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To cite this article: Erick C. López-Vidaña, Isaac Pilatowsky Figueroa, Farid B. Cortés, Benjamín
A. Rojano & Arturo Navarro Ocaña (2017) Effect of temperature on antioxidant capacity during
drying process of mortiño (Vaccinium�meridionale�Swartz), International Journal of Food Properties,
20:2, 294-305, DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1155601
Introduction
Mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) is a berry of 5–10 mm in diameter, dark reddish in color,
with a sour and tart flavor.[1] The fruit is globose, fleshy, dark purple-to-black when ripe, and has
numerous small seeds.[2] It is a fruit with high potential for commercialization due to its high
antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and health benefits.[3–7] Its
antioxidant properties are attributed primarily to its content of Cyanidin 3-galactoside and chloro-
genic acid, providing similar or better antioxidant properties than other species of Vaccinium.[1,8]
The fruit became widely known to herbalists in the 16th century, when it was used for treating
bladder stones, biliary disorders, scurvy, coughs, and lung tuberculosis.[1] It has been shown to have
the potential to prevent oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species.[9] Polyphenolic com-
pounds inhibit several oxidative and inflammatory enzymes and have been shown to have antialler-
genic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, atheroprotective and hypoglycemic properties,
CONTACT Erick C. López-Vidaña eclov@ier.unam.mx Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México (UNAM), Privada Xochicalco s/n Temixco, Morelos, C.P. 62588, México.
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 295
Mathematical Modeling
The study of drying characteristics is important to be able to model the drying behavior effectively.
The data obtained experimentally for the three different temperatures studied were plotted as the
moisture ratio (MR) versus time. The MR of samples during drying is generally calculated by the
following equation:
296 E. C. LÓPEZ-VIDAÑA ET AL.
ðW We Þ
MR ¼ (1)
ðW0 We Þ
where W is the moisture content at the time of measurement, We is the equilibrium moisture
content, and W0 is the initial moisture content, all expressed in terms of dry basis (g water/g dry
matter). Experimental drying curves were modeled using four separate empirical equations: Newton,
Henderson-Pabis, Modified page, and two-terms (Table 1).[22–24]
AUC AUC0
ORAC ¼ f ½Trolox (3)
ðAUCTroloxAUC0 Þ
where AUC is the area under the sample curve, AUC° is the area under the control curve (absence of
sample), AUC Trolox is the area under the Trolox reference curve, f is the dilution factor of the
extracts (i.e., the ratio between the total volume of the working solution [target molecule plus AAPH
plus berry extract] and the added berry extract volume) and [Trolox] is the Trolox molar
concentration.
Statistical Analysis
The determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used as the fit criteria
for the data. High values of R2 together with low values of the RMSE corresponded to a high
goodness of fit.[35,36]
298 E. C. LÓPEZ-VIDAÑA ET AL.
Figure 1. A: Drying kinetics and B: rate kinetics of mortiño at 40, 50, and 60°C.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 299
Figure 2. Comparison of experimental data with the predictive moisture ratio data from the two-terms model.
Table 2. Values of the drying constants and coefficients of different models determined through regression method.
Model 40°C 50°C 60°C
Newton k1 0.0023 0.0052 8.0545
R2 0.7004 0.9599 0.9947
RSME 0.0976 0.0567 0.0247
Henderson and Pabis a 0.8720 0.9202 0.9650
k2 0.0017 0.0045 7.6470
R2 0.8724 0.9787 0.9967
RSME 0.0671 0.0431 0.0202
Modified page n 0.5091 0.0050 0.9151
k3 0.0015 0.7461 0.0080
R2 0.9846 0.9978 0.9971
RSME 0.0198 0.0138 0.0145
Two-terms a 0.6717 0.5125 –0.0001
b 0.3447 0.4734 0.9617
k4 0.0008 0.0024 –0.0109
k5 0.0210 0.0125 0.0075
R2 0.9989 0.9987 0.9973
RSME 0.0065 0.0113 0.0201
Figure 3. Effect of temperature and drying time on A: anthocyanins and B: total phenols content.
300 E. C. LÓPEZ-VIDAÑA ET AL.
De Ancos, Ibañez, Reglero, and Cano[42] suggested that anthocyanin and other polyphenolic compounds
may degrade depending upon many factors, e.g., the activity of polyphenol oxidase, organic acid content,
sugar concentration, and pH. In addition, during long thermal treatments, polyphenol oxidase can lead
to a marked reduction in the phenolic constituents.
FRAP assay
As shown in Fig. 4b, antioxidant capacities of 13.7, 12.61, and 32.2% (4.57, 5.70, and 8.05 mg
ascorbic acid/g dm) of initial values were observed at 40, 50, and 60°C, respectively. This
indicates that mortiño fruits dried at 60°C had an antioxidant capacity 20% higher than those
dried at lower temperatures. Temperature is generally recognized to have a negative effect on
antioxidant capacity, which can be attributed to irreversible oxidative processes during drying.
According to Sun, Shen, Liu, and Ye[47] and Mejia-Meza et al.,[48] free phenolic acids can
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 301
Figure 4. Effect of temperature and drying time on antioxidant capacity expressed on µmol Trolox/g d.m. A: and B: mg ascorbic
acid/g dm.
become liberated from the bound form of phenolic acids at increased temperatures. Phenolic
acids might also be susceptible to destruction at increased temperatures. Furthermore, the
antioxidant capacity of foods can be affected by long drying times.
