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9.14 WATER HAMMER IN PIPES
Introduction
Consider the flow of water between two points A and B in a long pip
Fig 9.12. When the valve is suddenly closed, the momentum of flow
destroyed and a wave of high pressure is set up which is transmitted along
This creates noise called knocking and the wave has the effect of hamme
the walls of the pipe, hence known as water hammer or hammer blow.
H Valve
A B
Fig 9.12
The pressure rise due to water hammer depends upon;

(i) The velocity of flow of water in the pipe
(ii) The speed at which the valve is closed
(iii) The length of the pipe
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8/15/2019 ( ) 13. WATER
p HAMMER IN PIPES JAN 2015 pdf.pdf | Pressure | Liquids
(iii) The length of the pipe
Related titles (iv) The elastic properties of pipe material as wellSign as that
In ofJoin
flowing
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The rise in pressure in some cases may be so large that the pipe m
Hence it is essential to take this pressure into account in the design of pipes.
Time Taken by Pressure Wave to Travel From Valve to Tank and Back
Let: t = time taken by pressure wave
L = length of pipe
C = velocity of pressure wave
Total distance= L+L=2L
dis tan ce travelled from valve to tan k and back
∴ t =
velocity of pressure wave
Fluid Mechanics Em 20 Gravity
2L Dam WaterCAD V8i Ultrasonic Chem 136- LAB F
Worked Exampl… Or t = User's Guide… Flowmeters
C
Valve closure is said to be;
2L
(i) Gradual (slow) if t >
C
2L
(ii) Sudden if t <
C
Cases of water hammer in Pipes:
The following cases of water hammer in pipes are to be considered;
(i) Gradual closure of valve
(ii) Instantaneous closure of valve in rigid pipes
(iii) Instantaneous closure of valve in elastic pipes
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(i) Pressure Due to Gradual Closure of Valve

Consider a long pipe conveying a liquid (Fig 9.12) and provided
Download 1
which is closed gradually.
of 8  Search document 
Let A = area of cross-section of the pipe
L = length of pipe
V= velocity of flow through pipe
t = time in seconds required to close valve
p= intensity of pressure wave produced
Due to gradual closure, water is brought from initial velocity V to ze
time t seconds.
Fluid Mechanics Em 20 Gravity Dam WaterCAD V8i Ultrasonic Chem 136- LAB F
Worked Exampl… ∴Retardation of water = User's
change of velocity/time
Guide… Flowmeters
V−0 V
= =
t t
Axial force producing retardation = mass of water in pipe AB × retard
= ρAL × V
t
Force due to pressure wave,
= pressure × area of pipe
= p ×A
Equating equations (i) and (ii);
V
ρAL × = p ×A
t You're Reading a Preview
ρLV
∴ p = access with a free trial.
Unlock full
Pressure head, t
H=
p
=
Download
ρLV 1 ρWith
×
LV
=
Free
×
1 Trial
=
ρLV

w t w t ρg ρgt
LV
or H =
gt
Equation (1) gives the relation between increase of pressure due to wat
the pipe and time required to close valve.
If t = 0, increase in pressure seems infinite, but from experiments, this
equation is thus
In the case valid for high
of very incompressible fluids,
pressure, the andisrigid
liquid pipes. to some e
compressed
pipe material is also stretched.
(ii) Pressure Due to Instantaneous Closure in Rigid Pipes

Consider pipe AB shown in Fig 9.12 when the valve is closed sudd
energy (K.E.) of the flowing water is converted to strain energy (S.E.) of wa
is neglected).
L fKE
Loss of K.E.,
Related
 titles Search 1 1   Sign In Join
= mV 2 = × ρAL × V
2

2 2
Gain of S.E. of water,
Download of 8 rise in pressure × volumetric
=1 mean  Searchstrain of water 
document in pi
Worked Exampl… User's Guide… Flowmeters
p p 1 p2
= × × AL = AL , where K= bulk modulus of wate
2 K 2 K
It may be noted that K, like other moduli of elasticity may also be thoug
stress/strain i.e. p/(dV/V), and is also called the coefficient of compressibilit
Equating K.E. to S.E.,
1 2 1 p2
ρALV AL
=
2 2 K
1 2K
or p 2 = ρALV
2
×
2
= ρKV
2 AL
K  K 
∴ p = ρK V
2
= ρKV ×
2 ρ
= ρV = ρVC ∵ = C
ρ
ρ ρ

 
p
or C=
ρV
Where C is the propagation velocity (or celerity of a pressure wave); an

as velocity of sound in a liquid of density ρ.
The above theory is closely related to Mach’s number which is given as
V
M=
K ρ
(iii) Pressure Due to Instantaneous Closure in Elastic Pipes
Consider pipe AB shown in Fig 9.12 when the valve is closed suddenly
You'reofReading
Let: E = modulus of elasticity a Preview
the pipe material
µ = Poison’s ratio for the pipe material (µ =1/4, and varies from 0
Unlock full access with a free trial.
for mild steel)
p = increase in pressure due to water hammer
d = internal diameter ofDownload
the pipe With Free Trial
d = internal diameter of the pipe
Related titles t = thickness of pipe wall (small compared to outside diameter D
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σC= circumferential stress in pipe
σL= longitudinal stress in pipe
Download Sudden closure of valve produces a waveof high pressure of 
1 of 8 Search document
inten
causes circumferential and longitudinal stresses in the pipe wall.
Original K.E. of fluid will be converted partly into S.E. of the fluid, a
S.E. of pipe.
Consider a length of pipe, x ;
π
Volume of fluid in length x = d2x
4
1 1 π 2
Original K.E. of fluid, mV 2 =
⋅ρ× d x ⋅ V
2
Fluid Mechanics Em 20 Gravity Dam WaterCAD
2 V8i
2 4Ultrasonic Chem 136- LAB F
S.E. of fluid = mean rise in pressure ×volumetric strain× volume
p p π 2 1 p2 π
= ⋅ ⋅ d x = ⋅ ⋅ d2 x
2 K 4 2 K 4
From knowledge of strength of materials,
σL σC
Longitudinal strain of pipe = −µ
E E
σC σL
Circumferential
Circumferenti al strain in pipe = −µ
E E
∴ S.E. stored in the pipe material per unit volume of pipe wall,
1
= ∑ average stress × strain = ∑ 2
stress × strain
1  σ L σ C  1  σ σ L 
= σL  −µ  + σC  C −µ 
2  E E  2  E E 
2E ( )
= 1 σ L
2
+ σ C 2 − 2µσ C σ L
For a thin walled pipe, it can be shown that:

