Vineet Mediratta

Asstt. Prof .,UPES

➢ Overview & Importance of Transformer
➢ Working of Transformer , How Energy Transfer takes Place
➢ Various types of transformers .
➢ Power & Distribution Transformer
➢ EMF Equation
➢ Equivalent Circuit of Practical Transformer & Phasor Diagram
➢Approximate Equivalent Circuit
➢ Voltage Regulation and its Expression
➢ Losses & Efficiency and its Expression
 Over view of Transformer
Transformer is one of the most vital and
important Electrical Machinery. Being a static
machine it is inherently reliable compared to
other machines. Transformers are a important
link between the power system and millions of
electricity consumers. Any Failure of this
important equipment, apart from adversely
affecting the consumers, will also mean
considerable financial loss to the electricity
undertaking. It is therefore of important that
utmost care is taken in design, manufacture,
testing, installation, and maintenance of
Transformers
Transmit Electrical Energy over great
distances and distribute it to the end-users.
The transformer gives to ac a feature lacking in
dc power systems, i.e. it efficiently change ac
voltage from small amplitudes to large
amplitudes and vice versa.
In general, the higher the voltage, the more
insulation and switching costs, but less current
used, so lower I2R loss and greater efficiency
results.
 Working of Transformer

Transformer is a stationary Electrical Machine

which by electro magnetic induction transfers
electric energy from one circuit to another at the
same frequency. It works on AC . It can
➢ raise or lower the voltage or current in an ac circuit,
➢ isolate circuits from one another,
➢ Enable load matching which results in
maximum power transfer.
HOW ENERGY TRANSFER TAKES PLACE
 Types w.r.t core:

• Core types

• Shell types

Core Type Shell Type

Types w.r.t voltage change:
• Step up Transformer
• Step down Transformer
Types w.r.t supply:

Single phase 3 phase

According to Power Utilization
•Power Transformer
•Distribution Transformer
• The term Power transformer is used to refer to those transformers
used between the generator and the distribution circuits, and these are
usually rated at 500 kVA and above.
• The complexity of the power system leads to a variety of
transmission and distribution voltages. Power transformers must be
used at each of these points where there is a transition between
voltage levels.
• Power transformers are available for step-up operation, primarily
used at the generator and referred to as generator step-up (GSU)
transformers, and for step-down operation, mainly used to feed
distribution circuits.
• Any transformer that takes voltage from a primary
distribution circuit and ‘‘steps down’’ or reduces it to
a secondary distribution circuit or a consumer’s
service circuit is a distribution transformer.
• Although many industry standards tend to limit this
definition by kVA rating (e.g., 5 to 500 kVA)
Instrument Transformer
Potential Transformer
➢ Sampling a high voltage and produce a low
secondary voltage proportionally.
➢ To handle very small current.
Current Transformer
➢ Provide much smaller secondary current than
but directly proportional to its primary current.
Current transformer
Potential transformer
 Types w.r.t Cooling:
• Self air cooled and dry types
• Air blast cooled
• Oil immersed self cooled
• Oil immersed water cooled
• Forced oil water cooled


Main Part

• Steel tank
• Core
• Winding

Accessories
• Conservator
• Breather
• Buchholz relay
• Bushing
 Power Distribution
Transformer
Connecting
EHT Bus-Bar
Indicator
Bushing
Temperature

Conservator
Tank

Buchholz Relay Oil

Cooling
Radiator

Tap-
Changer Pressure Relieve
Valve

Transformer
Yard
KESC TRAINING
Transformer CENTRE
Yard
 Power Distribution
Transformer
Connecting
EHT Bus-Bar
Oil Level
Bushing
Indicator

Conservator
Tank

Buchholz Relay Oil

Cooling
Radiator

Tap-
Changer Pressure Relieve
Valve
Winding and oil
temperature
indicator Transformer
Yard
KESC TRAINING
Transformer CENTRE
Yard
An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses, i.e. it’s
winding has no ohmic resistance, no magnetic leakage, and
therefore no I2 R and core loses.

However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in practice.

Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will be used

in characterized the practical transformer.
N1 : N2

I1 I2
V1 – Primary Voltage
V1 E1 E2 V2
V2 – Secondary Voltage
E1 – Primary induced Voltage
E2 – secondary induced Voltage
N1:N2 – Transformer winding turns ratio
 Transformer Equation
Faraday’s Law states that,
If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be
induced in the turns of wire. This voltage is directly
proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect of
time. d(t )
Vind = Emfind = −
dt

Lenz’s Law

If we have N turns of wire,

d(t )
Vind = Emfind = −N
dt
 For an ac sources,
Let V(t) = Vm sint
i(t) = im sint
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function; (t ) =  m sin t

Then:
d m sin t
Therefore: Vind = Emfind = − N
dt
= − N m cost

Vind = Emfind = 2fN m (sin t − 90)

Thus:
N m 2fN m
Emfind ( rms) = = = 4.44 fN m
2 2
1: AS THE WINDINGS ARE PURELY
INDUCTIVE IN NATURE SO I0
LAGS BEHIND V1 BY 90 DEGREE

