Flora of China 17: 1–49. 1994.

VERBENACEAE
马鞭草科 ma bian cao ke

Chen Shou-liang; Michael G. Gilbert

Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing shrubs, rarely herbs. Indumentum of simple, stellate, and/or other complex hairs. Leaves
opposite or rarely whorled, without stipules, simple or 3-foliolate, less often palmately [or pinnately] compound. Inflorescences
terminal or axillary, racemose, cymose, spicate, or thyrses. Flowers bisexual or polygamous by abortion, zygomorphic or rarely
actinomorphic. Calyx persistent. Corolla 4- or 5- or more lobed; lobes usually spreading, aestivation overlapping. Fertile stamens
inserted on corolla tube, alternate with lobes; filaments free; anthers dorsifixed, 1- or 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits or
sometimes a circular pore. Ovary entire or 4-grooved, 2–8-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule, erect or pendulous. Style terminal,
simple, entire or 2-cleft. Fruit a drupe or indehiscent capsule, sometimes breaking up into nutlets. Seeds (1 or) 2–4, endosperm
usually absent, seed coat thin; embryo straight, as long as seed; radicle short, inferior.
Some 91 genera and ca. 2000 species: primarily tropical and subtropical, 20 genera and 182 species in China.
Chinese genera of economic importance include Tectona (timber), Vitex (gum, oil, tannin, timber), Premna and Gmelina (fine wood),
Callicarpa and Clerodendrum (ornamental), Callicarpa, Clerodendrum, Caryopteris, Premna, etc. (medicinal).
Some species are only known in China as introduced ornamentals. Among these are Vitex agnuscastus Linnaeus and Holmskioldia sanguinea
Retzius. According to H. Keng (pers. comm.), Teijsmanniodendron coriaceum (C. B. Clarke) Kostermans, a species characterized by indehiscent
1-seeded dry fruits, was collected near the Guangxi-Vietnam border and is expected to be found in China.
The classification of Verbenaceae is in a state of flux, especially regarding its relationship to Lamiaceae. There is evidence to suggest
a significant division between members of subfamily Verbenoideae, genera 1–5 in this account, and the remaining genera, including genera 6–20,
which for convenience are here referred to as subfamily Viticoideae s.l. The latter are more closely allied to each other and to genera traditionally
kept within Lamiaceae (including genera 1–8 in this Flora). Avicennia is often placed in a family of its own, but its affinities are clearly with
Viticoideae, especially genera 17–19 in this account which have traditionally been placed in a separate subfamily, Symphorematoideae.
P'ei Chien & Chen Shou-liang, eds. 1982. Verbenaceae. Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 1–229.

1a. Inflorescences centripetal (lowermost flower or flower farthest from axis opening first), usually clearly racemose or
spicate, sometimes condensed into capitula, always terminal; 1 or 2 stigma lobes prominently expanded (subfam.
Verbenoideae).
2a. Inflorescences dense capitula or short spikes, with overlapping bracts, rachis obscure.
3a. Shrubs, sometimes climbing; fruit a drupe; flowers red, orange, or yellow; stem spiny .................................... 2. Lantana
3b. Herbs, creeping and rooting at nodes; fruit a capsule; flowers purple; stem not spiny ............................................ 3. Phyla
2b. Inflorescences elongated spikes or racemes, without overlapping bracts, rachis easily visible.
4a. Stamens 2; rachis excavated; fruit splitting into 2 1-seeded cocci ............................................................... 4. Stachytarpheta
4b. Stamens 4; rachis not excavated; fruit splitting into pyrenes.
5a. Shrubs, often climbing; ovary 8-locular; fruit fleshy; pyrenes 2-seeded; flowers pedicellate ...................... 1. Duranta
5b. Annual or weakly perennial herbs; ovary 4-locular; fruit dry; pyrenes 1-seeded; flowers sessile ............... 5. Verbena
1b. Inflorescences centrifugal (uppermost flower or flower closest to axis opening first), usually clearly cymose,
sometimes grouped into elongated thyrses or reduced to axillary flowers or clusters of flowers; stigma lobes
usually linear to tongue-shaped (capitate in Callicarpa) (subfam. Viticoideae).
6a. Mangrove trees, growing along sea coast in tidal mud .............................................................................................. 20. Avicennia
6b. Lianas, shrubs, herbs, or trees, growing inland or on sandy beaches at sea coast.
7a. Inflorescences capitate, with conspicuous oblanceolate to spatulate involucral bracts; ovules apical,
orthotropous.
8a. Involucre 3- or 4-lobed, lobes usually joined at base; corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4 ........................................ 19. Congea
8b. Involucre (5- or) 6-lobed, lobes free; corolla not 2-lipped; stamens 5 or more.
9a. Corolla actinomorphic, 6-16(-18)-lobed; stamens 6-16(-18); leaf blade margin often ± dentate
............................................................................................................................................................................... 17. Symphorema
9b. Corolla actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic, 5(–7)-lobed; stamens 5(–7); leaf blade margin entire
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 18. Sphenodesme
7b. Inflorescences mostly lax, rarely capitate, always without clearly defined involucral bracts; ovules basal,
anatropous.
10a. Fruit dry, usually a schizocarp, sometimes deeply lobed.
11a. Fruiting calyx conspicuously accrescent, translucently membranous; corolla 4-lobed ................ 7. Hymenopyramis
11b. Fruiting calyx slightly enlarged; corolla usually 5-lobed.
12a. Stems strongly 4-winged; leaves soon falling, leaf blade much shorter than internodes; calyx
divided to near base ................................................................................................................................ 16. Schnabelia
12b. Stems terete or 4-angled, not winged; leaves persistent, leaf blade at least as long as most
internodes; calyx tube as long as or longer than lobes.
13a. Leaves simple; calyx (4- or) 5- (or 6)-dentate or lobed; flowers 6–15 mm ........................ 15. Caryopteris
13b. Leaves simple or 3-lobed; calyx minutely dentate to subtruncate; flowers ca. 4 mm .......... 13. Garrettia
10b. Fruit a fleshy drupe, often lobed, with separate pyrenes.
14a. Corolla actinomorphic; stamens 4–6, subequal.
 15a. Flower bud conspicuously swollen at tip; stamens fewer than corolla lobes; leaf hairs simple
................................................................................................................................................................. 14. Clerodendrum
15b. Flower bud not swollen at tip; stamens as many as corolla lobes; leaf hairs often branched or
stellate, rarely all simple.
16a. Inflorescences axillary cymes; fruiting calyx unaltered, tube always shorter than fruit ....... 6. Callicarpa
16b. Inflorescences large terminal panicles; fruiting calyx very elongated, inclosing fruit .............. 8. Tectona
14b. Corolla zygomorphic or slightly oblique; stamens 4, didynamous.
17a. Flower bud conspicuously swollen at tip; drupes with 4 1-seeded pyrenes, sometimes
separating into 4 1-locular nutlets .................................................................................................. 14. Clerodendrum
17b. Flower buds not swollen at tip; drupes with 1 pyrene, normally 4-locular, 4-seeded or (by
abortion) 3- or 2-seeded.
18a. Leaves palmately compound (except V. rotundifolia and V. trifolia var. subtrisecta) .................. 11. Vitex
18b. Leaves simple (occasionally some 3-foliolate in Tsoongia).
19a. Leaf blade abaxially gray mealy, often with large gland patches especially near base;
corolla 2–5 cm, ventricose or funnelform; stigma lobes very unequal ............................... 12. Gmelina
19b. Leaf blade abaxially green or if gray or white then with dense simple hairs, without gland
patches; corolla to 1 cm, tubular; stigma lobes (where known) equal.
20a. Inflorescences terminal cymes, panicles, or thyrses, sometimes racemelike or spikelike;
calyx usually not 2-lipped but if 2-lipped then upper lip usually emarginate or dentate
and if lower lip entire then upper lip also entire .................................................................. 9. Premna
20b. Inflorescences axillary, few flowered lax cymes; calyx obscurely 2-lipped with lower lip
2-lobed, upper lip entire ....................................................................................................... 10. Tsoongia

1. DURANTA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 637. 1753.

假连翘属 jia lian qiao shu
Shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, simple, margin entire or serrate-dentate. Inflorescences axillary or terminal racemes;
bracts small. Calyx 5-veined, 5-dentate, persistent. Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed and largest, upper lip 2-lobed. Stamens 4,
short, inserted above middle of cylindric corolla tube, obscurely didynamous. Ovary 8-locular; ovules 1 per locule, pendulous.
Style club-shaped; stigma nearly oblique. Drupes equaling or shorter than calyx, with 2-seeded pyrenes.
About 30 species: tropical America, one species introduced to China and sometimes naturalized.

1. Duranta erecta Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 637. 1753.
假连翘 jia lian qiao
Duranta repens Linnaeus.
Shrubs, often climbing. Branches spiny, pubescent when
young. Petiole ca. 1 cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to
lanceolate, 2–6.5 × 1.5–3.5 cm, papery, base cuneate, margin
entire to distally crenate, veins 6 pairs. Calyx pubescent on
both surfaces. Corolla tube ca. 7 mm. Stamens included. Ovary
glabrous. Drupes ca. 5 mm in diam., shorter than calyx, shiny,
glabrous. Fl. and fr. May-Oct. 2n = 36.
Usually cultivated or sometimes naturalized near farm houses;
200–400 m. Naturalized in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan,
Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [North and South America].
Medicinal, ornamental.

2. LANTANA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 626. 1753.

马缨丹属 ma ying dan shu
Shrubs, climbing, aromatic, pubescent or glabrous. Branches 4-angled, sometimes prickly. Leaves petiolate; leaf blade simple,
crenate, often rugose. Inflorescences dense capitula, pedunculate; bracts exceeding calyx. Calyx small, membranous, truncate or
sinuate dentate. Corolla nearly actinomorphic or slightly 2-lipped, tube slender; lobes 4 or 5, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous,
included. Ovary 2-locular. Style shorter than corolla tube; stigma obliquely subcapitate. Drupes with 2 1-seeded pyrenes.
About 150 species: tropical and subtropical America, one species naturalized in China.
Additional species grown as ornamentals.

1. Lantana camara Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 627. 1753. opening. Ovary glabrous. Drupes deep purple, globose, ca. 4
马缨丹 ma ying dan mm in diam. 2n = 44.

Shrubs with long weak branches, armed with stout
recurved prickles, pubescent. Petiole 1–2 cm, pubescent; leaf
blade ovate to oblong, 3–8.5 × 1.5–5 cm, papery, wrinkled,
very rough, with short stiff hairs, aromatic when crushed, base
rounded to subcordate, margin crenate; lateral veins 5 pairs,
very prominent, elevated. Capitula terminal, 1.5–2.5 cm across.
Flowers yellow or orange, often turning deep red soon after
Open waste places and near coast; 100–1500 m. Naturalized in
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [tropical and
subtro-pical America, often naturalized in other tropical and
subtropical regions].
Medicinal, ornamental.
A very wide range of flower colors has been developed within
cultivars.
 3. PHYLA Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 66. 1790.
过江藤属 guo jiang teng shu
Herbs. Branches usually acutely 4-angled, sometimes spiny, hirsute, glandular. Leaves opposite. Inflorescences terminal,
spicate or capitate, elongated in fruit; bracts obovate. Flowers small. Calyx membranous, 2-lipped, 4-lobed. Corolla sometimes
2-lipped; lobes 5, spreading. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on distal part of corolla tube, included. Ovary 2-locular; ovule 1 per
locule. Style short; stigma capitate. Capsules small, splitting into 2 1-seeded cocci.
About ten species: Africa, America, and Asia; one species in China.
Phyla has often been combined with Lippia but differs in characters such as herbaceous habit, elongated infructescences, and obovate bracts.

1. Phyla nodiflora (Linnaeus) E. L. Greene, Pittonia 4: 46.
1899.
过江藤 guo jiang teng
Verbena nodiflora Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 20. 1753; Lippia
nodiflora (Linnaeus) Michaux.
Herbs, perennial. Branches many, creeping, rooting at
distal nodes, minutely strigose. Leaves subsessile; leaf blade
spatulate, 1–3 × 0.5–1.5 cm, papery, pubescent, base cuneate,
margin distally sharply serrate, veins inconspicuously 4-paired.
Inflorescences cylindric to ovate capitula, 1–2.5 cm; peduncle
1–7 cm. Corolla pinkish purple or white, glabrous. Capsules ca.
1.5 mm in diam. 2n = 36.
Common weed along stream banks and in grassy places;
300–2300 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [tropics and
subtropics of both hemispheres].
Medicinal.

4. STACHYTARPHETA Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1: 205. 1804, nom. cons.

假马鞭属 jia ma bian shu
Herbs or shrubs. Branches usually forked, hairy. Leaves opposite, petiolate, simple; leaf blade dentate or crenate, often rugose.
Spikes terminal, usually long, lax; rachis often angular, excavated. Flowers ± immersed in excavated rachis when young. Calyx
membranous, 4- or 5-dentate, becoming variously slit. Corolla slender, cylindric; tube often curved, ± villous in throat; lobes 5,
spreading. Stamens 2, fertile, inserted on distal part of corolla tube; anthers divaricate. Ovary supported by a short ringlike disc,
2-locular; ovules 2 per locule. Stigma capitate. Capsules splitting into 2 1-seeded cocci.
About 65 species: tropical America, a few species introduced in the Old World; one species a naturalized weed in China.

1. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Linnaeus) Vahl, Enum. Pl. 1:
206. 1804.
假马鞭 jia ma bian
Verbena jamaicensis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 19. 1753.
Subshrubs or robust perennial herbs, 0.6–2 m tall.
Branches 4-angled when young, sparsely pubescent to
subglabrous. Petiole winged; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-ovate,
2.4–8 × 4.5 cm, papery, subglabrous, base elongated, margin
serrate, apex acuminate, veins 5 or 6 pairs. Spikes few to 20 cm
or longer; bracts ca. 5 mm, membranous. Calyx ca. 6 mm,
glabrous. Corolla dark blue; tube 7–12 mm, slightly curved.
Capsules included in calyx.
Shaded grassy places in valleys; 300–600 m. Naturalized weed in
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, Yunnan [tropical
America, naturalized throughout tropics].
Medicinal.

5. VERBENA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 18. 1753.

马鞭草属 ma bian cao shu
Herbs or subshrubs, annual or perennial. Branches 4-veined. Leaves opposite, sessile, dentate, lobed, or pinnatifid. Spikes
usually terminal, simple or branched; bracts small. Flowers alternate, nearly zygomorphic. Calyx membranous, 5-dentate. Corolla
with a distinct tube; lobes 5, unequal, spreading. Stamens 4, fertile, didynamous, inserted at middle of corolla tube, included;
anthers ovate. Ovary 4-locular; ovules erect, 1 per locule. Capsules dry, included in calyx, dehiscing into 4 1-seeded pyrenes.
About 250 species: chiefly in tropical America, one species in China.
Additional species grown as ornamentals.

1. Verbena officinalis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 20. 1753. long, slender; bracts as long as calyx. Calyx 1–4 mm,
pubescent, glandular. Corolla blue to pink, (2–)4–8 mm,
马鞭草 ma bian cao pubescent. Ovary glabrous. Nutlets oblong, ca. 2 mm. Fl. and
Herbs, annual or weakly perennial, erect, 30–140 cm tall, fr. Jul-Oct. 2n = 14.
pubescent to subglabrous. Leaves narrowed into a petiole Grassy places on mountain slopes; 100–1800 m. Anhui, Fujian,
0.3–4 cm; leaf blade ovate, obovate, or oblong, 2–8 × 1–5 cm, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xinjiang, Xizang,
papery, hirsute especially on abaxial veins, margin coarsely Yunnan, Zhejiang [worldwide weed in temperate zones and tropics].
dentate or cut to sometimes deeply pinnatifid or lobed. Spikes
6. CALLICARPA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 111. 1753.
 紫珠属 zi zhu shu

Shrubs or trees, erect or rarely climbing; hairs stellate, verticillately branched, dendritic, mealy tomentose, or rarely simple and
hooked. Branchlets terete or 4-angled. Leaves opposite or in 3s. Cymes axillary, sessile or pedunculate; bracts linear. Calyx
campanulate, truncate or minutely 4-dentate, unaltered in fruit. Corolla actinomorphic, campanulate or tubular, lobes 4. Stamens 4,
inserted on corolla tube; filaments slender, often exserted; anthers ovate or oblong, dehiscing by longitudinal slits or circular pores.
Ovary imperfectly 2-locular; ovules 2 per locule, attached to middle or distal part of ovary. Style usually longer than stamens;
stigma usually dilated. Fruit a small globose drupe, endocarp bony, mesocarp fleshy, exocarp thin. Seeds small, oblong; seed coat
membranous; cotyledons fleshy.

About 140 species: mainly in tropical and subtropical Asia, few in tropical America and Africa, and very few in temperate Asia and North
America; 48 species in China.

