NAGARJUNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous College under VTU, Belagavi)

A Project Report
on
“EFFECT OF ADDITIVES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
BIODIESEL FUELED DIESEL ENGINE”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree in

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MACHINE DESIGN AND DRAWING

Submitted by

Mrs. Mamatha G C(1NC17MMD04)

Under the guidance of

Mrs. Sandhya P S

Assistant Professor,

Dept. of ME, NCET, Bengaluru.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGNIEERING

NAGARJUNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous College under VTU, Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade)
Mudugurki (V), Venkatagirikote (P), Devanahalli (T), Bengaluru-562164.

2018-19
 NAGARJUNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous College under VTU, Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade)
Bengaluru-562164, Karnataka, India

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “Effect of Additives on the Performance of Biodiesel
fueled Diesel Engine”carried out byMrs. Mamatha G C (1NC17MMD04),bonafide students
of Nagarjuna College of Engineering and Technology, an autonomous institution under
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi in partial fulfillment for the award of
Masterof Technology in Machine Design and Drawingduring the academic year 2018-2019.
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The project work has been
approved, as it satisfies theacademic requirement in respect of project work prescribed for the
said degree.

Name &Signature of the Guide Name & Signature of the HOD Name & Signature of the Principal

Mrs. Sandhya P S Dr. N.Kapilan Dr. Srikanta Murthy K

External Viva-Voce

Name of the Examiner Signature with date

1. ......................................... .............................................

2. ......................................... .............................................
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Every project begins with an idea and materializes with concrete efforts. In the
beginning, I would like to thank the almighty God and our parents who gave me the
strength and capability to work on this project and complete it successfully.
I am extremely grateful to my project guide Mrs. Sandhya P S, Assistant
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCET for the guidance and
encouragement.

It is indeed gratifying to have the privilege to express sense of gratitude to PG Co-

ordinatorMr. Amaresh Gunge, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, NCET for his scholarly guidance during the course of investigation.

It is indeed gratifying to have the privilege to express sense of gratitude to project

co-ordinatorMr.Amaresh Gunge, AssistantProfessor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, NCET for his scholarly guidance during the course of investigation.

I extend my sincere gratitude to Dr. N Kapilan, Professor and Head of

theDepartment, Mechanical Engineering, NCET, for his consistentassistance and
guidance during the course of the project work.

I also express my gratitude to Dr. Srikanta Murthy. K, Principal, Nagarjuna

College of Engineering and Technology for his help and support.

Finally, I express my immense pleasure and thanks to all Teaching staff and Non-
teaching staff of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, NCETfor their co-operation
and support.

Mrs. Mamatha G C
(1NC17MMD07)
 DECLARATION

I, Mrs. Mamatha G Cbearing USN:1NC17MMD04student of M.Tech. in Machine Design,

Nagarjuna College of Engineering and Technology, an Autonomous college under
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, hereby declare that the project work
“Effect of Additives on the Performance of Biodiesel fueled Diesel Engine” has been
carried out by me and submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Master of
Technology in Machine Design and Drawing, During the year 2018-2019. Further the
matter embodied in the dissertation work has not been submitted previously by anybody for
the award of any degree or diploma to any other university.

Place:NCET, Bengaluru (MAMATHA G C)

Date: USN:1NC17MMD04
 ABSTRACT

Biodiesel is considered as the renewable alternative fuel to the fossil diesel. It can be used as
a substitute in the diesel engine with minor engine modification. In India, Pongamia oil is
having considerable potential for the production of the Bio-Diesel and hence it was used in
this work for the Bio-Diesel production. When Bio-Diesel is used as fuel in the diesel engine,
it reduces engine emissions such as CO, HC and smoke. NOx emission is higher than the
normal diesel operation due to higher combustion temperature, hence in this work, an attempt
was made to reduce the NOx emission by using the natural and synthetic additives. From the
engine experiments, we observe that the NOx emission can be reduced significantly using the
commercially available additives.
 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
DECLARATION Ii
ABSTRACT Iii
CONTENTS Iv
LIST OF FIGURES v-vii
LIST OF TABLES Viii

CHAPTER NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
Introduction of Alternative Fuels 1-5
Advantages of Biodiesel 6-7
Disadvantages of Biodiesel 7-8
2 LITERATURE RIVIEW 9-15
3 OBJECTIVES 16
4 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 17
Preparation of Pongamia Oil 17
Oil Extraction 18-19
Pre-Treatment for High FFA Oils 19-20
Titration Testing 20-22
Additives 23-25
Samples 26-27
Cleveland Open Cup Flash and Fire test 28
Redwood Viscometer 29
Bomb Calorimeter 30
Engine Experimental Setup 31-36
Emission Test 37
Smoke Meter Test 38-39
 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 40
Fuel Properties 40
Engine Test Details 41-49
CONCLUSION 50
REFERENCES 51

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.2.2 Steps involved in preparation of Honge oil 18-19

4.2.3 Biodiesel and glycerin layer 20
4.2.4 Washing of biodiesel with water and Drying 21
4.2 Stages involved in biodiesel production 22
4.3.1 Black seed oil 23
4.3.2 Turmeric oil 24
4.3.3 Clove oil + Pyrogallol 25
4.4.1 Pure Honge Bio-Diesel 26
4.4.2 Honge Bio-Diesel with Black Seed Oil 26
4.4.3 Honge Bio-Diesel with Turmeric Oil 27
4.4.4 Honge Bio-Diesel with Clove Oil & Pg 27
4.5 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus 28
4.6 Redwood Viscometer 29
4.7 Bomb Calorimeter 30
4.8 Engine experimental setup 33
4.8.1 Experimental Engine 34
4.9 AVL Gas Analyzer 37
4.9.1 Smoke Meter 39
5.2.1 Load v/s CO 42-43
5.2.2 Load v/s HC’s 44
5.2.3 Load v/s NOx 45
5.2.4 Load v/s CO2 46-47
5.2.5 Load v/s O2 48-49
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

4.8 Engine Specification 36

5.1 Properties of fuel 40
5.2 Different values of engine performance encountered in IC 41
engine
5.2.1 Load v/s CO 42
5.2.2 Load v/s HC’s 43
5.2.3 Load v/s NOx 45
5.2.4 Load v/s CO2 46
5.2.5 Load v/s O2 48