COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF

SUPERSONIC FLOW OVER A WEDGE &

COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN NOZZLE

A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In Mechanical
Engineering By
1. Maharshi Mehta (150030119073)
2. Keval Ladva (150030119068)
3. Prince Majithiya (150030119070)
4. Ansh Pattani (150030119090)
Under the guidance of
Asst. Prof. K. K. CHOUDHARY

ATMIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE,

RAJKOT-360005
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work in this project entitled

“Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Supersonic Flow

Over A Wedge & Compressible Flow in Nozzle” by Maharshi

Mehta, has been carried out under my supervision in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in

Mechanical Engineering during session 2018-2019 in the Department

of Mechanical Engineering, Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science,

Rajkot.

To the best of my knowledge, this work has not been

submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any degree

or diploma.

Mr. Kislay Choudhary

Asst. Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science, Rajkot.

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work in this project entitled

“Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Supersonic Flow

Over A Wedge & Compressible Flow in Nozzle” by Keval Ladva,

has been carried out under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical

Engineering during session 2018-2019 in the Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science,

Rajkot.

To the best of my knowledge, this work has not been

submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any degree

or diploma.

Mr. Kislay Choudhary

Asst. Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science, Rajkot.

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work in this project entitled

“Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Supersonic Flow

Over A Wedge & Compressible Flow in Nozzle” by Prince

Majithiya, has been carried out under my supervision in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Mechanical Engineering during session 2018-2019 in

the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atmiya Institute of

Technology & Science, Rajkot.

To the best of my knowledge, this work has not been

submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any degree

or diploma.

Mr. Kislay Choudhary

Asst. Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science, Rajkot.

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work in this project entitled

“Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Supersonic Flow

Over A Wedge & Compressible Flow in Nozzle” by Ansh Pattani,

has been carried out under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical

Engineering during session 2018-2019 in the Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science,

Rajkot.

To the best of my knowledge, this work has not been

submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any degree

or diploma.

Mr. Kislay Choudhary

Asst. Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science, Rajkot.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to thank to our Principle Dr. G. D.

ACHARYA, our H.O.D. Dr. P. S. PURANIK and Prof. Mr.
KISLAY K. CHOUDHARY, highly intelligent, experienced and
qualified Professors of Mechanical Engineering Department, AITS,
Rajkot. It is my achievement to be guided under them. For their
valuable guidance, motivation, cooperation with positive attitude at
all stages of the work for the successful completion of this work. I am
thankful to them for allocating me this research work.

Prof. Mr. KISLAY K. CHOUDHARY has not only been a

wonderful supervisor but also a genuine person. We consider
ourselves extremely lucky to be able to work under the guidance of
such a dynamic personality.

Maharshi Mehta (150030119073)

Prince Majithiya (150030119070)
Ansh Pattani (150030119090)
Keval Ladva (150030119068)
 ABSTRACT

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics

that uses numerical analysis and data structures to solve and analyze
problems that involve fluid flows. The fundamental basis of almost all CFD
problems is the Navier –Stokes equations, which define many single- phase
(gas or liquid, but not both) fluid flows. These equations can be simplified
by removing terms describing viscous actions to yield the Euler equations .
We can obtain accurate result of flows with the help of boundary conditions
. Our project is to analyze supersonic flow over a wedge and compressible
flow in nozzle with the help of CFD analysis. By using fluent we will get
software based solution (mach no. , contours , velocity vectors , pressure
vectors , shock angle and other properties) and then we will obtain analytic
or hand calculated solution. After performing these steps we will able to
compare both results and conclude that whether both results are matching
or not or have less error. This way we can verify our project.