1a. Plants glabrous except stems with short strongly antrorsely curved hairs ...................................................... 48. C. peichieniana
1b. Plants with stellate, whorled, dendritic, or erect simple hairs.
2a. Calyx tubular, longer than fruit, deeply dentate ........................................................................................................ 1. C. kochiana
2b. Calyx cup-shaped or campanulate, shorter than fruit, truncate, subtruncate, or short dentate.
3a. Filaments shorter than corolla, rarely equaling or longer than corolla; anthers oblong, opening by an apical
pore.
4a. Leaves and flowers densely red or dark red glandular.
5a. Leaf blade abaxially with stellate hairs along veins; calyx subglabrous; corolla white; filaments shorter
than corolla tube ................................................................................................................................................. 36. C. dentosa
5b. Leaf blade abaxially subglabrous; calyx with stellate hairs; corolla purple; filaments equal to corolla tube
or slightly exserted ........................................................................................................................................ 35. C. cathayana
4b. Leaves and flowers yellow glandular or eglandular.
6a. Leaf blade abaxially pubescent with stellate hairs.
7a. Corolla ca. 3 mm ............................................................................................................................................. 37. C. collina
7b. Corolla more than 3 mm.
8a. Calyces, corollas, and ovaries pubescent; fruit pubescent at maturity; leaf blade abaxially with only
stellate hairs ......................................................................................................................................... 38. C. tingwuensis
8b. Calyces, corollas, and ovaries glabrous or subglabrous; fruit glabrous at maturity; leaf blade
abaxially pubescent to sparsely pubescent along midvein only, with some hairs simple.
9a. Leaf blade margin serrate; calyx teeth obtusely triangular ................................................... 39. C. randaiensis
9b. Leaf blade margin subentire to sparsely serrulate towards apex; calyx teeth minute or absent
................................................................................................................................................................... 40. C. brevipes
6b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or subglabrous.
10a. Cymes 2- or 3-flowered; fruiting pedicel more than 4 mm ............................................................. 47. C. oligantha
10b. Cymes more than 3-flowered; fruiting pedicel 1–3 mm.
11a. Leaf blade base subcordate; petiole very short to leaf subsessile ................................................... 46. C. lingii
11b. Leaf blade base cuneate or obtuse; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm.
12a. Leaf blade subleathery; peduncle ca. 2 × or more as long as petioles ................ 41. C. remotiserrulata
12b. Leaf blade papery or membranous, rarely subleathery; peduncle shorter to slightly longer
than petioles.
13a. Leaf blade membranous, adaxially pubescent ........................................................... 45. C. anisophylla
13b. Leaf blade papery or rarely subleathery, adaxially glabrous.
14a. Petiole less than 5 mm; cymes many flowered; fruit ca. 3 mm in diam.
................................................................................................................................. 44. C. kwangtungensis
14b. Petiole 6–20 mm; cymes few flowered; fruit ca. 2.5 mm in diam.
15a. Leaf blade obovate, ovate, or elliptic; peduncle 6–10 mm; calyx obtusely
triangular ................................................................................................................... 42. C. japonica
15b. Leaf blade oblanceolate to lanceolate; peduncle less than 6 mm; calyx subtruncate
............................................................................................................................. 43. C. membranacea
3b. Filaments usually 2 × or more as long as corolla (except in C. pauciflora); anthers rounded, ovate, or elliptic,
opening by longitudinal slits.
16a. Peduncle robust, usually over 3 cm (except C. hypoleucophylla, C. macrophylla, and C. minutiflora).
17a. Leaf blade margin entire; trees or climbing shrubs.
18a. Climbing shrubs; peduncle terete; uppermost leaves very reduced so that cymes form a terminal
panicle ................................................................................................................................................... 4. C. integerrima
18b. Erect trees; peduncle 4-angled; uppermost leaves not or only slightly reduced so that cymes are
clearly axillary.
19a. Leaf blade leathery, without glands; pedicel ca. 1.5 mm .......................................................... 2. C. arborea
19b. Leaf blade papery, red-brown glandular; pedicel ca. 3 mm .............................................. 3. C. yunnanensis
17b. Leaf blade margin serrulate or serrate (sometimes undulate or subentire in C. nudiflora); shrubs or
rarely small trees.
20a. Leaf blade without glands.
 21a. Ovary puberulent; peduncle 2–3 cm ..................................................................................... 7. C. macrophylla
21b. Ovary glabrous; peduncle 3–8 cm.
22a. Calyx and corolla pubescent; calyx teeth ca. 1 mm; bracts lanceolate, 3–4 × 1 cm
.............................................................................................................................................. 5. C. longibracteata
22b. Calyx and corolla glabrous; calyx truncate or minutely 4-dentate; bracts lanceolate-linear,
smaller ......................................................................................................................................... 6. C. nudiflora
20b. Leaf blade yellow glandular.
23a. Calyx outside glabrous ................................................................................................................... 8. C. acutifolia
23b. Calyx outside densely stellate pubescent.
24a. Corolla 2–2.5 mm; leaf blade elliptic, abaxially yellowish green .............................. 10. C. minutiflora
24b. Corolla ca. 1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, abaxially gray to whitish
......................................................................................................................................... 11. C. hypoleucophylla
16b. Peduncle slender, less than 3 cm.
25a. Leaf blade base cordate to truncate.
26a. Stems covered with predominantly long simple hairs; calyx teeth 1–2 mm; petiole 5–8 mm
...................................................................................................................................................................... 32. C. longipes
26b. Stems densely covered with stellate hairs; calyx teeth less than 0.5 mm; leaves subsessile or very
short petiolate.
27a. Leaf blade margin very shallowly crenulate; calyx teeth obsolete; corolla white, very minutely
papillate ..................................................................................................................................... 33. C. basitruncata
27b. Leaf blade margin serrate; calyx teeth acute; corolla reddish, pilose .................................... 34. C. rubella
25b. Leaf blade base cuneate, obtuse, or rounded.
28a. Leaf blade woolly-velvety, tomentose, or silky on both surfaces but especially abaxially.
29a. Calyx dentate, teeth 0.3–1 mm; branchlets densely covered with yellow-brown dendritic hairs 9. C. loboapiculata
29b. Calyx truncate or minutely dentate, teeth less than 0.3 mm; branchlets short velvety.
30a. Leaf blade abaxially with silky hairs; branchlet nodes with a transverse scar ............ 14. C. poilanei
30b. Leaf blade abaxially with stellate velvety hairs; branchlet nodes without a transverse scar.
31a. Leaf blade 8–20 × 4–8 cm, margin densely serrate; cymes many flowered; calyx
densely velvety ................................................................................................................ 12. C. candicans
31b. Leaf blade 3–6 × 2–3 cm, margin sparsely serrulate or entire; cymes few flowered;
calyx sparsely pilose ...................................................................................................... 13. C. gracilipes
28b. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely hairy with stellate or simple hairs or sometimes glabrous.
32a. Leaves and flowers usually with red, dark red, or dark purple glands.
33a. Leaf blade abaxially with uniformly stellate hairs to subglabrous ............................... 28. C. bodinieri
33b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or with sparse stellate pubescence only along midvein.
34a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, base broadly cuneate to subrounded,
abaxially dark purple glandular ................................................................................... 29. C. salicifolia
34b. Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, base cuneate,
abaxially red-brown glandular.
35a. Cymes ca. 1 cm across; fruit ca. 2 mm in diam.; fruiting calyx not thick
.................................................................................................................................. 30. C. erythrosticta
35b. Cymes ca. 2 cm across; fruit ca. 3 mm in diam.; fruiting calyx thick ............. 31. C. hungtaii
32b. Leaves and flowers usually with yellow glands.
36a. Branchlets, leaf abaxial surfaces, and cymes with yellow-brown simple hairs ...... 27. C. pilosissima
36b. Branchlets, leaf abaxial surfaces, and cymes with stellate or branched hairs or glabrous.
37a. Calyx pubescent; leaf blade abaxially with stellate hairs.
38a. Calyx truncate to minutely dentate; fruit stellate pubescent when mature; branchlets
4-angled, nodes with a transverse scar ................................................................ 19. C. longifolia
38b. Calyx teeth triangular, less than 1.5 mm; fruit glabrous when mature; branchlets
terete, nodes without a transverse scar.
39a. Ovary glabrous; peduncle longer than petioles.
40a. Petiole 5–25 mm; leaf blade adaxially minutely hispid and scabrous, base
obtuse to rounded; cymes many flowered; peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm; corolla
glabrous ....................................................................................................... 15. C. formosana
40b. Petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade adaxially sparsely pilose, base cuneate to
broadly cuneate; cymes few flowered; peduncle 0.8–1 cm; corolla
puberulent ............................................................................................ 16. C. pseudorubella
39b. Ovary pubescent; peduncle shorter than or equal to petioles.
41a. Calyx teeth 1–1.5 mm .............................................................................. 17. C. pauciflora
41b. Calyx teeth less than 0.5 mm ....................................................................... 18. C. giraldii
37b. Calyx usually glabrous; leaf blade abaxially glabrous or sparsely stellate pubescent
only on veins.
42a. Cymes with leafy branchlets growing out from them.
 43a. Leaf blade lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, or ovate, margin slightly sinuate,
serrate, serrulate, or entire; corolla tube ca. 2 mm ....................................... 20. C. prolifera
43b. Leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, margin distinctly triangular-serrulate;
corolla tube ca. 4 mm ............................................................................... 21. C. pingshanensis
42b. Cymes without leafy branchlets growing out from them.
44a. Branchlets 4-angled, with sparse simple hairs, nodes with a ring of hairs or
transverse scar ................................................................................................. 22. C. longissima
44b. Branchlets terete, with stellate hairs or subglabrous, nodes without a ring of
hairs or transverse scar.
45a. Peduncle 4–7 mm, shorter than petioles; fruit ca. 1 mm in diam.
................................................................................................................... 23. C. luteopunctata
45b. Peduncle 8–20 mm, longer than petioles; fruit 1–4 mm in diam.
46a. Leaf blade 2–6(–10) cm, obovate to lanceolate, margin apically coarsely
dentate..................................................................................................... 24. C. dichotoma
46b. Leaf blade 10–15 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate-elliptic,
margin serrate to subentire.
47a. Petiole less than 1 cm; leaf blade abaxially stellate tomentose on
veins, margin serrate; peduncle 2 × as long as petioles ......... 25. C. kotoensis
47b. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade abaxially glabrous, margin subserrate to
subentire; peduncle as long as petioles ............................... 26. C. siongsaiensis

1. Callicarpa kochiana Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 28: 181.

1914.
枇杷叶紫珠 pi pa ye zi zhu
Shrubs 1–4 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and
inflores-cences densely yellow-brown stellate tomentose.
Petiole 1–3 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, elliptic, or
ovate-elliptic, 11–22 × 4–8 cm, abaxially densely
yellow-brown stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrous or slightly
pilose especially on veins, both surfaces obscurely yellow
glandular, margin serrate. Cymes 3–6 cm across; peduncle 1–2
cm or longer. Calyx tubular, 2–2.5 mm, tube tomentose, teeth
acute. Corolla pink to purple, lobes densely tomentose.
Stamens exserted. Style longer than stamens. Fruit globose, ca.
1.5 mm in diam. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Dec.
100–900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, S Henan, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam].
1a. Leaf blade 4–8 cm wide; flowers subsessile
.................................................................... 1a. var. kochiana
1b. Leaf blade ca. 4 cm wide; flowers pedicellate
..................................................................... 1b. var. laxiflora
1a. Callicarpa kochiana var. kochiana
• Mountain slopes; 100–400 m. Hainan.
2. Callicarpa arborea Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 405. 1820.
木紫珠 mu zi zhu
Trees ca. 8 m tall; branchlets, inflorescences, and petioles
densely tomentose, hairs stellate or verticillately branched.
Leaf blade elliptic, oblong-elliptic, or ovate, 13–37 × 7–13 cm,
leathery, abaxially densely yellow-brown stellate tomentose,
adaxially dark green and shiny, base cuneate to rounded,
margin entire. Cymes 6–11 cm across; peduncle 4-angled,
longer than petioles. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or nearly so,
outside densely gray stellate tomentose. Corolla purple, ca. 3
mm. Stamens much longer than corolla. Ovary densely stellate
tomentose. Fruit purple-brown, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul,
fr. Aug-Dec.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000–2500 m. Guangxi, SE
Xizang, S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Indonesia,
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
3. Callicarpa yunnanensis W. Z. Fang, Fl. Reipubl.
Popul-aris Sin. 65(1): 209. 1982.
云南紫珠 yun nan zi zhu

枇杷叶紫珠 pi pa ye zi zhu Trees 12–18 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences

Callicarpa longiloba Merrill; C. loureiri Hooker &
Arnott ex Merrill.
Leaf blade 12–22 × 4–8 cm. Peduncle 1–2 cm. Flowers
subsessile. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Sep-Dec.
Forest edges, forests in valleys; 100–900 m. Fujian, Guang-dong,
S Henan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Vietnam].
Medicinal.
1b. Callicarpa kochiana var. laxiflora (Chang) W. Z. Fang,
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 31. 1982.
散花紫珠 san hua zi zhu
Callicarpa loureiri Hooker & Arnott ex Merrill var.
laxiflora Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 276. 1951.
Leaf blade 11–15 × ca. 4 cm. Peduncles and pedicels
longer than in var. kochiana. Fl. Aug.
gray-brown stellate tomentose. Petiole 1.5–3 cm; leaf blade
elliptic to ovate-elliptic, (12–)20(–27) × (7–)9(–13.5) cm,
papery, abaxially stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrescent,
both surfaces densely red-brown glandular, base cuneate,
margin entire. Cymes 8–13 cm across; peduncle robust, 4–5
cm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 0.8 mm, densely gray stellate
tomentose. Corolla purple, ca. 3 mm. Filaments ca. 2 × as long
as corolla. Ovary pubescent, brown-red glandular. Fruit purple,
ca. 3 mm in diam.
Mixed forests in valleys; 500–600 m. S Yunnan [Vietnam].
Callicarpa erioclona Schauer was erroneously reported from
Yunnan in vol. 1 of Fl. Yunnan. (1977), but C. yunnanensis differs in
having petioles and inflorescences gray-brown stellate tomentose and
leaf blade margins entire.
4. Callicarpa integerrima Champion, Hooker's J. Bot. Kew
Gard. Misc. 5: 135. 1853.
全缘叶紫珠 quan yuan ye zi zhu
 Shrubs, climbing; young branchlets, petioles, and
inflo-rescences densely yellow-brown tomentose, hairs
verticil-lately branched to densely dendritic. Petiole ca. 1–2 cm;
leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 15–17 × 3–9 cm, abaxially
tomentose, adaxially dark green and glabrescent, base cuneate
to rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute. Flowering
stems with reduced leaves so that cymes form a terminal
panicle. Cymes 6–11 cm across; peduncle 2–5 cm. Corolla
purple, ca. 2–2.5 mm, glabrous. Stamens 2 × or more as long
as corolla. Fruit purple, ca. 2 mm in diam., stellate tomentose
when young, glabrescent. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
• 200–1500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, W Hubei, Jiangxi,
E Sichuan, S Zhejiang.
1a. Pedicels, calyces, and ovaries stellate tomentose
............................................................... 4a. var. integerrima
1b. Pedicels, calyces, and ovaries glabrous
.................................................................... 4b. var. chinensis
4a. Callicarpa integerrima var. integerrima
全缘叶紫珠 quan yuan ye zi zhu
Leaf blade abaxially densely gray-yellow tomentose,
adaxially yellow-brown stellate tomentose. Pedicel and calyx
densely stellate tomentose. Ovary stellate tomentose. Fl.
Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes and in valleys; 200–700 m.
Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, S Zhejiang.
4b. Callicarpa integerrima var. chinensis (P'ei) S. L. Chen,
Novon 1: 58. 1991.
藤紫珠 teng zi zhu
Callicarpa formosana Rolfe var. chinensis P'ei, Mem. Sci.
Soc. China 1(3): 30. 1932; C. pedunculata R. Brown var.
chinensis (P'ei) Metcalf; C. peii Chang.
Leaves, pedicels, calyces, corollas, and ovaries glabrous
or only leaves pubescent when young. Fl. May-Jul, fr.
Aug-Nov.
• Mixed forests in valleys; 300–1500 m. NW Guangdong,
Guangxi, W Hubei, Jiangxi, E Sichuan.
5. Callicarpa longibracteata Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1:
277. 1951.
长苞紫珠 chang bao zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 3 m tall. Young branches uniformly yellow
stellate tomentose. Petiole ca. 2 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic
to elliptic-lanceolate, 15–20 × 5–8 cm, abaxially densely
yellow-gray stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrous but stellate
tomentose along midvein when young, base obtuse to rounded
and oblique, margin entire or serrulate above to middle, veins
14 pairs. Cymes 6–9 cm across; peduncle 3–5 cm; bracts
lanceolate, 3–4 × 1 cm. Calyx campanulate, stellate tomentose;
teeth linear, ca. 1 mm. Corolla pink, ca. 2 mm, puberulent.
Filaments ca. 5 mm; anthers ca. 0.6 mm. Ovary glabrous. Style
6–7 mm. Fruit ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Aug.
• Mixed forests; 100–300 m. Hong Kong.
6. Callicarpa nudiflora Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey Voy.
206. 1836.
裸花紫珠 luo hua zi zhu
Callicarpa acuminata Roxburgh (1832), not Kunth
(1818); C. acuminata var. angustifolia Metcalf; C.
macro-phylla Vahl var. sinensis C. B. Clarke; C. reevesii
Wallich ex Schauer.
Shrubs or small trees; young branchlets, petioles, abaxial
leaf surfaces, and inflorescences unevenly gray-brown stellate
tomentose. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic to lanceolate, 12–22 ×
4–7 cm, abaxially densely gray-brown unevenly stellate
tomentose, adaxially dark green-black and glabrescent except
for stellate tomentose veins, base obtuse to subrounded, margin
serrate, slightly undulate, or subentire. Cymes 8–13 cm across;
peduncle 3–8 cm; bracts linear-lanceolate. Pedicel ca. 1 mm.
Calyx usually glabrous, truncate to obscurely 4-dentate.
Corolla purple to pink, ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Stamens 2–3 × as
long as corolla. Ovary glabrous. Fruit ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl.
Jun-Aug, fr. Aug-Dec.
Mixed forests; 1000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan
[Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Sri Lanka,
Vietnam].
Medicinal.
7. Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 13. 1794.
大叶紫珠 da ye zi zhu
Callicarpa dunniana H. Léveillé; C. incana Roxburgh; C.
macrophylla var. kouytchensis H. Léveillé.
Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets nearly 4-angled. Petiole
robust, 1–3 cm, densely gray unevenly stellate tomentose; leaf
blade oblong-lanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or ovate-elliptic,
10–23 × 5–11 cm, abaxially densely unevenly gray stellate
tomentose and glandular, adaxially pubescent especially on
veins, base cuneate to broadly obtuse, margin serrulate. Cymes
4–8 cm across, densely unevenly gray stellate tomentose.
Calyx ca. 1 mm, subtruncate, gray stellate tomentose, yellow
glandular. Corolla purple, ca. 2.5 mm, sparsely stellate
tomentose. Anthers yellow glandular. Ovary puberulent. Fruit
ca. 1.5 mm in diam., puberulent, glandular. Fl. and fr. Apr-Dec.
Mixed forests; 100–2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Vietnam].
Indian material differs from Chinese collections in having
glabrous ovaries.
8. Callicarpa acutifolia Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 284.
1951.
尖叶紫珠 jian ye zi zhu
Shrubs. Branchlets 4-angled, stellate tomentose, densely
yellow glandular, nodes with a transverse scar. Petiole ca. 1.5
cm; leaf blade lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 11–16 × 2–5
cm, yellow glandular, abaxially stellate tomentose, adaxially
puberulent especially along veins, base acute, margin serrate,
apex acute. Cymes 7–9 cm across; peduncle 3–5.5 cm. Calyx
ca. 1 mm, subtruncate, glabrous. Corolla ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous.
Filaments ca. 4 mm. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Fruit black
when dry, ca. 1.5 mm in diam. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Oct.
• Mountain slopes, along stream banks; 100–700 m.
Guang-dong, Guangxi.
9. Callicarpa loboapiculata Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 406.
1932.
尖萼紫珠 jian e zi zhu
Shrubs; branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences densely
yellow-brown dendritic velvety. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade
elliptic, 12–22 × 5–7 cm, unevenly stellate tomentose and
yellow glandular, adaxially glabrescent, base cuneate, margin
serrulate, apex acuminate. Cymes 4–6 cm across; peduncle
1–1.5 cm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx campanulate, prominently
4-dentate, sparsely stellate tomentose to glabrous. Corolla
purple, ca. 2.5 mm; lobes 4, usually puberulent. Filaments ca.
3.5 mm. Fruit yellow, ca. 1.2 mm in diam., glandular. Fl. and fr.
Jul-Dec.
• Mixed forests; 300–500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hunan.
10. Callicarpa minutiflora Y. Y. Qian, Guihaia 11: 121.
1991.
细花紫珠 xi hua zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets nearly 4-angled, grooved,
densely stellate pubescent, yellowish glandular. Petiole slender,
1–2.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 10–16 × 4–7 cm, stellate
pubescent and yellowish glandular, base cuneate, apex
acuminate, veins 7–9 pairs. Cymes 4–6 cm across,
5–7-branched; peduncle 0.6–1.5 cm. Calyx 0.7–1 mm,
subtruncate, stellate pubescent, outside yellow glandular.
Corolla 2–2.5 mm, densely gray tomentellous. Stamens
exserted; anthers longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary stellate
pubescent, yellow glandular. Fl. Aug.
• Forests; 1100 m. Yunnan (Jiangcheng Xian).
Similar to Callicarpa acutifolia and C. giraldii var. subcanescens
but differs in having smaller flowers and corolla lobes densely gray
tomentellous.
11. Callicarpa hypoleucophylla Wei-Fang Lin & Jen-Li
Wang, Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., n.s. 8: 185. 1967.
里白杜虹花 li bai du hong hua
Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets terete, stellate tomentose.
Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to lanceolate-oblong,
10–15 × 2–3.5 cm, abaxially whitish felted tomentose,
adaxially stellate pubescent but subglabrescent, base cuneate to
narrowly cuneate, margin finely serrate, apex acuminate to
caudate, veins 9–12 pairs. Cymes ca. 2 cm; peduncle ca. 2 cm.
Calyx ca. 10 × 8 mm, slightly 4-dentate to subtruncate, outside
with stellate hairs. Corolla white, campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm;
lobes 4, apically rounded. Stamens 4, long exserted. Fruit
white or pale purplish, globose, ca. 2 mm in diam.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000–1200 m. Taiwan.
Specimens of this species have not been seen by the authors.
12. Callicarpa candicans (N. L. Burman) Hochreutiner,
Candollea 5: 190. 1934.
白毛紫珠 bai mao zi zhu
Urtica candicans N. L. Burman, Fl. Indica 197 (typ. err.
297). 1768; Callicarpa cana Linnaeus.
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, with dense gray
stellate hairs. Leaf blade elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or broadly
ovate, 8–15 × 4–7 cm, densely serrate, abaxially with dense
gray stellate hairs, adaxially turning blackish when dry and
glabrous to pubescent along veins, base acute to cuneate,
margin densely serrate, apex acuminate to acute. Cymes 2–3
cm across; peduncle ca. 0.5 cm, with dense gray stellate hairs;
bracts small, linear. Calyx obscurely 4-dentate to subtruncate,
with dense gray stellate hairs. Corolla pinkish to pink, ca. 2
mm, with sparse stellate hairs. Filaments ca. 2 × as long as
corolla tube. Ovary glabrous. Fruit black-purple, ca. 2 mm in
diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-Dec.
Mountain slopes along roadsides and in open waste places;
100–500 m. Guangdong, Hainan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam; Australia].
Medicinal.
13. Callicarpa gracilipes Rehder in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3:
371. 1916.
湖北紫珠 hu bei zi zhu
Shrubs 2–3.5 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and cymes with
brownish stellate hairs. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade
ovate-elliptic to ovate, 3–6 × 2–3 cm, abaxially with dense
gray stellate hairs and yellow glands, adaxially green-black
when dry and glabrous, base broadly cuneate, margin entire or
sparsely dentate, apex acute to acuminate. Cymes 1–1.5 cm
across; peduncle equal or longer than petioles; bracts linear.
Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1 mm, truncate to minutely 4-dentate,
outside with sparse stellate hairs. Corolla purple to red, ca. 3
mm, outside with a few stellate hairs. Fruit pinkish purple,
oblong, puberulent, yellow glandular. Fr. Aug-Oct.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 200–1500 m. W Hubei, E
Sichuan.
14. Callicarpa poilanei Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse
64: 502. 1932.
白背紫珠 bai bei zi zhu
Trees, 5–8 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, densely
silky-velvety, nodes with a transverse scar. Petiole ca. 1 cm;
leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 10–13 × 3.5–4.5 cm,
abaxially densely gray rusty colored silky, adaxially brown
when dry and mealy stellate tomentellous when young, base
cuneate, margin serrulate to subundulate, apex acute to
acuminate. Cymes ca. 2 cm across; peduncle 4-angled, usually
as long as petioles; bracts small. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx ca. 1
mm, truncate to minutely 4-dentate, gray stellate velvety.
Corolla purple, ca. 3 mm, puberulent. Filaments longer than
corolla. Ovary glabrous. Fl. May-Jun.
Mixed forests; 200 m. Yunnan (Hekou Xian) [Cambodia,
Thailand, Vietnam].
15. Callicarpa formosana Rolfe, J. Bot. 20: 358. 1882.
杜虹花 du hong hua
Shrubs 1–3 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and cymes densely
gray-yellow stellate tomentose. Petiole robust, 1–2.5 cm; leaf
blade ovate-elliptic to elliptic or narrowly oblong-lanceolate,
6–17 × 2–8 cm, abaxially gray-yellow stellate tomentose and
yellow glandular, adaxially minutely hispid, base cuneate,
obtuse, or rounded, margin serrate, apex acuminate or caudate.
Cymes 3–4 cm across; peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm; bracts small.
Calyx cup-shaped, gray-yellow stellate tomentose; teeth 4,
triangular. Corolla purple to purplish, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous.
Stamens ca. 5 mm. Ovary glabrous. Fruit purple, ca. 2 mm in
diam.
400–1600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Jiangxi,
Taiwan, SE Yunnan, SE Zhejiang [Japan (Okinawa), Philippines].
1a. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic
................................................................. 15a. var. formosana
1b. Leaf blade narrowly oblong-lanceolate
................................................................... 15b. var. longifolia
15a. Callicarpa formosana var. formosana
杜虹花 du hong hua
 Callicarpa aspera Handel-Mazzetti; C. integerrima
Champion var. serrulata H. L. Li; C. ningpoensis Matsumura;
C. rubella Lindley f. robusta P'ei.
Leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 6–15 × 3–8 cm, base
obtuse to rounded, apex acuminate. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
2n = 36.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along streams; below 1600
m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Jiangxi, Taiwan, SE
Yunnan, SE Zhejiang [Japan (Okinawa), Philippines].
Medicinal.
15b. Callicarpa formosana var. longifolia Suzuki, Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 25: 131. 1935.
长叶杜虹花 chang ye du hong hua
Callicarpa pedunculata R. Brown var. longifolia (Suzu-ki)
Chang.
Leaf blade narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 13–17 × 2–3 cm,
base cuneate, apex caudate, veins abaxially pubescent.
• Mixed forests; 400–700 m. Taiwan.
16. Callicarpa pseudorubella Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1:
287. 1951.
拟红紫珠 ni hong zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and cymes
gray-brown stellate tomentose. Petiole 3–5 mm; leaf blade
narrowly elliptic-lanceolate, 3–5.5 × 1.5–2 cm, yellow
glandular, abaxially stellate tomentose along veins, adaxially
sparsely pilose, base cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin serrate,
apex acuminate. Cymes ca. 1.5 cm across; peduncle 8–10 mm;
bracts small. Calyx ca. 1 mm, minutely 4-dentate, with single
hairs, yellow glandular. Corolla pink, ca. 2 mm, puberulent;
lobes 4, oblong. Stamens slightly exserted. Ovary yellow
glandular. Fruit ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. late spring to summer.
• Mountain slopes; 400–500 m. Guangdong.
17. Callicarpa pauciflora Chun ex Hung-Ta Chang, Acta
Phytotax. Sin. 1: 275. 1951.
少花紫珠 shao hua zi zhu
Subshrubs to shrubs, 60–100 cm tall. Branchlets
gray-yellow, terete, with small lenticels, stellate tomentose.
Petiole 4–6 mm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic,
5–8(–13) × 2.5–3.5(–5.5) cm, abaxially stellate tomentose,
adaxially puberulent, base cuneate, margin serrate, apex acute
to acuminate. Cymes ca. 1 cm across; peduncle 4–6 mm; bracts
small. Calyx campanulate, stellate tomentose; teeth 4,
linear-lanceolate, 1–1.5 mm. Corolla pinkish, ca. 4 mm,
sparsely stellate tomentose; lobes 4, oblong. Filaments 4–5 mm;
anthers ca. 1.2 mm. Ovary slightly puberulent. Style ca. 6 mm.
Fl. late spring to summer.
• Usually along rivers; 100–400 m. Guangdong (Ruyan Xian),
Jiangxi (Shangrao Xian).
18. Callicarpa giraldii Hesse ex Rehder in Bailey, Stand.
Cycl. Hort. 2: 629. 1914.
老鸦糊 lao ya hu
Shrubs 1–3(–5) m tall. Petiole 0.6–2 cm; leaf blade
lanceolate, oblong, oblong-elliptic, elliptic, broadly elliptic,
obovate-oblong, or broadly ovate, 5–17 × 2–10 cm, papery,
base cuneate, narrowly cuneate, obtuse, or rounded, margin
serrate, apex acuminate. Cymes 1–3 cm across, stellate
tomentose. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm, sparsely stellate
tomentose when young, glabrescent, yellow glandular; teeth
less than 0.5 mm, obtuse. Corolla purple, ca. 3 mm, slightly
puberulent, yellow glandular. Stamens ca. 4–6 mm; anthers
ovate, yellow glandular on connective. Ovary puberulent. Fruit
purple, 2.5–4 mm in diam., stellate tomentose when young,
glabrescent. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Nov.
• 200–3400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan,
Yunnan, Zhejiang.
This species can be reliably distinguished from Callicarpa
bodinieri only in having yellow instead of red glands. The two taxa
overlap in all other features including distribution, and their
maintenance as distinct species merits further investigation.
1a. Leaf blade lanceolate-oblong to broadly elliptic
..................................................................... 18a. var. giraldii
1b. Leaf blade elliptic to ovate or oblong-elliptic to
obovate-oblong.
2a. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, abaxially with gray
stellate hairs ............................ 18b. var. subcanescens
2b. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic to obovate-oblong,
abaxially with gray-brown stellate hairs
....................................................... 18c. var. chinyunensis
18a. Callicarpa giraldii var. giraldii
老鸦糊 lao ya hu
Callicarpa bodinieri H. Léveillé var. giraldii (Hesse ex
Rehder) Rehder; C. mairei H. Léveillé.
Branchlets gray-yellow stellate tomentose. Leaf blade
lanceolate-oblong to broadly elliptic, 5–15 × 2–7 cm, abaxially
green, sparsely stellate tomentose, and small yellow glandular,
adaxially puberulent yellow-green, base cuneate. Fl. May-Jun,
fr. Jul-Nov.
• Mixed forests; 200–3400 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu,
Guang-dong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, S Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Medicinal.
18b. Callicarpa giraldii var. subcanescens Rehder in
Sar-gent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 368. 1916.
毛叶老鸦糊 mao ye lao ya hu
Callicarpa bodinieri H. Léveillé var. lyi (H. Léveillé)
Rehder; C. giraldii var. lyi (H. Léveillé) C. Y. Wu; C. lyi H.
Léveillé; C. grisea Handel-Mazzetti; C. inamoena C. Y. Wu.
Leaf blade elliptic to broadly ovate, 10–17 × 4–10 cm,
base narrowly cuneate to cuneate. Cymes and leaf blade
abaxial surface densely gray stellate tomentose. Fl. May-Jul, fr.
Jul-Oct.
• Mixed forests; usually below 2300 m. Anhui, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan,
Yun-nan, Zhejiang.
Although placed in Callicarpa bodinieri in vol. 65(1) of Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. (1982), the holotype of C. giraldii var.
subcanescens has yellow glands and must be placed here.
18c. Callicarpa giraldii var. chinyunensis (P'ei & W. Z.
Fang) S. L. Chen, Novon 1: 58. 1991.
缙云紫珠 jin yun zi zhu
 Callicarpa chinyunensis P'ei & W. Z. Fang in W. Z. Fang,
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 209. 1982.
Branchlets purple-brown, distinctly lenticellate. Leaf
blade oblong-elliptic to obovate-oblong, 8–13.5 × 2.5–4.5 cm,
abaxially with densely gray-brown stellate hairs, adaxially
minutely hispid and scabrous, base obtuse to rounded. Cymes
dense. Fl. May.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 300–500 m. Sichuan.
19. Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 563. 1785.
长叶紫珠 chang ye zi zhu
Shrubs 2–3(–5) m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, nodes with a
transverse scar. Petiole slender, 0.5–1.5 mm; leaf blade
narrowly lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 8–20 × 2–6 cm,
adaxially glabrous, base cuneate to narrowly cuneate, margin
serrate, apex caudate-acuminate to cuneate, midvein and
lateral veins abaxially very prominent. Cymes 2–3 cm across;
peduncle slender, 0.5–1.5 cm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1 mm,
truncate to minutely 4-dentate, gray puberulent. Corolla pale
purple, ca. 2 mm, slightly puberulent. Stamens 2–3 × as long
as corolla; anthers ovate, ca. 1 mm. Ovary puberulent. Fruit ca.
1.5 mm in diam., stellate pubescent. Fl. May-Aug, fr.
Aug-Dec.
800–1700 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan,
Taiwan, Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam].
1a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, abaxially
subglabrous ...................................... 19c. var. lanceolaria
1b. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, abaxially with stellate
hairs.
2a. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely yellow-brown
stellate pilose .................................. 19a. var. longifolia
2b. Leaf blade abaxially with densely grayish
minutely stellate hairs .................... 19b. var. floccosa
19a. Callicarpa longifolia var. longifolia
长叶紫珠 chang ye zi zhu
Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences yellowish brown
stellate tomentose. Leaf blade oblong-elliptic, 9–20 × 3–6 cm,
abaxially yellowish brown stellate tomentose and yellow
glandular. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Aug-Dec.
Mixed forests; below 1400 m. Guangdong, Taiwan, Yunnan
[India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam].
19b. Callicarpa longifolia var. floccosa Schauer in A. de
Candolle, Prodr. 11: 645. 1847.
白毛长叶紫珠 bai mao chang ye zi zhu
Branches and cymes with gray mealy stellate hairs. Leaf
blade oblong-elliptic, 12–16 × 3–5 cm, abaxially with mealy
gray stellate hairs. Fl. Aug, fr. Sep-Nov.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,
Sichuan [India, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore].
19c. Callicarpa longifolia var. lanceolaria (Roxburgh) C. B.
Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 570. 1885.
披针叶紫珠 pi zhen ye zi zhu
Callicarpa lanceolaria Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 1: 409. 1820.
Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 8–15 × 2–5 cm, glabrous
except midvein sparsely puberulent, both surfaces small
yellow glandular. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Dec.
Mixed forests; 800–1700 m. Hainan, Yunnan [Bangladesh, India,
Malaysia, Vietnam].
20. Callicarpa prolifera C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 404. 1977.
抽芽紫珠 chou ya zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets dark brown, terete, with
gray lenticels and gray-brown stellate hairs. Leaf blade
oblong-lanceolate to ovate or lanceolate, abaxially with stellate
hairs along veins, margin entire, slightly sinuate, or serrulate,
apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate. Cymes ca. 1 cm across,
with branchlets growing out from them, with yellow-brown
stellate hairs; peduncle slender, as long as pedicels; bracts
linear, ca. 2 mm. Calyx subtruncate, glabrous. Corolla purplish;
tube ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Stamens ca. 4 mm; anthers elliptic, ca.
1.2 mm. Fruit purple, 2–3 mm in diam., glabrous, yellow
glandular. Fr. autumn.
• 900–2200 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
1a. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate
to ovate .................................................. 20a. var. prolifera
1b. Petiole nearly absent; leaf blade lanceolate
................................................... 20b. var. rubroglandulosa
20a. Callicarpa prolifera var. prolifera
抽芽紫珠 chou ya zi zhu
Petiole 5–10 mm, stellate tomentose, yellow glandular;
leaf blade oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 1–9(–13) × 1.5–3(–4.5)
cm, unequally paired, abaxially orange glandular, adaxially
with stellate hairs along veins and densely yellow to
yellow-brown glandular, base broadly cuneate. Calyx yellow
glandular.
• Mixed forests; 1500–2200 m. Guangxi, Yunnan.
20b. Callicarpa prolifera var. rubroglandulosa S. L. Chen,
Novon 1: 58. 1991.
红腺抽芽紫珠 hong xian chou ya zi zhu
Petiole nearly absent; leaf blade lanceolate,
(6–)12–16(–19) × (1–)2–4 cm, base decurrent, both surfaces
subglabrous, abaxially orange glandular. Calyx outside
densely orange glandular.
• Forests in valleys; 900 m. N Guangxi.
21. Callicarpa pingshanensis C. Y. Wu ex W. Z. Fang in W.
Z. Fang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 210. 1982.
屏山紫珠 ping shan zi zhu
Shrubs 1.5–2 m tall. Branchlets purple-brown, distinctly
lenticellate, with sparse stellate hairs when young,
sub-glabrescent. Petiole ca. 6 mm, with stellate hairs; leaf
blade oblong-elliptic to elliptic, 8–14 × 3–5 cm, narrowed
below middle, membranous, abaxially subglabrous and
densely yellow glandular, adaxially puberulent on veins, base
obtuse, margin triangular serrulate, apex acute to
caudate-acuminate, veins 8–10 pairs. Cymes 3–9-flowered,
with branchlets growing out from them; peduncle ca. 5 mm,
with stellate hairs; bracts linear. Pedicel glabrous. Calyx
cup-shaped, ca. 1 mm, truncate to subtruncate, glabrous.
Corolla purple; tube ca. 4 mm, glabrous. Stamens ca. 5 mm;
anthers elliptic, ca. 1 mm. Ovary globose, glabrous. Fl. late
spring to summer.
 • Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 700–1600 m. Sichuan
(Pingshan Xian).
22. Callicarpa longissima (Hemsley) Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci.
12: 108. 1917.
尖尾枫 jian wei feng
Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck var. longissima Hemsley,
J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 253. 1890.
Shrubs or small trees, 1–3(–7) m tall. Branchlets purplish
brown, 4-angled. Petiole 1–1.5 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to
elliptic-lanceolate, 13–25 × 2–7 cm, abaxially glabrous,
adaxially subglabrous except long villous pubescence mainly
along veins, base cuneate, margin subentire to obscurely
serrulate, apex acute; veins 12–20 pairs, elevated on both
surfaces. Cymes 3–6 cm across; peduncle 1.5–3 cm. Calyx
subtruncate to obscurely dentate, glabrous, glandular. Corolla
purple, ca. 2.5 mm, glabrous. Stamens ca. 2 × as long as
corolla tube. Ovary glabrous. Fruit 1–1.5 mm in diam.,
glabrous, small glandular. Fl. Jul-Sep, fr. Aug-Dec.
Mixed forests or open waste places on mountain slopes; below
1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Jiangxi, Sichuan,
Taiwan [Japan, Vietnam].
23. Callicarpa luteopunctata Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1:
292. 1951.
黄腺紫珠 huang xian zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall; petioles and cymes densely brown
stellate tomentellous. Branchlets yellowish gray, terete. Petiole
1–1.5 cm; leaf blade oblong-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate,
7–16 × 2–5 cm, densely small yellowish glandular,
subglabrous to adaxially sparsely yellowish brown stellate
tomentellous along midvein and lateral veins, base narrowly
cuneate, margin irregularly serrate, apex acuminate. Cymes
2–3 cm across; peduncle 4–7 mm; bracts small, linear. Calyx
cup-shaped, ca. 0.7 mm, subtruncate to obscurely dentate,
usually glabrous, yellow glandular. Corolla purple, ca. 1.4 mm,
glabrous. Stamens usually 2 × as long as corolla. Ovary
glabrous, yellow glandular. Fruit ca. 1 mm in diam., yellow
glandular. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys; 800–2300 m.
Sichuan, Yunnan.
24. Callicarpa dichotoma (Loureiro) K. Koch, Dendrologie 2:
336. 1872.
白棠子树 bai tang zi shu
Porphyra dichotoma Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 70. 1790.
Shrubs 1(–3) m tall, much branched. Branchlets slender,
with stellate hairs when young. Leaves sessile or subsessile;
leaf blade lanceolate to obovate, 2–6(–10) × 1–3(–4) cm,
papery, abaxially with small yellow-glandular stellate hairs on
margins, adaxially glabrous and subscabrous, base cuneate,
margin coarsely dentate along apical part, apex usually very
short acuminate with an obtuse tip, veins 4 or 5 pairs. Cymes
1–2.5 cm across; peduncle slender, 8–12 cm; bracts linear.
Calyx cup-shaped, less than 1 mm, subtruncate, obscurely
dentate, outside few glandular. Corolla purple, tube 2 × as long
as calyx tube. Stamens exserted; filaments 2 × as long as
corolla tube, glabrous. Ovary glabrous, sparsely yellow
