Y

ANNALES
81,9(56,7$7,60$5,$(&85,(6.à2'2:6.$
/8%/,1±32/21,$
92/;;;9,,, 6(&7,2, 

0$5,$1252'5Ë*(=*21=È/(=

/D¿ORVRItDWUiJLFDFRQVLGHUDQGRD:LWWJHQVWHLQ\2UWHJD
7KH7UDJLF3KLORVRSK\$FFRUGLQJWR:LWWJHQVWHLQDQG2UWHJD

48e9$026$(17(1'(5325©),/262)Ë$75È*,&$ª

6LJXLHQGRD&OpPHQW5RVVHWSDUWLFXODUPHQWHXQDREUDGHMXYHQWXG sin duda

HVSHFWDFXODUFRPRWDPELpQDXQRGHVXVHVWXGLRVRV2HPSH]DUHPRVGLFLHQGRTXH
OODPDUtDPRVLQWXLFLyQR©UHYHODFLyQWUiJLFDªDOGHVFXEULPLHQWRQtWLGRTXHUHWRU-
QDUiHQORVXFHVLYRFRQYHUWLGRHQFHUWLGXPEUHGHODLUUHPHGLDEOHsoledad de los
LQGLYLGXRVKXPDQRVHQSULPHUOXJDURORTXHHVORPLVPRHOKHFKRGHTXHVX
IUDFDVR DIHFWLYR VHUtD LQHYLWDEOH SHUR WDPELpQ DO HQIUHQWDPLHQWR FRQ OD VyUGL-
GDUXLQGDGRPH]TXLQGDGGHORVKRPEUHVTXHVDOYRH[FHSFLRQHVPX\FRQWDGDV
QXQFDYDPRVDVDEHUHVWDUDODDOWXUDGHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVFXDQGRODVLWXDFLyQOR
UHTXLHUD \ SRU ~OWLPR D OD FRQVWDWDFLyQ GH OD RPQLSUHVHQFLD R DFRVR LQFHVDQWH
GHODPXHUWHHVHVXKDELWDUODVFXDWURHVTXLQDVGHODYLGDKXPDQD(QUHVXPLGDV
cuentas: Todo al revés de como nos lo habían contado cuando éramos niños
<HVWDVWUHVFRVDVFRQVLGHUDGDVHYLGHQWHVDSDUWLUGHFLHUWRVPRPHQWRVELRJUi¿FRV
TXHVHLUtDQUHIRU]DQGRORVXQRVDORVRWURVQDGLHKDEUtDSRGLGRGHMDUGHYHUODV
FRQWDOGHPLUDU


9LG5RVVHW&La filosofía trágica. 7UDGGH$'LORQ%XHQRV$LUHV(OFXHQFRGH
SODWD /DMXYHQWXGGHODXWRUIUDQFpVFXDQGRFRPSXVRHVWDREUDGDUtDWHVWLPRQLRGHODVLPXOWD-
QHLGDGGHODH[SHULHQFLDGHORWUiJLFR\ODVDOLGDUHDOGHODPLQRUtDGHHGDG
2
9LG'HO+LHUUR5El saber trágico de Nietzsche a Rosset0DGULG(GLFLRQHVGHO/DEHULQWR

26 0DULDQR5RGUtJH]*RQ]iOH]

/DUHYHODFLyQWUiJLFDTXH VH KDEtDH[SUHVDGR HQ OD ©VDELGXUtD GH 6LOHQRª

YLQRDQRVRWURVRWUDYH]HQODLQWXLFLyQMXYHQLOGH6FKRSHQKDXHUHQVHQWLGRHVWULF-
WRR¿ORVy¿FR²RVHDde verdad²SDUDQRVRWURVHQODYLGDQRKDEUtDni amor
ni valor ni vida£TXHVHGLFHSURQWR$XQTXHPDOTXHOHSHVHDDOJXQRGHVXV
estudiosos46FKRSHQKDXHUQROOHJDUtDDODFDWHJRUtDGHSHQVDGRUWUiJLFRSRUTXH
HQHOIRQGRVHTXHMDSRUTXHOHRFXUUHTXHQRSDUDGHODPHQWDUVH\GHDQVLDUDOJR
DVtFRPRHOQLUYDQD3RUTXHSDUDVHUFRQVLGHUDGRXQSHQVDGRUWUiJLFRHVconditio
sine qua nonKDEHUOOHJDGRDOFRQYHQFLPLHQWRGHODtQGROHindispensableGHORWUi-
JLFRFRPRQRVGLFH5RVVHW5/RTXHVLJQL¿FDTXHHVD1LHW]VFKH\QRDVXLQLFLDO
PDHVWURDTXLHQOHFDEHHOKRQRULQGLVFXWLEOHGHKDEHUDFHUWDGRGHOOHQRFRQOD
LGHDGHTXHel goce se halla íntimamente vinculado a la disonancia, a la fealdad
de lo realFRQORTXHVHTXLHUHGHFLUDODDSUREDFLyQGHORUHDO6'HKDEHUGDGRHQOD
GLDQDFRQODLGHDGHTXHHOKRPEUHPLVPRVHUtDXQacorde disonanteSDUDSRQHU-
ORGHQXHYRHQODVSDODEUDVGH5RVVHWTXHDKRUDHVWDPRVVLJXLHQGRWDQGHFHUFD7
(VOD³IHOLFLGDG´SRUHOFRQWUDULRHVHQVXPDODLGHDGHTXHODIHOLFLGDGHVSRVLEOH
\SRUWDQWRGHEHPRVLUWUDVHOODODTXHPDWDUtDHOJRFHFRQVXLQHYLWDEOHDQHVWH-
VLD3HURQRHQDEVROXWRHOGRORUGHOJRFHLQVHSDUDEOHFRPSDxHUR<HVTXHVyOR
VHSXHGHVHUIHOL]DFRVWDGHUHQXQFLDUDOJRFHHQGH¿QLWLYDMXVWRORFRQWUDULR
GHORTXHKDFHHOTXHGHFLGHTXHGDUVHHQHOPHGLR\PHGLRGHODWUDJHGLDGHVX
YLGD


Como la denomina Nietzsche en El nacimiento de la tragediaUHILULpQGRVHDHOODFRPROD
FHUWH]DKHOHQDGHTXHPiVQRVKXELHUDYDOLGRDORVKRPEUHVQRQDFHUSHURFRPRHVDOJRTXH\D
QRWLHQHDUUHJORORPHMRUVHUtDPRULUSURQWR(VWDLGHDWDQVRPEUtDODSRGHPRVREVHUYDUHQYDULRV
OXJDUHVFRPRSRUHMHPSORODSRHVtDGH7HRJQLVGH0HJDUDRHOPLVPREdipo en Colono de Sófocles
4
0HUHILHURHQFRQFUHWRD$3KLORQHQNRSchopenhauer. Una filosofía de la tragedia
WUDGGH*0XxR]$ORQVR%DUFHORQD$QWKURSRV
5
Op. cit.SS\VV
6
&XDQGR1LHW]VFKHHVFULEHTXHWRGRHOVHFUHWRGHVXREUDHVWULEDUtDHQODWUDQVSRVLFLyQGHOR
GLRQLVtDFRDXQSDWKRVILORVyILFRQRVHVWiUHYHODQGRVXFRQGLFLyQGHILOyVRIRGLVFtSXORGHOGLRVGHO
YLQR\GHOWHDWUR'LRQLVRVOD³UDt]GHODYLGDLQGHVWUXFWLEOH´UDt]TXHVHGHMDYHUHQWRGDVXLQGH-
VWUXFWLELOLGDGSRUGHEDMRRSRUHQFLPDGHODDQLTXLODFLyQGHVXVUHSUHVHQWDQWHVLQGLYLGXDOHVVREUH
WRGRORVPiVHJUHJLRV3UHVHQFLDUODWHUULEOHGHVWUXFFLyQGHORVPHMRUHVSHURDODYH]HQWXVLDVPDUVH
DOFRPSUREDUTXHODGHVWUXFFLyQPLVPDGHORVLQGLYLGXRVVHUtDODDXWpQWLFD\~QLFDFRQGLFLyQTXH
SRVLELOLWDODFRQWLQXLGDGGHODYLGDHQHVR\QRHQRWUDFRVDKDEUtDFRQVLVWLGRHOJRFHSURSLDPHQWH
WUiJLFRGHORVHVSHFWDGRUHVGHOWHDWURGHOD$FUySROLVHOWHDWURGH'LRQLVRV
7
Op. cit.SS\VV

 6HJ~Q HO MRYHQ :LWWJHQVWHLQ HVR VHUtD SUHFLVDPHQWH OR TXH LED D KDFHU 1LHW]VFKH IUHQWH
DODRWUDDOWHUQDWLYDDODTXHHVWiWDQSUy[LPRHOSHQVDGRUDXVWUtDFR3RGHPRVFRPSUREDUORHQHVWH
DSXQWHGHVXVGLDULRVGHJXHUUD©3RUODPDxDQDKHSDVDGRYLVLWDPpGLFDSRUFXOSDGHPLSLH
GLVWRUVLyQPXVFXODU1RWUDEDMDGRPXFKR&RPSUDGRHOWRPRRFWDYRGH1LHW]VFKH\OHtGRHQpO0H
KDLPSUHVLRQDGRPXFKRVXKRVWLOLGDGFRQWUDHOFULVWLDQLVPR3XHVWDPELpQVXVHVFULWRVFRQWLHQHQ
DOJRGHYHUGDG&LHUWRHVTXHHOFULVWLDQLVPRUHSUHVHQWDOD~QLFDYtDseguraKDFLDODIHOLFLGDG3HUR
£¢TXpSDVDUtDVLDOJXLHQGHVGHxDVHHVDIHOLFLGDG"¢1RVHUtDPHMRUSHUHFHUGHVGLFKDGRHQXQDOXFKD
VLQHVSHUDQ]DVFRQWUDHOPXQGRH[WHULRU"3HURXQDYLGDDVtFDUHFHGHVHQWLGR3HUR¢SRUTXpOOHYDU
 /D¿ORVRItDWUiJLFDFRQVLGHUDQGRD:LWWJHQVWHLQ\2UWHJD 27