2: THE MMF N1I0 AND THE FLUX φ

IN SAME PHASE

3: THE INPUT AND OUTPUT EMF

ARE BOTH IN THE SAME PHASE
BUT LAGS THE FLUX BY 90 DEGREE
 For an ac sources,
Let V(t) = Vm sint
i(t) = im sint
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function; (t ) =  m sin t
Then:
d m sin t
Therefore: Vind = Emfind = − N
dt
= − N m cost

Vind = Emfind = 2fN m (sin t − 90)

Thus:
N m 2fN m
Emfind ( rms) = = = 4.44 fN m
2 2
 E2 N 2 V2 I1
Therefore, = = = =K
E1 N1 V1 I 2

Where, ‘K’ is the Voltage Transformation Ratio; which will

determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up
or step-down

For K >1 V2 > V1 Step Up

Transformer

For K <1 V2 < V1 Step down

Transformer
 Transformer rating is normally written in terms of
Apparent Power (kVA).
Apparent power is actually the product of its rated
current and rated voltage.
VA = V1I1 = V2 I 2
◼ Where,
◼ I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary winding.
◼ V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary winding.

◼ Rated currents are actually the full load currents in

transformer
 Theory of Operation of
Practical Single-Phase Transformers
Practical transformers differ from ideal
transformers in several ways:
➢ Resistance of the windings
➢ Flux leakage between the windings, leading to
inductive reactance effects
➢ The magnetizing current is not zero (but it may
be as little as 3% of the load currents).
➢ There is power loss in the iron core, due to
hysteresis and eddy current effects.
 M

Mutual flux Leakage flux

+ LS +

Vp Vs

- LP -
P = M + LP S = M + LS

Faraday’s law
d  d
eind = Since, = eind =N
dt N dt
The losses to be considered in any accurate
model of transformer:
Copper (I2R) losses – resistive heating losses in the
primary and secondary windings.
Eddy current losses – resistive heating losses in the
core.
Hysteresis losses – associated with the
rearrangement of the magnetic domains in core.
Leakage flux – fluxes LP and LS that escape the
core.
Phasor Diagram No load Current

I0 = (Iω )2 +(Iμ ) 2

Component of No – Load Current

Iw = I0 cos φ0 = Working Component

Iµ = I0 sin φ0 = Magnetizing component
 '2 =  2
N1I '2 = N 2 I 2
N2
I =
'
2 I 2 = KI 2
N1
 Voltage Equation for primary and
Secondary Winding

Z1 = (R1 )2 +(X1 )2 Z2 = (R 2 ) 2 +(X 2 ) 2

V1 =E1 + I1 (R1 + jX1 ) = E1 + I1Z1

E2 =V2 + I 2 (R 2 + jX 2 ) = V2 + I 2 Z2
 Practical Transformer
(Equivalent Circuit)

X1 I1 ’ X2
I1 R1 I2 R2
Io N1: N2

Ic Im
V1 Load V2
RC Xm E1 E2

V1 = primary supply voltage

V2 = 2nd terminal (load) voltage
E1 = primary winding voltage
E2 = 2nd winding voltage
I1 = primary supply current
I2 = 2nd winding current
I1’ = primary winding current
Io = no load current
1:ASSUMING THE LAGGING POWER
FACTOR LOAD ,V2 IS DRAWN AHEAD OF
I2

2:THE DROPS I2R2 AND jI2X2 ARE ADDED

SUCH THAT :
E2 = V2+ I2R2+ jI2X2
3: THE COMPONENT OF THE PRIMARY
CURRENT WHICH NEUTRILIZES THE
DEMAGNITISING EFFECT OF I2 i.e. THE
COMPENSATING CURRENT IS DRAWN
OPPOSITE TO I2 SUCH THAT
ICN1=I2N2
4: V1=-E1+ I1R1+ jI1X1
Approximate Equivalent Circuit of a
Loaded Transformer
Voltage Regulation
 Transformer Losses
Generally, there are two types of losses;
i. Iron losses :- occur in core parameters
ii. Copper losses :- occur in winding resistance

i. Iron Losses Piron = Pc = ( I c) 2 Rc = Popen circuit

ii Copper Losses

Pcopper = Pcu = ( I 1) 2 R1 + ( I 2) 2 R2 = Pshort circuit

or if referred , Pcu = ( I 1) 2 R01 = ( I 2) 2 R02
 Transformer Efficiency
To check the performance of the device, by
comparing the output with respect to the input.
The higher the efficiency, the better the system
Output Power
Efficiency , = 100 %
Input Power
𝑉𝐴 cos 𝜃
Pout 𝜂(𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) = × 100%
= 100% 𝑉𝐴 cos 𝜃 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑐𝑢
Pout + Plosses 𝜂(𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑥)
𝑥𝑉𝐴 cos 𝜃
V2 I 2 cos = × 100%
= 100% 𝑥𝑉𝐴 cos 𝜃 + 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑥 2 𝑃𝑐𝑢
V2 I 2 cos + Pc + Pcu

Where, if ½ load, hence x= ½ ,

¼ load, x= ¼ ,
Where Pcu = F.L. cooper Losses 90% of full load, x =0.9
Pc is core losses(or Pi)