glandular. Fruit subglobose, 1–2 mm in diam., with few glands.
2n = 36.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; below 600 m. Anhui, Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea, Vietnam].
Medicinal.
25. Callicarpa kotoensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ.
Tokyo 30(1): 219. 1911.
红头紫珠 hong tou zi zhu
Callicarpa antaoensis Hayata; C. japonica Thunberg var.
kotoensis (Hayata) Masamune.
Shrubs small. Branchlets with yellowish brown stellate
hairs. Petiole less than 1 cm; leaf blade elliptic to
elliptic-lanceolate, abaxially yellowish brown stellate
tomentose and small yellow glandular on veins, adaxially
glabrous, base cuneate, margin serrate, apex acute, veins 7–9
pairs. Cymes ca. 4 cm across, with stellate hairs; peduncle 1–2
cm; bracts linear-lanceolate, ca. 10 × 2 mm. Calyx cup-shaped,
sub-truncate. Corolla ca. 2.5 mm. Stamens 2 × as long as
corolla tube. Ovary glabrous. Fl. summer.
• Near coast; 100 m. Taiwan.
26. Callicarpa siongsaiensis Metcalf, Lingnan Sci. J. 11: 407.
1932.
上狮紫珠 shang shi zi zhu
Callicarpa japonica Thunberg f. glabra P'ei.
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall; petioles and inflorescences sparsely
stellate tomentose. Branchlets gray-yellow. Petiole 1.5–2 cm;
leaf blade elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 10–14 × 4–6 cm, abaxially
small yellow glandular, adaxially glabrous or subglabrous,
base cuneate to obtuse, margin subentire to subserrate, apex
acute to acuminate. Cymes 2–4 cm across; peduncle as long as
petioles. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, glabrous. Fruit dark
brown when dry, ca. 3 mm in diam., glabrous. Fl. early
summer.
• Mountain slopes; below 100 m. E Fujian.
27. Callicarpa pilosissima Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp.
Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 31: 76. 1887.
长毛紫珠 chang mao zi zhu
Callicarpa pilosissima var. henryi Yamamoto.
Shrubs; branchlets, petioles, and peduncles usually densely
yellow-brown long villous. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade
narrowly lanceolate, 10–18 × 2–3 cm, abaxially densely
yellow-brown pilose and glandular, adaxially sparsely
pubescent, base slightly cordate to rounded, margin obscurely
serrulate, apex ± acuminate. Cymes 2–3 cm across; peduncle
1–1.5 cm. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx ca. 1 mm, sparsely pilose,
sometimes with short gland-tipped hairs. Corolla ca. 2 mm,
glabrous. Stamens 4–5 mm; anthers small, rounded. Ovary
pubescent, glandular. Fruit ca. 1 mm in diam., glandular. Fl.
Oct, fr. Oct-Dec.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 500–1500 m. Taiwan.
28. Callicarpa bodinieri H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov.
Regni Veg. 9: 456. 1911.
紫珠 zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and
inflores-cences with dense stellate hairs. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf
blade red glandular, abaxially subglabrous or stellate
tomentose, adaxially pubescent. Cymes 3–4.5 cm across;
peduncle less than 1 cm; bracts small. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx
ca. 1 mm, teeth obtusely triangular, stellate tomentose. Corolla
purple, ca. 3 mm, stellate tomentose. Stamens ca. 6 mm;
anthers elliptic, 1 mm, dark red glandular on connective. Ovary
pubescent. Fruit purple, globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Jul,
fr. Aug-Dec.
200–2300 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, S Henan,
Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang
[Vietnam].
This species is often confused with Callicarpa giraldii which
differs by its yellow glands.
1a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or ovate-
elliptic, 4–7 cm wide, base cuneate
.................................................................. 28a. var. bodinieri
1b. Leaf blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, or obovate-
oblong, 2–4 cm wide, base narrowly cuneate.
2a. Leaf blade abaxially grayish stellate pubescent
........................................................ 28b. var. rosthornii
2b. Leaf blade subglabrous on both surfaces
....................................................... 28c. var. iteophylla
28a. Callicarpa bodinieri var. bodinieri
紫珠 zi zhu
Callicarpa feddei H. Léveillé; C. seguinii H. Léveillé; C.
tsiangii Moldenke.
Leaf blade narrowly elliptic, elliptic, or ovate-elliptic,
7–18 × 4–7 cm, papery, with small red to dark red glands,
abaxially stellate tomentose, base cuneate, margin serrulate,
apex long acuminate to acute. Calyx outside dark red glandular.
Corolla dark red glandular. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
Mixed forests; 200–2300 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Guizhou, S Henan, Hubei, Hunan, S Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan,
Zhejiang [Vietnam].
Medicinal.
28b. Callicarpa bodinieri var. rosthornii (Diels) Rehder, J.
Arnold Arbor. 15: 323. 1934.
南川紫珠 nan chuan zi zhu
Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck var. rosthornii Diels in
Engler, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 548. 1900; C. giraldii Hesse ex
Rehder var. rosthornii (Diels) Rehder.
Leaf blade oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, membranous,
densely glandular, abaxially grayish stellate pubescent, base
narrowly cuneate, margin serrate above middle.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 500–1100 m. Sichuan
(Nanchuan Xian).
28c. Callicarpa bodinieri var. iteophylla C. Y. Wu, Fl.
Yunnan. 1: 406. 1977.
柳叶紫珠 liu ye zi zhu
Leaf blade lanceolate to oblanceolate, 6–13 × 2–4 cm,
base narrowly cuneate, both surfaces subglabrous and dark red
glandular. Calyx and corolla subglabrous, dark red glandular.
Fl. Jun, fr. Sep-Dec.
• Mixed forests; 600–1600 m. S Yunnan.
29. Callicarpa salicifolia P'ei & W. Z. Fang in W. Z. Fang, Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 210. 1982.
水金花 shui jin hua
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets terete, grayish yellow,
purplish, or purplish brown stellate tomentose when young,
glabrescent. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate,
5–14 × 0.8–3 cm, both surfaces subglabrous but midvein
subglabrous to sparsely stellate tomentose, abaxially dark
purple glandular, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin
sparsely serrate, apex acuminate. Cymes 1–2 cm across, dense
purplish black glandular; peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts small,
linear. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate to subtruncate, glabrous.
Corolla purple, ca. 3 mm. Stamens ca. 5 mm; anthers oblong.
Ovary sparsely gray stellate tomentose. Fruit globose, ca. 2
mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 500–1000 m. S and W
Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
30. Callicarpa erythrosticta Merrill & Chun, Sunyatsenia 5:
178. 1940.
红腺紫珠 hong xian zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets grayish, terete, with
stellate hairs, brownish red glandular. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf
blade ovate-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 4–8 × 1–2.5 cm,
abaxially with stellate hairs on midvein and densely red-brown
glandular, adaxially glabrous, base cuneate, margin serrate
above middle, apex caudate-acuminate, veins 5–8 pairs.
Cymes ca. 1 cm across; peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts linear.
Calyx ca. 1 mm, truncate, densely brownish red glandular.
Corolla pinkish to nearly white, ca. 2.5 mm. Stamens long
exserted. Ovary glabrous, brownish red glandular. Fruit
globose, ca. 2 mm in diam., sparsely brownish red glandular. Fl.
spring.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 400–1400 m. Hainan.
31. Callicarpa hungtaii P'ei & S. L. Chen in W. Z. Fang, Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 60. 1982.
厚萼紫珠 hou e zi zhu
Premna angustifolia Chang (1960), not Callicarpa
angustifolia King & Gamble (1908).
Subshrubs to shrubs. Branchlets stellate tomentose when
young. Petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 3–6 ×
1–1.6 cm, subleathery, abaxially greenish with brownish red
glands, adaxially dark green and glabrous except on midvein,
base cuneate, margin sparsely serrate above middle, apex
caudate-acuminate, veins 5 or 6 pairs, midvein and veins
conspicuous on both surfaces. Cymes ca. 2 cm across,
1–7-flowered; peduncle 3–5 mm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm, minutely
stellate tomentose. Calyx outside reddish brown glandular.
Fruit subglobose, ca. 3 mm in diam.
• Thickets on mountain slopes; 300–600 m. Guangdong
(Yangchun Xian).
Similar to Callicarpa erythrosticta but differs in having
subleathery leaf blades and calyces thickened in fruit.
32. Callicarpa longipes Dunn, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 38: 363.
1908.
长柄紫珠 chang bing zi zhu
Callicarpa longipes var. laui Moldenke.
Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Stems with short stellate hairs plus
fewer, simple gland-tipped hairs. Branchlets brownish pilose.
Petiole 5–8 mm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 6–13 ×
2–7 cm, abaxially yellow glandular, base cordate and slightly
oblique, margin triangular serrate, apex acute to caudate, veins
8–10 pairs. Cymes ca. 3 cm across, pilose; peduncle 1.5–3 cm.
Calyx campanulate, 1–2 mm; teeth 4, acute. Corolla reddish, ca.
4 mm, pilose. Stamens 2 × as long as corolla tube; anthers
ovate, ca. 1 mm. Ovary glabrous. Fruit purple, globose, 1.5–2
mm in diam. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Dec.
 • Thickets, mixed forests; 300–500 m. Anhui, Fujian,
Guang-dong, Jiangxi.
33. Callicarpa basitruncata Merrill ex Moldenke,
Phytolo-gia 3: 406. 1951.
平基紫珠 ping ji zi zhu
Shrubs. Branches and branchlets obtusely 4-angled,
stellate puberulent when young, subglabrescent; twigs brown,
slender, sparsely stellate tomentellous with short gray hairs.
Petiole 1–2 mm; leaf blade oblong-oblanceolate, 6–12.5 ×
1–2.5 cm, abaxially stellate tomentellous on main veins,
adaxially glabrous except for a few brown peltate glands near
base, dark yellow glandular, base truncate to shallowly cordate,
margin very shallowly crenulate to subentire and minutely
revolute, apex subacuminate. Cymes few flowered; peduncle
slender, ca. 5 mm. Calyx ca. 1 × 1 mm, obscurely 4-dentate to
almost truncate, very sparsely stellate puberulent to
glabrescent, very sparsely glandular. Corolla white; tube ca. 2
mm, very minutely papillate, glandular. Stamens exserted.
• Bank by a small grove, 400 m. Hainan.
Known only from the type collection of which only a
photo-graph of the holotype has been seen by the authors.
34. Callicarpa rubella Lindley, Bot. Reg. 11: t. 883. 1825.
红紫珠 hong zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Petiole very short to leaf subsessile;
leaf blade lanceolate, oblanceolate, obovate-elliptic, or ovate,
(4.5–)8–14(–21) × (1.1–)2–8(–10) cm, base cordate and
sometimes oblique, margin serrulate, irregularly serrate, or
serrate, apex acuminate to caudate; veins 6–10 pairs, midvein,
lateral veins, and reticulate veins elevated on both surfaces.
Cymes 2–4 cm across; peduncle ca. (0.6–)1–3 cm; bracts small.
Calyx subtruncate to slightly dentate with obtusely triangular
teeth. Corolla purple, greenish, or white, ca. 3 mm. Fruit purple,
(1–)2 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Nov.
100–3500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Indonesia, Laos,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
1a. Branchlets, cymes, and abaxial leaf surfaces
pubescent with stellate hairs ............... 34a. var. rubella
1b. Branchlets, cymes, and leaves glabrous
................................................................ 34b. var. subglabra
34a. Callicarpa rubella var. rubella
红紫珠 hong zi zhu
Callicarpa dielsii (H. Léveillé) P'ei; C. panduriformis H.
Léveillé; C. rubella var. dielsii (H. Léveillé) H. L. Li; C.
rubella var. hemsleyana Diels; C. tenuiflora Champion;
Viburnum dielsii H. Léveillé.
Branchlets with brown stellate and glandular hairs. Leaf
blade abaxially with stellate, simple, and glandular hairs and
yellow glandular, adaxially with glandular hairs. Cymes with
brown stellate and glandular hairs. Calyx with stellate hairs,
glandular hairs, and yellow glands. Corolla puberulent, yellow
glandular. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Nov.
Thickets or mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys;
100–3500 m. Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam].
34b. Callicarpa rubella var. subglabra (P'ei) Chang, Acta
Phytotax. Sin. 1: 297. 1951.
秃红紫珠 tu hong zi zhu
Callicarpa rubella var. hemsleyana Diels f. subglabra
P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 41. 1932.
Branchlets, leaves, inflorescences, calyces, and corollas
glabrous. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.
• Thickets or forests on mountain slopes or along stream banks;
100–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi,
Zhejiang.
35. Callicarpa cathayana Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 305.
1951.
华紫珠 hua zi zhu
Shrubs 1.5–3 m tall. Branchlets slender, slightly stellate
tomentose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 4–8 mm; leaf
blade elliptic to ovate, 4–8 × 1.5–3 cm, subglabrous, red
glandular, base narrowly cuneate, margin serrulate, apex
acuminate, veins 5–7 pairs. Cymes slender, ca. 1.5 cm across,
sparsely stellate tomentose; peduncle 4–7 mm; bracts small.
Calyx cup-shaped, truncate to minutely 4-dentate, teeth
obtusely triangular, stellate tomentose, red glandular. Corolla
purple, sparsely stellate tomentose, red glandular. Filaments
equal or slightly longer than corolla; anthers ca. 1.2 mm. Ovary
glabrous. Style slightly longer than stamens. Fruit purple,
globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys; below 1200 m.
Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Yunnan, Zhejiang.
36. Callicarpa dentosa (Chang) W. Z. Fang, Fl. Reipubl.
Popularis Sin. 65(1): 66. 1982.
多齿紫珠 duo chi zi zhu
Callicarpa brevipes (Bentham) Hance var. dentosa
Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 300. 1951.
Shrubs. Branchlets purplish brown with stellate hairs
when young, becoming grayish brown and glabrous. Petiole ca.
4 mm; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 16–25 × 5–7 cm,
abaxially stellate tomentose on veins and densely purple
glandular, adaxially glabrous except midvein sparsely
puberulent, base cuneate, margin serrulate, apex acute, veins 8
or 9 pairs. Cymes dense, ca. 1 cm across; peduncle shorter than
petioles; bracts small. Pedicel ca. 1.5 mm. Calyx cup-shaped,
truncate, subglabrous, purple glandular. Corolla white, 3.5 mm
in diam., subglabrous, purple glandular. Filaments shorter than
corolla tube. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.
• Dense forests on mountain slopes or along stream banks;
400–1000 m. N Guangdong.
Related to Callicarpa brevipes but differs in elliptic to
oblong-lanceolate leaf blades and densely purple glandular calyces and
corollas.
37. Callicarpa collina Diels, Notizbl. Bot. Gart.
Berlin-Dahlem 9: 1030. 1926.
丘陵紫珠 qiu ling zi zhu
Callicarpa brevipes (Bentham) Hance f. yingtakensis P'ei.
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets terete, yellowish brown
stellate tomentose. Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade oblanceolate to
elliptic-lanceolate, 12–19(–25) × 3–6(–8) cm, abaxially with
sparse yellowish brown stellate hairs denser along midvein and
obscurely small yellow glands, adaxially glabrous, base
cuneate to broadly cuneate, margin sparsely serrulate, apex
acuminate to acute. Cymes dense, 1–1.5 cm across; peduncle
ca. 5 mm, sparsely yellowish brown stellate tomentose; bracts
small. Pedicel ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous. Calyx ca. 1.2 mm,
subtruncate, obscurely dentate, glabrous. Corolla white or
pinkish, ca. 3 mm; lobes 4, apex obtuse to subrounded.
Filaments shorter than corolla tube; anthers exserted. Ovary
glabrous. Fruit globose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul, fr.
Jun-Aug.
• Mountain slopes; 700–1000 m. Guangdong, S Jiangxi.
38. Callicarpa tingwuensis Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1:
302. 1951.
鼎湖紫珠 ding hu zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall. Branchlets yellowish brown stellate
tomentose. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, stellate tomentose; leaf blade
elliptic to oblong, 14–20 × 5–8.5 cm, abaxially stellate
tomentose, adaxially pubescent along veins, base broadly
cuneate to subrounded and slightly oblique, margin serrulate,
apex acuminate, veins 10–12 pairs. Cymes 1.5–2.5 cm across,
yellowish brown stellate tomentose; peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts
small. Pedicel ca. 1 mm. Calyx ca. 1 mm, truncate, outside
stellate tomentose. Corolla white, 3–4 mm, slightly puberulent.
Filaments shorter than corolla; anthers oblong, ca. 1.5 mm.
Ovary densely stellate tomentose. Style ca. 5 mm. Fruit ca. 3
mm in diam., stellate tomentose. Fl. May, fr. Sep-Oct.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes, 400–500 m. Guangdong
(Dinghu Shan).
Similar to Callicarpa brevipes and C. collina but differs from
both in having calyces, ovaries, and fruit stellate tomentose and
corollas slightly puberulent.
39. Callicarpa randaiensis Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ.
Tokyo 30(1): 222. 1911.
峦大紫珠 luan da zi zhu
Shrubs. Petioles and inflorescences stellate tomentose.
Branchlets yellowish brown. Petiole 2–5 mm; leaf blade
lanceolate, 4–9 × 1–2(–3) cm, yellow glandular, abaxially
stellate tomentose on veins, adaxially sparsely puberulent, base
cuneate, margin serrate, apex acuminate, veins 6–9 pairs.
Cymes delicate, ca. 1.5 cm across; peduncle ca. 8 mm; bracts
small, linear. Calyx cup-shaped, teeth obtusely triangular,
glabrous, yellow glandular. Corolla ca. 4 mm, glabrous, yellow
glandular. Filaments slightly longer than or equal to corolla;
anthers oblong. Ovary glabrous, yellow glandular. Style
slightly longer than stamens; stigma emarginate. Fruit globose,
ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl. Jul, fr. Jul-Dec.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000–2500 m. Taiwan.
40. Callicarpa brevipes (Bentham) Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat.
Bot., sér. 5, 5: 233. 1886.
短柄紫珠 duan bing zi zhu
Shrubs 1–2.5 m tall. Branchlets obscurely 4-angled,
yellow-brown stellate pubescent when young, glabrescent.
Petiole ca. 5 mm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, lanceolate,
obovate-elliptic, or broadly ovate, 6–24 × 1–6 cm, abaxially
stellate pubescent on veins and yellow glandular, adaxially
glabrous, margin subentire to sparsely serrulate along apical
part, apex acuminate or acute, veins 9–12 pairs. Cymes ca. 1.5
cm across; peduncle slender, subequal to slightly longer than
petioles. Flowers small, usually pendent. Calyx cup-shaped,
subtruncate to minutely 4-dentate. Corolla white, ca. 3.5 mm,
glabrous. Filaments nearly as long as corolla; anthers oblong,
densely yellow glandular. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Style
slightly longer than stamens. Fruit red to purple, 2–9 mm in
diam. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Nov.
300–1400 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Zhejiang
[Vietnam].
1a. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, apex
acuminate ................................................ 40a. var. brevipes
1b. Leaf blade obovate-elliptic to broadly ovate, apex
acute ........................................................ 40b. var. obovata
40a. Callicarpa brevipes var. brevipes
短柄紫珠 duan bing zi zhu
Callicarpa longifolia Lamarck var. brevipes Bentham, Fl.
Hongk. 270. 1861; C. brevipes f. serrulata P'ei.
Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 9–24 × 1–5
cm, base obtuse to rarely cuneate or slightly cordate, apex
acuminate. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Oct.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 600–1400 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, S Zhejiang [Vietnam].
40b. Callicarpa brevipes var. obovata Chang, Acta
Phyto-tax. Sin. 1: 301. 1951.
倒卵叶短柄紫珠 dao luan ye duan bing zi zhu
Leaf blade obovate-elliptic to broadly ovate, 6–16 ×
3.5–6 cm, base subcordate to rounded, apex acute. Fl. Apr-May,
fr. Oct-Nov.
• Mixed forests; 300–600 m. Guangdong, Hainan.
41. Callicarpa remotiserrulata Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Imp.
Univ. Tokyo 30(1): 223. 1911.
疏齿紫珠 shu chi zi zhu
Callicarpa remotiflora Wei-Fang Lin & Jen-Li Wang.
Shrubs. Branchlets stellate pubescent when young,
glabrescent. Petiole robust, 6–8 mm; leaf blade
oblong-lanceolate to oblong, 6–10 × 2–3 cm, subleathery,
shiny, glabrous and glandular, base cuneate, margin sparsely
serrulate, apex acuminate; veins 6–10 pairs, abaxially slightly
elevated. Cymes ca. 1.5 cm across; peduncle ca. 1.5 cm in fruit.
Calyx cup-shaped, subtruncate to minutely 4-dentate, teeth
obtusely triangular. Corolla white, ca. 3.5 mm. Anthers elliptic.
Fruit globose, ca. 2.5 mm in diam., glabrous. Fr. Dec.
• Mountain slopes; 300–800 m. S Taiwan.
42. Callicarpa japonica Thunberg in Murray, Syst. Veg. ed.
14, 153. 1784.
日本紫珠 ri ben zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets terete, glabrous. Leaf blade
elliptic, ovate, or obovate, 7–18 × 4–8 cm, glabrous, base
cuneate, margin serrulate above middle, apex bluntly
caudate-acuminate to acute. Cymes delicate, ca. 2 cm across;
peduncle 6–10 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, teeth obtusely
triangular. Corolla white or purplish, ca. 3 mm, glabrous.
Filaments equal or slightly longer than corolla tube; anthers ca.
1.8 mm, exserted. Fruit globose, ca. 2.5 mm in diam. Fl.
Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Oct.
200–900 m. Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, W Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, E Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan,
Korea].
1a. Peduncle equal or longer than petioles
 ................................................................... 42a. var. japonica
1b. Peduncle shorter than petioles ........ 42b. var. luxurians
42a. Callicarpa japonica var. japonica
日本紫珠 ri ben zi zhu
Callicarpa japonica f. kuruninsularis Masamune; C.
taquetii H. Léveillé.
Petiole ca. 6 mm; leaf blade 7–12 × 4–6 cm. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr.
Aug-Oct.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in valleys; 200–900 m.
Anhui, Guizhou, Hebei, W Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning,
Shandong, E Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
42b. Callicarpa japonica var. luxurians Rehder in Sargent,
Pl. Wilson. 3: 369. 1916.
朝鲜紫珠 chao xian zi zhu
Callicarpa australis Koidzumi.
Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade 12–18 × 6–8 cm. Peduncle
shorter than petioles. Flowers smaller than in var. japonica. Fl.
Jun, fr. Jul-Oct.
Sparse forests; 200–400 m. Taiwan (Lanyu Dao) [Japan, Korea].
43. Callicarpa membranacea Chang, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1:
306. 1951.
窄叶紫珠 zhai ye zi zhu
Callicarpa japonica var. angustata Rehder.
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Petiole less than 5 mm; leaf blade
purplish green, lanceolate to oblanceolate, 6–10 × 2–3(–4) cm,
papery, often glabrous, obscurely glandular, margin serrate
above middle, veins 6–8 pairs. Cymes ca. 1.5 cm across;
peduncle less than 6 mm. Calyx subtruncate. Corolla ca. 3.5
mm. Fruit ca. 3 mm in diam.
• Forest thickets on mountain slopes or in valleys; below 1300 m.
Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, Shaanxi, E Sichuan, Zhejiang.
44. Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun, Sunyatsenia 1: 302.
1934.
广东紫珠 guang dong zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets purplish, sparsely stellate
tomentose when young, becoming yellowish gray and glabrous.
Petiole 5–8 mm; leaf blade narrowly linear-lanceolate,
elliptic-lanceolate, or lanceolate, 15–26 × 3–5 cm, base
cuneate, usually glabrous, abaxially densely small yellow
glandular, margin serrulate above middle, apex acuminate;
veins 12–15 pairs, glabrous. Cymes 3–5-branched, many
flowered, 2–3 cm across, sparsely stellate tomentose; peduncle
5–8 mm. Calyx with obtusely triangular teeth, slightly stellate
tomentose when young, glabrescent. Corolla white or purplish,
ca. 4 mm, slightly stellate tomentose. Filaments shorter than or
equal to corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary glabrous, yellow
glandular. Fruit ca. 3 mm in diam., yellow glandular. Fl.
Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Oct.
• Mixed forests; 300–1600 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Similar to Callicarpa membranacea but differs in having longer
leaf blades with abaxial small dense yellow glands and having larger
cymes.
45. Callicarpa anisophylla C. Y. Wu ex W. Z. Fang in W. Z.
Fang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 210. 1982.
异叶紫珠 yi ye zi zhu
Subshrubs to shrubs, 30–100 cm tall. Branchlets terete,
sparsely yellowish gray stellate tomentose. Petiole less than 5
mm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate,
usually oblique, 10–33 × 1.5–4.5 cm, membranous, abaxially
glabrous and densely yellow glandular, adaxially pubescent
especially on midvein, base narrowly cuneate, margin
subentire to loosely serrulate, apex attenuate-acuminate, veins
9–12 pairs. Cymes small, 5–10 mm across; peduncle ca. 3 mm,
stellate tomentose, yellow glandular; bracts lanceolate. Pedicel
ca. 2 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1.2 mm, teeth obtusely
triangular. Corolla white, ca. 3 mm. Filaments shorter than
corolla tube; anthers exserted, elliptic, ca. 1.5 mm, yellow
glandular. Fruit elliptic to subglobose, ca. 2 mm in diam. Fl.
and fr. Jun-Aug.
• Dense forests on mountain slopes; 900–1300 m. Guangxi,
Guizhou.
46. Callicarpa lingii Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 8: 16. 1927.
光叶紫珠 guang ye zi zhu
Shrubs ca. 1.5 m tall. Branchlets purplish brown, 4-angled,
sparsely stellate pubescent when young, becoming terete,
grayish brown, and glabrous. Petiole very short to leaf
subsessile; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to obovate-elliptic,
narrowing below middle, 13–18 × 3–5 cm, glabrous or
adaxially puberulent, abaxially densely small yellow glandular,
base subcordate, margin subentire to serrulate, apex acuminate
to acute, veins 10–12 pairs. Cymes slender, ca. 2.5 cm across,
yellowish brown stellate pubescent; peduncle 4–8 mm; bracts
linear-lanceolate. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm, minutely
4-dentate to subtruncate, glabrous or sparsely stellate
pubescent. Corolla purple, ca. 4 mm, subglabrous. Filaments
shorter than corolla; anthers ca. 1.5 mm, oblong. Style slightly
longer than stamens. Fruit obovate to ovate, ca. 2.5 mm in
diam., yellow glandular. Fl. Jun, fr. Jul-Oct.
• Mountain slopes; 300 m. S Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
47. Callicarpa oligantha Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 13: 155.
1918.
罗浮紫珠 luo fu zi zhu
Shrubs 2–3 m tall, slender. Branchlets sparsely stellate
pilose when young, becoming terete, grayish, and glabrous or
subglabrous. Petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate,
6–12 × 0.8–1.5 cm, papery, abaxially glabrous except stellate
pilose along midvein when young and grayish glandular,
adaxially dark brownish green, smooth, shiny, glabrous, and
without glands, base cuneate, margin distinctly serrate along
apical 2/3, apex acuminate to acute, veins 7–9 pairs. Cymes 2-
or 3-flowered; peduncle obsolete to ca. 2 mm. Fruiting pedicel
more than 4 mm. Fruit dark brown when dry, subglobose to
globose, 3–3.5 mm in diam., glabrous.
• Thickets along stream banks; 900 m. Guangdong (Loufu
Shan).
Related to Callicarpa membranacea and C. brevipes but differs
in having inflorescences simple with only 2 or 3 flowers and longer
pedicels.
48. Callicarpa peichieniana Chun & S. L. Chen in W. Z.
Fang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 78. 1982.
钩毛紫珠 gou mao zi zhu
 Premna peii Chun ex Chang (1960), not Callicarpa peii
Chang (1951).
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall, pubescent with strongly curved stem
hairs. Branchlets terete, slender, densely strigose yellow
glandular. Petiole very short to leaf subsessile; leaf blade
ovate-elliptic to ovate, 2.5–6 × 1–3 cm, glabrous and densely
yellow glandular, base cuneate to subrounded, margin serrulate
above middle, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate; veins 4
or 5 pairs, reticulate veins obscure. Cymes simple, rarely
dichotomous, (1–)3(–7)-flowered; peduncle capillary, 1–2 cm;
bracts linear. Pedicel capillary, ca. 4 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca.
1.5 mm, truncate, yellow glandular. Filaments equal or slightly
longer than corolla; anthers oblong. Ovary globose, glabrous,
densely glandular. Style longer than stamens. Fruit purple,
globose, ca. 4 mm in diam.; pyrenes 4. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr.
Aug-Nov.
• Mixed forests; 200–700 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan.
Included in Callicarpa because of its axillary inflorescences,
actinomorphic corollas, 4 equal stamens, capitate stigmas, etc.