/DUHYHODFLyQWUiJLFDHVYHUGDGTXHDÀRUDDXQTXHSDUDVHUHQVHJXLGDWUDL-
FLRQDGDHQODVSiJLQDVGHEl mundo como voluntad y representaciónDVRPDOD
FDEH]DFRPRODH[SHULHQFLDGHORDEVXUGRGHODYLGD3RUTXHWRGRORTXHVXFHGH
HQ OD H[LVWHQFLD KXPDQD FRPR HQ OD QDWXUDOH]D WRGD UHVSRQGHUtD D XQ GHWHU-
minado por quéRVHDHQ~OWLPRWpUPLQRDXQpara qué TXHDVXYH]UHPLWLUtD
a otro para quéHWF/RUHDOHVQHFHVLGDGQHFHVLGDGTXHVHDUWLFXODUiVHJ~QODV
FXDWURUDtFHVGHOFpOHEUHSULQFLSLRGHUD]yQVX¿FLHQWHTXHGLVWLQJXLHUD6FKRSHQ-
KDXHU$VtTXHHQORTXHDORKXPDQRUHVSHFWDQDGLHHVUHVSRQVDEOHGHORTXH
KDFHQLGHFyPRYLYHORPLVPRTXHQRORVHUtDGHTXHYLYHSRUTXHQDGLHHVOLEUH
GHVHUHOTXHHV\GHODPDQHUDFRPRHV1DGLHSXHGHHOHJLUVHDVtPLVPRRQR
TXHUHUORTXHTXLHUHQRGHVHDUHOREMHWRGHVXGHVHR<DLQVLVWLUHPRVHQHOORDO
¿QDOGHHVWHWUDEDMR3HURORSHRUGHWRGRVHUtDSDUDTXLHQQRHVFDSD]GHDSUREDU
ORUHDOGDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHODFDPSDQDFHUUDGDGHODQHFHVLGDGVHKDOODVXVSHQ-
GLGDHQHOSXURYDFtRGHOPiVLQGLIHUHQWHD]DU%ULOODQGRUHVSODQGHFLHQWHHQVX
QDGDDEVROXWDVDOWDDORVRMRVODDXVHQFLDGHXQSRUTXpGHOSRUTXpGHXQSDUD
TXpGH¿QLWLYRSDUDWRGRVORVSDUDTXpVWDQELHQWUDEDGRV1RKD\UD]yQQLQJXQD
GHODUD]yQTXLHUHGHFLUVHQRKDEUtDODPHQRUSRVLELOLGDGGHGDUFXHQWD¿QDOGH
WRGDVODVFXHQWDVSDUFLDOHVTXHWDQELHQVHSXHGHQVHJXLUGDQGR<HQQRWDUHVWR
GHPRGRTXHQRKD\DGHVPHQWLGRSRVLEOHFRQVLVWLUtDHVDH[SHULHQFLDGHODEVXUGR
TXHLEDDFRQPRFLRQDUHOSULPHURD6FKRSHQKDXHUSRQLpQGRVHDVtHQHORULJHQ
GHVXSHVLPLVPRUDGLFDO3RUTXH\DVHVDEHTXHORSHRUGHWRGRQRVHUtDHOVXIUL-
miento como tal sino el sinsentido del sufrimiento9
XQDYLGDFDUHQWHGHVHQWLGR"¢(VHVRLQGLJQR"¢&yPRFXDGUDHVRFRQHOSXQWRGHYLVWDHVWULFWDPHQWH
VROLSVLVWD"¢4XpKHGHKDFHUHQWRQFHVSDUDTXHQRVHPHSLHUGDPLYLGD"+HGHVHUVLHPSUHFRQVFLHQ-
WHGHpO²VLHPSUHFRQVFLHQWHGHOHVStULWX²ª:LWWJHQVWHLQDiarios secretos(GLFLyQGH:LOKHOP
%DXPWUDGGH$6iQFKH]3DVFXDO$FRQWLQXDFLyQ©&XDGHUQRVGHJXHUUDªGH,VLGRUR5HJXHUD
0DGULG$OLDQ]D(GLWRULDO
9
&I&OpPHQW5RVVHW³,,6FKRSHQKDXHUILOyVRIRGHODEVXUGR´SS±GHEscritos sobre
Schopenhauer9HUVLyQFDVWHOODQDGH5DIDHOGHO+LHUUR2OLYD9DOHQFLD3UH7H[WRV©6yORGH-
ELGRDTXHHQSULPHUOXJDUWLHQHODLQWXLFLyQGHXQPXQGRGHVSURYLVWRGHQHFHVLGDG6FKRSHQKDXHU
DFFHGHDODYLVLyQGRORURVDGHXQPDOVLQFDXVD\SRUWDQWRVLQMXVWLILFDFLyQªS(QLo real.
Tratado de la idiotez9DOHQFLD3UH7H[WRV5RVVHWDILQDUiHVWDSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODUHODFLyQ
entre necesidad y azar al realizarla en la forma de la paradoja©,QGHWHUPLQDFLyQWRWDO\GHWHUPL-
QDFLyQWRWDOVLHPSUHVHFRQIXQGHQXQDFRQRWUD1LQJ~QD]DUVDOYDUiDORDOHDWRULRGHODQHFHVLGDGGH
WHQHUTXHOOHJDUDODH[LVWHQFLDEDMRHVWDIRUPD\QDGDPiVTXHEDMRpVWD/RTXHHVVHJXURVHJXURGH
FXDOTXLHUIRUPDanyhowHVTXHWRGDLQGHWHUPLQDFLyQFHVDDOQLYHOGHODH[LVWHQFLDRVHDTXHQDGD
VHUiUHDOPHQWHanyhowSXHVWRTXHQRKD\QLQJ~QanyhowTXHQRVHDGHVGHHOPRPHQWRHQTXHes
un somehowªS<FRQWLQ~DFRQWRGDODFODULGDGTXHSHUPLWHHODVXQWR©/ODPDUHPRVinsig-
nificancia de lo realDHVWDSURSLHGDGLQKHUHQWHDWRGDUHDOLGDGODGHVHUVLHPSUHLQGLVWLQWDPHQWH
IRUWXLWD\GHWHUPLQDGDODGHVHUVLHPSUHDOPLVPRWLHPSRanyhow y somehowGHFLHUWDPDQHUDGH
FXDOTXLHUPDQHUD/RTXHHPSXMDDODUHDOLGDGKDFLDHOVLQVHQWLGRHVMXVWDPHQWHODREOLJDFLyQTXH
tiene de ser siempreVLJQLILFDQWHQRKD\QLQJ~QFDPLQRTXHQRWHQJDXQVHQWLGRHOVX\RQLQJ~Q
FRQMXQWRTXHQRWHQJDXQDHVWUXFWXUDODVX\DQLQJXQDFRVDTXHDXQFXDQGRQRSURSRUFLRQHQLQJ~Q
PHQVDMHOHJLEOHDOPHQRVQRHVWpGHWHUPLQDGD\VHDGHWHUPLQDEOHFRQWRGDSUHFLVLyQªIbidem
 0DULDQR5RGUtJH]*RQ]iOH]

Wittgenstein y la contingencia10

3HQVDPRVTXHHQSobre la certezaQRVyORSHURWDOYH]HVSHFLDOPHQWHVHUtD
IiFLOVHJXLUHOHFRDOJRGLVWRUVLRQDGRGHODFRQVWDWDFLyQWUiJLFDGHODKHJHPRQtD
GHOD]DUHVGHFLUGHXQDYLVLyQTXHRVDLQWXLUHODELVPRGHO©SRUTXHVtª~OWLPR
\GH¿QLWLYRHVHYDFtRGHOTXHSHQGHDEVXUGDPHQWHWRGDQHFHVLGDG<GLJRTXH
DOJR³GLVWRUVLRQDGR´SRUTXH:LWWJHQVWHLQVHDSUHVXUDUiDLQWHQWDUSRQHUOHUHPH-
GLRVDHVDFRQVWDWDFLyQGHODEVXUGR(QUHDOLGDGFRPRVLQRSDVDUDQDGD
5HFRUGHPRVTXHHO¿OyVRIRDXVWUtDFRKDVWDOOHJDUiDORFDOL]DUHQHVWHSXQWR
SDUDQRVRWURVHOGHODUHYHODFLyQWUiJLFDGHODJUDWXLGDGGHORUHDOWRGDODGL¿FXO-
WDGGHVX~OWLPRSHQVDUSRUTXHWRGDHVDGL¿FXOWDGSDUDGHFLUORFRQVXVSURSLDV
SDODEUDVHVWULEDUtDHQKDFHUQRVYLVOXPEUDUSHQHWUDUFRQODPLUDGDRFRPSUHQGHU
SHURWDPELpQsentir (einsehenODDXVHQFLDGHUD]yQRODIDOWDGHIXQGDPHQWRGH
QXHVWURFUHHUHQHOVHQWLGRJHQHUDOtVLPRGHOtener-por-verdadero>©/DGL¿FXOWDG
HVWULEDHQSHUFDWDUVHGHODIDOWDGHIXQGDPHQWRGHQXHVWUDFUHHQFLDª†@1D-
WXUDOPHQWHQR VLJQL¿FD HVWR TXH QR YD\D D VHU SRVLEOH GDU UD]RQHV GH QXHVWUDV
FUHHQFLDV\GDUODVXQDWUDVRWUD\DGHPiVKDVWDELHQFRQHFWDGDVHQVXGHVSOLHJXH
GHGXFWLYRVLQRPiVELHQUHFRQRFHUTXHWRGDODVHULHGHUD]RQHV²VHULHTXHHQ-
VHJXLGDHVWDUHPRVGLVSXHVWRVDH[KLELUSDUDIXQGDPHQWDUQXHVWUDFUHHQFLDFXDO-
TXLHUDTXHVHD²KDEUiGHWHUPLQDUOOHJDQGRGHIRUPDQHFHVDULDDXQSXQWR¿QDO
DSDUWLUGHOTXH\DQRYDDVHUSRVLEOHVHJXLUODVGDQGRXQSXQWRSDUDHOFXDO\DQR
KD\UD]yQDOJXQD
$VtTXHODHVIHUDGHODQHFHVLGDGODYHUtDPRVGHQXHYRÀRWDUHQHOPDUGH
ODFDVXDOLGDG1RVHUtDRWUDFRVDHQ5RVVHWODLQVLJQL¿FDQFLD de lo real: lo real
QRKDEODQRQRVGLFHQDGDQRGDUpSOLFDQLQJXQDDORVPDQLiWLFRVGHOVHQWLGR
FRPSOHWDPHQWHLQGLIHUHQWHDVXVDQVLDVGHFRPSUHQVLyQ/RUHDOVHFRPSRUWDFRQ
QRVRWURVFUXHOPHQWHWDPELpQHQORFRJQLWLYR
(VWRVHSRGUiGHFLUGHRWUDVPDQHUDVSHURQRPiVFODUDPHQWH3RUHMHPSOR
TXHVLORYHUGDGHURHVORIXQGDPHQWDGRHQWRQFHVHOIXQGDPHQWRRODUD]yQQRHV
QLYHUGDGHURQLIDOVR†2WDPELpQTXHHQHOIRQGRGHODFUHHQFLDIXQGDPHQ-
WDGD\DFHODQRIXQGDPHQWDGD†
(QUHDOLGDGFRPRELHQVDEHPRV³GHVFXEUH´:LWWJHQVWHLQOR~QLFRTXH³KD\´
HQHOIRQGRGHQXHVWURFUHHUTXHWDORFXDOQRVHUtDVLQRQXHVWURmodo de actuar
<ORTXHFDUDFWHUL]DUiUDGLFDOPHQWHDQXHVWUDVIRUPDVGHDFFLyQRGHYLGDHVTXH


(VLQWHUHVDQWHHQHVWDOtQHDODUHIOH[LyQTXHQRVSUHVHQWDQ0+RGJHV\-/DFKVHQVXPen-
sando entre las ruinas. Wittgenstein y Santayana sobre la contingencia. 7UDGGH906DQWDPDUtD
0DGULG7HFQRV

:LWWJHQVWHLQ/On Certainty/ Über Gewissheit(GLWHGE\(0$QVFRPEHDQG*+YRQ
:ULJKWWUDQVOE\'3DXODQG*(0$QVFRPEH2[IRUG%DVLO%ODFNZHOO