Chlorogenic acid
Leusink et al.[49] have shown that berries have high antioxidant activity; several compounds
contributing to this characteristic, including chlorogenic acid, can vary depending on the variety
and maturity of the fruit. Fig. 5a shows the content of chlorogenic acid present in the mortiño at the
end of the drying process relative to fresh berries. Chlorogenic acid in mortiño is labile to oxidation
by the effects of the drying temperature, and a considerable decrease in relation to fresh berries (5.36
mg chlorogenic acid/g dm) was likewise observed. However, it was also observed that when dried at
60°C, the content of chlorogenic acid is more stable than when dried at lower temperatures (1.26,
1.38, and 2.02 mg chlorogenic acid/g dm at 40, 50, and 60°C, respectively). This result is comparable
to those obtained by Kamiloglu and Capanoglu,[18] as they found 1.1 mg chlorogenic acid/g dm in
purple figs after sun drying.
Ferulic acid
Phenolic acids (e.g., caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric, and ferulic acid) are secondary
metabolites that are found in berries and contribute to their antioxidant capacity. Fig. 5b shows
that mortiño fruits were sensitive to heat treatment. Antioxidant content was found to decrease
with increasing temperature, as 77.95, 69.92, and 70.23% (0.88, 0.79, and 0.80 mg Ferulic acid/g
dm) of initial values were observed following drying at 40, 50, and 60°C, respectively. According
to Arrieta-Baez et al.,[50] the high reactivity of ferulic acid to decarboxylation and the rapid
dimerization of 4-vinylguaiacol under high temperature conditions could lead to an increase in
the antioxidant capacity of the final product. However, they also noted an increase in the
production of 4-vinylguaiacol at 30 min followed by decay of the compound minutes later.
They note that their reported results were for samples subjected to the drying process for 300
min. Chong et al.[45] suggested that the reduced levels of polyphenolics and other active
compounds found in dried fruits were related to antioxidant activity and indicated that decreases
in antioxidant activity resulted from the degradation of biologically active compounds at high
temperatures due to chemical, enzymatic, or thermal decomposition. The total antioxidant
activity of a given food item is the result of the activities of each antioxidant component of
that food item. Furthermore, the antioxidant components of a food item can interact among
themselves to produce synergistic or inhibitory effects.[51]
302 E. C. LÓPEZ-VIDAÑA ET AL.
Figure 5. Effect of drying temperature on the content of A: chlorogenic and B: ferulic acid.
Conclusions
The results are in agreement with the other studies reported in the literature. However, differences in
thermal stability are attributable to the various phenolic compounds mortiño and especially the presence
of anthocyanin as cyanidin and delphinidin glucosides. The present study represents the data describing
the changes in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Mortiño fruit as a result of dried at 40,
50, and 60°C under forced convection (0.5 m/s). The results demonstrate how the phenolic compounds
and antioxidant activity are modified upon fruit processing and the changes to fruit quality after the
drying. Drying curves indicated a decreasing drying rate over time; no periods of constant drying rate
were observed. It was observed that temperature had a considerable effect on the variation of MRs with
respect to drying time. The initial moisture content of the samples was found to be 4.81 g H2O/g dm.
Following drying at 40, 50, and 60°C, moisture contents of 0.9304, 0.4387, and 0.2270 g H2O/g dm,
respectively, were observed. The two-terms model provided the best fit with the experimental data of
MRs versus drying time for all drying conditions (R2 values of 0.9989, 0.9987, and 0.9973 at 40, 50, and
60°C, respectively). The characteristic drying curve of the mortiño fruit was established.
In relation to preservation of the antioxidant capacity of dehydrated fruits, a negative correlation
between ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity was observed. The effect of drying methods on antioxidant
retention depends on the temperature and length of the drying process. Temperature had a negative
effect on the antioxidant capacity, which can be attributed to irreversible oxidative processes occurring
during drying. Although the effect was negative at all temperatures studied, higher percentages of
antioxidant activity and total phenolic content preservation were observed at 60°C. Their release during
thermal processing might occur due to the breakdown of cellular constituents and covalent bonds.
Phytochemical compounds can be oxidized when food material has greater contact with
oxygen. Direct exposure to hot air also destroys antioxidant and phenolic compounds. Total
phenolic content showed the lowest amount of destruction when fruits were dried at 60°C, which
was probably due to the formation of new compounds with antioxidant properties at high
temperatures. It was observed that large changes in the antioxidant capacity of mortiño fruit
occurred during the first hour of drying; therefore, it is important to carefully monitor drying
temperatures during this time period. Our results indicated that the observed decrease in
antioxidant activity resulted from degradation of biologically active compounds during drying,
leading to chemical, enzymatic, or thermal decomposition. According to the results the total
phenolic content as unique methodology to study the drying of fruits rich in sensitive com-
pounds such as anthocyanins, is not recommended. Thus for future work mortiño drying is
recommended to study presence of phenolic compounds including anthocyanins and phenolic
acids as main components, by HPLC techniques to understand the changes in antioxidant
activity during the drying process. Further improvements on optimization of the process (vary-
ing the temperature and time drying, pretreatment, other drying methods, texturing) could
improve the quality of final product of nutraceutical foods with value-added.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 303
Funding
We would thank the “Benito Juárez” Autonomous University of Oaxaca for financial support that made transportation
to the Medellín campus of the National University of Colombia School of Mines possible.
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