7. HYMENOPYRAMIS Wallich ex Griffith in McClelland, Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 3: 365. 1842.

膜萼藤属 mo e teng shu
Shrubs, climbing, or small trees. Leaves opposite. Inflorescences terminal or axillary irregular thyrses. Calyx minutely
4-dentate in flower. Corolla nearly funnelform; lobes 4, unequal, spreading. Stamens 4, inserted at corolla throat; anthers ovate,
dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-locular; ovules 2 per locule. Style exserted; stigma 2-cleft. Fruiting calyx tube greatly
inflated, bladderlike, translucently membranous, with reticulate veins, teeth remaining minute. Fruit a globose schizocarp.
About six species: chiefly in SE Asia, one species in China.

1. Hymenopyramis cana Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew
1922: 240. 1922.
膜萼藤 mo e teng
Shrubs, straggling to climbing; most parts with a mixture
of short gland–tipped hairs and longer slender whitish hairs.
Branchlets 4-angled, lenticellate. Petiole 6–10 mm; leaf blade
elliptic-ovate to ovate, rarely lanceolate or obovate, 9–16 ×
5.5–7.5 cm, papery to subleathery, abaxially grayish when dry
and tomentose, adaxially brown when dry and pubescent on
midvein, base cuneate to rounded-cuneate, margin entire, apex
acuminate, veins abaxially prominent. Inflorescences terminal,
densely clustered rounded thyrses; basal peduncles over 1 cm.
Flowers minute. Calyx ca. 1.3 mm at anthesis, densely
canescent. Corolla tube ca. 1 mm, lobes ca. 2 mm. Fruiting
calyx pale brown, ca. 1 cm. Fruit ca. 4 mm, minutely hirsute.
Mountain slopes; 100–500 m. Hainan (Dongang Xian and
Changjiang Xian) [Thailand].

8. TECTONA Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 151. 1781 (publ. 1782), nom. cons.
柚木属 you mu shu
Trees, tall, deciduous. Indumentum stellate. Leaves large, opposite or whorled, petiolate. Panicles terminal, with many
dichotomous cymes; bracts small, narrow, early deciduous. Calyx campanulate, tube short, lobes spreading. Stamens 5 or 6,
inserted on apical part of tube, exserted; anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits. Ovary 4-locular; ovule 1 per locule. Stigma 2-cleft.
Fruit enclosed in enlarged persistent calyx, endocarp bony, exocarp thin. Seeds oblong.
About three species: mainly in India, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Philippines; one species introduced and sometimes naturalized in tropical and
subtropical China.

1. Tectona grandis Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 151. 1781. (publ.
1782).
柚木 you mu
Trees to 40 m tall. Branchlets gray to grayish brown,
4-angled, yellowish to grayish brown stellate tomentose.
Petiole robust, 2–4 cm; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to ovate,
15–45(–70) × 8–23(–37) cm, papery, abaxially densely
grayish brown to yellowish brown minutely stellate tomentose,
adaxially scabrous and puberulent along veins, base cuneate
and de-current, margin entire, apex acuminate to obtuse, veins
7–12 pairs. Panicles 25–40 × 30 cm. Flowers fragrant. Calyx
tube 2.5–3 mm, with white stellate hairs. Corolla white; tube
2.5–3 mm, outside puberulent glandular; lobes ca. 2 mm,
obtuse. Ovary strigose. Style 3–4 mm. Fruit globose, 1.2–1.8
cm in diam., minutely tomentose. Fl. Jun-Aug, fr. Sep-Dec.
Cultivated and sometimes naturalized; below 900 m. Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [native to India, Indonesia,
Malaysia, and Myanmar].
Medicinal, timber.

9. PREMNA Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 154. 1771, nom. cons.

豆腐柴属 dou fu chai shu
Pygmaeopremna Merrill.
Trees, shrubs, or subshrubs, erect or rarely climbing. Branches usually terete, usually with round or elliptic yellowish
glandular lenticels. Leaves simple, opposite, margin entire or 3–5-crenate. Inflorescences terminal trichotomous panicles, leaf
opposed cymes, clusters, paniculate corymbs, or spikelike thyrses. Flowers small. Calyx ± cup-shaped or campanulate, truncate,
sinuately dentate, or rarely long dentate, teeth equal or clearly 2-lipped. Corolla with a short tube; lobes 4 or obscurely 5, spreading,
subequal to clearly 2-lipped. Stamens 4, often didynamous, shorter than corolla or sometimes slightly exserted. Ovary (2- or)
4-locular; ovules 1 (or 2) per locule, pendulous or laterally attached. Style capillary; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a small drupe, usually with
a 4-locular pyrene.
About 200 species: Old World tropics and subtropics, 46 species in China.

1a. Suffrutescent herbs with a woody rhizome; ovary 2-locular .................................................................................... 46. P. herbacea
1b. Trees or shrubs; ovary 4-locular.
2a. Inflorescences spikelike or racemelike thyrses; calyx lips entire or upper lip slightly emarginate.

3a. Inflorescences racemelike thyrses with pedunculate cymes ........................................................................... 43. P. racemosa
3b. Inflorescences spikelike thyrses with sessile cymes.
4a. Shrubs; leaf blade papery; bracts ca. 10 mm ................................................................................................. 44. P. interrupta
4b. Trees; leaf blade subleathery; bracts ca. 5 mm .............................................................................................. 45. P. bracteata
2b. Inflorescences compound cymes; calyx not 2-lipped or if 2-lipped then lips dentate or lobed.
5a. Calyx 4-dentate or subtruncate, not indistinctly 2-lipped.
6a. Leaf blade leathery or thickly papery, both surfaces glabrous.
7a. Erect trees or shrubs; leaf blade thickly papery, veins elevated on both surfaces ............................ 37. P. scoriarum
7b. Plants climbing; leaf blade leathery, veins abaxially obscure or only slightly distinct ..................... 38. P. scandens
6b. Leaf blade papery or submembranous, pubescent.
8a. Branches gray-yellow; leaf blade base rounded or truncate .................................................................. 34. P. fohaiensis
8b. Branches brown to black-brown; leaf blade base cuneate to subrounded.
9a. Leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, papery .................................................................... 35. P. szemaoensis
9b. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic, submembranous ............................................................... 36. P. paisehensis
5b. Calyx 5-dentate, 5-lobed, or distinctly 2-lipped.
10a. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped.
11a. Calyx lower lip emarginate, upper lip with 3 minute emergences ................................................... 42. P. laevigata
11b. Calyx lower lip subentire to shortly 3-lobed, upper lip emarginate or 2-dentate.
12a. Calyx 4–5 mm.
13a. Base of leaf blade cuneate to decurrent ......................................................................................... 8. P. confinis
13b. Base of leaf blade rounded to somewhat cordate ...................................................................... 39. P. odorata
12b. Calyx 1.5–3 mm.
14a. Lower lip of calyx subentire to slightly 2-dentate; corolla yellow or white ................. 41. P. hainanensis
14b. Lower lip of calyx subentire to 3-dentate; corolla greenish yellow ................................ 40. P. serratifolia
10b. Calyx not 2-lipped, actinomorphic (calyx nearly 2-lipped in P. confinis).
15a. Cymes in a lax conical panicle.
16a. Branchlets, leaves, and petioles with stellate hairs ...................................................................... 1. P. pyramidata
16b. Branchlets, leaves, and petioles without stellate hairs.
17a. Leaf blade base narrow cuneate or decurrent.
18a. Evergreen; leaf blade leathery, adaxially dark yellow glandular; calyx nearly 2-lipped
............................................................................................................................................................. 8. P. confinis
18b. Deciduous; leaf blade papery, adaxially without glands; calyx equally 5-dentate.
19a. Leaf blade margin serrate or entire; corolla ca. 7–9 mm ...................................... 3. P. microphylla
19b. Leaf blade margin entire or 3–5-crenate; corolla 3–5 mm ................................... 4. P. ligustroides
17b. Leaf blade base cuneate or subcordate.
20a. Inflorescence branches not scorpioid; flowers usually persistent.
21a. Leaf blade pubescent, without glands or with minute inconspicuous glands; branchlets
horizontal .............................................................................................................................. 2. P. puberula
21b. Leaf blade subglabrous on both surfaces, abaxially brownish red glandular; branches
ascending ............................................................................................................................ 5. P. sunyiensis
20b. Inflorescence branches often scorpioid; flowers usually deciduous but pedicel usually
persistent.
22a. Shrubs, usually climbing; panicles 2–5 cm wide ............................................................... 9. P. fordii
22b. Shrubs or trees, usually erect; panicles 8–15 cm wide.
23a. Leaf blade 9–15 × 5–9 cm; petiole 2–5 cm; branchlets puberulent when young;
panicles always conical ............................................................................................ 6. P. cavaleriei
23b. Leaf blade 5–9 × 3–4 cm; petiole (0.1–)0.2–0.3 cm; branchlets tomentellous when
young; panicles often rounded ................................................................................ 7. P. chevalieri
15b. Cymes in a lax flat-topped corymb or dense capitulum.
24a. Cymes in a lax flat-topped corymb.
25a. Leaf blade densely pubescent or pilose on 1 or both surfaces.
26a. Flowers dusty yellow ................................................................................................................ 14. P. latifolia
26b. Flowers white to greenish or yellowish green.
27a. Leaf pairs equal ............................................................................................................ 18. P. tapintzeana
27b. Leaf pairs unequal.
28a. Leaves, branchlets, and petioles densely villous ........................................................ 16. P. fulva
 28b. Leaves, branchlets, and petioles pilose.
29a. Branchlets with white lenticels; inflorescences 6–17 cm across; stamens
didynamous, exserted ....................................................................................... 15. P. flavescens
29b. Branchlets with yellow lenticels; inflorescences less than 6 cm across; stamens
subequal, included .................................................................................................. 19. P. crassa
25b. Leaf blade adaxially glabrous or subglabrous except for pubescent veins.
30a. Leaf blade leathery .................................................................................................................. 12. P. maclurei
30b. Leaf blade papery or membranous.
31a. Leaf blade membranous, abaxially sparsely white or yellow glandular; stamens
subequal; ovary apex white glandular ................................................................ 17. P. straminicaulis
31b. Leaf blade papery, abaxially without glands; stamens didynamous; ovary glabrous,
without glands.
32a. Erect shrubs or trees; leaves black when dry.
33a. Leaf blade 3–4(–5) cm wide; panicles to 25 cm .......................................... 7. P. chevalieri
33b. Leaf blade 5–6 cm wide; panicles 3–7 cm ................................................. 13. P. octonervia
32b. Climbing shrubs; leaves dark green, brownish, or dark brown when dry.
34a. Leaf blade ovate, oblong, or rarely obovate, dark green or brownish when dry;
bracts lanceolate ................................................................................................. 11. P. puerensis
34b. Leaf blade broadly ovate to elliptic, dark brown when dry; bracts awl-shaped
........................................................................................................................... 10. P. subscandens
24b. Cymes in a dense capitulum.
35a. Leaf blade and calyx red, purple-red, or orange glandular.
36a. Leaf blade and calyx red or purple-red glandular; calyx lobes less than half the calyx.
37a. Leaf blade purple-red glandular on both surfaces; corolla violet to pinkish, 4.5–5 mm
.............................................................................................................................................. 20. P. glandulosa
37b. Leaf blade deep red glandular abaxially; corolla nearly orange, ca. 6 mm ......... 21. P. henryana
36b. Leaf blade and calyx orange glandular; calyx lobes more than half the calyx.
38a. Calyx teeth linear-lanceolate; ovary pilose, apically white glandular; leaf blade 1.5 cm
wide ....................................................................................................................................... 22. P. punicea
38b. Calyx teeth narrowly triangular; ovary glabrous, without glands; leaf blade 2–4 cm
wide ....................................................................................................................... 23. P. rubroglandulosa
35b. Leaf blade and calyx yellow glandular.
39a. Corolla white, yellow, to greenish.
40a. Leaf blade cordate .............................................................................................................. 31. P. velutina
40b. Leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, to rounded.
41a. Corolla tube glabrous outside; ovary glabrous ............................................. 29. P. mekongensis
41b. Corolla tube pubescent outside; ovary pubescent.
42a. Leaf blade broadly ovate to rounded; petiole ca. 3 mm ...................................... 32. P. tenii
42b. Leaf blade ovate to ovate-oblong; petiole 4–10 mm .............................. 33. P. subcapitata
39b. Corolla pinkish, purple, rose, or rose red.
43a. Leaf blade abaxially densely pubescent ................................................................ 30. P. yunnanensis
43b. Leaf blade abaxially sparsely pubescent.
44a. Calyx equal to or shorter than fruit; corolla pinkish.
45a. Leaf blade 2–6 cm wide, ovate, base cordate; ovary glabrous; calyx shorter than
fruit ...................................................................................................................... 24. P. urticifolia
45b. Leaf blade 0.3–1.1 cm wide, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, base cuneate to
rounded; ovary sparsely pubescent; calyx as long as fruit ..................... 25. P. parvilimba
44b. Calyx longer than fruit; corolla purple, rose, or rose red.
46a. Ovary sparsely pubescent; calyx teeth linear to linear-lanceolate ............... 28. P. acutata
46b. Ovary glabrous; calyx teeth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate.
47a. Leaf blade 1.5–3.5 cm; petiole 4–5 mm; inflorescences 12-flowered
.......................................................................................................................... 26. P. steppicola
47b. Leaf blade (2.5–)5–6 cm; petiole 1–2 mm; inflorescences 2–4(–6)-flowered
........................................................................................................................... 27. P. oligantha