 9LG 5RVVHW &  El principio de crueldad7UDG 5 GHO +LHUUR9DOHQFLD 3UH7H[WRV

 /D¿ORVRItDWUiJLFDFRQVLGHUDQGRD:LWWJHQVWHLQ\2UWHJD 29

QRVHKDOODUtDQHQ~OWLPRWpUPLQRIXQGDPHQWDGDVRQRQHFHVLWDQHQDEVROXWRHV-
WDUORSRUTXHVRQHO¿QDOGHWRGDIXQGDPHQWDFLyQ††\sólo por no
estarlo pueden serlo£/yJLFDPHQWHVHUtDLPSHQVDEOHORFRQWUDULR$VtTXHORTXH
FRQWRGRHVWRVHQRVYLHQHDGHFLUHVTXHhacemos las cosas que hacemos porque
hacemos las cosas que hacemos$KtWHQHPRVORGDGRODSUD[LVHO~QLFRVXHORGHO
TXHVHSXHGH\SRUWDQWRGHOTXHKD\TXHSDUWLUODVIRUPDVGHYLGDORVMXHJRVGH
OHQJXDMHTXHVRQ©LPSUHYLVLEOHVªVLQIXQGDPHQWRQLUDFLRQDOHVQLLUUDFLRQDOHV
se limitan a estar ahí\SXQWR†(UDXQHUURUGHMDUVHOOHYDU¿ORVy¿FDPHQWH
SRUHOHVWUHPHFLPLHQWRGHODEVXUGRRORJUDWXLWRGHODH[LVWHQFLD/RDFHUWDGRHV
el comportamiento consistenWH HQ GHVFULELU ORV MXHJRV GH OHQJXDMH FRPR TXLHQ
GHVFULEHORGDGR²\DYHUHPRVTXpYHQWDMDHVHQFLDOQRVUHSRUWDUiVHPHMDQWHDFWL-
YLGDGWDQLQVXOVDDSULPHUDYLVWD²WHQLHQGRDQXHVWUDVYLYHQFLDV\VHQWLPLHQWRV
VLPSOHPHQWHSRUPRGRVGHYHURGHLQWHUSUHWDUORVMXHJRVGHOHQJXDMHTXHVRQHQ
FXDOTXLHUFDVRORSULPDULR
3RUHVRGLFKRVHDGHSDVRORTXHGHYHUGDGKDFHPRVFXDQGRLQWHQWDPRVFRQ-
YHQFHUGHORTXHQRVRWURVWHQHPRVSRUYHUGDGHURDXQDSHUVRQDTXHQRORFUHH
RTXHFUHHUtDDOJRGLIHUHQWHRLQFOXVRFRQWUDULR²SRUTXHSRUHMHPSORHVGHRWUD
FXOWXUDDXQTXHQRKDFHIDOWD²RORTXHGHYHUGDGYDPRVDDFDEDUKDFLHQGRQR
VHUtDRWUDFRVDTXHLQWHQWDUpersuadirla†GHTXHDFHSWHQXHVWURVLVWHPDGH
UHIHUHQFLDRQXHVWUDLPDJHQGHOPXQGR/DGRFWULQDGH-HV~VQRHVFRPRWDOXQD
theoria sino una praxisRVHDXQDIRUPDGHYLYLU\XQDDFWLWXGDQWHODYLGD\DOR
KDEtDVDELGR1LHW]VFKHGHPRGRTXHVHFRQYHUWLUtDDHOODVyORTXLHQYHUL¿FDUDHQ
VXSURSLDSHUVRQDHODWUDFWLYRGHYLYLUasí\QRGHRWURPRGRODIHOLFLGDGGHKDOODUVH
\DDKRUDHQHO©UHLQRª3RUHVRHO~QLFRPRGRLQIDOLEOHGH¿MDUFUHHQFLDVHVSUREDU
DYLYLUVHJ~QHOODVSRUTXHVLORORJUDPRVVHGHODWDUiQHQORTXHKDFHPRV\HVRVtTXH
VHUiGH¿QLWLYRYHUGDGHUDPHQWHLQFRQWHVWDEOHSRUQDGLHQRVRWURVPLVPRVLQFOXL-
GRV3RUTXHVLQRIXHUDLQFRQWHVWDEOHVHQFLOODPHQWHQRKDUtDPRVORTXHKDFHPRV
3RURWUDSDUWHQRKD\TXHH[FOXLUTXHKD\DDOJRSHOLJURVRHQODH[SHULHQFLD
WUiJLFD7DOYH]SRUTXHGHEDWLpQGRQRVHQHOODQRVSHUGHUHPRVIiFLOPHQWHHQODEH-
ULQWRVHQORTXHFHGRUHVDOHVWLPXODUHVDH[SHULHQFLDGHOPRGRPiVHQpUJLFRQXHV-
WUR DIiQ H[SOLFDWLYR (Q HO IRQGR QXHVWUDV DQVLDV FDVL GHVHVSHUDGDV GH OLEUDUQRV
de ella3HURHQYHUGDGRFXUUHTXHODH[SOLFDFLyQQRWHQGUtDDTXtHQHOWHUUHQR
WUiJLFRQDGDTXHKDFHU3RUTXHQRKDEUtDQDGDTXHH[SOLFDU7HQHPRVTXHFDHUHQ
ODFXHQWDGHTXHORWUiJLFRFRPRWDOYHQGUtDDFRQVLVWLUHQODFRQGLFLyQLUUHPHGLD-
EOHPHQWHVRUSUHQGHQWHGHORVVXFHVRVGHYHUGDGUHOHYDQWHV8QDDPELJHGDGWUiJL-
FDTXHOHVHVDORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVFRQVWLWXWLYD\QRVVHUtDLQVXSHUDEOHDQRVRWURV


9LG:LWWJHQVWHLQPhilosophische Untersuchungen††±

6HJ~Q*LRUJLR&ROOLHVWDVHUtDMXVWDPHQWHODFUXHOGDGSHFXOLDUGH$SRORHOGLRVTXHGLVSDUD
VXIOHFKDRODQ]DHOUHWRGHOHQLJPDFRQWUDHOVDELRTXHOLWHUDOPHQWHOOHJDUiDPRULUOXFKDQGRFRQHO
HQLJPDHQODGLVSXWDSRUUHVROYHUORFRQWUDORVGHPiVVDELRV9LGEl nacimiento de la filosofíaWUDG
&0DQ]DQR%DUFHORQD7XVTXHWV
 0DULDQR5RGUtJH]*RQ]iOH]

2XQDIDOWDGHHYLGHQFLDTXHVHKDUtDHYLGHQWHHQFXDQWRQRVGDSRUDUDxDUODOyJLFD
GHVXVXSHU¿FLH'HKHFKRHQHOFDVRGH5RVVHWKDEtDPRVSRGLGROHHUTXHLQWHQ-
WDUH[SOLFDUORWUiJLFRDSDUWHGHXQDSUHWHQVLyQLPSRVLEOHVLHPSUHVLJQL¿FDUiDOJR
DVtFRPRHOVDFULOHJLRGHGHVSRMDUOHGHORTXHWHQGUtDSUHFLVDPHQWHGHWUiJLFRGH-
YDOXiQGRORRPHMRUH[WHUPLQiQGRORDOSUHWHQGHUKDFHUORHVSHUDEOHRFDOFXODEOH
(VELHQVDELGRTXH:LWWJHQVWHLQDOHMDWRGDSUHWHQVLyQH[SOLFDWLYDGHVXHMHUFL-
FLR¿ORVy¿FR&RQODGHVFULSFLyQGHODVUHJODVGHORVMXHJRVGHOHQJXDMHREWHQGUtD-
PRVODPi[LPDFODULGDGFRQFHSWXDOOX]TXHGLVLSDUiWRGDHVDLQTXLHWXGSURIXQGD
TXHKDEtDVXVFLWDGRHQQRVRWURVHOHPEUROOR¿ORVy¿FR&RPRVLSRU¿QVHYLHUDQODV
FRVDVFRPRVRQRODVFRVDVTXHWHQHPRVGHODQWHGHODVQDULFHVFRVDTXHOHFXHV-
WDPXFKRDO¿OyVRIRGHWRGDODYLGD/DGHVFULSFLyQGHODHQPDUDxDGDGLYHUVLGDG
GHORVXVRVOLQJtVWLFRVQRVOLEHUDUtDGHODHQIHUPHGDGHVSHFt¿FDPHQWH¿ORVy¿FD
WUDQVSRUWiQGRQRVDVtDODpaz del pensamiento. 8QDODERUWHUDSpXWLFDTXHQRWHQGUtD
DFDEDPLHQWRQLQJXQRSRUTXHORVFKLFKRQHVVHORVYDDVHJXLUKDFLHQGRVLHPSUH
QXHVWURHQWHQGLPLHQWRHQVXFRWLGLDQRGHDPEXODUHQWUHODVSDODEUDV\ODVFRVDV
(VLQGLVFXWLEOHTXHOD¿ORVRItDGH:LWWJHQVWHLQ²GH¿QLpQGRVHSRUVXFRPSUR-
PLVRFRQODPiVFRPSOHWDGHVFULSFLyQFRQFHSWXDOHVGHFLUFRQODH[SRVLFLyQGH
ODVUHJODVGHQXHVWUDVIRUPDVGHYLGDRGHORVMXHJRVGHOHQJXDMH²ORTXHSUHWHQGH
QRHVVLQRGHVWHUUDUWRGDVODVYHFHVTXHKDJDIDOWDHODIiQH[SOLFDWLYRour cra-
ving for generalityFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHOD¿ORVRItDWUDGLFLRQDO3HURGHVWHUUDUORHQWUH
RWUDVFRVDVSRUTXHHVHDIiQVHUtDHORULJHQGHHVDWtSLFDSURSHQVLyQDODSROpPLFD
HVHJXVWRSRUHQFRQWUDUUHVLVWHQFLDVLQFOXVRRVREUHWRGRGHQWURGHXQRPLVPRHO
DJRQLVPRGLDOpFWLFRHQHOTXHHQGH¿QLWLYDVHKDEUtDYXHOWRDHQFDUQDUODDFWLWXG
WUiJLFDDQWHODYLGD(QOD¿ORVRItDFRQYHQFLRQDOHVWRVHWUDGXFLUiHQHOGHVDJXL-
VDGRGH$SRORGLVSDUDQGRVXÀHFKDPRUWDOGHFXULRVLGDGDORVVDELRVLQFDSDFHV
GHGRPLQDUVHDVtPLVPRV(VGHFLUHOGHVWHOORGHODVHVSDGDVTXHVHFUX]DQHQOD
JXHUUDGHORVDUJXPHQWRV0LHQWUDVTXHSDUD:LWWJHQVWHLQOD~QLFDVHxDOGHTXH
KDEUtDORJUDGRORTXHpOVHSURSRQHDO¿ORVRIDULEDDVHUTXHQDGLHSXGLHUDQRHVWDU
GHDFXHUGRFRQVXUHVXOWDGR
(VWRVHYLHQHDWUDVSRQHUHQODLGHDGHTXHODVHJXULGDGRODFHUWH]DGHOFR-
QRFLPLHQWRIUHQWHDWRGDWHQWDFLyQHVFpSWLFDRI~WLOGHYDQHREDWDOODGRUGLDOpFWLFR
RDXQHUtVWLFRYHQGUtDDVHUHOODPLVPDFRPRXQDIRUPDGHYLGDRDOJRTXH\D
HVWDUtDLQFOXLGRHQORVMXHJRVGHOHQJXDMH&RPRUHIHULGDHQVXPDDDTXHOORTXH

 /DFDQ FLIUDED XQD YH] WRGR HO VHQWLGR GHO 3VLFRDQiOLVLV HQ FDHU HQ OD FXHQWD GH OR DEVR-
OXWDPHQWHGLVSDUDWDGDTXHHVODYLGDKXPDQD\5RVVHWEXVFDEDODSURYRFDFLyQDODILUPDUTXHOR
WUiJLFR VHUtD FRPR XQD PXMHU GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR LQFRPSUHQVLEOH SHUR QR SRU HOOR PHQRV UHDO²
RSUHFLVDPHQWHSRUHOORPiVUHDOWHQGUtDPRVSRUQXHVWUDSDUWHTXHDILUPDUFRQUD]yQWUDVKDEHUQRV
DFRUGDGRGH/DFDQ