KEYWORDS

• CFD
• Wedge
• Navier-Stokes
• Compressible Flow
• Nozzle
• Mach no.
• Shock angle
Table of Contents
1.Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. i
2.Abstract .................................................................................................................................. ii
Chp 1 Introduction to CFD ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 CFD basics ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Importance of CFD............................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Applications of CFD .......................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Adavantages of CFD.......................................................................................................... 2
Chp 2 Concept of mach no. ....................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Definition .......................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Classification of mach regimes ......................................................................................... 3
2.3 Various case of converging diverging nozzle with various Mach no................................ 3
2.4 Definition .......................................................................................................................... 3
Chp 3 Literature review of problem 1 ...................................................................................... 5
3.1 Research paper 1 .............................................................................................................. 5
3.2 Patent 1 ............................................................................................................................ 6
Chp 4 Problem 1 Supersonic flow over a wedge ...................................................................... 7
4.1 Wedge geometry .............................................................................................................. 7
4.2 Shockwave ........................................................................................................................ 7
4.2.1 Oblique shockwave ................................................................................................................ 7
4.2.2 Attached and Detached shocks ............................................................................................. 8
4.3 Problem specification ....................................................................................................... 8
4.4 Pre-Analysis & Hand Calculation ................................................................................... 10
4.4.1 Hand calculation .................................................................................................................. 10
4.5 Wedge simulation .......................................................................................................... 10
4.5.1 Modelling or geometry .................................................................................................... 11
4.5.2 Meshing ............................................................................................................................... 12
4.5.3 Physical Setup Or Pre Processing ................................................................................... 13
4.5.4 Numerical Solution .............................................................................................................. 14
4.5.5 Numerical Result & Post Processing .............................................................................. 16
4.6 Verification & Validation (Conclusion) ........................................................................... 21
Chp 5 Literature review of problem 2 .................................................................................... 22
 5.1 Research paper 2 ............................................................................................................ 22
5.2 Patent 2 .......................................................................................................................... 23
Chp 6 Problem 1 Compressible flow in nozzle ....................................................................... 24
6.1 Problem specification ..................................................................................................... 24
6.2 Pre-Analysis & Hand Calculation ................................................................................... 24
6.3 Nozzle simulation ........................................................................................................... 25
6.3.1 Modelling or geometry .................................................................................................... 25
6.3.2 Meshing ............................................................................................................................... 26
6.3.3 Physical Setup Or Pre Processing ................................................................................... 27
6.3.4 Numerical Solution .............................................................................................................. 27
6.3.5 Numerical Result & Post Processing .............................................................................. 29
Chp 7 References .................................................................................................................... 32

List of Tables
1. Comparison of Simulation and Experiment ........................................................................... 1
2. Mach regimes......................................................................................................................... 3
3. Research Paper 1 ................................................................................................................... 5
4. Patent 1 .................................................................................................................................. 6
5. Dimensions of wedge ........................................................................................................... 12
6. Pre Processing Details 1 ....................................................................................................... 14
7. Solver Details 1..................................................................................................................... 14
8. Comparison between theory value & FLUENT value ........................................................... 21
9. Research Paper 1 ................................................................................................................. 22
10. Patent 2 .............................................................................................................................. 23
11. Pre Processing Details 2 ..................................................................................................... 27
12. Solver Details 2................................................................................................................... 28
Table of Figures
01. Process of Computational Fluid Dynamics .......................................................................... 1
02. Converging diverging nozzle ............................................................................................... 3
03. Patent 1 ................................................................................................................................ 6
04. Wedge Shape ...................................................................................................................... 7
05. Oblique Shockwave Properties Variation ........................................................................... 7
06. Attached and detached shocks ........................................................................................... 8
07. Problem specification ......................................................................................................... 8
08. 𝜃 − 𝛽 − 𝑀 chart ................................................................................................................. 9
09. Wedge modelling in ANSYS 15.0 ........................................................................................ 11
10. Meshing of wedge in ANSYS 15.0 ...................................................................................... 12
11. Boundaries of model ......................................................................................................... 13
12. Scaled Residuals ................................................................................................................ 15
13. Mach no. contour .............................................................................................................. 16
14. Mach no. variation ............................................................................................................ 16
15. Mach no. contour along y=0.4 ........................................................................................... 17
16. Mach no. variation along y=0.4 ......................................................................................... 17
17. Static pressure contour ..................................................................................................... 18
18. Pressure variation ............................................................................................................. 18
19. Velocity contour ................................................................................................................ 19
20. Velocity variation .............................................................................................................. 19
21. Temperature variation ...................................................................................................... 20
22. Mach no vs pressure ......................................................................................................... 20
23. Mach no vs velocity ........................................................................................................... 20
24. Patent 2 .............................................................................................................................. 23
25. Converging diverging nozzle ............................................................................................. 24
26. Nozzle geometry ............................................................................................................... 25
27. Nozzle meshing ................................................................................................................. 26
28. Nozzle named selection .................................................................................................... 26
29. Scaled Residuals ................................................................................................................ 28
30. Mach no. contours ............................................................................................................ 29
31. Mach no. variation ............................................................................................................ 29
32. Pressure Contour .............................................................................................................. 30
33. Velocity vector .................................................................................................................. 30
34. Temperature Variation ..................................................................................................... 31
35. velocity vs pressure ........................................................................................................... 31
1. INTRODUCTION TO CFD

