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Sports Development Continuum2
Sports development is about helping, supporting and maturing of young skills from all
background and start to play a sport, and be able to succeed at it. Sports planning is the key to
achieving these goals.However, due to the lack of sport planning tools, sports management
developmentcontinuum is a model that presents a person sports involvement by what stage they
are at. The model also highlights the way the person can use and become and an elite performer.
According to Balyi (2001), the model is divided into four stages; foundation, participation,
This is the stage which is made of the athletes who are beginners in sports. Moreover, it
means that the foundation stage is made up of people who have no experience or less experience
and aim on developing their sports skills and movements. Mostly, this stage happens at school
stages as a PE (Physical education) lesson (Bramham et al., 2001).Here, the basic and critical
skill is learned by the beginner and be able to progress up the pyramid to performance and
excellence. For example, netball, the basic skills through catching the ball, stopping the ball and
Sports Development Continuum3
footwork are taught in the foundation stage. The position of the player, catching and passing the
ball and running is typically taught here. In addition, netball is mostly introduced at the early
stages of education such as primary school level as according to Bramham et al. (2001). The
pathway allows for a variety of younger generation to experience the best out of netball sports
known for the performance and elite and not well known in the foundation and performance.
The participation stage is where the young begin to regularly participate in specific
activities for the purpose of enjoyment, and when a particular sport becomes more important to
them over the other sports. Developing from foundation stage to participation stage, the player
may become part of the sports team, for instance, the sports festival or the local club and be able
to compete with others of a similar ability. The sports clubs becomes the most important activity
The skills learned in the foundation stage are applied here by the participants through
seeing and connecting the fundamental skills together so as to perform a movement. For
example, split landing off in netball and relating it to basic skills of playing. Additionally, in the
participation stage, skills are developed and strategic knowledge of skills isincorporated. Netball
is mostly performed in secondary schools over the primary schools. The secondary school
curriculum spectrum the participation of netball competition to the national level and perhaps
after secondary schools clubs participate in international level competitions. Clubs participation
Participation in a certain sport such as netball can be one hour a day where the participant
attends training sessions at the club or sports festival. The skills will be basic but the
Sports Development Continuum4
development will get harder over a period of time as the participant learns on basic skills. The
basic skills learned here are player attacking and defending techniques, basic court movement,
Progressing from participation level to performance level, a player must consistently play
well for him or her to be spotted by a professional club. The professional club is able to pay
wages on the non-elite level and the player plays on a scouted time to increase performance
chances.
The performance stage is the key stage in developing sports specific skills and improving
techniques and performance of a player. Moreover, this requires continuous training with the
involvement of a qualified professional coach. However, by the time when players reach the
performance stage in sports development continuum, there are participating and competing in
high standards such as professional clubs in county levels and regional levels.
According to Parmenter (2010), for a player to be able to move through the sports
development continuum and reach performance stage, he or she must have taken individual
responsibility for their actions and personal mindset of a game to play. For example, joining a
netball club at a county or regional level and taking the role of learning from sources outside.
The player should be able to make perpetual responses and creative moves when marked by a
defender in netball and create a dodge move and pass the defender with no help of coach or
playmates.
The player in performance stage has more experience however he or she needs to be
supported, guided and helped by the coach so as to develop to the next level in continuum
Sports Development Continuum5
pyramid so as to become an elite player. For example, the netball supportive network is
outstanding as it helps the player to continually master her position and performance skills.
According to Abbott and Collins (2004), the elite stage is also known as the excellence
stage. Only a few players who start at foundation stage reach the elite stage as it is the peak of
sports development continuum pyramid model of participation and performance. Reaching the
elite stage a player becomes a top class athlete who takes parts in international competitions.
Here, the players have perfected their skills and training are conducted by sports governing
bodies at the national level. The players here are placed to play for the national team, for
example, p[layers are placed to play for England netball national team. The coaching is from
professional coaches and receives a 1-2-1 training. Players at the elite stage are able to set
SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Real and Time-Bound) targets on both long and
short terms (Doran, 2014). A player at this stage is able to solve the problem, maintain an
automatic behavior and self-motive. The player or players in this stage unlike other stages of
performance do not require much help and support on learning and mastering of skills as they
According to Petlichkoff (2004), netball in England has much participated in high school
level over the clubs in the county and regional levels. Schools need to start supporting the local
clubs for young girls who are leaving high school and playing netball to be able to continue to
participate and develop through these local clubs. Most of the girls who play netball in high
school do not proceed on playing netball after high school as there are no strong local clubs that
can absorb them and develop them to become an elite player in England.