9LGLa filosofía trágica, SS\VV

&RPRFXDQGRGHVKHFKRVDQWHHOIDOOHFLPLHQWRGHXQVHUTXHULGRDOJXLHQQRVGLFHTXHKD
VLGRODYROXQWDGGH'LRV\FRQHOORORTXHTXLHUHQRHVVLQROLEUDUQRVGHOVXSOLFLRGHSHQVDU\SHQVDU
SRUTXpSRUTXpDpORDHOOD\SRUTXpDKRUD«
 /D¿ORVRItDWUiJLFDFRQVLGHUDQGRD:LWWJHQVWHLQ\2UWHJD 

:LWWJHQVWHLQGHQRPLQD©ORDQLPDOªRVLno la misma actitud humana GHFRQ¿DQ]D

††/DFHUWH]DHVXQDSXUDFXHVWLyQGHFRQ¿DQ]DORTXHTXLHUH
GHFLUTXHODWLHQHTXHSRQHUGHVXSDUWHHOVXMHWRKXPDQRSRUTXHQRKDEUtDQLQJ~Q
VLWLRGRQGHUREDUODQLWRPDUODSUHVWDGD<HVDVtSRUHOHVWLORODUHOLJLRVLGDGXQD
DFWLWXGKXPDQDGHFRQ¿DQ]DWDPELpQDQWHORLQFRPSUHQVLEOHODDFWLWXGGHOTXH
HQHVWHSXQWRKDEUtDRSWDGRSRU³DEDQGRQDU´ORLQH[SOLFDEOHGHOPXQGRDODSXUD
DGPLUDFLyQ\DOEhrfurcht/RTXHSDUD:LWWJHQVWHLQHVWRGRORFRQWUDULRGHXQ
DEDQGRQRRVHDXQDFRJLPLHQWRPXWXR
0iVDOOiGHOWHMLGRGHQXHVWUDVSUiFWLFDVKXPDQDVQRVHSRGUtDLUHOODVSRQHQ
SXQWR¿QDODWRGRFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRSRVLEOH/RSRQHQHQODPHGLGDHQTXHKDFHU
SUHJXQWDVHVSRVLEOHRVHDFRPSUHQVLEOH(VWDVHUtDSDUD:LWWJHQVWHLQXQDPDJQt-
¿FDQRWLFLDODGHTXHVLFRQVHJXLPRVGHMDUGHREVWLQDUQRVHQODLQ~WLOEDWDOODGLD-
OpFWLFDWDOYH]DFFHGDPRVDODIDVFLQDFLyQPtVWLFDDQWHHOKHFKRGHTXHHOPXQGR
H[LVWDRDQWHODSOXUDOLGDGLQGH¿QLGDGHORVMXHJRVGHOHQJXDMHRFRQODVHJXULGDG
H[SHULPHQWDGDGHTXHQDGDHQDEVROXWRPHSXHGHRFXUULUTXHWDPELpQHUDXQDGH
ODVH[SHULHQFLDVSURSLDPHQWHUHOLJLRVDVGH:LWWJHQVWHLQDSDUWHGHVXVYLROHQWRV
\QRVpELHQVLPtVWLFRVDFFHVRVGHVHQWLPLHQWRGHFXOSD(QVXPDVLORTXHUHPRV
OOHYDUDOWHUUHQRGHHVWHWUDEDMRODWUDJHGLDQRVHUtDFRVDGHOKRPEUHVLQRGH'LRV
DOJRHQORTXHKDVWDVHSRGUtDUHFRQRFHUHOQ~FOHRGHOVHQWLGRFULVWLDQRGHODYLGD
©(QHO&ULVWLDQLVPRHVFRPRVLHOEXHQ'LRVGLMHUDDOKRPEUHQRUHSUHVHQWHVWUD-
JHGLDVQRPH]FOHVHOFLHOR\HOLQ¿HUQRHQOD7LHUUD(OFLHOR\HOLQ¿HUQRPHORV
KHUHVHUYDGRSDUDmíª

257(*$<*$66(7</$75$*(',$

³-REHVWiGHVHVSHUDGRSHURODVDOLGDVRORODYHHQXQDUHVSXHVWDGHODGL-
YLQLGDG-REVHTXHMDGHOKRUURUGHOQDFLPLHQWRGHOHVSDQWRGHODPXHUWHFLHUWD
\GHODLQMXVWLFLD>«@7HQHPRVPHUFHGDHVWHGRORUODUHYHODFLyQGHXQDH[LV-
WHQFLDGHVQXGD/D)LORVRItDSDUWLUiGHODUHQXQFLDDODTXHMDRGHODVXSHUDFLyQGH
HOOD)LOyVRIRHVHOTXH\DQRVHTXHMD/DFXOWXUDWRGDVODVFXOWXUDVKDQPDQWHQL-
GRHQFXELHUWDODH[LVWHQFLDGHVQXGDGHOKRPEUHWUDMHVSXHVWRVVREUHODGHVHVSH-
UDFLyQKXPDQD\DYHFHVHQPRPHQWRVGHGHFDGHQFLDVLPSOHDQHVWpVLFRTXHWUDH
HOROYLGRHOEHEHGL]R´
9DPRVQDGDPiVTXHDHVER]DUXQDVUHÀH[LRQHVDSURSyVLWRGHODFXHVWLyQ¿-
ORVy¿FDGHODrealidadHQHO~OWLPR2UWHJD20(QSULQFLSLRHVWDFXHVWLyQVHSODQWHD
GHODPDQHUDPiVFODUDHVUHDOWRGRORTXHQRSRQGUtD\RRDTXHOORFRQTXHPH

:LWWJHQVWHLQCulture and Value / Vermischte Bemerkungen(GLWHGE\*+YRQ:ULJKWLQ
FROODERUDWLRQZLWK+1\PDQWUDQVE\3:LQFK2[IRUG%DVLO%ODFNZHOOSH

=DPEUDQR0La confesión: género literario y métodoHQConfesiones y Guías, HGLQWU
\QRWDVGH3&KDFyQ0DGULG(XWHOHTXLDSS±S
20
/LPLWiQGRQRVHQFRQFUHWRDIdeas y creencias y El hombre y la gente
 0DULDQR5RGUtJH]*RQ]iOH]

WRSRSRUWDQWRWRGRHVRFRQTXHFRQWDPRVWDQWRVLTXHUHPRVFRPRVLQR(VSOpQ-
GLGDSRUVXVHQFLOOH]ODSDODEUDTXHYDDXVDU2UWHJDFRPRGH¿QLFLyQUHDOLGDGHV
la contravoluntad<HVWDVXFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHOFRQFHSWRSXGLHUDSDUHFHUDERFDU-
QRVDOHHUDO¿OyVRIRPDGULOHxRFRPRVLHVWXYLpUDPRVVLJXLHQGRXQKLORTXHWLHQH
TXHDFDEDUOOHYiQGRQRVDOPLVPRQ~FOHRGHOD¿ORVRItDWUiJLFD6LQGXGDTXHWRGR
VHFRPSOLFDXQSRFRDOFRPSUREDUFyPRVHYDVXSHUSREODQGRODUHDOLGDGRUWHJXLD-
QDSRUTXHQRVyORVHLQFOXLUiQHQVXiPELWRODVFUHHQFLDVTXHKHPRVKHUHGDGR
\TXHFRPSRQHQXQPXQGRPiVRPHQRVRUGHQDGR\FRKHUHQWHTXHVHUtDHOQXHV-
WURVLQRWDPELpQODVFRVDVTXHHPHUJHQRH[LVWHQORTXHTXHUUtDGHFLUTXHVHUH-
VLVWHQDQXHVWURVHVIXHU]RVGHXVDUODVRGHSDVDUSRUHQFLPDGHHOODVDSDUWiQGRODV
VHQRVUHVLVWHQFRPRVLFRQHOODVVHWUDWDUDGHYHUGDGHURVHQHPLJRV±\HQYHUGDG
ODVFUHHQFLDVDJRWDUtDQVXVHQWLGRHQOXFKDUFRQWUDORH[LVWHQWH\HQSHUPLWLUQRV
FRQVXPRPHQWiQHDYLFWRULDLUVREUHYLYLHQGR
3HURSDUDORV¿QHVGHHVWHHQVD\RORTXHLQWHUHVDHVGHMDUVHGHFRPSOLFDFLRQHV
SDUDLUGLUHFWDPHQWHDORTXHKD\DQWHVTXHFUHHQFLDV\FRVDVDTXHOORTXHHVWDUtD
DQWHVGHODVFRVDVH[LVWHQWHVHQFXDQWRRUGHQDGDVHQXQPXQGRSRUODVFUHHQFLDV
KLVWyULFDVGHXQ\RTXHYLYHHQVRFLHGDG2VHDKDVWDODUHDOLGDG©DXWpQWLFD\SUL-
PDULDªFRPRODOODPDUiHOPLVPR2UWHJDUH¿ULpQGRVHFRQHVWDIyUPXODDODYLGD
SHURQRWDQWRFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRODFpOHEUHUHDOLGDGUDGLFDORPHGLRWUDQVSDUHQWH
XQLYHUVDOVLQRDODYLGDFRPRenigmaHQTXHGHDQWHPDQRHVWDUtDPRVVXPHUJLGRV
(OHQLJPDODYLGDSRUWDQWRFRPRlo terribleVLQPiVLQFOXVRFRPR©ODWHUULELOL-
GDGPLVPDª$TXtWHQGUtDPRVHOSXQWRGHSDUWLGDUDGLFDOHOHQLJPDGHODYLGD
nuestra inmersión en lo terrible propiamente dicho(VHKRUURUGHORVDJUDGRTXH
QRVHQYXHOYHRULJLQDULDPHQWHVLQSHUPLWLUTXHHOKRPEUHFRQVWUX\DVXKDELWDFLyQ
HQOD7LHUUDDOJRGHHVWHWHQRUOOHJDUiDGHFLU=DPEUDQR22
6HUtDHQWRQFHVODKXPDQDXQDWHVLWXUDYHUGDGHUDPHQWHWUiJLFDHOKRUURUGHO
QDFLPLHQWRHOHVSDQWRGHODPXHUWHFLHUWDODLQMXVWLFLDGHQRVHUHQWHQGLGRSRU
PLVVHPHMDQWHVRGHTXHPLYR]QRVHGHMHRtU<ODVFXOWXUDVVHUiQORVGLIHUHQWHV
GLVIUDFHVTXHYDQDFXEULU\DHQFXEULUPHMRURSHRUHVWDH[LVWHQFLDGHVQXGDGH
ORVKRPEUHV3HUROD¿ORVRItDDVtQRVORGLFHHQVHJXQGROXJDU2UWHJDFRQVLVWLUi
DOFRQWUDULRHQODDFFLyQGHGHVQXGDUDOKXPDQRGHTXLWDUOHHOYHORDODVFRVDV
RKDFHUDxLFRVVXVDGRUQRV7RGDHVDYLROHQFLDGHOhacer verdadODalétheia, nos
UHWURWUDHDOKRUURU/DGHO¿OyVRIRVHUtDGHVGHHVWHSXQWRGHYLVWDXQDDFWLYLGDG
LQGHFHQWHPROHVWDHLQFOXVRLQVRSRUWDEOHSRUORTXHFRPSRUWDGHFUXHOGDGVyOR