1.1 CFD basics

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the simulation of fluids engineering systems using
modeling (mathematical physical problem formulation) and numerical methods (discretization
methods, solvers, numerical parameters, and grid generations, etc.). Firstly, we have a fluid
problem. To solve this problem, we should know the physical properties of fluid by using Fluid
Mechanics. Then we can use mathematical equations to describe these physical properties. This
is Navier-Stokes Equation and it is the governing equation of CFD. As the Navier-Stokes
Equation is analytical, human can understand it and solve them on a piece of paper. But if we
want to solve this equation by computer, we have to translate it to the discretized form. The
translators are numerical discretization methods, such as Finite Difference, Finite Element, Finite
Volume methods.

Figure 1 Process of Computational Fluid Dynamics

1
1.2 Importance of Computational Fluid Dynamics

Simulation (CFD) Experiment

Cost Cheap Expensive
Time Short Long
Scale Any Small/Middle
Information All Measured Point
Repeatable Yes Some
Safety Yes Some Dangerous

Table 1 Comparison of Simulation and Experiment

1.3 Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics

• Aerospace
• Biomedical
• Hydraulics
• Oil & Gas
• Sports
• Automotive
• Chemical Processing
• Marin
• Power Generation
• Pollutant Monitoring

1.4 Advantages of Computational Fluid Dynamics

• A great time reduction and cost reduction in new designs.
• The CFD techniques offer the capacity of studying system under conditions over its limits.
• Accuracy in the result is doubted i.e. in certain situations we will not obtain successful result.
• There is a possibility to analyse different problems whose experiments are very difficult and
dangerous.

2
2. CONCEPT OF MACH NUMBER

2.1 Definition
The Mach number (M or Ma) a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of flow velocity
past a boundary to the local speed of sound.
𝑢
𝑀=
𝑐
Where:
M=Mach no
u=local flow velocity with respect to boundary
c=speed of sound in medium

• Mach number is primarily used to determine the approximation with which a flow can be treated
as an incompressible flow.

2.2 Classification of Mach regimes

Regime Mach no.

Subsonic < 0.8
Transonic 0.8 – 0.3
Supersonic 1.3 – 5.0
Hypersonic 5.0 – 10.0
High hypersonic 10.0 – 25.0

Table 2 Mach regimes

2.3 Various case of converging diverging nozzle with various Mach no.

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐴
(1 − 𝑀2 ) =−
𝑉 𝐴

Throat

Converging Diverging

Fig 2

3
• For subsonic flow (M < 1)
-Increase in area (dA > 0) causes flow velocity to decrease (dV < 0)
-Decrease in area (dA < 0) causes flow velocity to increase (dV > 0)

• For supersonic flow (M > 1)

-Increase in area (dA > 0) causes flow velocity to increase (dV > 0)
-Decrease in area (dA < 0) causes flow velocity to decrease (dV < 0)

Where,
M=Mach no.
V=Velocity of flow in nozzle
A=Area of nozzle

4
3. LITERATURE REVIEW OF PROBLEM-1

3.1 Research paper

Sr No: 01 Title: CFD ANALYSIS FOR SUPERSONIC FLOW OVER

A WEDGE
Authors: Pankaj Kumar Singh Year of Publication: Name of Publication:
2017 Bhagwant University