1. Premna pyramidata Wallich ex Schauer in A. de
Can-dolle, Prodr. 11: 633. 1847.
塔序豆腐柴 ta xu dou fu chai
Shrubs or small trees, ca. 6 m tall, erect. Branchlets with
sparsely stellate hairs when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1.5–3.5
cm, 4-angled, with stellate hairs; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or
oblong-ovate, 7.5–15 × 4–7 cm, papery, with stellate hairs and
yellow glands along veins, base broadly cuneate to rounded,
margin entire, apex acuminate to acute. Panicles 6–8 × 3.5–4
cm; peduncle 1.5–2.5 cm, with stellate hairs; bracts linear, less
than 5 mm. Calyx campanulate, 5-dentate, outside stellate
pubescent; teeth subequal, very short, obtusely triangular.
Corolla slightly 2-lipped, lower lip usually 3-lobed, upper lip
rounded to emarginate, outside with stellate hairs, villous in
throat. Stamens 4, didynamous. Style 3–4 mm. Fruit globose,
3–5 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep.
Thickets or forests on mountain slopes or along river banks;
300–600 m. Guangdong [India, Myanmar].
2. Premna puberula Pampanini, Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., n.s.,
17: 701. 1910.
狐臭柴 hu xiu chai
Shrubs or small trees, erect to slightly climbing.
Branchlets green when young, becoming brown. Petiole
(0.5–)1–2(–3.5) cm; leaf blade brown when dry,
oblong-elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or ovate, 2.5–11 × 1.5–5.5 cm,
papery, base cuneate, rounded, or slightly cordate, margin
entire, apex caudate to acute, reticulate veins abaxially distinct.
Panicles 4–14 × 2–9 cm, subglabrous to puberulent; bracts
linear to lanceolate. Calyx cup-shaped, 1.5–2.5 mm, outside
pubescent and yellow glandular; teeth 5, minute, triangular,
ciliate. Corolla white, yellowish, orange, purple, or brown
striate, 5–7 mm, tube 2.5–4 mm, slightly 2-lipped, villous in
throat, lower lip 3-lobed; upper lip rounded to emarginate,
outside densely glandular. Stamens slightly exserted; filaments
glabrous. Ovary glabrous, apically glandular. Style shorter
than stamens. Fruit purple-black, obovate. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.
• 700–1800 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hubei, Hunan, S Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
The two Chinese varieties are rather poorly differentiated;
however, there does appear to be a good correlation within the material
available between flower color and flower size. Plants with white
corollas have tubes less than 3 mm, whereas those with yellow corollas
or yellow marked with brown have tubes 2.4–4 mm. This distinction
merits further investigation.
1a. Branchlets pilose when young, glabrescent;
petioles glabrous ................................... 2a. var. puberula
1b. Branchlets densely pubescent; petioles densely
pubescent ................................................ 2b. var. bodinieri
2a. Premna puberula var. puberula
狐臭柴 hu xiu chai
Premna martinii H. Léveillé; P. subcordata Nakai.
Branchlets pilose when young, glabrescent. Petiole
glabrous; leaf blade subglabrous to pubescent on both surfaces.
Fl. and fr. May-Aug.
• Mixed forests; 700–1800 m. Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, S Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan.
Medicinal.
2b. Premna puberula var. bodinieri (H. Léveillé) C. Y. Wu
& S. Y. Pao, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 422. 1977.
毛狐臭柴 mao hu xiu chai
Premna bodinieri H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
Veg. 10: 440. 1912.
Young branchlets, both leaf surfaces, petioles, and
inflorescences densely pubescent. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.
• Thickets on mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 700–1800 m.
W Guangxi, Guizhou, SE Yunnan.
3. Premna microphylla Turczaninow, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Nat-uralistes Moscou 36(3): 217. 1863.
豆腐柴 dou fu chai
Premna formosana Maximowicz; P. japonica Miquel; P.
microphylla var. glabra Nakai.
Shrubs, erect. Branchlets pubescent when young,
glabrescent. Leaves sessile or short petiolate with a winged
petiole; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, ovate, or obovate,
3–13 × 1.5–6 cm, subglabrous to pubescent, base narrowly
cuneate, margin entire or lobed to sometimes serrulate, apex
long acuminate to acute. Inflorescences conical panicles.
Calyx green and slightly purplish, cup-shaped, subequally
5-dentate, densely pubescent to subglabrous. Corolla yellowish,
(6.5–)7(–9) mm, outside puberulent and glandular, inside
pilose especially at throat. Fruit purple, globose to obovate. Fl.
and fr. May-Oct.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 200–1000 m. Anhui, Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan].
The species is extremely variable in leaf characters.
4. Premna ligustroides Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 256.
1890.
臭黄荆 xiu huang jing
Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Branches many, slender, pubescent
when young. Leaves subsessile to short petiolate; leaf blade
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 1.5–8 × 1–3 cm, pilose,
abaxially purple-red glandular, base cuneate, margin entire or
coarsely 3–5-dentate, apex acuminate to acute. Panicles
2–7.5 × 1–4.5 cm, pilose. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm, nearly
2-lipped, 5-dentate, outside puberulent and glandular, inside
sparsely glandular. Corolla yellow, 3–5 mm, nearly 2-lipped,
4-lobed; lower lip with 3 slightly unequal lobes and narrower
than upper lip, both surfaces velvety and yellow glandular.
Ovary glabrous, glandular. Style ca. 4 mm. Fruit globose,
2.5–5 × 2.5–4 mm, apically glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
• Mixed forests; 500–1000 m. Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan.
Medicinal.
5. Premna sunyiensis P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 84.
1932.
塘虱角 tang shi jiao
Shrubs 1–2 m tall, erect to climbing; branches, petioles,
and inflorescences brownish and dark gray velvety. Petiole
0.6–2 cm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 3–7.5 × 1–4.5
cm, papery, both surfaces subglabrous, abaxially brownish red
glandular, base cuneate to subrounded, margin entire, apex
acuminate; veins 3–5 pairs, abaxially prominent. Panicles
5–12 × 2.5–4 cm; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, 2–6 mm,
velvety. Calyx ca. 1.5 mm, slightly 5-dentate, outside brown
glandular and pubescent when young but glabrescent, inside
glabrous. Corolla yellow, tube ca. 7 mm; lower lip 3-lobed,
middle lobe 1.5–2 mm, longer than lateral lobes; upper lip
emarginate, white villous in throat. Anthers brown. Ovary
glabrous, apically brown glandular. Fruit dark red, obovate, ca.
4 mm in diam., brown glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Oct.
• Mixed thickets on mountain slopes; 300–700 m. Guangdong
(Ruyuan Xian).
Medicinal.
6. Premna cavaleriei H. Léveillé, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni
Veg. 10: 439. 1912.
黄药 huang yao
Clerodendrum elachistanthum Merrill ex H. L. Li.
Trees 4–9 m tall; bark pale gray. Branches red-brown,
terete, with small elliptic lenticels, densely tomentellous when
young, glabrescent. Petiole 2–5 cm, sparsely velvety to
subglabrous; leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, 9–15 × (3.5–)
5–9 cm, thinly papery, both surfaces sparsely pubescent to
subglabrous, abaxially obscurely glandular, base broadly
cuneate, rounded, truncate, or subcordate, margin entire, apex
acuminate to obtuse. Inflorescences paniculate cymes,
11–32 × 8–15 cm; branches trichotomous. Calyx campanulate,
1–2.5 mm, slightly 2-lipped, outside pubescent and obscurely
glandular; teeth 5, obtuse, triangular. Corolla yellowish,
slightly 2-lipped, 4-lobed, outside pubescent and glandular;
tube 2–3 mm, villous in throat. Ovary glabrous, apically
densely yellow glandular. Fruit ovate-globose, ca. 2 mm in
diam. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 800 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, E Hunan, W Jiangxi.
7. Premna chevalieri Dop, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 445.
1923.
尖叶豆腐柴 jian ye dou fu chai
Premna acuminatissima Merrill.
Shrubs or trees, 2–5 m tall. Branchlets brown, terete,
puberulent when young, glabrescent. Petiole slender, (1–)
2.5–3 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic-ovate to ovate, 5–9 ×
3–4(–5) cm, papery to subleathery, shiny, glabrous or abaxially
puberulent, base cuneate to rounded and usually oblique,
margin entire or obscurely serrulate near base, apex acuminate
to caudate; veins 4 or 5 pairs, elevated on both surfaces.
Inflorescences lax panicles, 25 × 10 cm, puberulent. Calyx ca.
1 mm, slightly 2-lipped, glandular; teeth 5, minute, nearly
triangular. Corolla ca. 5 mm, outside puberulent and glandular,
villous in throat, slightly 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes
subrounded; upper lip subrounded, entire, Stamens nearly as
long as corolla; anthers subglobose. Ovary glabrous, glandular.
Style ca. 5 mm, sparsely glandular. Fruit black, (4.5–)5 mm in
diam.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 800–1100 m. Hainan, SE
Yunnan [Laos, Vietnam].
8. Premna confinis P'ei & S. L. Chen ex C. Y. Wu, Fl.
Yun-nan. 1: 437. 1977.
滇桂豆腐柴 dian gui dou fu chai
Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–6 m tall, evergreen. Branchlets
brown, terete, with dotted or linear lenticels, glabrous, densely
scurfy glandular. Petiole 2–4 cm, densely glandular; leaf blade
oblong, lanceolate, or rarely elliptic, 9–16 × 3.5–8 cm, leathery,
adaxially glabrous and dark brown when dry, both surfaces
dark yellow glandular, base cuneate to decurrent, margin entire
or repaned, apex acute to acuminate; veins 6 or 7 pairs,
abaxially elevated. Panicles large and lax, ca. 20 cm, branches
trichotomous; peduncle 1–3.5 cm; bracts 3–6(–12) mm. Calyx
4–5 mm, papery, nearly 2-lipped, lower lip 3-dentate, upper lip
2-dentate, both surfaces glabrous and glandular. Corolla
yellow or white, ca. 8 mm, outside glabrous and densely
glandular, densely villous in throat, 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed,
ciliate; upper lip entire or emarginate. Filaments glabrous,
slightly exserted; anthers dark brown. Ovary obovate, glabrous,
apically glandular. Fruit purple-red, ca. 3 mm in diam., slightly
tubercular, glandular.
• Mixed forests; 600 m. W Guangxi, SE Yunnan.
9. Premna fordii Dunn, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew, Add. Ser.
10: 203. 1912.
长序臭黄荆 chang xu xiu huang jing
Shrubs, erect to climbing. Petiole 0.5–2 mm; leaf blade
ovate-oblong to ovate, 4–11 × 3–4.5 cm, papery, abaxially
dark yellow glandular, base truncate to subcordate, margin
entire or sparsely serrate above middle, apex long acuminate.
Panicles 2.5–17 × 2–5 cm. Calyx cup-shaped, 1–2 mm,
slightly 2-lipped, 5-dentate, upper teeth obtuse, outside
pubescent or glabrous and small yellow glandular. Corolla
yellow or white, (3–)8 mm, tube slender, outside minutely
tomentose or glabrous and glandular, inside glabrous except
white villous at throat. Filaments glabrous. Ovary glabrous,
apically yellow glandular. Style ca. 5.5 mm. Fruit subglobose,
ca. 4 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
• 1000–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan.
1a. Calyx pubescent; corolla minutely tomentose
.......................................................................... 9a. var. fordii
1b. Calyx and corolla glabrous ..................... 9b. var. glabra
9a. Premna fordii var. fordii
长序臭黄荆 chang xu xiu huang jing
Premna stenantha Merrill.
Leaf blade 4–8.5 cm. Panicles 2.5–10 cm. Calyx outside
pubescent. Corolla outside minutely tomentose.
• Forests or along streams; 1000–1200 m. Guangdong, Guangxi,
Hainan.
9b. Premna fordii var. glabra S. L. Chen, Fl. Reipubl.
Pop-ularis Sin. 65(1): 211. 1982.
无毛臭黄荆 wu mao xiu huang jing
Leaf blade to 11 cm. Panicles to 17 cm. Calyx and corolla
outside glabrous.
• Dense forests; 1000–1200 m. Guangxi (Dongxing Xian).
10. Premna subscandens Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 1 (Suppl.):
230. 1906.
攀援臭黄荆 pan yuan xiu huang jing
Shrubs, climbing, 3–5 m tall; petioles and inflorescences
sparsely yellow-brown pubescent when young, becoming gray
and glabrous. Branchlets grayish green. Petiole 1–4 cm; leaf
blade dark brown when dry, elliptic to broadly ovate, 6–13.4 ×
4–7 cm, papery, subglabrous to pilose on veins, base broadly
truncate-rounded to subcordate, margin entire or irregularly
serrulate, apex acuminate to acute; veins 3–6 pairs, ± 3-veined
near base. Inflorescences 2–6 × 5–8 cm, branches
dichotomous or trichotomous; bracts awl-shaped, 3–6 mm,
both surfaces pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 2–3 mm, slightly
2-lipped, 5-dentate, outside pubescent. Corolla white, ca. 4 mm,
slightly 2-lipped, 4-lobed, outside densely pubescent
especially apically, villous in throat with hairs usually slightly
exserted, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip entire or emarginate.
Stamens exserted. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Fruit globose, ca.
4 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jul.
Mountain slopes; 400–800 m. Hainan [Philippines].
11. Premna puerensis Y. Y. Qian, Guihaia 11: 123. 1991.
普洱豆腐柴 pu er dou fu chai
 Shrubs, climbing, ca. 2 m tall; petioles and
inflores-cences pubescent when young, glabrescent.
Branchlets subterete, grooved. Petiole 0.8–2 cm; leaf blade
oblong, ovate, or rarely obovate, 3–8 × 2–4 cm, papery,
abaxially dark green but becoming brownish when dry,
adaxially dark green and glabrescent but pubescent along
midvein, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin entire or
irregularly serrate, apex acuminate to acute, veins 4–6 pairs.
Inflorescences corymbose cymes, 2–4 × 3–4 cm, dichotomous
or trichotomous; bracts lanceolate, 5–6 mm, both surfaces
pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, slightly 2-lipped;
lobes 5, pubescent. Corolla greenish, 3.8–4 mm, slightly
2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, middle lobe longest; upper lip
emarginate. Stamens inserted at corolla throat; filaments
basally villous. Style slightly longer than stamens. Fl. Jun.
• Thickets on mountain slopes; 1400 m. Yunnan (Puer Xian).
Allied to Premna subscandens and P. puberula but differs from
the former in having leaf blades oblong, ovate, or rarely obovate and
bracts lanceolate, and from the latter in having corymbose cymes,
calyces campanulate, and calyx lobes obtuse.
12. Premna maclurei Merrill, Lingnan Sci. J. 6: 330. 1928.
弯毛臭黄荆 wan mao xiu huang jing
Shrubs, erect to climbing. Branchlets yellow-brown, with
small lenticels, densely yellow-brown pilose when young,
becoming brown and subglabrous. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, densely
yellow-brown pilose; leaf blade oblong, elliptic, or
obovate-oblong, 6–15 × 3–7 cm, leathery, rust colored,
pubescent only along veins or abaxially densely pubescent,
base rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate; veins 5–7 pairs,
curve apically along margins and anastomose, reticulate veins
elevated on both surfaces. Inflorescences 4–7 × 5–8 cm,
densely yellow-brown pilose; branches 4 or 5 pairs; bracts
awl-shaped, 2–3 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm, slightly
2-lipped, 5-dentate, pubescent. Corolla purplish in bud,
becoming greenish white to greenish, ca. 4 mm, slightly
2-lipped, 4-lobed; outside pubescent, white villous in throat;
lower lip 3-lobed, lobes oblong, subequal; upper lip
subrounded. Stamens exserted. Ovary pubescent, apically
yellowish glandular. Style ca. 6 mm. Fruit red, globose, 4–7 ×
4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. Mar-Jun.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 400–900 m. Hainan.
Allied to Premna subscandens but differs in having
yellow-brown branches with distinctly yellowish rust colored lenticels,
leaf blades usually oblong with both surfaces rust colored pubescent,
and ovaries sparsely tomentose.
13. Premna octonervia Merrill & Metcalf, J. Arnold Arbor.
20: 354. 1939.
八脉臭黄荆 ba mai xiu huang jing
Shrubs or trees, erect; bark gray. Branchlets terete, with
small rounded to elliptic lenticels, sparsely puberulent when
young, glabrescent. Petiole 1–2.5 cm; leaf blade black and
shiny when dry, ovate-oblong to ovate, 8–12 × 4–6 cm, papery,
subglabrous to pubescent along veins, base broadly cuneate to
subrounded, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; veins 4 or
5 pairs, curve apically along margins and anastomose.
Inflorescences 3–7 × 5–13 cm, sparsely puberulent; branches
3–5 pairs; bracts linear, ca. 6 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1.5
mm, slightly 2-lipped, 5-dentate, pubes-cent and subglandular
when young, glabrescent. Corolla ca. 4 mm, slightly 2-lipped,
4-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, lobes subequal or middle lobe
slightly longer; upper lip entire or emarginate, outside
subglabrous, long villous in throat with hairs usually exserted.
Ovary glabrous, without glands. Style longer than stamens.
Fruit obovate to globose, 3–5 × 3–4 mm, tuberculate. Fl. and fr.
Aug-Nov.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes or in open places; 200–800
m. Hainan.
14. Premna latifolia Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 76. 1832.
大叶豆腐柴 da ye dou fu chai
Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets dark brown, striate,
pubescent when young, subglabrescent. Petiole 1–2 cm, yellow
pilose; leaf blade ovate-oblong, ovate, subrounded, or cordate,
5–20 × 4–10 cm, papery, abaxially densely yellow pilose, base
cuneate, rounded, or cordate, apex acuminate to obtuse; veins
5–8 pairs, reticulate veins obscure. Inflorescences 3–6 × 4–8
cm, densely pubescent; bracts linear, 1–3 mm, deciduous.
Calyx ca. 2 mm, slightly 2-lipped, 5-dentate, outside minutely
hirsute, inside glabrous. Corolla dusty yellow, slightly 2-lipped,
5-lobed, outside puberulent, villous in throat. Stamens equal or
longer than style, exserted; anthers black. Fruit black,
tuberculate, glabrous. Fl. late spring to summer.
500–800 m. S Yunnan [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos,
Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam].
1a. Leaf blade base rounded to cordate ... 14a. var. latifolia
1b. Leaf blade base cuneate ....................... 14b. var. cuneata
14a. Premna latifolia var. latifolia
大叶豆腐柴 da ye dou fu chai
Leaf blade 5–14 × 4–10 cm, base rounded to cordate,
adaxially brown-black when dry.
Mixed evergreen forests; 600–700 m. S Yunnan [India,
Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines].
Timber.
14b. Premna latifolia var. cuneata C. B. Clarke in J. D.
Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 578. 1885.
楔叶豆腐柴 xie ye dou fu chai
Premna latifolia var. viburnoides (Wallich ex Schauer) C.
B. Clarke; P. viburnoides Wallich ex Schauer.
Leaf blade 13–20 × 10 cm, base cuneate, adaxially
blue-black when dry.
Near farm houses; 500–800 m. S Yunnan [Cambodia, India,
Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam].
15. Premna flavescens Buchanan–Hamilton ex C. B. Clarke
in J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 578. 1885.
淡黄豆腐柴 dan huang dou fu chai
Shrubs. Branchlets with white linear lenticels, pilose
when young. Petiole 2–3 cm; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to
ovate, ca. 15 × 6.5 cm, papery, abaxially pilose, adaxially
minutely hirsute, base obtuse to subcordate, apex acuminate to
acute. Inflorescences 6–17 cm across, usually rust colored
pilose; bracts linear, ca. 6 mm. Calyx ca. 2.5 mm, 5-dentate,
pilose. Corolla greenish white, 4–5 mm, 4-lobed, both surfaces
puberulent, densely villous in throat. Stamens and style
exserted. Fruit black when dry, 3–5 mm in diam. Fl. and fr.
summer.
Open forests on mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 100–1300 m.
S Guangdong, W Guangxi, S Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Vietnam].
16. Premna fulva Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1911: 442.
1911.
黄毛豆腐柴 huang mao dou fu chai
Premna fortunati Dop; P. longipila P'ei.
Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing. Branchlets yellow
villous when young, subglabrescent. Petiole 1.5–5.5 cm; leaf
blade ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, oblong-ovate, ovate, or
subrounded, 4–15 × 3–10 cm, papery, abaxially densely
tomentose, adaxially yellow villous especially on veins, base
cuneate and oblique, subrounded, or subcordate, margin entire,
repand, or serrate, apex acuminate, acute, or rarely subrounded
to emarginate; veins 5–7 pairs, abaxially elevated.
Inflorescences 2.5–6(–10) × 4–9(–17) cm; branches 5 or 6
pairs, spreading; bracts linear to rarely linear-lanceolate,
densely pubescent. Calyx 2–2.5 mm, slightly 2-lipped,
5-dentate, outside pubescent. Corolla greenish white, 4–5 mm,
tube ca. 2 mm, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip
rounded to emarginate, throat pilose, outside puberulent to
subglabrous. Stamens as long as style; anthers brown. Ovary
apically sparsely pubescent. Fruit black, ovate to globose,
3–5(–6) mm in diam., tuberculate.
Mixed evergreen forests; 500–1200 m. SW Guangxi, S Guizhou,
S Yunnan [Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].
Allied to Premna crassa and P. flavescens but differs in having
young branchlets, petioles, and leaves yellow villous with long usually
spreading hairs.
17. Premna straminicaulis C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 426.
1977.
草黄枝豆腐柴 cao huang zhi dou fu chai
Shrubs ca. 2 m tall. Branchlets shiny, striate, pilose and
glandular when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3–6 cm, glabrous;
leaf blade green, broadly elliptic to ovate, 6–12 × 6–8 cm,
membranous, adaxially glabrous or puberulent only along
veins, white glandular, base rounded and slightly oblique,
margin serrate, apex acuminate to rarely caudate; veins 5 or 6
pairs, abaxially elevated. Inflorescences 2.5–3 × 3–3.5 cm,
sparsely pubescent, densely white glandular; peduncle 1–1.5
cm; bracts linear, ca. 2 mm. Calyx 5-dentate, densely white
glandular, sparsely puberulent to subglabrous. Corolla
greenish white, outside pubescent, inside glabrous except for a
ring of hairs at throat; lobes 4, rounded. Anthers purple-brown,
subrounded. Fruit oblong, glabrous. Fl. May.
• Moist places; 1000 m. Yunnan (Ruili Xian).
18. Premna tapintzeana Dop, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 70: 836.
1923.
大坪子豆腐柴 da ping zi dou fu chai
Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branches spreading, shiny,
yellow-brown, puberulent when young, glabrescent. Petiole
1–5 cm; leaf blade ovate, subrounded, or cordate, 7–15 × 4–10
cm, papery, base rounded to cordate, margin subentire to
slightly dentate to subentire, apex acuminate to obtuse; veins 6
or 7 pairs, abaxially elevated, 3-veined near base.
Inflorescences 3–4(–7) × 6–8 cm, puberulent; bracts
lanceolate, ca. 3 mm. Calyx ca. 3 mm, puberulent; teeth 5,
obtuse. Corolla greenish white, villous in throat. Stamens not
exserted. Ovary flattened globose, glabrous. Style shorter than
corolla. Fruit dark purple to black, obovate, tuberculate.
• Mixed forests; 1700–2400 m. NW Yunnan.
Allied to Premna crassa but differs in having calyces equally
5-dentate and corolla tubes slender and shorter than calyx.
19. Premna crassa Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 58: 230. 1921.
石山豆腐柴 shi shan dou fu chai
Shrubs 1–5 m tall, nearly climbing. Branches brown;
branchlets with small yellow lenticels. Leaves unequal in pairs,
easily deciduous; petiole robust, 0.5–6 cm; leaf blade elliptic to
ovate, (3–)5–11 × (2–)4–8 cm, papery, abaxially tomentose,
adaxially pubescent, base rounded to subcordate and oblique,
margin entire or dentate below middle, apex acuminate to
obtuse; veins (4 or) 5–7 pairs, abaxially elevated, 3-veined near
base. Inflorescences 1.5–5(–6) cm across; peduncle 0.5–1.8 cm;
bracts linear-lanceolate, 4–8 mm. Calyx campanulate, 2–3 mm,
slightly 2-lipped, 5-dentate, outside minutely hirsute and
glandular. Corolla white or yellowish green, tube longer than
calyx, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip deeply 3-lobed, upper lip
slightly 2-lobed, villous in throat. Anthers brown. Ovary
glabrous. Style as long as stamens. Fruiting calyx ca. 5 mm in
diam. Fruit dark black when mature, obovate to globose, 2–4
mm in diam., tuberculate.
500–1800 m. W Guangxi, SW Guizhou, Yunnan [Vietnam].
1a. Corolla white ........................................... 19a. var. crassa
1b. Corolla yellowish green ............................... 19b. var. yui
19a. Premna crassa var. crassa
石山豆腐柴 shi shan dou fu chai
Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences yellow-brown
pubescent, glabrescent. Corolla white. Fl. May, fr. Oct.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 500–1600 m.
W Guangxi, SW Guizhou, SE Yunnan [Vietnam].
Medicinal.
19b. Premna crassa var. yui Moldenke, Phytologia 18: 421.
1967.
凤庆豆腐柴 feng qing dou fu chai
Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences subglabrous.
Corolla yellowish green. Fl. Jun.
• Open forests; 1500–1800 m. Yunnan (Fengqing Xian and
Longling Xian).
20. Premna glandulosa Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. Wien,
Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 58: 232. 1921.
腺叶豆腐柴 xian ye dou fu chai
Shrubs 1–1.5 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and
inflorescences densely circinate pubescent when young,
glabrescent. Branches slender, erect to horizontal; branchlet
brown with sparse small round lenticels. Leaves easily
deciduous; petiole slender, 0.5–1.5 mm; leaf blade ovate,
2.5–4.5(–5) × 1.5–3(–4) cm, submembranous, minutely
hirsute on veins and purple-red glandular, base broadly
rounded to subcordate and usually oblique, margin serrulate,
apex acuminate, obtuse, or emarginate; veins 3 or 4 pairs,
abaxially with densely pitted reticulate veins. Inflorescences
1.5–2.5 cm across; peduncle 0.6–1.7 cm; bracts linear to
lanceolate, 4–5 mm. Calyx campanulate, 1.5–2 mm, scaly
pubescent, glandular; teeth 5, narrowly triangular to ovate.
Corolla violet to pinkish, 4.5–5 mm, 2-lipped, lower lip ca. 1/2
as long as upper lip, outside white puberulent, inside glabrous
but white villous in throat. Stamens as long as style, shorter
than corolla. Ovary globose, apically glandular. Fl. Jul.
• Roadsides; 1500–1900 m. Yunnan (Dayao Xian and Chuxiong
Xian).
21. Premna henryana (Handel-Mazzetti) C. Y. Wu, Fl.
Yunnan. 1: 433. 1977.
蒙自豆腐柴 meng zi dou fu chai
Premna steppicola Handel-Mazzetti var. henryana
Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 902. 1936.
Shrubs. Branchlets dark brown, robust, short, striate, with
white lenticels, dusty yellow puberulent when young,
glabrescent. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, pilose; leaf blade ovate to
broadly ovate, 4–7 × 2–4.5 cm, papery, abaxially gray
puberulent and deep red glandular, adaxially puberulent and
orange glandular, base rounded to subcordate, margin crenate
to basally subentire, apex acute to acuminate; veins 3 or 4 pairs,
adaxially slightly elevated. Inflorescences ca. 1.5 cm across,
pilose. Calyx 5-dentate, teeth triangular-lanceolate, pilose,
deep red glandular. Corolla ca. 6 mm, 2-lipped, outside
puberulent, deep red glandular, white villous in throat. Ovary
basally pilose, glandular.
• Mixed forests; 1300–1500 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
Medicinal.
22. Premna punicea C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 433. 1977.
玫红豆腐柴 mei hong dou fu chai
Shrubs; branchlets, petioles, and peduncles pilose when
young, glabrescent. Branchlets dark gray, slender, short, with
tuberculate lenticels. Petiole ca. 5 mm, circinate pilose; leaf
blade oblong, 2–3.5 × 1–1.5 cm, papery, minutely hirsute and
orange glandular, base rounded, margin subentire or only
serrate at middle, apex slightly acuminate to acute or rarely
obtuse to slightly emarginate; veins 2 or 3 pairs, abaxially
slightly elevated. Inflorescences ca. 1 cm across; peduncle ca.
5 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 8 mm, deeply 5-dentate below
middle, minutely hirsute and orange glandular; teeth
linear-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm. Corolla pinkish, 6–8 mm, slightly
2-lipped; tube glabrous outside, white villous in throat, lobes 4,
outside white pilose and orange glandular. Ovary obovate,
pilose, apically white glandular. Style robust, ca. 4 mm,
slightly puberulent. Fl. Jul-Aug.
• Mixed forests; 1600 m. Yunnan (Heqing Xian).
23. Premna rubroglandulosa C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 431.
1977.
红腺豆腐柴 hong xian dou fu chai
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall; branchlets, petioles, and peduncles
yellowish brown glandular when young, glabrescent.
Branchlets slender, with sparse gray elliptic lenticels. Petiole
1–1.5 cm; leaf blade ovate, 3–6.5 × 2–4 cm, papery, adaxially
sparsely pubescent when young, densely orange glandular
puberulent on veins, base rounded to subcordate, margin
