Introduction to Solar Energy

Energy Conversion II

Week 1.2.2
Arno Smets
The Energy Problem
Global Temperature
Climate change

Global Temperature Anomaly (C)

0.6 Hottest 12 months on record
June 2009 to May 2010
0.4

0.2

- 0.2
NASA GISS 12 months running average
- 0.4
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Energy conversion
Gravitational
Nuclear Hydro-tidal Wind

Heat Electric
engines generators
Thermal Mechanical Electrical
η<60% η=90%
Photo
η=90% voltaics
Electrolyzers
Chemical Solar thermal Solar
Coal, oil, gas, biomass, Fuel Cells
hydrogen

(Source: L. Freris, D. Infield, Renewable Energy in power Systems, Wiley 2008)

Electricity generation 2007
Conversion
hydro 19% losses
Electricity
nuclear 16% consumption
2/3
gas 15%
40% residential
1/3
coal 40% 47% industry
13% transmission
oil 10% losses
Worldwide hydro 19%
generation
20,202 TWh nuclear 16%

gas
gas

coal fossil
coal 60%
oil
5000 x 0.5 GW
oil Nuclear power plant
 wind 3%
nuclear 4%
biomass 6%
74%
Netherlands Brasil
hydro
103 TWh 413 TWh
63% 87%

gas
gas
import 5,7 %
coal fossil nuclear 2%
biomass 3,6 %

oil gas 10,6 %

coal
16,4 % 16,4 %
coal 1,4 %
oil oil 4,4 %
`

(Source: NASA)
Thank you for your attention!