Journal: India Topics Covered: CFD of supersonic flow

Abstract: A wedge is triangular shaped geometrical structure. It is mostly used as supersonic

airfoils and nose of supersonic airplanes. It is typically inclined plane which is at an angle with the
horizontal. This paper helps in explaining most of the concepts related to wedge. In this paper the
principle of working of wedges with the variation of half-wedge angle and also with variation of
Mach number has been done. Theoretical analysis of supersonic flow over wedge is also done. The
variation of flow parameters like Pressure, Temperature and Mach number is visualized using
computational fluid Dynamics and it’s contours and graphs has been plotted. The simulation of
shockwave (attached and detached) through CFD is also analyzed.
Conclusion: By this paper we have explained the basic concepts connected with wedges. The study
of attached and detached shockwave has been done. The effect of increasing upstream Mach
number at constant wedge angle and also the effect of increasing wedge angle at constant upstream
Mach number has been analyzed through CFD. Through this study and analysis, we have found
out the values of variation of parameters such as pressure, density, temperature and Mach number
by theoretical method and also using CFD. Thus we can conclude that values of
these methods are approximately similar to each other.

Table 3 Research Paper 1

5
3.2 Patent

Sr. No.: 01 Title: PROCESS FOR CONJUGATE CFD ANALYSIS OF A

(US008061988B1) TURBINE AIRFOIL

(0) Filed By: Christopher K. Rawlings, Jupiter, Filed On: Nov. 22, 2011
FL (US); James P. Downs, Jupiter, FL
(US); Kenneth K. Landis, Tequestra, FL
(US)

Abstract: The present invention is a process for designing the internal cooling passages with these
small scale features using a meshed solid model in a FEA program to perform the CFD analysis.
Instead of modeling these small scale features (cooling holes, impingement holes, and turbulators)
in the meshed FEA solid model, most of the small scale features are replaced by grid extraneous
source terms in which the small scale feature is eliminated from the solid model and replaced with
point source terms. The source terms can duplicate the effect of the feature within the analysis
without requiring the complex analysis that such features would require in the analysis. Text files for
each of the cooling holes, impingement holes and turbulators are inputted and then translated into
grid extraneous source terms that include position, energy, and continuity. A conjugate CFD solver
performs an analysis and produces new values for the thermal and boundary conditions.

Table 4 Patent 1

Fig 3 Patent 1

6
4. PROBLEM 1: SUPERSONIC FLOW OVER A WEDGE

4.1 Wedge Geometry

A wedge is triangular shaped geometrical structure. It is mostly used as supersonic aerofoils
and nose of supersonic airplanes. It is typically inclined plane which is at an angle with the
horizontal.

Fig 4 Wedge Shape

4.2 Shockwave

A shockwave is an extremely thin region, typically on the order of 10-5 cm across which the flow
properties can change drastically.

4.2.1 Oblique shockwave

When a shockwave makes an oblique angle with respect to upstream flow, it is termed as oblique
shockwave. Oblique shockwave occurs when a supersonic flow is encountered at the wedge that
effectively turns the flow into itself. Oblique shock is generally created at the nose of the wedge.
Downstream of the oblique shock the properties change drastically.

Fig 5 : Oblique Shockwave Properties Variation

7
4.2.2 Attached and detached shocks

Fig 6 Attached and detached shocks

• For attached shocks with a fixed deflection angle, as the upstream Mach number M1 increases,
the wave angle β decreases, and the shock wave becomes stronger.
• As M1 decreases, the wave angle increases, and the shock becomes weaker. Finally, if M1 is
decreased enough, the shock wave will detached.
Where,
β = Wave angle (degree)
ϴ= Half-wedge angle (degree)

4.3 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION

A uniform supersonic stream encounters a wedge with a half-angle of 15 degrees as

shown in the figure below.

