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Types of Cells
Major differences
CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOCYTES EUKARYOCYTES
NUCLEUS Non-membrane Membrane-bound
bound
DNA Single Multiple
CHROMOSOMES Circular Linear
HISTOMES -/+ +
ORGANELLES - +
CELL WALL Peptidoglycan -/cellulose/chitin
REPRODUCTION Binary fusion Asexual/sexual
RIBOSOMES 70s 80s
ETS Cell membrane Mitochondria
Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell
Cell Structures
Nucleus
Double membrane-
bound control
center of the cell.
contains
chromosomes, each
of which consists of
a single molecule of
DNA
Nuclear structures
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus - Small, discrete, spherical, densely
staining structures made up of RNA; produces
ribosomes
Nuclear structures
Centrosome
/centromere
very small rounded
bodies found on both
ends of the nucleus
regulates the rate of
cell division and
multiplication
Contains centriole
Nuclear structures
Chromosomes
long, linear chromatin materials combined
with protein molecules
contain the genes that represent all the
traits of an individual
the genes are composed of segmented DNA
Packing of DNA into a Chromosome
Nucleus
Nucleus
1 µm Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear envelope:
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nuclear pore
Pore
complex
Rough ER
Surface of nuclear
envelope. Ribosome 1 µm
0.25 µm
Close-up of
nuclear
envelope
RECESSIVE TRAIT:
One which may be seen only in a minority of
offsprings
The trait may even disappear in one generation
but will re-appear in succeeding generations
TYPE OF EXPRESSION OF
HEREDITARY TRAITS
PHENOTYPE
The physical observable aspects of heredity as
handed down from generation
Eg. Type of hair, eyes
GENOTYPE
The non-observable, non-physical aspects of
heredity
Eg. IQ, talent, temper, aptitude in math, inherited
diseases like asthma, allergy, DM, epilepsy,
hemophilia, insanity, color blindness
Cell Membrane
Other names: Plasma membrane/plasmalemma
Protective layer
separates the cell’s internal environment
from the outside environment
selective barrier
Gives the size and shape of the cell
plays a role in cellular communication
Plasma Membrane
Layers and Composition
Mucopolysaccharide or Carbohydrate
Outer Protein layer(peripheral)
Double-layered lipid layer
Inner protein layer (integral)
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
Structure of a Membrane
Degree of ionization
Lipid solubility
Water solubility
Size of substance
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN THE
PLASMA MEMBRANE
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
FACULTATIVE OR FACILITATED
PASSIVE
Active Transport
Extracellular fluid
Na+ Na+/K+ ATPase 3 Na+ expelled 2K+
Extracellular fluid
gradient
Na +
Na+/K+ ATPase 3 Na+ expelled 2K+
gradient
3 Na+ P
Cytosol
K+ Cytosol 3 Na+ P
ATP
gradient
+ 1 2 3 P
K ATP ADP +
gradient 1 2 ADP
3 P 4 2K
imported
Types of gradient
Concentration gradient
Glucose Glucose
transporter
1 Glucose
gradient 2
Glucose
Passive diffusion
Common; simplest method
No need for ATP, carrier
proteins
Movement of substances follow
LAWS OF OSMOSIS.