Sports Development Continuum6
There are limited programmes and opportunities in netball participation, training and
competition in England clubs as compared to high school netball participation(Schmid, Pratt &
Witmer, 2006). The adolescence girls are the most affected as the crucial part of netball training
and development takes place in high school. Most have no interest and involvement in netball
playing as they are no more successful elite player to act as role models according to Sotiriadou,
Shilbury and Quick (2008). Furthermore, the girls term the game as tiresome as no player will
maintain a certain position in the whole game. Players in netball are required to change position
from time to time (Netball Association, 2015). The strategy to overcome this barrier of
participation is by promoting the local clubs and regional netball clubs so as to absorb more girls
2.1 Structure and Role of Local and National Sports Development Provider
All organizational sports development providers have a structure that staffs follow to
deliver their programmes. Both the local and national sports development provider have similar
structures. The provider gives authority, communication with a scheme of sports development.
Committees –Committees are the most common in the voluntary sector. They are made
of person and headed by a chairperson or a captain. There is a treasurer who looks over
financial affairs and a secretary to act the administration roles. There is also a person who
Working groups – working groups are looser than systems of the committee.They are
each of the partners sending work to each other in the group. They ensure that all the
Sports Development Continuum7
interested parties are kept informed and are able to achieve the aim set out by the sports
development provider.
Forms –forms are made of a set of people who are experts on the issues involved with the
sports development provider. The group of people meets to discuss the problems or issues
and put forward ideas and solutions for the sports development provider.
Consultation groups –the consultation groups are a large group and are used for
consultation on people who are involved in the sports development schemes. The people
who are likely to be consultedinclude the local politicians, county sports partnerships, the
According to Shepard et al. (2001), the roles of both national and local sports
development providers are similar to the structures. Both local and national sports development
provider contributes to the communities around them. They include diverse dimension, aims, and
individual setups. Enabling is the first style of delivery is a sports development provider.
Enabling is called when the sports development provider responds to participants needs by
providing resources and facilities to give them opportunities. Facilitating is another role which
involves helping and motivating people. Both enabling and facilitating aims on participants to
Direct delivery is carried out by the sports developers’ professional directly such as the
one whichis carried out by local authority officers. Strategic refers to the direct links which come
together (Cavill, 2010). For instance, it is known as an integratedapproach. The links include
Operational is another role of sports development provider which refers todealing with
people that are concerned directlysuch as adolescence women or disaffected youngsters. The
operations are delivered by leaders professionally who have community knowledge (Schmid,
Pratt & Witmer, 2006). Guidance is also an important role in a sports development center. For
example, guidance on safety measures required for disabled athletes. They are provided on the
Most roles are engaged in sports participation by helping increases the number of people
who are taking part in that sport. Participation ranges from sports and gender, age range, and
ability levels. Participation is the target byboth local and national sports development provider.
Performance is the measure of ability level and skills of the participant by sports development
provider. The methods used are known as excellence (Schmid, Pratt & Witmer, 2006).
Excellence is the peak of the sports development continuum. Moreover, local and national sports
Local sports development providers try to meet the community's needs while national sports
Sports England is mainly concerned with sports at grassroots. Sports England works
together with national sports governing bodies, a charity organization, and local authorities to
fund people with opportunities to participate in sports (Foster, 2005). Sports England is made of
the main body that controls overall activities, the executive board responsible for daily operation,
nine regional champions responsible for sports in the community and three teams which are
The vision of Sports Coach UK is to provide top quality coaching to every participant.
The organization is a charitable one which is responsible for recruiting, developing, and retaining
coaches (Shepard et al., October 2, 2002).The organization has worked on many projects to
develop a world-class coaching system in England. The organization offers training, workshops
and coaching support. The sports coach the UK is run the same as sports England with each level
of management taking a specific role with the aim of developing coaches across the United
Kingdom.
against the visitors or users with exactly what they are getting. The participants or the players'
excellence and performance are what measures the quality of initiative in the sports development
clubs. According to Armstrong et al. (2008) quality measure of sports development initiatives
Sports Development Continuum10
arebased on the criteria that it must be supported by evidence such as playing programmes, the
duty of care and welfare, club management and club knowledge. The measure of quality
initiative in sports development is accessed through the level the player reach and the
successfulness of the club or team. Most of the player quit the sport before they attain the
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