Strengths The required second-order flexural
General Second-Order Elastic Analysis strength, Mr (MU ), and axial strength,
Pr (Pu ), shall be determined as follows:
a) Any second-order elastic analysis
method that considers both P − ∆ Mu = B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt
effects may be used. Pu = Pnt + B2 Plt
b) The Amplified First-Order Elastic
Analysis Method defined in Sec- where,
tion C2.1b is an accepted method Cm
for second-order elastic analysis of B1 = ≥ 1.0
1 − Pu /Pe1
braced, moment, and combined
framing systems. For members subjected to axial compres-
sion, B1 may be calculated based on the
first-order estimate Pr = Pnt + Plt
C2.1b Second-Order Analysis by Amplified For all types of lateral load resisting sys-
First-Order Elastic Analysis tems, it is permitted to use
P
1 X HL
B2 = ≥ 1.0 P e2 = R M
∆H
P
Pnt
1− P
Pe2 C2.2.2a Design by Second-Order
For moment frames, where sidesway Analysis
buckling effective length factors K2 are Clause (3) in this section requires that, for
determined for the columns, it is permit- all gravity load only combinations, a min-
ted to calculate the elastic story sidesway imum lateral load of 0.002Yi shall be ap-
buckling resistance as plied at each level of the structure, where
Yi is the design gravity load acting on
X X π 2 EI level i.
Pe2 =
(K2 L)2

where,
Pnt = first-order axial force assuming there is no lateral translation of the frame
X
Pnt = total vertical load supported by the story including gravity column loads
Plt = first-order axial force caused by lateral translation of the frame only
X
Pe2 = elastic critical buckling resistance for the story determined by sidesway
buckling analysis
RM = 1.0 for braced-frame systems
= 0.85 for moment-frame and combined systems
I = moment of inertia in the plane of bending
L = story height
K2 = effective length factor in the plane of bending calculated
based on a sidesway buckling analysis
∆H = first-order inter story driftdue to lateral forces
X
H = story shear produced by the lateral forces used to compute ∆H

Traditional Approaches to Calculating K
• Simple idealizations of single • Using Alignment Charts also com-

columns monly referred to as the nomographs
Assumptions: using the alignment charts
1. Behavior is purely elastic

2. All members have constant cross
section
3. All joints are rigid
4. For columns in frames with sidesway
inhibited, rotations at opposite ends
of the restraining beams are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction,
producing single curvature bending.

5. For columns in frames with sidesway

• Simple idealizations of single
uninhibited, rotations at opposite
columns
ends of the restraining beams are
equal in magnitude and direction,
producing reverse curvature bend-
ing.
p
6. The stiffness parameter L P/EI
of all columns is equal.
7. Joint restraint is distributed to the
column above and below the joint
in pro portion to EI/L for the two
columns.
8. All columns buckle simultaneously.
9. No significant axial compression
force exists in the girders.
For braced frames:

GA GB GA + GB π/K 2 tan(π/2K)
(π/K)2 + 1− + −1=0
4 2 tan(π/K) (π/K)

For unbraced frames:
GA GB (π/K)2 − 36 (π/K)
− =0
6(GA + GB ) tan(π/K)

where,
P P
(Ec Ic /Lc ) (EI/L)c
G= P =P
(Eg Ig /Lg ) (EI/L)g
• For column ends supported by, but not rigidly connected to, a footing or
foundation, G is theoretically infinity but unless designed as a true friction-
free pin. For practical designs, may be taken,
G = 10.0
• If the column end is rigidly attached to a properly designed footing, for prac-
tical design, G may be taken as
G = 1.0

Example
2. Investigate the acceptability of a W 14×145 columns in a single-bay multistory

unbraced frame, part of which is shown below. The axial compression is the
total load acting on the bottom story columns and the wind load H is the
total horizontal service wind load acting on the entire multistory frame. The
steel is A992.

Example

According to C2.2a(3).
Hu = 0.002Yi
= 0.002[423 + 3(28)]
= 1.014 kips
Solution: 2. U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L
a) Factored loads
Pu = 1.2(230) + 1.0(92) = 368 kips
1. U = 1.2D + 1.6L Hu = 1.6(78) = 124.8 kips
wu = 1.2(0.5) + 1.0(1.5) = 2.1 kips/ft
Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL
on each floor except roof
= 1.2(230) + 1.6(92) = 423 kips
wu = 1.2(0.5) + 1.6(1.5) = 3.0 kips/ft
on each floor
c) Column Strength. Check require-
ments (See Tab B4.1) for local
buckling.
s
bf E
= 7.8 < 0.56 = 13.5
2tf Fy
s
h E
= 19.3 < 1.49 = 35.6
tw Fy
The effective length factor Kx is deter-

mined using restraint factor, G with the
alignment chart.
P
(EI/L)c 2(I/13)
Gtop = P =
(EI/L)g 1.4I/28
= 3.08 Kx = 1.57
Gbottom = 1.0 (fixed support) Ky = 1.0

Then,
Kx Lx 1.57(13)(12) φc Fcr = 40.22 ksi
=
rx 6.33 Then,
= 38.7
Ky Ly 1.0(13)(12) φc Pn = φc Fcr Ag = 40.22(42.7)
=
ry 3.98 = 1720 kips
= 39.2 Check Pu /φc Pn ≥ 0.2 [For the gravity
load case]
s
KL E Pu 423 + 0.3 + 3.0(14)
= 39.2 < 4.71 = 113.43 =
r max Fy φ c Pn 1720
Pu
= 0.27 > 0.2
φ c Pn
π2 E
Fe =
(KL/r)2
= 186.26 ksi c. Beam effect. The laterally unbraced
Fy length Lb = 13 ft
Fcr = 0.658 Fe Fy
= 44.68 ksi Mp = Fy Zx
Plastic moment is,
The KL/r must relate to the axis of bending
Mp = 50(260)/12 = 1083 ft · kips (x-axis).
Solving for Lp Kx L 1.0(13)(12)