9LGIdeas y creencias, en Obras Completas0DGULG7DXUXV\)XQGDFLyQ2UWHJD\*DVVHW
7RPR9,,,,S
22
9LGEl hombre y lo divino³'HOQDFLPLHQWRGHORVGLRVHV´HQObras Completas III(GLFLyQ
GLULJLGDSRU-0RUHQR*DOD[LD*XWHQEHUJ&tUFXORGH/HFWRUHV%DUFHORQD±

9LGEl hombre y la genteHQObras Completas, Tomo ;SS±(OPLVPR5R-
VHWWKDEODUiGH³ILORVRItDWHUURULVWD´HQXQVHQWLGRTXHVHQRVDQWRMDSUy[LPRDpVWHHQLa lógica de
lo peor: elementos para una filosofía trágica %DUFHORQD%DUUDOHGLWRUHV
 /D¿ORVRItDWUiJLFDFRQVLGHUDQGRD:LWWJHQVWHLQ\2UWHJD 

OHYHPHQWHVXEOLPDGDVXVRPEUtDSRUItDGHTXLWDUOHDODJHQWHHVDVFUHHQFLDVPX-
OOLGDVHQTXHGRUPLWDQWUDQTXLORVELHQSURWHJLGDODSLHO\ODFDUQHGHORVDUDxD]RV
GHODVFRVDVWDQFRUWDQWHV3UDFWLFDUtDOD¿ORVRItDXQDLQPLVHULFRUGHSUXHEDGHUHD-
OLGDGFRQQXHVWUDVPiVDPDGDVFUHHQFLDVFRQWRGRORTXHVHGLFH\VHKDFHGHVGH
HOODVFUtWLFDFRQVLVWHQWHHQHQIUHQWDUDO\RGHFDGDFXDOFRPSOHWDPHQWHGHVQXGR
HLQHUPHDORVPLOVDERUHVDMHQRVGHORTXHVHGLFH\VHKDFHSDUDTXHFRPSUXHEH
SRU¿QVLHVFDSD]GHUHFRQRFHUDVXSURSLRVDERUHQHOORV
&ODUR HVWi TXH HO KXPDQR QR SXHGH TXHGDUVH DKt HQ OR SXUDPHQWH WHUULEOH
\VXFRQVWDWDFLyQUHDOLVWDDXQTXHVLHPSUHWHQGUiTXHVHJXLUFRQXQSLHSXHVWRHQ
HVHIRQGRSRUPX\OHMRVTXHYD\D3RUGHSURQWRHOKRPEUHreacciona\ORTXH
UHDFFLRQDUtDHQpOHVVXLQWHOLJHQFLDLPDJLQDQGRLQYHQWDQGRPXQGRV(V¿ORVy¿-
FDHQWRQFHVHQRWURVHQWLGRGHODSDODEUD©¿ORVRItDªODQDWXUDOH]DPLVPDGHHVD
UHDFFLyQKXPDQDVLQGXGDLQHYLWDEOHVLGHORTXHVHWUDWDHVGHYLYLUKXPDQDPHQ-
WH©$OKRPEUHQROHHVGDGRQLQJ~QPXQGR\DGHWHUPLQDGR6yOROHVRQGDGDV
ODVSHQDOLGDGHV\ODVDOHJUtDVGHVXYLGD2ULHQWDGRSRUHOODVWLHQHTXHLQYHQWDUHO
PXQGRª24,QYHQWDUORWDPELpQpara escaparGHODDQJXVWLDGHORGDGRHVHGRORU
\HVDDOHJUtDTXHOOHJDUiDKDFHUVHLQYLYLEOH25
 (V TXH KHPRV GH UHSDUDU HQ TXH KXLU GH OD DQJXVWLD GH OR GDGR DVt VLQ
PiVSRGUtDFRVWDUQRVPX\FDURVHJ~QFRPRORKDJDPRV1RVyORSRUTXHORVEH-
EHGL]RV DQHVWpVLFRV WHQGUtDQ HO JUDYtVLPR LQFRQYHQLHQWH GH FDPELDUQRV OD YLGD
SRU HO VXHxR XQ VRxDU TXH QRV YXHOYH FRPR ORV GXUPLHQWHV GH +HUiFOLWR HVD
PD\RUtD TXH YLYH FRPR VL WXYLHUD XQD LQWHOLJHQFLD SURSLD /D FXOWXUD VRIRFD OD
YLGDQR~QLFDPHQWHVLVHGHJUDGDDFXOWXUDGHEDUDWLOORHQHVWHVHQWLGRQDUFyWLFR
GHOKDFHUQRVGRUPLU7DPELpQODVRIRFDFXDQGRODVFUHHQFLDVKDQFXDMDGR\FULV-
WDOL]DGRH[FHVLYDPHQWHHQGXUHFLpQGRVHHQH[WUHPR\DVtVHHPSHFLQDQHQGXUDU
\QRVDOHMDQFRQHOORGHVXIRQGRWUiJLFRHOGHODYLGDSRUTXHORHQFXEULUtDQGH
WDOPDQHUDTXHVHYDDKDFHULPSRVLEOHGLYLVDUORQLVLTXLHUDDFHUFiQGRVHWRGROR
TXHQRVSHUPLWDHOYDORU(VGHFLUODFXOWXUDSXHGHVRIRFDUDODYLGDWDPELpQFRPR
HVWXSHIDFLHQWH
(VFRPRVLODYROXQWDGGHDYHQWXUDFRPRSXURGHVHRGHYLYLURORTXHHV
LJXDO GH SRQHUVH HQ MXHJR R H[SRQHUVH QHFHVLWDUD GH XQD SHULyGLFD OLPSLH]D
DIRQGRGHODGHVWUXFFLyQSHULyGLFDGHODFRVWUDGHQXHVWUDVFUHHQFLDVFROHFWLYDV
QXHVWUDVWRQWHUtDVLQGLYLGXDOHVOLPSLH]DFRPRODTXHVyORQRVVDEUtDQDSRUWDUODV
DUUHPHWLGDVHVFpSWLFDV&RPRVLHOHVFHSWLFLVPRTXH=DPEUDQRFDOL¿FDUDXQDYH]

24
Ideas y creencias, I, III, p. 671. Vid. El hombre y la gente, en Obras Completas7RPR;
SS±(OPLVPR5RVHWWKDEODUiGH³ILORVRItDWHUURULVWD´HQXQVHQWLGRTXHVHQRVDQWRMD
SUy[LPR D pVWH HQ La lógica de lo peor: elementos para una filosofía trágica %DUFHORQD %DUUDO
HGLWRUHV
25
1LHW]VFKHGHMyHVFULWRHQXQDSXQWHHQWRUQRDOLQYLHUQRGHTXH³HQHOSXURGLRQLVLVPR
QRVHSXHGHYLYLU´Fragmentos Póstumos IHGLFLyQGLULJLGDSRU'6iQFKH]0HFD7HFQRV0DGULG
>@S
 0DULDQR5RGUtJH]*RQ]iOH]

GHVXSHU¿FLDO26HVDlibertad frente a toda creenciaTXHSDUD1LHW]VFKHGLVWLQJXtD

HVHQFLDOPHQWHDOTXHpOOODPDED©HVStULWXOLEUHªIXHUDLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDGHMDU
ELHQGHVSHMDGDODFXOWXUDGHFXDQGRHQYH]GHPRGRTXHODYLGDVHLQWHQVL¿FDUD
DOYLYL¿FDUODGHHVWHPRGR(VYHUGDGTXHVLQFUHHQFLDVQRVHSXHGHYLYLUSHUR
SDUDYLYLUFRQFLHUWDLQWHQVLGDGKDEUiTXHGHMDUDELHUWDGHFXDQGRHQFXDQGROD
FRPSXHUWDSDUDTXHSDVHXQFKRUURGHUHDOLGDGTXHKDJDDxLFRVQXHVWUDVFUHHQFLDV
ODVTXHQRVHDQFDSDFHVGHUHVLVWLUODLQXQGDFLyQ3RUTXHQRDJRWDQODVFUHHQFLDV
ORUHDOQLPXFKRPHQRVSRUPXFKRTXHODFHUWLGXPEUHVHDORPiVYLYRGHODYLGD
TXHGHFtDWDPELpQ=DPEUDQRHQHOPLVPROXJDU
<DXQPiVVLELHQORSHQVDPRVFDEUtDWDPELpQODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHVDV
FUHHQFLDVHQTXHYLYLPRV\FRQTXHFRQWDPRVKD\DQDGTXLULGRVXWtWXORGHUHDOH]D
IUDXGXOHQWDPHQWHSRUTXHHQUHDOLGDGFRQVWLWX\DQWRGRORFRQWUDULRGHODUHDOLGDG
VXGREOHLPDJLQDULR4XHODVFUHHQFLDVGHQXHVWUDUHDOLGDGVHDQVyOR¿FFLRQHVFRQ
ODVTXHQRVTXHUHPRVIXJDUGHODUHDOLGDG(VGHFLUQRVSRGHPRVUHSUHVHQWDUOD
SRVLELOLGDGGHTXHFRQGHWHUPLQDGDVFUHHQFLDVQRVHWUDWHSDUDQDGDGHLQWHQWDU
DMXVWDUQRVORPiVSRVLEOHDHVDUHDOLGDGDXWpQWLFDGHQXHVWURVVXIULPLHQWRV\QXHV-
WUDVDOHJUtDVVLQRWRGRORFRQWUDULRTXHVXUD]yQGHVHUFRQVLVWDnada más que en
ODQHFHVLGDGGHGHIHQGHUQRVRGHHQFHJXHFHUQRVSDUDFRQVHJXLUORTXHGHVHDPRV
DFXDOTXLHUSUHFLRQRWHQHUTXHYHUODUHDOLGDGRQXHVWUDUHDOLGDGHQHOVHQWLGRHQ
TXH6FKRSHQKDXHUFDUDFWHUL]DEDHOSURFHVRGHODUHSUHVLyQTXHSXHGHJHQHUDUOD
llamada enfermedad mental27/DVFUHHQFLDVHQHVWHVHQWLGRORFDVFRPRKXLGDGH
ORUHDOSRUFDXVDGHQXHVWUDLQFDSDFLGDGGHVRSRUWDUORUHDO
'LFKRHQWpUPLQRVQLHW]VFKHDQRVODQHFHVLGDGGHIHGHOFUH\HQWH²VREUHWRGR
VHYHFXDQGRUR]DHOIDQDWLVPR²YHQGUtDDWUDGXFLUQRRWUDFRVDTXHVXQHFHVLGDG
GHHQWUHJDUVHDXQDDXWRULGDGDMHQDLQFOXVRDcualquierDXWRULGDGDMHQDTXHHQ
HOIRQGRVHUtDORGHPHQRVFXiOIXHUDSRUFDXVDGHODGHELOLGDGGHODSURSLDYR-
OXQWDG©$OOtGRQGHPiVVHKDGHVHDGRWHQHUIHGRQGHKDKHFKRIDOWDFRQPD\RU
XUJHQFLDIDOWDEDODYROXQWDGSRUTXHODYROXQWDGHVHQWDQWRDIHFWRGHOPDQGRHO
VLJQRGLVWLQWLYRGHODVREHUDQtD\GHODIXHU]D(VGHFLUFXDQWRPHQRVVHSDDOJXLHQ
PDQGDU FRQ PD\RU XUJHQFLD QHFHVLWDUi GH DOJXLHQ TXH PDQGH FRQWDQWD PD\RU
DXWRULGDGVHDXQ'LRVXQSUtQFLSHXQDFODVHXQPpGLFRXQFRQIHVRUXQGRJPD
RXQDFRQFLHQFLDGHSDUWLGR>«@'RQGHXQKRPEUHOOHJDDODFRQYLFFLyQEiVLFD
GHTXHtiene que VHUPDQGDGRVHYXHOYHµFUH\HQWH¶ª