dentate, apex acuminate to acute, veins 3 or 4 pairs, 3-veined at
base. Inflorescences 1.5–2.5 cm; peduncle ca. 1 cm. Calyx 6–7
mm, outside densely puberulent, inside sparsely puberulent,
both surfaces orange glandular; teeth 5, narrowly triangular, ca.
2 × as long as tube. Fruit black, obovate, ca. 4 × 3 mm,
4-veined when dry, glabrous, without glands.
• Mountain slopes along roadsides; 1100 m. SW Yunnan.
24. Premna urticifolia Rehder in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 458.
1917.
麻叶豆腐柴 ma ye dou fu chai
Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Branchlets with small elliptic and
round lenticels, pilose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 1–4
cm, circinate pubescent; leaf blade ovate, 3–9 × 2–6 cm,
submembranous, sparsely pubescent, glandular, usually pitted
by deciduous glands, base rounded to cordate, apex acuminate.
Inflorescences subglobose, 1.5–2.5 × 2–3.5 cm; peduncle
1–2.6 cm; bracts linear, ca. 6 mm, densely pubescent. Pedicel
densely pilose, glandular. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm, slightly
2-lipped, both surfaces pilose and glandular; teeth 5, obtusely
triangular, 0.5–0.8 mm. Corolla pinkish, ca. 6 mm, slightly
2-lipped, 4-lobed, outside pilose and glandular, villous in
throat; upper lip entire, covering other 3 lobes in bud. Ovary
glabrous, apically yellow and purple-red glandular. Fruit black,
ovate, 3–5 × 2–4 mm, longer than calyx. Fl. and fr. Jul-Sep.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1600 m. S Yunnan.
Medicinal.
Allied to Premna glandulosa and P. rubroglandulosa but differs
in having yellow glandular leaf blades pitted by deciduous glands.
25. Premna parvilimba P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 62.
1932.
小叶豆腐柴 xiao ye dou fu chai
Celastrus yunnanensis H. Léveillé (1916), not P.
yunnanensis W. Smith (1916), not P. yunnanensis Dop (1923).
Shrubs. Branchlets and petioles densely pubescent.
Branchlets slender. Petiole terete, 2–6 mm; leaf blade
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.5–3.8 × 0.3–1.1 cm, papery,
sparsely pubescent, base rounded, margin apically sparsely
serrate, apex obtuse; veins 3 or 4 pairs, abaxially elevated.
Inflorescences to 2.5 cm across, few to 25-flowered, densely
pubescent, glandular; peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts lanceolate, ca.
4 mm. Pedicel ca. 2 mm. Calyx tube ca. 2 mm, teeth 5,
pubescent and glandular but more densely so outside. Corolla
pinkish, ca. 6 mm, villous in throat, 2-lipped, lower lip concave,
outside pubescent and glandular. Stamens slightly exserted.
Style glabrous. Ovary with few hairs, glandular.
• Valleys; 400 m. Yunnan (Jinsha Jiang valley).
Allied to Premna steppicola but differs in having leaf blades
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, bracts lanceolate, and stamens exserted.
26. Premna steppicola Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7: 902.
1936.
草坡豆腐柴 cao po dou fu chai
Shrubs. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences densely
puberulent when young, glabrescent. Branchlets slender.
Petiole 4–5 mm; leaf blade broadly ovate, 1.5–3.5 × 1.2–2 cm,
abaxially densely puberulent along veins, adaxially minutely
hirsute, base subrounded, margin slightly dentate near base,
apex acuminate, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences ca. 1.5–2 cm
across; bracts linear, densely white pilose. Calyx campanulate,
3–4 mm; teeth 5, lanceolate, ca. 2/3 calyx length, sparsely
minutely hirsute, densely glandular. Corolla ca. 6 mm, sparsely
minutely hirsute, densely glandular, villous in throat, slightly
2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip emarginate. Stamens
nearly included. Ovary apically glandular. Fruit black, ca. 2.5
mm in diam. Fr. Oct.
• Valleys or waste places; 1400–1500 m. SW Sichuan, NW
Yunnan.
Medicinal.
27. Premna oligantha C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 434. 1977.
少花豆腐柴 shao hua dou fu chai
Shrubs 30–100 cm tall, much branched. Branchlets
grayish when young, becoming dark gray, dark striate. Petiole
slender, 1–2 mm, puberulent; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate,
ovate, or subrounded, (2.5–)5–6 × (0.3–)1–1.5 cm, abaxially
puberulent on veins, adaxially dark green and minutely hirsute,
yellow glandular, base cuneate to subrounded, margin entire or
serrate, apex obtuse; veins 2 or 3 pairs, abaxially elevated.
Inflorescences 2–4(–6)-flowered; peduncle 1–2 mm; bracts
linear. Calyx ca. 5 mm, 5-dentate to middle, puberulent,
glandular. Corolla purplish, ca. 6 mm, 2-lipped, tube outside
glabrous and glandular; lower lip with 3 rounded lobes; upper
lip rounded, lobes densely puberulent, glandular. Ovary
black-brown, obovate, ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous, apically glandular.
Style capillary, puberulent. Fruit black. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
• Dry mountain slopes; 2100–3200 m. Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW
Yunnan.
28. Premna acutata W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edin-burgh 9: 119. 1916.
尖齿豆腐柴 jian chi dou fu chai
Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branchlets sparsely lenticellate, dusty
yellow tomentose when young, becoming yellow-brown and
glabrous. Leaves pairs unequal; petiole 4–12 mm, pubescent,
glandular; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 4–8 × 2–4 cm,
glandular, abaxially yellow-green and subglabrous, adaxially
dark green and minutely hirsute especially on veins, base
cuneate to subrounded, margin deeply and sharply serrate,
apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate; veins 3 or 4 pairs,
3-veined at base. Inflorescences subsessile, 1.5–2.5 cm across.
Calyx 5–8 mm, tube ca. 1.5 mm, deeply 5-dentate, minutely
hirsute and yellow glandular. Corolla rose red, slightly longer
than calyx, 2-lipped, outside puberulent and glandular, inside
villous. Stamens nearly as long as corolla. Ovary with a few
hairs, glandular. Fruit black, ovate-globose, ca. 4 mm in diam.
Fl. and fr. summer-autumn.
• Thicket edges; 2700–3000 m. SW Sichuan, NW Yunnan.
Species 28–33 in this account are very similar, and their status
requires further investigation. Key characters such as flower color and
corolla indumentum show more variation than has traditionally been
accepted.
29. Premna mekongensis W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 9: 120. 1916.
澜沧豆腐柴 lan cang dou fu chai
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall, erect. Branchlets yellow-brown,
becoming dark brown, with striate lenticels, grayish circinate
tomentellous when young. Petiole ca. 1 cm, grayish
puber-ulent; leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 0.8–5.5 ×
0.4–3 cm, papery, abaxially densely tomentellous, adaxially
grayish puberulent, base rounded, margin subentire, repand, or
serrulate, apex acuminate to obtuse. Inflorescences few to
12-flowered, 1–2.5 cm across; peduncle subsessile or very
short, grayish pilose; bracts linear, densely pilose. Pedicel very
short, grayish pilose. Calyx cup-shaped, 6–7 mm, 5-dentate
basally to middle, densely grayish pilose, sparsely yellow
glandular; teeth linear-lanceolate, subequal. Corolla yellow or
white, ca. 8 mm, slightly longer than calyx, white villous in
throat, 2-lipped, tube outside glabrous; lower lip 3-lobed;
upper lip rounded, emarginate; lobes puberulent, sparsely
glandular. Stamens included; filaments glabrous. Ovary ovate,
glabrous. Fruiting calyx ca. 1 cm. Fruit black, globose, ca. 4
mm in diam., glabrous, apically glandular. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep.
• 1800–2700 m. NW and W Yunnan.
The corolla exterior of the holotype of Premna mekongensis is
distinctly hairy.
1a. Leaf blade 2.5–5.5 × 2–3 cm ..... 29a. var. mekongensis
1b. Leaf blade 0.8–2 × 0.4–0.7 cm ..... 29b. var. meiophylla
29a. Premna mekongensis var. mekongensis
澜沧豆腐柴 lan cang dou fu chai
Leaf blade 2.5–5.5 × 2–3 cm. Inflorescences
6–12-flowered; peduncle short.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1800–2700 m. NW and W
Yunnan.
29b. Premna mekongensis var. meiophylla W. Smith, Notes
Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 9: 120. 1916.
小叶澜沧豆腐柴 xiao ye lan cang dou fu chai
Branchlets more slender than in var. mekongensis. Leaf
blade 0.8–2 × 0.4–0.7 cm. Inflorescences subsessile, few
flowered.
• Grasslands; 2100–2400 m. Yunnan (Lijiang Xian).
30. Premna yunnanensis W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 9: 120. 1916.
云南豆腐柴 yun nan dou fu chai
Shrubs 0.8–2 m tall. Branchlets grayish minutely
tomentose when young, glabrescent. Petiole terete, 5–10 mm;
leaf blade ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 2–6 × 1.5–3 cm, papery,
golden glandular, abaxially densely gray circinate pilose,
adaxially dark green and pilose, base subrounded and slightly
oblique, margin subentire to serrate, apex acuminate to acute.
Calyx ca. 4 mm, deeply 5-dentate below middle, teeth
narrowly triangular, both surfaces pubescent and golden
glandular. Corolla pinkish to purple, ca. 6 mm, tube
subglabrous but densely villous in throat, 2-lipped; lower lip
3-lobed; upper lip ca. 4 mm, subrounded; lobes puberulent,
outside glandular. Stamens slightly exserted; filaments
glabrous but villous at base. Ovary obovate, glabrous, apically
glandular. Fruit black, 3–5 × 2–3 mm. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.
• Grasslands; 1800–2200 m. SW Sichuan, W Yunnan.
Allied to Premna mekongensis but differs in corollas pinkish to
purple, fruit as long as fruiting calyces, and calyx teeth narrowly
triangular. Some of the P. yunnanensis paratype collections of G.
Forrest are described as having yellowish flowers but are otherwise
indistinguishable from the holotype.
31. Premna velutina C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 428. 1977.
黄绒豆腐柴 huang rong dou fu chai
Shrubs ca. 50 cm tall. Branches, petioles, and axis of
inflorescences densely dusty villous. Branches terete, striate.
Petiole robust, (1–)2–3 cm; leaf blade cordate, (2.5–)6–9 ×
(1–)3.5–6 cm, abaxially densely dusty tomentose and
glandular, adaxially dark green, densely dusty yellow villous,
orange glandular, margin serrate, apex acuminate to acute;
veins 5 or 6 pairs, curve apically along margins and
ana-stomose. Inflorescences capitate to nearly conical;
peduncle ca. 5 mm; bracts linear lanceolate, densely pilose.
Calyx ca. 4 mm, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip 2-dentate with
lanceolate teeth, upper lip 3-dentate with triangular teeth,
outside minutely hirsute and orange. Corolla yellow, ca. 5 mm;
tube glabrous outside, dark villous in throat; lower lip 3-lobed;
upper lip rounded, lobes outside glandular and puberulent.
Ovary ca. 1 mm, obovate, glabrous, glandular. Style glabrous.
Fruit brownish, oblong, 3–4 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep.
• Mixed forests; 1500 m. SW Yunnan.
32. Premna tenii P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 66. 1932.
圆叶豆腐柴 yuan ye dou fu chai
Shrubs. Branches, branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences
densely pubescent. Petiole ca. 3 mm, densely circinate pilose;
leaf blade broadly ovate to subrounded, 2–8 × 0.9–5.7 cm,
membranous, densely pubescent, sparsely glandular, base
cuneate to rounded, margin subentire, undulate, or crenate,
apex obtuse to rounded, veins 3–6 pairs. Inflorescences
subsessile. Calyx deeply 5-dentate, teeth ca. 6 mm, both
surfaces villous and sparsely glandular. Corolla ca. 7 mm,
outside villous, throat villous and sparsely glandular. Stamens
slightly exserted; filaments and style glabrous. Ovary with few
hairs, glandular.
• Mixed forests; 1300–1600 m. Yunnan (Dayao Xian).
Allied to Premna acutata but differs in leaf blade shape
and margins.
33. Premna subcapitata Rehder in Sargent, Pl. Wilson.
3: 458. 1917.
近头状豆腐柴 jin tou zhuang dou fu chai
Premna pilosa P'ei.
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branches brown to brownish, with
elliptic to rounded yellowish lenticels, yellowish pilose when
young, subglabrescent. Petiole 4–10 mm; leaf blade
ovate-oblong to ovate, 2.5–8.5 × 1.5–4.8 cm, abaxially
tomentose and glandular, adaxially dark yellow-green pilose
and yellow glandular, base rounded to truncate, margin serrate
except for apex and base, apex acuminate to acute.
Inflorescences 0.6–2.5 × 1–3.5 cm; peduncle 0.5–2 cm; bracts
linear to sub-lanceolate, 5–10 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 4
mm, deeply 5-dentate, both surfaces pubescent and yellowish
glandular; teeth lanceolate to narrowly triangular, ca. 2 × 1 mm.
Corolla yellow-green to greenish, ca. 6 mm, outside puberulent
and glandular, throat villous, 2-lipped, tube ca. 3 mm, lower
lip 3-lobed with lobes rounded, upper lip entire. Stamens
slightly exserted. Ovary sparsely puberulent, densely glandular.
Style ca. 6 mm. Fruit dark black, ovate, 3–4 × 2–3 mm,
sparsely pubescent, yellowish glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Aug.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 2600 m. SW Sichuan,
NE Yunnan.
34. Premna fohaiensis P'ei & S. L. Chen ex C. Y. Wu,
Fl. Yunnan. 1: 436. 1977.
勐海豆腐柴 meng hai dou fu chai
Shrubs or trees. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescences
yellow-brown circinate tomentose. Branchlets with small
lenticels, becoming grayish yellow and glabrous. Petiole
3–4.5 cm; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic, or broadly
ovate, 14–18 × 7–9.5 cm, papery, abaxially tea brown when
dry and tomentose when young, adaxially dark brown when
dry and densely minutely hirsute, base rounded to truncate,
margin entire, apex acuminate; veins 7–9 pairs, curve apically
along margins and slightly anastomose. Inflorescences
5–8 ×8–13 cm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1 cm, slightly 2-lipped,
pilose, 4-toothed; teeth ovate, with small yellow glands.
Corolla yellow-green, ca. 2 mm; tube ca. 1.5 mm, glabrous
except for a ring of hairs inside above throat; lobes 4, oblong,
spreading. Stamens and style exserted. Ovary glabrous,
apically glandular. Fruit black, ovate, sparsely yellowish
glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
• Forests; 1500–1800 m. S Yunnan.
35. Premna szemaoensis P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 76.
1932.
思茅豆腐柴 si mao dou fu chai
Trees (4–)7–12 m tall. Branchlets, petioles, and
inflorescences brown tomentose. Branchlets lenticellate, nodes
usually with a rounded or half rounded leaf scar, with
gland-tipped hairs when young, glabrescent. Petiole terete,
0.5–6 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 8–18 ×
6–14 cm, papery, abaxially densely brown tomentose,
adaxially sparsely pubescent, base broadly cuneate
to subrounded, margin entire or irregularly serrate, apex
acuminate to acute; veins 6–8 pairs, abaxially elevated.
Inflorescences 5–12 × 7–23 cm; peduncle 1.5–3 cm; bracts
linear, 4–15 mm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1.5 mm, subtruncate
to slightly 2-lipped; lips usually slightly 2-dentate, pubescent,
yellow glandular. Corolla greenish to yellowish, 3.5–4 mm,
outside puberulent, inside glabrous except villous at throat.
Stamens and style exserted; filaments puberulent at base.
Ovary glabrous, apically yellow glandular. Fruit black,
obovate to rounded, 5–7 × 4–5 mm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep.
• Open forests; 500–1500 m. S Yunnan.
Medicinal.
Allied to Premna fohainensis but differs in having subtruncate to
slightly 2-lipped calyces, lips usually slightly 2-dentate, and branchlet
nodes with a rounded or half rounded leaf scar.
36. Premna paisehensis P'ei & S. L. Chen in S. L. Chen,
Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 211. 1982.
百色豆腐柴 bai se dou fu chai
Trees ca. 13 m tall; bark gray. Branchlets green
pubes-cent when young, becoming brown, glabrous, and striate.
Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 9–15 × 3–6.5 cm,
sub-membranous, abaxially yellowish green, adaxially
minutely hispid, densely brown tomentose, and yellowish
glandular, base obtuse to broadly cuneate, margin entire or
slightly irregularly undulate, apex acute to subacuminate; veins
5 or 6 pairs, abaxially elevated. Inflorescences lax, spreading,
dichotomous, 12–15 × 10–20 cm; peduncle 4–6 cm, densely
yellow-brown pubescent; bracts linear, 2–9 mm. Fruiting calyx
subtruncate, outside sparsely pubescent and glandular. Fruit
purple, globose to ovate, 5–6 × 4–5 mm, pubescent, glandular.
Fr. Jul-Aug.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1000 m. Guangxi (Bose Xian).
Allied to Premna szemaoensis but differs in having narrower
submembranous leaf blades.
37. Premna scoriarum W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 12: 219. 1920.
腾冲豆腐柴 teng chong dou fu chai
Trees 20 m tall. Branchlets black when young, becoming
gray-brown, terete, with sparse linear lenticels. Petiole
1.5–3.5 cm; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, ovate-lanceolate,
or ovate, 10–15(–21) × 5–9(–10) cm, thickly papery, both
surfaces glabrous and with elevated veins, abaxially green,
adaxially shiny and dark green but black when dry, veins 6 or 7
pairs. Inflorescences lax corymbs, 8–10 × 14 cm, 3–5 ×
dichotomously branched; peduncle ca. 3 cm, sparsely
puberulent; bracts linear-lanceolate, ca. 5 mm, sparsely
puberulent. Calyx campanulate, ca. 1 mm, 4-dentate to middle,
outside puberulent; teeth oblong, subequal, apex obtuse. Fruit
dark green, oblong-obovate, 2.5–3(–4) mm.
Dense forests; 1300–1700 m. W Yunnan [Myanmar].
38. Premna scandens Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 82.
1832.
藤豆腐柴 teng dou fu chai
Plants climbing. Branchlets and inflorescences sparsely
puberulent when young, glabrescent. Branchlets terete, brown,
lenticellate. Petiole black, 1–3.5 cm, glabrous; leaf blade
lanceolate, elliptic, ovate, or rarely obovate, 10–16×
(4–)5–8 cm, abaxially brown when dry, midvein elevated,
reticulate veins slightly evident, adaxially black and shiny,
base rounded to cordate and oblique, apex abruptly acuminate
to acute. Inflorescences spreading, 7–10 × (9–)20–30 cm;
branches 5 or 6 pairs, puberulent; bracts lanceolate, 3–6 mm.
Flowers subsessile, 4–5 mm. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 1.5 mm,
truncate to slightly 2-lipped; lips slightly 2-dentate, puberulent.
Corolla grayish yellow, ca. 3 mm; tube ca. 2 mm, villous in
throat, outside glabrous; lobes 4, subequal, apex obtuse to
rounded. Stamens as long as style, slightly exserted. Ovary
glabrous. Fruit blue-black, obovate, 7–8 × 4–6 mm,
tuberculate. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
Mixed forests; 500 m. Yunnan (Mengla Xian)
[Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Vietnam].
39. Premna odorata Blanco, Fl. Filip. 488. 1837.
毛鱼臭目 mao yu xiu mu
Premna vestita Schauer.
Trees, small. Branchlets pubescent. Petioles 3–7 cm; leaf
blade oblong to ovate, 10–12(–20) × 6–7 cm, base rounded
to somewhat cordate, abaxially uniformly densely softly
pubescent, margin entire or crenulate, apex acute, veins 6 pairs.
Inflorescences 8–20 cm wide. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed.
Corolla greenish white to nearly white, 4–5 mm. Fruit dark
purple, globose, ca. 4 mm in diam.
Thickets and forests near seashore. N and S Taiwan
[Philippines].
Specimens of this species have not been seen by the authors.
Typical material from Philippines reportedly has leaf blades ovate
to broadly ovate and to 20 cm long.
40. Premna serratifolia Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 253. 1771.
伞序臭黄荆 san xu xiu huang jing
Cornutia corymbosa N. L. Burman; Premna corymbosa
Rottler & Willdenow; P. corymbosa (N. L. Burman) Merrill
(1917), not Rottler & Willdenow (1803); P. integrifolia
Linnaeus; P. integrifolia var. obtusifolia (R. Brown) P'ei;
P. obtusifolia R. Brown.
Shrubs or trees, 1–8 m tall, erect or rarely climbing.
Branchlets with elliptic yellowish lenticels, densely pubescent
when young, subglabrescent. Petiole 0.3–5 cm, puberulent;
leaf blade oblong to broadly ovate, 3–15 × 2.5–9.5 cm, papery,
subglabrous or pubescent only along veins, base broadly
cuneate, rounded, or truncate, margin entire, slightly undulate,
or crenate, apex acute to rarely acuminate or obtuse.
Inflorescences 1.5–15 × 2.5–24 cm; peduncle 0.8–3 cm; bracts
linear to lanceolate, to 6 mm, puberulent. Calyx cup-shaped,
1.5–3 mm, 2-lipped, lower lip subentire to shortly 3-dentate,
upper lip longer than lower lip and 2-dentate, outside
puberulent and yellow glandular. Corolla yellowish green,
outside glandular, villous in throat, slightly 2-lipped; lower lip
3-lobed, lobes subequal or middle lobe slightly longer and
broader; upper lip entire or emarginate. Ovary glabrous,
apically glandular. Style 3.5–4 mm. Fruit globose, 2–4 mm in
diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-Oct.
Mixed and open forests on mountain slopes and along
streams; 100–300 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan [S and SE Asia,
Australia, Pacific Islands].
41. Premna hainanensis Chun & How, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 7:
77. 1958.
海南臭黄荆 hai nan xiu huang jing
Shrubs 1–3 m tall, erect to climbing. Branchlets and
inflorescences mealy when young, subglabrescent. Branchlets
brown striate, conspicuously lenticellate. Petiole 0.8–1.2 cm;
leaf blade dark green when dry, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 4–9 ×
2–4.5 cm, papery to subleathery, shiny, glabrous or pubescent
along veins, midvein abaxially raised and adaxially impressed,
base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire, apex
acuminate to obtuse; veins 5 or 6 pairs, curve apically along
margins and anastomose. Inflorescences 2–5 cm across;
peduncle 0.5–1.5 mm; bracts awl-shaped, ca. 1.5 mm. Calyx
1.8–2 mm, puberulent to subglabrous. Corolla yellow or white,
outside puberulent, white villous in throat, slightly 2-lipped,
tube 3–4 mm, lower lip 3-lobed with middle lobe longer than
laterals, upper lip emarginate. Stamens exserted. Ovary
subrounded, glabrous. Style ca. 3 mm. Fruiting calyx 2-lipped
to subtruncate, lower lip subentire to slightly 2-dentate, upper
lip 2-dentate. Fruit green when young, becoming brown,
obovate, 2–3 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Sep-Nov.
• Thickets on mountain slopes; 200–400 m. Hainan.
Allied to Premna serratifolia but differs in having papery
to subleathery leaf blades, lateral veins adaxially obscure, and calyces
with lower lip subentire to slightly 2-dentate.
42. Premna laevigata C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 440. 1977.
平滑豆腐柴 ping hua dou fu chai
Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets purple-brown when young
but becoming brown, terete, striate, glabrous, with sparse small
yellow lenticels, mealy. Petiole 2.7–3 cm, glabrous; leaf blade
ovate-oblong to elliptic, 7–14 × 3–7 cm, leathery, glabrous,
abaxially yellow-green, adaxially brownish green to tea green,
base cordate to subrounded, margin serrate above middle, apex
acuminate to caudate-acuminate; veins 6 or 7 pairs, midvein
abaxially raised and adaxially slightly compressed, reticulate
veins obscure. Inflorescences 3–8× 2–3.5 cm; peduncle
1–1.5 cm; bracts linear-lanceolate, ca. 3 mm, easily deciduous.
Calyx 3–3.5 mm, 2-lipped, lips entire or lower lip emarginate
and upper lip with 3 minute emergences. Corolla 3–6 mm,
2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip entire and larger than
lower lip, villous in throat. Stamens shorter than corolla;
filaments glabrous. Ovary globose, glabrous. Style ca. 4 mm,
glabrous. Fruiting calyx tuberculate. Fruit dark brown, 6 ×
4–4.5 mm. Fr. Sep-Nov.
• Mixed forests; 500–600 m. Yunnan (Mengla).
43. Premna racemosa Wallich ex Schauer in A. de Candolle,
Prodr. 11: 633. 1847.
总序豆腐柴 zong xu dou fu chai
Shrubs (3–)5–6 m tall, erect to climbing. Branchlets,
petioles, inflorescence rachises, and leaf veins rust colored
hirsute. Branchlets terete, becoming yellowish brown to
red-brown and subglabrous, nodes with an elevated leaf scar.
Petiole 8–10 mm; leaf blade rhomboid-elliptic to ovate, 6–10 ×
3.7–6 cm, subleathery, minutely hirsute especially on veins,
base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire or rarely
obscurely serrulate, apex acuminate, acute, or rarely obtuse;
veins 6 or 7 pairs, slightly elevated on both surfaces.
Inflorescences racemelike thyrses; bracts lanceolate to ovate,
sparsely minutely hispid. Calyx with a tube ca. 2 mm,
2-lipped; lips entire, sparsely minutely hirsute, glandular.
Corolla white, 4-lobed, exserted from calyx, tube ca. 4 mm,
outside sparsely glandular, inside puberulent, yellowish villous
in throat. Stamens conspicuously exserted. Ovary glabrous.
Styles shorter than stamens; stigmas 2. Fruit narrowly obovate,
ca. 4 mm, apically glabrous. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
Mixed forests; 1400–2900 m. Xizang, SE Yunnan [Bangladesh,
India, Myanmar, Nepal].
44. Premna interrupta Wallich ex Schauer in A. de Candolle,
Prodr. 11: 633. 1847.
间序豆腐柴 jian xu dou fu chai
Shrubs, erect to slightly climbing. Branchlets brownish,
pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3–4 mm or leaves
subsessile; leaf blade ovate-oblong to obovate, 8.5–13 × 4–8
cm, papery, pubescent especially on veins or abaxially
subglabrous and yellow glandular, base acuminate to rarely
cuneate or rounded, margin entire or obscurely serrulate above
middle, apex acuminate. Inflorescences spikelike thyrses, ca.
7 × 1.5 cm; peduncle ca. 1.8 cm, densely velvety; bracts
lanceolate, ca. 1 cm, pilose. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2 mm,
2-lipped; lips entire or upper lip emarginate and ciliate,
subglabrous to sparsely puberulent, yellow glandular. Corolla
white or yellowish green, 4-lobed, subglabrous, outside
glandular, villous in throat. Stamens exserted. Ovary glabrous
or sparsely pubescent, glandular. Fruit black, obovate, apically
yellow glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Aug.
Mixed forests; 1500–2600 m. Guangxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang,
Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal].
45. Premna bracteata Wallich ex C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker,
Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 572. 1885.
苞序豆腐柴 bao xu dou fu chai
Trees ca. 13 m tall. Branchlets and inflorescences densely
dusty yellow to gray velvety. Branchlets purple-brown, with
sparse oblong to linear lenticels, subglabrescent, nodes with a
prominent leaf scar. Petiole 1.5–2 cm; leaf blade elliptic to
broadly ovate, 6.5–17 × 5.5–10 cm, subleathery, abaxially
pubescent, adaxially shiny, base subrounded, apex abruptly
acuminate; veins 6–8 pairs, midvein abaxially very prominent.
Inflorescences spikelike thyrses with sessile cymes laxly
arranged on axis; bracts ovate, ca. 5 × 2 mm, minutely
tomentose. Calyx ca. 2 mm, 2-lipped; lips entire, yellowish
velvety. Corolla exserted from calyx, 4-lobed, tube ca. 2 mm,
pilose in throat. Stamens and style exserted; filaments glabrous.
Ovary apically pubescent. Fruit globose, 1.5–2 mm in diam. Fl.
May.
Mixed forests; 600–1300 m. SE Xizang, S Yunnan [Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India].
46. Premna herbacea Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. ed. 1832, 3: 80. 1832.
千解草 qian jie cao
Premna humilis Merrill; P. nana Collett & Hemsley;
P. obovata Merrill; Pygmaeopremna herbacea (Roxburgh)
Moldenke.
Subshrubs ca. 9 cm tall. Rhizomes woody. Branches
sparsely yellow-brown pilose or glabrous. Leaves rosulate; leaf
blade obovate-oblong to spatulate, 3–14 × 2–6(–9) cm,
sparsely pubescent and yellow glandular, base cuneate, margin
sparsely serrate to sparsely crenulate above middle or rarely
entire, apex rounded. Inflorescences paniculate capitate
corymbs, 1–2.3 × 1–2.4 cm, ca. 10-flowered; peduncle 5–13
mm, densely puberulent; bracts linear to lanceolate, 3–8 mm.
Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2.5 mm, outside pubescent and yellow
glandular. Corolla purple in bud, white in bloom, slightly
2-lipped, 4-lobed, outside puberulent. Ovary 2-locular. Fruit ca.
5 × 4 mm. Fr. Jun.
Dry places; 200–1700 m. Hainan, W Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia,
India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand,
Vietnam; Australia].
 10. TSOONGIA Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 23: 264. 1923.
假紫珠属 jia zi zhu shu
Shrubs or small trees, erect; branchlets, petioles, and peduncles rust colored tomentose when young. Leaves opposite, simple,
lobed, or palmately 3-foliolate; petiole long. Cymes axillary, lax, few flowered; peduncle shorter than petioles. Calyx small,
campanulate, 2-lipped, lower lip 2-lobed, upper lip entire, outside glandular. Corolla weakly 2-lipped, with elongated tube, throat
not bearded but with a ring of minute hairs near base; lobes 4 or 5, subequal, much shorter than tube. Stamens 4, didynamous,
inserted at middle of corolla tube, slightly exserted. Ovary 2-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule. Style elongate; stigma slightly 2-cleft.
Monotypic: China, Myanmar, and Vietnam.