pd pd
σL = and σC =
4t 2t
∴ Total S.E. stored in pipe material,
∴ Total S.E. stored in pipe material,
= S.E. per unit volume of pipe material × total volume of pipe material
Related
1  pd   pd  pd 
2 2
 pd 
=   +   − 2µ ⋅    × πdtx
2E  4 t   2 t   2t  4t 

Download
=
1  p2 d12
⋅ πdx  +
of 82
p2 d
− 2µ ⋅
p 2 d2 

 Search document 
2E  16t 4t 8t 
2 2
πdx p d  1 2µ 
+ 1−
4t  4 2 
= ⋅
2E
2
πd p2 d
x
= ⋅(1 + 4 − 4µ )
4 2 × 4E
2
p2 d
( 5 − 4µ ) You're Reading a Preview
πd x
= ⋅
4 2 × 4E
Fluid Mechanics Em 20 Original K.E. of fluid
Gravity Unlock
Dam= S.E. full
ofWaterCAD
fluid access
+ V8i
S.E. with
of pipe a free trial. Chem 136- LAB F
Ultrasonic
Worked Exampl… 1 π 2 1 p 2
User's
π Guide…π d 2
x Flowmeters
p 2
d
⋅
(5 − 4µ )
2 2
⋅ d x×ρ⋅V = ⋅ ⋅ d x+
2 4 2 K 4 4 2 × 4Et
Download With Free Trial
1 p2 p 2d
or ρV
2
= + (5 − 4µ )
2 2K 2 × 4Et
 1 d 
= p2  + (5 − 4µ )

 2K 2 × 4Et 
1 2
ρV
∴ p = V 2 = V
ρ
= V
ρ
1 d  1 d  1 d
2 × 4Et ( 5 4 ) 2  2K
( 5 − 4µ
2K
+ − µ

+
2 × 4Et ) 
K
+
4Et ( 5 4
− µ
1
Since µ = (for mild steel pipes)
4
ρ
∴ p=V …(9.5
1 d
+
K tE
h.

Related
Derivation of equations
Derivation equations for longitudinal stress (σL), and hoop stress (σC):
longitudinal stress
Download Longitudinal stress,
 1 ofσ8L:  Search document 
Consider a thin walled pipe acted upon by pressure due to water hamme
shown in Fig 9.13 (a).
π
p⋅ d2 x
4
σH
d
d
σL
Worked Exampl… User's
t Guide… Flowmeters
(a) (b)
Fig 9.13
Due to pressure on the ends of the cylinder, there is a longitudinal stress in

cylinder wall.
Total force on the end of the cylinder wall due to fluid pressure p,
= pressure × area
π
= p × d2 …
4
Force due to longitudinal stress σL in the pipe wall to counteract fluid pressu
= stress × mean circumferential thickness
= σ L × πd × t (approximatel
(approximately)
y) …
(Ifequilibrium,
D is taken asequate
mean forces
diameter, then area (i)
of and
wall(ii);
tube is πDt exactly)
For
You're Reading a Preview
in equations
π
∴ σ L × πd × t = p × d2
Unlock
4 full access with a free trial.
pd
∴Longitudinal stress, σ L = …(
4t
Hoop
 stress, σC:
Download With Free Trial
Now consider equilibrium of wall and contents of a length x of half the cylin
as shown in Fig 9.13 (b);
Due to fluid pressure, there is a downward force,
= pressure × area
= p×xd …
This force must be balanced by upward force due to circumferential σC (or ho
stress σH),
= stress × area
= σH×2(x×t) …(
Equating equations (iii) and (iv);
σH×2(x×t) = p×xd
pd
∴Hoop stress, σC = σH = …(9
2t
In the above equations, p is the gauge pressure.
Related
h.
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8/15/2019 13. WATER HAMMER IN PIPES JAN 2015 pdf.

pdf | Pressure | Liquids

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9.14 WATER HAMMER IN PIPES

The pressure rise due to water hammer depends upon;

Pages 2-8 for members only 

Unlock Full Access with a 30 Day

(i) Pressure Due to Gradual Closure of Valve

(ii) Pressure Due to Instantaneous Closure in Rigid Pipes

Where C is the propagation velocity (or celerity of a pressure wave); an

For a thin walled pipe, it can be shown that:

Due to pressure on the ends of the cylinder, there is a longitudinal stress in

Download 1 of 8  Search document 

Download 1 of 8  Search document 

Download 1 of 8  Search document 

Download 1 of 8  Search document 

Share this document

Documents Similar To 13. WATER HAMMER IN PIPES JAN 2015 pdf.pdf

Fluid Mechanics Em 20 Gravity Dam WaterCAD V8i Ultrasonic C

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