CONTENTS

Title Page
No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
NOTATIONS vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW 1
1.2 NEED FOR STUDY 4
1.3 OBJECTIVES 4
1.4 SCOPE 5
1.5 METHODOLOGY 5
1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS 6

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 OVERVIEW 7
2.2 TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE EFFECT 7
2.2.1 Temperature effect 7
2.2.2 Shrinkage effect 8
2.2.3 Restraint effect 9
2.2.4 Existing experimental studies 10
2.2.5 Analytical studies reported in literature 14
2.2.6 Numerical studies reported in literature 16
2.2.7 Code provisions 19
2.3 SIZE EFFECT ON TENSILE STRENGTH OF 20
CONCRETE
2.3.1 Literature from various researchers 21
2.3.2 Literature from various codes 22
2.4 ESTIMATION OF TENSILE STRESSES IN WALL 24
 2.4.1 Standard method of Euro Code 2-3 (2008) 24
2.4.2 Analytical method proposed by Klemczak et al. (2017) 25
2.5 CRACKING PATTERN 26
2.5.1 Restrain effect on cracking pattern 26
2.5.2 Cracking pattern reported by codes 26
2.5.3 Cracking pattern reported by Researchers 28
2.6 DEGREE OF RESTRAINT 29
2.6.1 ACI 207 provisions 29
2.6.2 Euro Code 2-3 30
2.6.3 Researchers provisions 31
2.7 CRACK WIDTH CALCULATIONS 31
2.7.1 Literature from various researchers 31
2.7.2 Literature from various codes 33
2.7.3 Design codes for crack widths 34
2.7.4 Researchers expressions 36
2.8 VARIOUS CODES MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT 38
PROVISIONS FOR SHRINKAGE AND
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
2.9 SUMMARY 38

CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON RC TANK AND

RETAINING WALLS
3.1 OVER VIEW 40
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO EVALUATE 40
THERMAL EFEFCT IN CONCRETE
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME 42
3.3.1 Experimental planning 42
3.3.2 Reinforcement details 44
3.3.3 Material properties 45
3.3.4 Casting of specimens 47
3.4 INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF 51
SHRINKAGE STRAINS
3.5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 55

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3.6 DISCUSSION ON EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 63
3.7 SUMMARY 63

CHPATER 4 DESCRIPTION OF TEST SPECIMENS AND

TEST SETUP
4.1 OVERVIEW 64
4.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME 65
4.2.1 Specimen sizes 65
4.3 MATERIAL AND MIX PROPORTION OF 66
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
4.3.1 Cement 66
4.3.2 Aggregates 66
4.3.3 Admixture 66
4.3.4 Mix proportion 66
4.4 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE 66
4.5 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE 67
′
4.5.1 Compressive strength (f c) 67
4.5.2 Modulus of elasticity (MOE) / young’s modulus test 71
(Ec)
4.5.3 Split tension test (fts) 75
4.5.4 Flexural tension test (modulus of rupture) ft 81
4.6 SUMMARY 86

CHAPTER 5 CRACKING POTENTIAL AND CRACK

WIDTHS
5.1 OVERVIEW 87
5.2 CRACKING POTENTIAL 88
5.2.1 Development of stresses 88
5.2.2 Cracking in concrete 89
5.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME 90

5.3.1 Experimental results of tensile stresses and cracking 91

potential
5.3.2 Experiment results of cracking pattern 92
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 5.3.3 Experimental results of crack widths 97
5.3.4 Experimental results of degree of restraint 97
5.3.5 Discussion on experimental results 99
5.4 COMPARISON OF VARIOUS CRACK WIDTHS 100
FORMULAE
5.4.1 Data from Kheder, et al. (1990) 101
5.4.2 Data from Kheder, et al. (1994) 102
5.5 COMMENT ON IS 3370 PART II CRACK WIDTH 103
EXPRESSION
5.5.1 Proposed expression for crack width estimation 104

5.5.2 Sample calculations 106

5.5.3 Discussion on results 108
5.6 CODAL PROVISIONS FOR CRACK WIDTH 109
LIMITATIONS
5.7 SUMMARY 109

CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6.1 SUMMARY 110

6.2 CONCLUSIONS 111
6.3 SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK 113
REFERENCES 114

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