26
España, sueño y verdad³2UWHJD\*DVVHWILOyVRIRHVSDxRO´SEn Obras Completas,,,
27
9LG6FKRSHQKDXHU³6REUHODORFXUD´FDStWXORGHORV&RPSOHPHQWRVDEl mundo como
voluntad y representación, YRO,,HGLFLyQGH55$UDPD\R0DGULG)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD
GH(VSDxD&tUFXORGH/HFWRUHV±

La ciencia jovial (la «gaya scienza»)†(GLFLyQGH*&DQR0DGULG%LEOLRWHFD1XHYD
S
 /D¿ORVRItDWUiJLFDFRQVLGHUDQGRD:LWWJHQVWHLQ\2UWHJD 

/D FUHHQFLD HO WHQHUSRUYHUGDGHUR VHUtD HQWRQFHV FRPR YXHOYH D DSXQWDU

Nietzsche29OD©QHFHVLGDGLQWHULRUGHTXHalgo deba ser verdaderoªXQDQHFHVLGDG
TXH©QRVKDFHHVW~SLGRVª2WDPELpQHVDenfermedad sagrada GHODTXH\DKDEUtD
KDEODGR+HUiFOLWR\TXHVHJ~QXQDUHÀH[LyQGH*LRUJLR&ROOLQRVDLVODUtDDORV
XQRVGHORVRWURVMXVWDPHQWHal separarnos de lo realDOJRTXHHQHOPXQGRKXPD-
QRVHUHÀHMDUiFRPRYLROHQFLD\SUHVXQFLyQGHOLQGLYLGXRK\EULVRLHVLQ
3HURHOPLVPR1LHW]VFKHQRVKDEtDGLFKRDQWHVGHWRGRHVWRTXHODGLVFLSOLQD
TXHQRVLPSRQHQXHVWUDHGXFDFLyQHQODFUHHQFLDIXHUDODTXHIXHUDVHUtDOR~QLFR
TXHSXHGHOLEUDUDODKXPDQLGDGGHOPD\RUSHOLJURTXHVHFLHUQHVREUHHOODHOGH
caer en la locura (IrrsinnSUHVDGHOMXLFLRFDSULFKRVRDEVROXWDPHQWHDUELWUDULRGH
ORVLQGLYLGXRV©£WLHQHXQtempoWDQDOHJUHODORFXUDª$XQTXHHOLQYHVWLJDGRUGH
ODYHUGDGHODUWLVWD\HOSRHWDWHQJDQGHVXSDUWHHOGHUHFKRTXHVLHPSUHDVLVWHDODV
H[FHSFLRQHVEDMRQLQJ~QFRQFHSWROHVKDGHVHUOtFLWRTXHUHUFRQYHUWLUVHHQUHJOD
SXHVTXHQRQRVYROYDPRVWRGRVORFRVGHSHQGHUtDFUXFLDOPHQWHGHTXHODUHJODVLJD
VLHQGRODDFHSWDFLyQJHQHUDOGHOMXLFLR©OHQWRª\©HVW~SLGRªGHOFUH\HQWH6yORHVWD
PRGDOLGDGGHMXLFLRODHVW~SLGD\OHQWDJDUDQWL]DUtDPiVRPHQRVODXQLYHUVDO
YDOLGH]TXHH[LJHODFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHORVKXPDQRVHOYtQFXORVRFLDOPLVPRWDQ
WUDEDMRVDPHQWHFRQTXLVWDGR\PDQWHQLGRDFRVWDGHWDQJUDQHVIXHU]RFRQWUDODV
SXOVLRQHVTXHHPSXMDQVLHPSUHHQVHQWLGRFRQWUDULR\FRQJUDQSRWHQFLD
 3HUR FRQ OD UHLYLQGLFDFLyQ GH OD OLEHUWDG GHO LQYHVWLJDGRU GH OD YHUGDG
OLEHUWDGHVFpSWLFDIUHQWHDWRGDFUHHQFLDOD¿ORVRItDGHODVRVSHFKDQRVGHYXHOYH
DQXHVWUDVROHGDGUDGLFDOSRUTXHHVWDVROHGDGHVSUHFLVDPHQWHODTXHVHWLHQHTXH
FRQ¿JXUDUFRPRQHFHVLGDGGHPDQGDUPHDPtPLVPR$OJRH[WUHPDGDPHQWHGLIt-
FLO\EDVWDQWHDJRWDGRUVREUHWRGRDOSULQFLSLRVLKD\TXHKDFHUORGHYHUGDG\ELHQ
&RPRGLItFLOHVYLYLUDOPDUJHQGHODVFUHHQFLDVSHURVLQYROYHUVHORFR
2UWHJDHQWLHQGHWRGRORTXHKDEUtDTXHHQWHQGHUGHHVWDVROHGDGQXHVWUDIXQ-
GDPHQWDQGR ¿UPHPHQWH OD HVFHQD WUiJLFD GHO IUDFDVR VHQWLPHQWDO TXH KDEtDPRV
PHQFLRQDGRDOFRPLHQ]R(QXQDSDODEUDODHQWHQGHUtD©PHWDItVLFDPHQWHªSXHV
TXHODUHDOLGDGUDGLFDOVHDODYLGDGHFDGDFXDOVLJQL¿FDWDQWRFRPRGHFLUTXHQXHV-
WUDYLGDODGHFDGDXQRHVLQWUDQVIHULEOHRORTXHHVORPLVPRTXHODVFRVDVTXH
KD\TXHSHQVDU\TXHKD\TXHKDFHUHQHOSODQRGHFLVLYRGHODYLGDODVWHQHPRVTXH
SHQVDU\KDFHUDEVROXWDPHQWHVRORV6ROHGDGUDGLFDOVROHGDGHQODKRUDGHFLVLYD
QDGLHSXHGHHFKDUQRVXQDPDQRQLVLTXLHUDHVRWDQOHYH\SRFRFRPSURPHWLGRHQ
DSDULHQFLDWDQIiFLOGH©HFKDUQRVXQDPDQRª6RQGHUHFRUGDUHVDVEULOODQWHVSi-
ginas de El hombre y la gente±GRQGHHO¿OyVRIRQRVKDFHYHUTXH&ULVWR
IXHGHYHUGDGKXPDQRVyORHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXH'LRVORGHMyVRORHQHODEVROXWR
DEDQGRQR(QWRQFHVVHFXPSOLyGHYHUDVHVRWDQWUiJLFRGHKDFHUVHKRPEUH
29
En Fragmentos Póstumos IVS

(QHOIUDJPHQWR'.RLHVLQ>SHQVDPLHQWRRSLQLyQ@KLHUiQQyVRQ

&ROOL*La sabiduría griega,,,+HUiFOLWR7UDG'0tQJXH]0DGULG7URWWDS

(QHOLPSRUWDQWtVLPR†GHLa ciencia jovial
 0DULDQR5RGUtJH]*RQ]iOH]

'HVGHHVWHSXQWRGHYLVWDRUWHJXLDQRKDEUtDTXHUHFRQRFHUTXHHOFUH\HQWH
FRQWUDHOTXHFDUJDEDHOGHVHQPDVFDUDPLHQWRQLHW]VFKHDQRHQUHDOLGDGSUHWHQGH
XQLPSRVLEOH²QDGDPHQRVTXHSDVDUOHDRWURRDRWURVODVULHQGDVGHVXYLGD²
SRUTXHHVD¿JXUDQLHW]VFKHDQDGHOFUH\HQWHFRPRHOVLUYLHQWHVHUtDHQUHDOLGDGOD
GHOKRPEUHIDOVRRIDOVHDGR\IDOVHDGRUHOGHOPHQGD]TXHVHDXWRHQJDxDXQD
\ RWUD YH] el que habría dejado de creer en sí mismo \ SRU HVR QR WLHQH PiV
UHPHGLRTXHPHQWLUDORVRWURV\PHQWLUVHDVtPLVPRVLHPSUHTXHKDEOD/DSUH-
RFXSDFLyQRUWHJXLDQDSRUODDXWHQWLFLGDG²ODVROHGDGVHUtDODYLGDGHFDGDFXDOHQ
VXYHUGDG²WDPELpQHVXQDSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUODYLDELOLGDGPLVPDGHOD¿ORVRItD
FRPRHMHUFLFLRGHGHVQXGDPLHQWR$OJRDVtFRPRDTXHOORGH8QDPXQRTXHEDVWD
FRQVHUVLQFHURSDUDVHUSURIXQGR
&ODURTXHODUDGLFDOVROHGDGQRVYXHOFDFRQYHUGDGHURIUHQHVtDODEXVFDGHO
RWURGHOFRPSDxHUR(OKRPEUHHVVRFLDOVHGLFH3HURKDFLHQGRVRFLRORJtD³WUH-
PHEXQGD´QRVDGYLHUWH2UWHJDGHTXHWDPSRFRVHUtDHVWRWDQLQGLVFXWLEOHFRPR
SDUDHFKDUODVFDPSDQDVDOYXHOR4XHVHDPRVVRFLDOHVVLJQL¿FDTXHWHSXHGHQ
GDUXQEHVRSHURWDPELpQXQDSXxDODGD<ODVGRVFRVDVHQHOPLVPRSODQRGH
VLJQL¿FDFLyQDXQTXHODPD\RUtDGHODVYHFHVWRGRTXHGDHQXQWpUPLQRPHGLR
PHQRVPDO$KtPHYLHQHXQFRQJpQHUH\SDUHFHTXHVHPHDFHUFDDVtTXHSRUVL
DFDVRYR\DVDOXGDUORDXQTXHWRGRVLJQRUHPRVHOVHQWLGRGHOVDOXGR3RUTXHHO
2WURHVSRUGH¿QLFLyQHOSHOLJURGHODYLGDHOFRPLHQ]RGHODDYHQWXUDTXHKDUtD
GHPLYLGDXQGUDPD&XDQGRKDFHVXHQWUDGDHO2WURQRPX\FRQRFLGR£FXDO-
TXLHUDVDEHORTXHYDDSDVDUORTXHpodría SDVDU(O2WURQRVR\\RVXDTXtQRHV
PLDTXt\HVRno tiene arreglo$GHPiVpOWLHQHVXPXQGRTXHQXQFDKDJDPRV
OR TXH KDJDPRV FRLQFLGLUi FRQ HO PtR 6H SRGUtD DxDGLU TXH SRU VL HVWR IXHUD
SRFRHORWURTXLHUHVLQHPEDUJRPiVRPHQRVORPLVPRTXH\R'HPDQHUDTXH
HVFRQVWLWXWLYDPHQWHSHOLJURVR\ODYLGDKXPDQDOXFKDFRQIURQWDFLyQ$OJRTXH
VyORROYLGDQSRUTXHTXLHUHQROYLGDUORORVTXHFRQWLQ~DQHVIRU]DGRVHQQRWRPDU
HQFRQVLGHUDFLyQORUHDOSRUHMHPSORORVUDFLRQDOLVWDVDTXLHQHV2UWHJDUHSURFKDUi
VX©EHDWHUtDªLQWHOHFWXDO$OJRTXHWDPELpQUHFXHUGDXQDDJXGH]DGH5RVVHWOD
GHTXHTXLHQVHREVWLQDHQYHUODYLGDGHFRORUURVDHVTXHHQUHDOLGDGRGLDRGHV-
SUHFLDODYLGDSRUTXHODHVWDUtDGHJUDGDQGRDOYHUODFRORUGHURVD
4XHODYLGDKXPDQDHVLQHYLWDEOHFRQIURQWDFLyQTXHVHDmilitiaSHURDGH-
PiVHQHOSHRUVHQWLGRHOGHHQIUHQWDPLHQWRirreconciliableVHUtDQDWXUDOPHQWH
XQ SXQWR EiVLFR GH OD FRQFHSFLyQ WUiJLFD GHO PXQGR +DVWD HO H[WUHPR GH TXH
PXFKRVQRLUtDQPXFKRPiVDOOiGHLGHQWL¿FDUHOSHQVDPLHQWRWUiJLFRFRQHVWDHV-
FXHWDFRQYLFFLyQWDQGHVFRUD]RQDGRUD²WRGDXQDFUHHQFLDFRQODTXHGHVGHOXHJR
QRSUHWHQGHUtDPRVKXLUGHODUHDOLGDGVLQRDQWHVDOFRQWUDULRLQWURGXFLUQRVHQVX
PHROORRVLQRR¿FLDUGHPDVRTXLVWDV2UWHJDQRVyORODKDFHVX\DQRVyORODIXQ-
GDPHQWDDGHPiV©PHWDItVLFDPHQWHªVLQRTXHOOHJDDFRQYHUWLUODHQXQDUHDOLGDG
deseableTXHQRGHEHUtDPRVSUHWHQGHUFRUUHJLU