= = 24.6
s rx 6.33
E Cm = 0.6 − 0.4(M1 /M2 )
Lp = 1.76ry
Ff = 0.6 − 0.4(21/40) = 0.4
= 14.1 ft π 2 EI π 2 (29000)(1380)
Pe1 = 2
=
(KL) [1.0(13)(12)]2
Since Lb < Lp , then Mn = Mp . It
= 16, 210 kips
can be verified that W 14 × 145 is a
compact section. Pu = 423 + 14(3.0) = 465 kips
φc Mn = φc Mp The moment magnifier, B1 is,

= 0.90(1083) = 975 ft · kips Cm
B1 = ≥ 1.0
1 − Pu /Pe1
0.4
d. Moment magnification. Non- = = 0.41 < 1.0
1 − 465/16210
sway magnifier B1 .
Use B1 = 1.0, then, For one column,
B1 Mnt = 1.0(57) = 57 ft · kips π 2 EI π 2 (29000)(1710)

Pe2 = 2
=
(KL) (245)2
= 8160 kips
e. Moment magnification. Sway
Since two identical columns resist sway,
magnifier B2 .
X
The
P total factored compression load Pe2 = 2(8160)
Pu to be carried by all columns of the
= 16, 320 kips
frame within one story (in this case two
columns) The moment magnifier, B2 is
X
Pu = 2(423) + 28(3.0) = 930 kips 1
B2 = P ≥ 1.0
Pu
1− P
The KL/r must relate to axis of bending, Pe2
in this case, Kx = 1.57, then 1
= = 1.06 < 1.50
930
KL = 1.57(13)(12) = 245 1−
16320

The maximum magnified moment is
given by,

8 66
Mu = B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt 0.27 + = 0.33 < 1.0 OK!
9 975
= 1.0(57) + 1.06(8.5) = 66 ft · kips
Check Pu /φc Pn ≥ 0.2 [For the gravity
+ wind loading case]
f. Check AISC Formula (H1-1a). g. Check Pu /φc Pn ≥ 0.2

Pu 8 Mux Pu 368 + 18.5 + 14(2.1)
+ ≤ 1.0 =
φ c Pn 9 φb Mnx φc P n 1720
where, = 0.24 > 0.2
Pu = B1 Pnt + B2 Plt
= 1.0(465) + 1.06(0.3) = 465 kips h. Moment magnification – nonsway
magnifier, B1
then,
Pu 8

Mux
Cm = 0.6 − 0.4(M1 /M2 ) = 0.4
+ ≤ 1.0
φ c Pn 9 φb Mnx
Cm 0.4 Mux = 1.0(40) + 1.05(554)
B1 = =
1 − Pu /Pe1 1 − 416/20111 = 622 ft · kips
= 0.4 < 1.0
use B1 = 1.0
j. Check AISC Formula (H1-1a)
i. Moment magnification – nonsway
magnifier, B2 Pu 8

Mux

+ ≤ 1.0
X φ c Pn 9 φb Mnx
Pu = 2(368) + 2.1(28)
where,
= 795 kips
1 1 Pu = B1 Pnt + B2 Plt
B2 = =
795
P
Pu = 1.0(398) + 1.05(18.5) = 417 kips
1− P 1−
Pe2 16318
then,
= 1.05 < 1.50

417 8 622
The maximum magnified moment is, + = 0.81 < 1.0
1720 9 975
Mux = B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt The W 14 × 145 section is acceptable.
END OF PRESENTATION

Bending and Axial

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Bending and Axial

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN III

Felix V. Garde, Jr.

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 2, 2018 1 / 54

Differential Equation for Axial

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 2, 2018 3 / 54

Mz = A sin kz + B cos kz + f1 (z)

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 2, 2018 5 / 54

Case I – end moments without transverse loading.

Case I – Unequal End Moments Without Transverse Loading

Felix V. Garde, Jr. STRUCTURAL DESIGN III January 2, 2018 6 / 54

Maximum Moment for Beam-Column:

Case II – transverse uniform loading.

Case II – Transverse Uniform Loading

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Case III – equal end moments without transverse loading.

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where B1 is referred to as the magnifica-

Primary and secondary bending moment. which can be expressed as

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Suggested Values for Cm for Situations with no Joint

The theoretical maximum moment is given by,

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The equivalent moment ME may be expressed as,

The maximum moment Mz max may be written as,

Comparison of theoretical Cm with the AISC straight line approximation.

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A simple approximation of Cm for mem-

The following expressions become,

Beam-column with sidesway. Cm = 1 − 0.18α

H1. DOUBLY AND SINGLY

H1. DOUBLY AND SINGLY SYMMETRIC MEMBERS SUBJECT TO

1. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Compression

Pr = required axial compressive strength

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Pr = required axial compressive strength

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Pu = required axial comp. strength

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α = 1.0 Pu = factored axial compression load

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1. Investigate the acceptability of a W 16 × 67 used as a beam-column in

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a) Factored loads Solving for Fe

The applicable equation for critical buck-

The factored moment is, Mu = B1 Mnt

c) Beam effect. The laterally unbraced

Mp = Fy Zx = 60(130)/12 = 650 ft · kips

Cm = 0.60 − 0.4(M1 /M2 )

hence, use Mn = Mp = 650 ft · kips

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Displacement of a braced frame. Displacement of an unbraced frame.

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account the influence of ∆2u is,

C2.1b Second-Order Analysis by Amplified

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• Simple idealizations of single • Using Alignment Charts also com-

1. Behavior is purely elastic

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5. For columns in frames with sidesway

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