Membrane Proteins
Osmosis- movement of solvent or water
from a region of lower to higher
solute concentration
Diffusion – movement of solute particles
from a region of higher to a lower
solute concentration
Transport in Vesicles
Vesicle - a small spherical sac formed by budding
off from a membrane
Endocytosis - materials move into a cell in a
vesicle formed from the plasma membrane
Exocytosis - vesicles fuse with the plasma
membrane, releasing their contents into the
extracellular fluid
Transcytosis
Phagocytosis
Passive vs. Active Processes
1. CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS
A. Cytosol
intracellular fluid, surrounds the organelles
ISOTONIC SOLUTION:
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION:
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION:
2. CHO
primary source of energy (1gm = 4calories)
Stored in the form of glycogen or starch
3. FATS or LIPIDS
Serves as heat insulator & provides tissue
elasticity
Stored in the form of Triglyceride
Cytoplasm
4. CHONS
Tissue-building ( 1gm = 4 calories)
No storage form
5. ELECTROLYTES
K+, PO4-, Na+, Cl-,
Nucleoproteins
A. Simple proteins
1. Histomes
2. Protamines
B. Nucleic acid (enzyme)
Deoxyribonuclease; ribonuclease mononucleotide
-----(nucleotidase phosphatase) nucleoside
a. Nitrogenous
b. Pentose (sugar)
NUCLEOTIDE- subunit of nucleic acid
NUCLEOSIDE- smaller subunit made
of pentose and nitrogenous base.
There are 5 nucleosides
1. Adenosine – adenine 3-D-ribose
2. Guanidine
3. Thymidine
4. Uridine
5. Cytidine
NUCLEOPROTEINS
Characteristics:
1. Proteins conjugated with nucleic
acids
2. Principal constituent of the
hereditary material in chromosomes
3. They are also found in the
cytoplasm (ribosomes)
4. Present in all living cells
NUCLEOPROTEINS
Functions:
1. Duplication
2. Storage, expression and
transmission of genetic
information
COMPOSITION DNA RNA
Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
PO4
Pentose Base
PYRIMIDINE
1.Thymidylic acid
√ X
2. Cytidylic acid
3. Uridylic acid
√
PURINE T/C/U/G/A
1. Guanylic acid
2. Adenylic acid
Pyrimidine
Purines
COLOR DNA RNA
TESTS
Feulgen’s Red Negative
Test
Dische Test Blue Negative
aminoacylated
tRNA/charged
tRNA
Anticodon: set of N bases used in
the formation of a polypeptide
chain
Cistron: smallest part of a DNA
which may represent a gene
Intron: smaller sub-units of DNA
but cannot represent a gene
Plasmids: closer loops of DNA
material
Large Amino acid
Large subunit Amino acid
P site
P site subunit
Initiator tRNA tRNA
Initiator tRNA tRNA
UAC A site
U A C GG A U G A site
GG A U G C
C
Small P site
P site
Small subunit Anticodon
subunit Anticodon
A site
UAC A site
2 Large and small ribosomal GA U G
U AG C
2 Large and small ribosomal
subunits join to form a functional GG A U G
subunits join to form and
ribosome a functional
initiator tRNA mRNA
ribosome and fits initiator tRNA
into P site. mRNA
Amino acid Codons
Amino acid (methionine) fits into P site. Codons
(methionine) Initiator tRNA
Initiator tRNA 3 Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs
Anticodon 3 Anticodon
withofnext
incoming
mRNA tRNA
codonpairs
at A site.
Anticodon mRNA with next mRNA codon at A site.
U A CmRNA
UAC GG A U G
GG A U G
Small
mRNA Small subunit
mRNA binding subunit
binding site
site Start codon
Start codon UAC U
1 Initiator tRNA attaches to a
Initiator tRNAstart
attaches to a
UGAGCA UUG U A G
1 codon. GG A U G U A G
start codon.
New
New peptide
peptide bond 4 Amino acid on tRNA at P site
bond 4 Aminoforms
acid on tRNA atbond
a peptide P sitewith
forms amino
a peptide
acidbond
at A with
site.
amino acid at A site.
C
U
GG A
U U G U GC
GG A U G U GC
mRNA
mRNAmovement
Stop codon movement
5 tRNA at P site leaves ribosome,
6 Protein synthesis stops when 5 tRNA at Pribosome
site leaves ribosome,
shifts by one codon;
the ribosome reaches stop ribosometRNA
shiftspreviously
by one codon;
at A site is now
codon on mRNA. tRNA previously
at the Pat A site is now
site.
Key: at the P site.