El hombre y la genteS
 /D¿ORVRItDWUiJLFDFRQVLGHUDQGRD:LWWJHQVWHLQ\2UWHJD 

©3RUTXHHOHVSDxROGHWHVWDTXHVHTXLHUDKDFHUGHODYLGDSXUDGHOLFLDELHQHV-
WDUWULXQIR\JORULDHVROHSDUHFHDPDQHUDGRHLQKXPDQRGLUtDpOµIUDQFpV¶1H-
FHVLWDHOFODURVFXURGHWRGDDXWpQWLFDUHDOLGDGQHFHVLWDHOGRORUODFDtGDODSHQD
ODGHVHVSHUDFLyQ3UHFLVDPHQWHSRUTXHHOHVSDxROQRVHDQGDFRQPHGLDVWLQWDV
SUHFLVDPHQWH SRUTXH HQ pO VyOR KD\ PHGLRGtD R PHGLDQRFKH QHFHVLWD GH DPEDV
FRVDVGHOHVSOHQGRU\ODWLQLHEODSXHVFRQXQDSURIXQGDJHQLDODFHSWDFLyQGH
ORTXHODYLGDHVHQYHUGDGQRFRQFLEHHOHVSOHQGRUVLQRFRPRFRQWUDVWHFRQOD
WLQLHEODQLHOSODFHUVLQRHQFXDQWRUHERWHGHOGRORUª
(OSRGHUFXDQGRVHKDFHDEVROXWRTXHGDLPSRVLELOLWDGRFRPRYHUGDGHURSR-
GHUSDVDQGRDVHUGRPLQDFLyQHVDSUHWHQVLyQGHOLUDQWHVLQGXGDGH¿QLGRUDGH
QXHVWUDWHQWDFLyQPLVPDDOGHOLULRGHERUUDUHOFODURVFXURGHODYLGDSDUDTXHGDUVH
VyORFRQVXFODULGDG4XHPHYHDQVLQQLQJXQDVRPEUDXQDYH]GLVHFFLRQDGREDMR
ODOX]GHTXLUyIDQR8QDYH]PiVODUD]yQUDFLRQDOLVWDTXHQRVFLHJDFRQVXOX]
LQPLVHULFRUGH
.DUO .HUqQ\L QRV FLWD ODV Meditaciones del Quijote en el comienzo de su
magistral estudio sobre Dionisos, la raíz de la vida indestructibleSDUDTXHUH-
FRUGHPRVTXH2UWHJDSDVDUiPiVELHQGHSXQWLOODVVREUHODVDELGXUtDWUiJLFDGH
ORVDQWLJXRVJULHJRVSHURSRUTXHHQRSLQLyQGHOSHQVDGRUPDGULOHxRQDGDHQHVH
DVXQWRSXHGHHVWDUPtQLPDPHQWHFODURSDUDQRVRWURVORVPRGHUQRV6LQGXGDLUtD
HVWRHQODPLVPDOtQHDGHVXVREULRUHFKD]RGHOPLVWLFLVPRXQDUHSXOVLyQtQWLPD
TXHWHQGUtDVXUDt]VREUHWRGRHQOR©DUELWUDULRªGHpVWH<DTXHDO¿Q\DOFDER
VHWUDWDUtDGHODGRFWULQDPLVWpULFDGHODWUDJHGLD<QXHVWUR¿OyVRIRDODKRUDGH
FDUDFWHUL]DUOLWHUDULDPHQWHODYLGDKXPDQDFRPR\DVDEHPRVPXFKDVYHFHVYD
DKDEODUQRVHQFDPELRGH³GUDPD´HOGUDPDGHQXHVWUDYLGDHQSULPHUOXJDUSRU
VX FRQVWLWXWLYD LQFHUWLGXPEUH R SRU HO KHFKR GH TXH HVWDUtD FDGD FXDO ODQ]DGR
DODDYHQWXUDHQODPHGLGDHQTXHHQVXYLGDQDGDKD\VHJXURORVTXHOODPD2U-
WHJD³SURJUHVLVWDV´DOFRQWUDULRORTXHSUHWHQGHQQRHVVLQRYDFLDUR³GHVKXHVDU´
DQXHVWUDH[LVWHQFLDGHHVDVXHVHQFLDOLQFHUWLGXPEUHFRPRVLHVWXYLHUDQRUJDQL-
]DGRVHQXQD$JHQFLDGH9LDMHVFXDOTXLHUDGHHVDVTXHOOHYDQSODQL¿FDGDVWRGDV
ODVDFWLYLGDGHVDOPLOtPHWUR\KDVWDODSHVDGLOOD
(VGHFLUXQGUDPDDQWHVTXHXQDWUDJHGLDVHUtDHQVXIRQGRODYLGDKXPDQD
FRPRUHDOLGDGDXWpQWLFD\SULPDULDDXQTXHVREUHWRGRFRPRUHDFFLyQDHVDUHDOL-
GDGSULPDULDVHJ~Q2UWHJD\*DVVHWFODURHVWiVLQRTXHUHPRVKDEODUGHGUDPD
WUiJLFRSRUTXHFDGDXQRGHQRVRWURVQRVWHQGUtDPRVTXHKDFHUODYLGDen la for-
zosidad de nuestra libertad(OFDVRHVTXHODYLGDGHOKRPEUHHVXQGUDPDSRUTXH


Op. citS

9LG.HUpQ\L.Dionisios(GLFLyQGH0DJGD.HUpQ\LWUDGGH$GDQ.RYDFNVLFV%DUFH-
ORQD+HUGHU

©(QWUHHVDVSRVLELOLGDGHVWHQJRTXHHOHJLU3RUORWDQWRVR\OLEUH3HURHQWLpQGDVHELHQVR\
por fuerzaOLEUHORVR\TXLHUDRQRªHistoria como sistema, en Obras Completas7RPR9,
S
 0DULDQR5RGUtJH]*RQ]iOH]

DQLQJXQRVHOHGDUtDKHFKD\HQWRQFHVYD\DDXVWHGDVDEHUFyPRVHODKDUiFDGD
XQRHVDOJRLPSUHYLVLEOHHQIXQFLyQGHVXVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV\GHODFDOLGDGGHVX\R
(VDEVXUGRGHPDQGDUQRVRDFRQVHMDUQRVTXHYLYDPRVSHOLJURVDPHQWHUHFUL-
PLQD 2UWHJD D 1LHW]VFKH SRUTXH QR SRGHPRV VLQR YLYLU GH HVD PDQHUD HQ HO
FRQVWDQWHSHOLJUR3HURHVWHSHOLJURFRQVXVWDQFLDODOGUDPDGHODYLGDQRVHUtDHO
SHOLJURWUiJLFRVLHVTXHKD\XQSHOLJURWUiJLFR¢GHTXpFRUUHSHOLJUR(GLSR"VLQR
DOJRPiVSDUHFLGRDOSHOLJURTXHFRUUHHOWRUHURHQODDXWpQWLFDFRUULGDGHODVTXH
\DQRKD\VLQSLFDGRUHVVHPHRFXUUH3RUTXHVHWLHQHQWDUGHV\WDUGHVFRPR
VHWHQGUtDGLVSXHVWRHOFXHUSRELHQRPDOKD\WHPSOHVGLIHUHQWHV\HQODVWDUGHV
FRPRHQHOFXHUSRFODURHVTXHQRPDQGDPRVDXQTXHVLHPSUHKD\TXHFRQWDUFRQ
HOEXHQKDFHUGHOGLHVWURTXHSDUDHVRORHV
(VGHFLUODIRU]RVLGDGGHHOHJLURGHVHUOLEUHFRQVLVWHSDUDQRVRWURVHQOD
necesidad de encontrarle un sentido o un buenVHQWLGRDORTXHYDPRVKDFLHQGRHQ
ODYLGD/RTXHRFXUUHHVTXHSRUVHJXLUKDEODQGRFRPRDQWHVWHQHPRV³DOPD´
HVGHFLUVHUtDPRVTXLpQGHTXHGDUSRUHQFLPDGHOWHPSOHVLHPSUHRFDVLRQDOGH
QXHVWURFXHUSR$OLQWHQWDUSDVDUWRGRORTXHQRVSDVDSRUHOFHGD]RGHOVHQWLGR
QRVKDUtDPRVKDVWDFLHUWRSXQWRLQGHSHQGLHQWHVGHORTXHQRVSDVD\HVDVtTXH
VyORGHHVWHPRGRVRPRVVXMHWRV&RPRHQORTXHQRVSDVDKD\XQlogosVRPRV
SRURWUDSDUWHFDSDFHVGHDFFLyQGHGUDPDTXHHVXQDUHDFFLyQSODQL¿FDGD$Vt
VDOGUtDPRVGHODWUDJHGLDRULJLQDULDRUWHJXLDQDPHQWH
6HJXtDVLHQGR0DUtD=DPEUDQREDVWDQWHRUWHJXLDQDHQHOIRQGRFXDQGR
DFHUWDEDDSUHVHQWDUGHODPDQHUDTXHDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHFLWDHOQ~FOHRGHORWUiJL-
FR²\SRUVLHOORIXHUDSRFDKD]DxDWDPELpQODVDOLGDGHORWUiJLFRTXHHOODKDEUtD
EXVFDGRVLHPSUHVDOLGDVLQHPEDUJRGLVWLQWDGHODGH2UWHJDODVDOLGDTXH-HV~V
0RUHQR6DQ]FDOL¿FDGHPtVWLFD²©<HUDODPDQHUDGHLUDEULHQGRSDVRDOTXH
TXHUtDQVHUDVXXQLGDGGHVHUHVKXPDQRV0XHUWRVYLYRVKRPEUHVVXEWHUUiQHRV
FX\DWDUHDDJRELDQWHHVODGHDSURSLDUVHXQDUHDOLGDGH[WUDxDH[WUD\HQGRGHHOOD
VXSURSLRVHUpues lo que parece ser lo trágico de la tragedia es la falta de sujeto,
de algo que quede exento y libre del destino o las pasiones/D&RQIHVLyQSDUHFH
VHUDVtXQPpWRGRSDUDHQFRQWUDUHVHquienVXMHWRDTXLHQOHSDVDQODVFRVDV\HQ
WDQWRTXHVXMHWRDOJXLHQTXHTXHGDSRUHQFLPDOLEUHGHORTXHOHSDVH1DGDGH
ORTXHOHVXFHGDSXHGHDQXODUOHDQLTXLODUOHSXHVHVWHJpQHURGHUHDOLGDGXQDYH]
FRQVHJXLGDSDUHFHLQYXOQHUDEOHª&XUVLYD05
3HURWUiJLFD\SUHFLVDPHQWHSRUHOOROLEHUDGRUDHQVHQWLGRUHDOVHUtDODFHU-
WLGXPEUHGHTXHQDGLHSXHGHHOHJLUQDGDGHQDGDVLYDPRVDORFUXFLDO3RUTXH
QDGLHSXHGHHOHJLUVHSRUTXHHVLPSRVLEOHTXHUHUDOJRGLIHUHQWHGHORTXHen reali-
dadVHTXLHUH$QRVHUTXHQRVHTXLHUDQDGDFODUR\HQWRQFHVKD\DTXHSRQHUVH
DOODGRGHDOJXLHQTXHVtTXLHUHDOJRSDUDTXHQRVJXtH'HPDQHUDTXHHQHIHFWR