150
M=3

Fig 7 Problem specification

8
 The stream is at the following conditions:

• Mach no M1= 3
• Static pressure P1=1 atm
• Static temperature T1=300K
• Deflection angle 𝜃 = 15°

And from 𝜃 − 𝛽 − 𝑀 chart as shown,

β=32 ֯

Fig 8 𝜃 − 𝛽 − 𝑀 chart

• Shock wave angle 𝛽 = 32°

9
4.4 PRE-ANALYSIS & HAND CALCULATION

In the hand calculations we will be applying the conservation of energy, mass and
momentum equations for a 1D inviscid compressible flow. This differs from the
way that FLUENT solves the problem as FLUENT instead uses the 2D inviscid
compressible flow equations.

4.4.1 Hand calculation

M1=3

𝜃 = 15°
𝛽 = 32°
𝛾 = 1.4
𝑃1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.01325 𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝛾−1
1 1+ 2 𝑀12 sin2 𝛽
𝑀2 = √ 𝛾−1
sin(𝛽−𝜃) 𝛾 𝑀12 sin2 𝛽− 2

By calculation, 𝑀2 = 2.296

𝑃2 2𝛾
=1+ (𝑀 2 sin2 𝛽 − 1)
𝑃1 𝛾+1 1

By calculation, 𝑃2 = 2.781 𝑎𝑡𝑚

4.5 WEDGE SIMULATION

The above conditions were taken as mentioned in the previous section and the computer
simulation that is the analysis was done using Ansys-Fluent. When we performed this analysis,
we found out the variation of parameters as we did in the case of theoretical treatment.

The CFD Analysis was done in the following steps:

10
• Modelling or Geometry
• Meshing
• Physical setup or Pre processing
• Numerical solution
• Numerical result
• Post processing

4.5.1 Modelling or geometry

The modelling of the wedge was created in Ansys Design modeller. The geometry was formed
using Line tool under Draw tab in the Sketching Toolboxes. To add the dimensions for the
geometry, click Dimensions under sketching toolbox, then select General for horizontal and
vertical lines and select Angle option to give angle to the wedge.Then select Concept option from
menu bar and click Surface from sketches.

The dimensions of our geometry are as follow :

Fig 9 Wedge modelling in ANSYS 15.0

11
 Dimensions
H1 1.5 m
H2 0.5 m
V1 1.259 m
V2 0.991 m
Table 5 Dimensions of wedge

4.5.2 MESHING

The model created by above dimensions was meshed in mesh mode of ANSYS component
systems.By meshing we can convert an infinite number of particles model of finite number of
particles. Mapped face Meshing was used with the face. Then Body Sizing, the element size
was chosen 0.05m. The number of nodes were calculated as 768 and number of elements was
713.And various parametes like volume of box and area can also obtained in mesh report.

Fig 10 Meshing of wedge in ANSYS 15.0

12
 Then edges of the model was defined by Create Named Selection as Pressure Far Field, Symmetry,
and wedge.

Fig 11 Boundaries of model

4.5.3 PHYSICAL SETUP OR PRE PROSSING

The next step of the CFD after meshing is physical setup in physical setup appropriate
boundary conditions are applied to the meshed model. The physical setup was done in Ansys
Fluent.

By following table we can see our various boundary conditions that we put in fluent.

13
 General Solver type : Density
2D space : Planner
Time : steady

Models Energy : on

Viscous : inviscid

Materials Density : Ideal gas

Cp : 1006.43 J/kgK

γ : 1.4

Molecular Weight : 28.966 kg/kgmol

Boundary Half wedge Mach number Gauge pressure Temperature
conditions angle 𝜃(deg) (Pa) (K)

15 03 101325 300

Table 6 Pre Processing Details

4.5.4 NUMERICAL SOLUTION

The next step is solution. In solver the solution is initialized and calculation is stated with the
desired number of iterations. It is the most important step of CFD analysis. Using Ansys-
Fluent, it is possible to solve the governing equation related to the flow physical properties.