Key: = Adenine Growing Complete protein
= Adenine mRNA protein
= Guanine tRNA
= Guanine
= Cytosine
= Cytosine
= Uracil
= Uracil
Ribosomes
Comparison between DNA & RNA
Name Deoxyribonucleic Ribonucleic acid
acid
Pentose sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
Structure Double helix Single helix
Location Chromosome Nucleus ribosome
mitochondria
Purine base Adenine, Guanine Adenine , Guanine
Pyrimidine Thymine, Cytosine Uracil, Cytosine
base
Nitrogenous Adenine with Adenine with
base pairings Thymine; Guanine Uracil; Guanine
with Cytosine with Cytosine
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
network of fibers extending throughout
the cytoplasm
Also forms the major component of cilia
and flagella
Microfilaments and microtubules
The Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
2. Organelles
Specialized & metabolically active
structures/little organs within the cell;
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Translate the genetic
code into polypeptide
chains.
Found attached to the
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum or free in
the cytoplasm.
60% RNA and 40%
protein.
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
-Transport of
materials within
the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of continuous
sacs, studded with
ribosomes.
Manufactures, pro-
cesses, and transports
proteins for export from
cell.
Continuous with nuclear
envelope.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Medial cisterna
3
Exit face cisterna
4 Transport vesicle
(to lysosome)
8
Rough ER
6
Transfer vesicle
Proteins in vesicle
4 Membrane membrane merge
7 vesicle
5 with plasma
membrane
Transfer vesicle
Proteins exported
Secretory from cell by exocytosis
vesicle
Plasma
membrane
Lysosome Single membrane bound
structure.
Contains digestive
(proteolytic) enzymes that
break down cellular waste
and debris and nutrients for
use by the cell.
For intracellular defense
mechanism
Autophagy and heterophagy
Lysosome
Http://anatomy.med.unsw.edu.au/teach/phph1004/1998/WWWlect3/sld005.htm
Lysosomes
1. Primary
2. Secondary
Peroxisomes
Ultrastructure:
Outer layer
Inner layer:
Cristae - series of folds
Matrix - the large central
fluid-filled cavity
Mitochondrion
Intermembrane space
Outer
membrane
Free
ribosomes
in the
mitochondrial
matrix
Inner
membrane
Cristae
Matrix
Mitochondrial
DNA 100 µm
Mitochondrion
A. Vacuoles
Temporary dumping site for cellular
wastes
Storage of glycogen and fats
B. Inclusions
C. Pigments
D. Fat Droplets
Parts of cell Description or chemical Function
composition
Spherical in shape & separated Cell information center
Cell nucleus from the cytoplasm by a double DNA replication of tRNA
membrane colloid , the nuclear synthesis
envelope
Barrel shaped cell structure found Involved in the organization
Centriole in most animal eukaryotic cells, of the mitotic spindle in the
though absent in higher plants completion of cytokinesis
and most fungi
Part of a cell that is enclosed Site where most cellular
Cytoplasm within the cell membrane activities occur, such as many
metabolic pathways like
glycolysis, and processes such
as cell division
Large complex of RNA/protein Synthesize of protein
Ribosome molecules
Continuous with the outer layer of Insertion into the ER
Rough ER the nuclear envelope membrane; glycosylation;
disulfide bond formation &
rearrangement
Parts of cell Description or chemical Function
composition
Smooth ER Connected to the nuclear Has function in several
envelope metabolic processes including
synthesis of lipids and steroid
Golgi complex Composed of membrane-bound Passage & modifies protein
stacks known as cisternae molecules for transport and
secretion
Lysosome Large spherical organelles that Release energy from food
contain enzymes molecules and transport
energy into usable form
Mitochondria Membrane enclosed organelle Contains enzymes capable of
found in most eukaryotic cells digesting worn cellular parts
or substances that enter cells
Cell Mainly composed of protein and Maintain integrity of the cell,
lipid molecules controls the passage of
membrane materials into & out of the
cell and provides for signal
transduction