6HUHILHUH0DUtD=DPEUDQRD.LHUNHJDDUG1LHW]VFKH'RVWR\HYVNL%DXGHODLUH5LPEDXG
³DORVTXHWRFyYLYLUHQXQWLHPSRGHLPSLHGDG´

La Confesión: género literario y métodoS
 /D¿ORVRItDWUiJLFDFRQVLGHUDQGRD:LWWJHQVWHLQ\2UWHJD 

ORWUiJLFRGHODWUDJHGLDHVTXHQRKD\VXMHWRHVGHFLUQRKDEUtDPRGRhumano de
TXHGDUSRUHQFLPDGHORTXHQRVSDVD3RUTXHORTXHVHUtDPRVGHYHUGDGHVSXUR
SDVDUXQGeschehen\GHQLQJXQDPDQHUDXQVHURXQSeinTXHSXHGDHULJLUVHHQ
DOJRDVtFRPRXQREMHWLYRXQDPHWDRDORPHMRUGHVHPERFDGXUDGHOSDVDUTXH
HQWRQFHVSXGLHUDMXVWL¿FDUHOSDVDU4XLHURORTXHTXLHURTXLHURORTXHWHQJRTXH
TXHUHUFRPRIUDJPHQWRGHODQHFHVLGDGTXHVR\RKLMRGHODFDVR<HVDH[LJHQFLD
GHDFFLyQDODTXHKDFtDPRVUHIHUHQFLDDQWHVHQHOVHQWLGRGHDFFLyQFRQXQVHQWL-
GRRFRQXQEXHQVHQWLGRQRSDVDUtDGHVHUODPDQHUDKXPDQDGHDEULUFDPLQRDOD
SURVHFXFLyQGHOVXFHGHUQHFHVDULRHQFXDQWRTXH³IXQGDPHQWDGR´HQHODEVROXWR
D]DU2VHDOOHJDUDVHUHOTXHVHHVHQHOIRQGRJUDWXLWRRODIDOWDGHIXQGDPHQWR
(VWDHVODYHUGDGHUDOLEHUDFLyQODOLEHUDFLyQWUiJLFD
Y confesarse, que sin duda sería una necesidad, no es arrojar de sí la trage-
GLDVLQRDOFRQWUDULRPHWHUVHGHEUXFHVHQHOODDEULUOHSDVRDODWUDJHGLDD¿DQ-
zándola, por entre las costras mentirosas de la vida social(QVXPDOLEHUDUVHQR
HVVDOYDUVHGHODWUDJHGLD(VORFRQWUDULR
=DPEUDQRQRVGHVFXEUHTXH2UWHJDVHKDFH¿OyVRIRMXVWDPHQWHDOVDOLUGHOD
WUDJHGLDSHURVLQQLQJ~QWLSRGHapatheia2VHDVLQUHFKD]DUGHQLQJXQDPDQHUD
el pathosWUiJLFR6LQRllevándolo a la luzHVWDWUDtGDDODOX]GHORWUiJLFRVHUtDQ
SURSLDPHQWHOD5D]yQ9LWDO\OD5D]yQ+LVWyULFD40\SRUVXSXHVWROD5D]yQ3RpWLFD

RESUMEN

(QORTXHVLJXHSUHWHQGHPRVFRPSUREDUVLVHHQFXHQWUDQHQHVWRVGRVSHQVDGRUHV:LWWJHQV-
WHLQ\2UWHJDFX\DVVLPLOLWXGHV\GLIHUHQFLDVHQOR¿ORVy¿FRKDQYHQLGRVLHQGRHVWXGLDGDVUHFLHQ-
WHPHQWHKXHOODVGHXQDDVtOODPDGD¿ORVRItDWUiJLFD3HURWDPELpQORTXHHVFDVLPiVLPSRUWDQWH
SRUTXHGHFLGLUtDHQUHDOLGDGHOSXQWRDQWHULRULQWHQWDUHPRVFDUDFWHUL]DUVXSHFXOLDUUHDFFLyQDOD
H[SHULHQFLDGHORWUiJLFRHQODYLGDKXPDQDVLODKXELHUD(VSRU~OWLPRDGHPiVQXHVWURREMHWLYR
TXHHODQiOLVLVGHHVWRVGRVDXWRUHVQRVYD\DDSHUPLWLUGLVWLQJXLUFRQPiVQLWLGH]ORVSHU¿OHVGHOD
¿ORVRItDWUiJLFDPLVPD1XHVWUDVHVSHUDQ]DVLQLFLDOHVYLHQHQUHIRU]DGDVSRUODFHUWH]DGHTXHVH
SXHGHVXSRQHUTXHFRQUHOHYDQFLDSDUDHVWHDVXQWRGHORWUiJLFRHOSULPHURKDEUtDOHtGRD6FKRSHQ-
KDXHU\HOVHJXQGRVREUHWRGRD1LHW]VFKH

Palabras clavesUHYHODFLyQWUiJLFDDEVXUGRSUD[LVUHDOLGDGGUDPD


©¢&XiOSXHGHVHUnuestra~QLFDGRFWULQD"²4XHDOVHUKXPDQRQDGLHOHdaVXVSURSLHGDGHV
QL'LRVQLODVRFLHGDGQLVXVSDGUHVQLDQWHSDVDGRVQLél mismoHOVLQVHQWLGRGHHVWDQRFLyQTXH
DTXtDFDEDPRVGHGHUHFKD]DUKDVLGRHQVHxDGRFRPRµOLEHUWDGLQWHOLJLEOH¶SRU.DQWDFDVR\DWDP-
ELpQSRU3ODWyQNadie HVUHVSRQVDEOHGHH[LVWLUGHHVWDUKHFKRGHHVWHRGHDTXHOPRGRGHHQFRQ-
WUDUVHHQHVWDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVHQHVWHDPELHQWH/DIDWDOLGDGGHVXVHUQRSXHGHVHUGHVOLJDGDGHOD
IDWDOLGDGGHWRGRORTXHIXH\VHUi>«@6HHVQHFHVDULRVHHVXQIUDJPHQWRGHIDWDOLGDGVHIRUPD
SDUWHGHOWRGRVHHVHQHOWRGR²QRKD\QDGDTXHSXHGDMX]JDUPHGLUFRPSDUDUFRQGHQDUQXHVWUR
VHUSXHVHVWRVLJQLILFDUtDMX]JDUPHGLUFRPSDUDUFRQGHQDUHOWRGR«£Pero no hay nada fuera del
todo!ª1LHW]VFKHCrepúsculo de los ídolos. O cómo se filosofa con el martillo. “Los cuatro gran-
GHVHUURUHV´,QWURGXFFLyQWUDGXFFLyQ\QRWDVGH$6iQFKH]3DVFXDO0DGULG$OLDQ]D
40
9LG³2UWHJD\*DVVHWILOyVRIRHVSDxRO´HQEspaña, sueño y verdadSGHODV
Obras Completas,,,
40 0DULDQR5RGUtJH]*RQ]iOH]

SUMMARY

7KHPDLQWDVNRIWKLVSDSHULVWRLQTXLUHLQWRDTXHVWLRQRIWKHWUDFHVRIWKHVR±FDOOHG³WUDJLFDO
SKLORVRSK\´LQWKHLGHDVRI2UWHJDDQG:LWWJHQVWHLQ±WKHVLPLODULWLHVDQGGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHP
DUHZLGHO\DQDO\VHGRIODWH2XULQWHQWLRQLVDOVR±DQGZKDWLVHYHQPRUHLPSRUWDQWEHFRXUVHLWLV
GHFLVLYHIRUWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHG±WKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVSHFLDOUHDFWLRQVRQZKDWLVWUDJLFLQ
DKXPDQOLIHLIWKHUHLVDQ\%HVLGHVRXUXOWLPDWHJROLVWRRXWOLQHPRUHGLVWLFWO\WKHDVSHFWVRIWKH
WUDJLFSKLORVRSK\LWVHOIZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKHERWKDXWKRUVCSRLQWVRIYLHZ%HVLGHVWKHULJKWQHVVRI
RXUSULPDODVVXPSWLRQVLVIRUFHGE\WKHIDFWRIWKHFUHGLEOHJUHDWLPSRUWDQFHRI:LWWJHQVWHLQCVUHDG
LQJRI6FKRSHQKDXHU¶VDQG2UWHJD¶VUHDGLQJRI1LHW]VFKH

Keywords: UHYHODWLRQRIWUDJLFDEVXUGSUD[LVUHDOLW\GUDPD

675(6=&=(1,(

:QLQLHMV]\PWHNĞFLHXVLáXMHP\]EDGDüF]\ZP\ĞOL2UWHJLL:LWWJHQVWHLQD±SRGRELHĔVWZD
LUyĪQLFHQDJUXQFLH¿OR]R¿F]Q\PSRPLĊG]\QLPLVWDá\VLĊRVWDWQLRSU]HGPLRWHPDQDOL]±PRĪQD
RGQDOHĨüĞODG\WDN]ZDQHMÄ¿OR]R¿LWUDJLF]QHM´,QWHQFMąQDV]ąEĊG]LHUyZQLHĪ±FRQDZHWMHVWEDU-
G]LHM LVWRWQH SRQLHZDĪ Z U]HF]\ VDPHM GHF\GXMąFH R SXQNFLH SLHUZV]\P ± FKDUHNWHU\VW\ND LFK
VSHF\¿F]Q\FKUHDNFMLQDGRĞZLDGF]DQLHZĪ\FLXOXG]NLPWHJRFRWUDJLF]QHRLOHLVWQLHMH3RQDGWR
QDV]RVWDWHF]Q\FHO]DNáDGDĪHDQDOL]DSRJOąGyZREXDXWRUyZSR]ZROLQDP]ZLĊNV]ąVXEWHOQRĞFLą
RNUHĞOLüDVSHNW\VDPHM¿OR]R¿LWUDJLF]QHM=DVDGQRĞüQDV]HJRSLHUZRWQHJRRF]HNLZDQLDZ]PDFQLD
GRGDWNRZRIDNWLĪPRĪHP\SU]\SXV]F]DüLĪGXĪH]QDF]HQLHGODWHJRDVSHNWXWUDJLF]QRĞFLSRVLDGDá\
ZLWWHJHQVWHLQRZVNLHOHNWXU\6FKRSHQKDXHUDLRUWHJLDĔVNLH1LHW]VFKHJR

6áRZDNOXF]RZHPDQLIHVWDFMDWUDJLF]QRĞFLDEVXUGSUDNVLVU]HF]\ZLVWRĞüGUDPDW