Solver Details

Solution Controls Courant number = 5

Solution Initialization Compute from = pressure-far-field

Run Calculation Number of iterations = 1000

Table 7 Solver Details

14
 Fig 12 Scaled Residuals

• Mach no = 3

• No of iterations = 4000

15
4.5.5 NUMERICAL RESULT & POST PROCESSING
• Mach no. contour

Fig 13 Mach no. contour

• Mach no. variation

Fig 14 Mach no. variation

16
• Mach number variation along y=0.4

Fig 15 Mach no. contour along y=0.4

Fig 16 Mach no. variation along y=0.4

17
• Pressure contour

Fig 17 Static pressure contour

• Pressure variation

Fig 18 pressure variation

18
• Velocity contour

Fig 19 velocity contour

• Velocity variation

Fig 20 velocity variation

19
 Tempetature variation Mach no. vs pressure

Fig 21 Temperature variation Fig 22 Mach no vs pressure

Mach no vs Velocity

Fig 22 Mach no vs velocity

20
4.6 VERIFICATION & VALIDATION (CONCLUSION)
In order to verify the simulation we need to compare our analytic result (hand calculation) with
fluent result by following table with both values.

Mach no. Static pressure (atm) Shock angle (deg)

Theory value 2.296 2.781 32

FLUENT Solution 2.24614 2.815 33.88

Percent Difference 0.8% 0.7% 8.2%

Table 8 Comparison between theory value & FLUENT value

• As can see from table,we are getting fairly good match between the computation and analytic
solution.
• So we can successfully validate our problem.

21
5. LITERATURE REVIEW OF PROBLEM-2
5.1 Research paper

Sr No: 2 Title: CFD modelling of the condensation inside a

Authors: Mezzelli Federico
Journal: Italy
Supersonic Nozzle: implementing customized wet-steam
model in commercial codes
Year of Publication: Name of Publication:
2017 Elsevier Ltd
Topics Covered: CFD of nozzle

Abstract: Non-equilibrium condensation of steam occurs in many jet and turbomachinery devices,
such as supersonic nozzles, ejectors and across the last stages of steam turbines. Wet steam models
are available in many commercial CFD codes and can represent the metastable behaviour of the
flow with reasonable accuracy. Unfortunately, the use of built-in models does not allow freedom in
the choice of model parameters and settings. In the present paper, a numerical model for the
simulation of wet steam flow has been developed and implemented within a commercial CFD code
(ANSYS Fluent) via user defined functions. The scheme is based on a single-fluid approach and
solves the transport equation for a homogeneous mixture flow coupled with conservation equations
for the number of droplets and liquid mass fraction. The model is compared against a well-known
steam nozzle test-case.
Conclusion: The model has been compared against a well-known steam nozzle test-case. The
results are also confronted with those obtained with the ANSYS Fluent build-in wet steam model
in order to benchmark the present scheme with a previously validated code.

Table 9 Research Paper 1

22
 5.2 Patent

Sr. No.: 2 Title: Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Flashing Flow in

Convergent-Divergent Nozzle

Filed By: Quang Dang le, Filed On: March 20, 2017
Riccardo Mereu , Giorgio
Besagni , Fabio Inzoli

Abstract:In this patent, a computational fluid dynamics model of flashing flow, which considers the
thermal nonequilibrium effect, has been proposed. In the proposed model, based on the two-phase
mixture approach, the phase-change process depends on the difference between the vaporization pressure
and the vapor partial pressure.The proposed model has been applied to the case of two-dimensional
axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle, which is representative of well-known applications in
nuclear and energy engineering applications (e.g., the primary flow in the motive nozzle of ejectors).
The numerical results have been validated based on a benchmark case from the literature and have been
compared with the numerical results previously obtained by different research groups.

Table 10 Patent 2

Fig 23 patent 2

23
6. PROBLEM 2: COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN NOZZLE
6.1 PROBLEM SPECIFICATION

Fig 24 Converging diverging nozzle

Consider air flowing at high-speed through a convergent-divergent nozzle having a circular cross-
sectional area, A, that varies with axial distance from the throat, x, according to the formula.

A = 0.1 + x2; -0.5 < x < 0.5

where A is in square meters and x is in meters.

• Stagnation pressure Po = 101,325 Pa

• Stagnation temperature To = 300 K
• Static Pressure = 3,738.9 Pa

6.2 PRE-ANALYSIS & HAND CALCULATION

In quasi - one dimensional flow for this converging diverging nozzle, we expect that the Mach number
at the inlet will be subsonic and accelerating until at the minimum nozzle area (the throat) the flow
becomes sonic with M = 1. At that point, we expect that since the nozzle starts to diverge the flow
will continue accelerating until at the exit, the flow continues as supersonic. We get to this result via
the area velocity relation.

𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑈
= (𝑀2 − 1)
𝐴 𝑈

24
6.3 NOZZLE SIMULATION

The above conditions were taken as mentioned in the previous section and the computer
simulation that is the analysis was done using Ansys-Fluent. When we performed this analysis,
we found out the variation of parameters as we did in the case of theoretical treatment.

The CFD Analysis was done in the following steps:

• Modelling or Geometry
• Meshing
• Physical setup or Pre processing
• Numerical solution
• Numerical result
• Post processing

6.3.1 MODELING OR GEOMETRY

The modelling of the wedge was created in Ansys Design modeller. The geometry was
formed using Line tool under Draw tab in the Sketching Toolboxes. To add the dimensions
for the geometry, click Dimensions under sketching toolbox. Then select Concept option
from menu bar and click Surface from sketches.

The dimensions of our geometry are as follow :

Fig 25 Nozzle geometry

25
6.3.2 Meshing

The model created by above dimensions was meshed in mesh mode of ANSYS component
systems.By meshing we can convert an infinite number of particles model of finite number of
particles. Mapped face Meshing was used with the face. Then Body Sizing, the element size
was chosen 0.025m. The number of nodes were calculated as 588 and number of elements was
533.And various parametes like volume of box and area can also obtained in mesh report.

Fig 26 Nozzle meshing

Then edges of the model was defined by Create Named Selection as pressure inlet,pressure
outlet,nozzle wall,nozzle axis

Fig 27 Nozzle named selection

26
6.3.3 PHYSICAL SETUP OR PRE PROSSING

The next step of the CFD after meshing is physical setup in physical setup appropriate
boundary conditions are applied to the meshed model. The physical setup was done in Ansys
Fluent.

By following table we can see our various boundary conditions that we put in fluent.

General Solver type : Density

2D space : Axisymmetric
Time : steady
Models Energy : on
Viscous : inviscid
Materials Density : Ideal gas
Cp : 1006.43 J/kgK
γ : 1.4

Molecular Weight : 28.966 kg/kgmol

Boundary conditions Gauge pressure of outlet : 3738.9 (Pa)
Gauge total pressure of inlet : 101325 (Pa)
Supersonic/Initial gauge pressure of inlet : 99348 (Pa)
Total Temperature : 300 K
Operating conditions Operating pressure : 0 Pa
Table 11 Pre Processing Details

6.3.4 NUMERICAL SOLUTION

The next step is solution. In solver the solution is initialized and calculation is stated with the
desired number of iterations. It is the most important step of CFD analysis. Using Ansys-
Fluent, it is possible to solve the governing equation related to the flow physical properties.

Following table shows various solution parameters of solution.

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Solution Methods Formulation : Implicit
Gradient : Least square cell based
Flow : Second
Monitors > Residuals Convergence criteria
Continuity : 10-6
x-velocity : 10-6
y- velocity : 10-6
energy : 10-6
Solution Initialization Initialization method : Standard Initialization
No. of iteration : 150
Table 12 Solver Details

Fig 28 Scaled Residuals

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6.3.5 NUMERICAL RESULT & POST PROCESSING
• Mach no. contour

Fig 29 Mach no. contours

• Mach no. variation

Fig 30 Mach no. variation

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• Pressure contour

Fig 31 Pressure Contour

• Velocity contour

Fig 32 Velocity vector

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• Temperature variation

Fig 33 Temperature Variation

• Velocity vs pressure along axis

Fig 34 velocity vs pressure

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7. References

• Yunus Cengel and John Cimbala,”Fluid Mechanics” 3rd edition, pp. 611-644.
• John D Anderson Jr.,”Fundamental of Aerodynamics” 5th edition, pp. 515-576.
• http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/CFD_ANALYSIS_FOR_SUPERS
ONIC_FLOW_OVER_A_WEDGE_ijariie5053.pdf

• https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070219766A1/en

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