1. Tsoongia axillariflora Merrill, Philipp. J. Sci. 23: 264.
1923.
假紫珠 jia zi zhu
Tsoongia axillariflora var. trifoliolata H. L. Li.
Shrubs or small trees, 1–7 m tall. Branchlets purple-red,
terete. Petiole 2–5.5 cm, pubescent, glandular; leaf blade
elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 6–15 × 3–6.5 cm, submembranous,
sparsely pubescent and glandular especially abaxially, base
broadly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute; veins
4–7 pairs, abaxially prominent. Bracts and bractlets persistent.
Calyx 2–3 mm. Corolla yellow, tube ca. 9 mm, outside
glandular. Ovary apically densely yellow glandular. Fruit
black-brown when mature, nearly ovoid, ca. 4 mm in diam.,
shiny, sparsely glandular. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.
Dense forests in mountain valleys; 900–1000 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hainan, SE Yunnan [Myanmar, Vietnam].

11. VITEX Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 638. 1753.

牡荆属 mu jing shu
Trees or shrubs. Branches glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Leaves opposite, palmately (1–)3–8-foliolate; leaflets petiolulate,
margin entire, dentate, serrate, or incised. Inflorescences terminal or axillary cymes, thyrses, or panicles; bracts usually small, often
early deciduous. Calyx campanulate, tubular, or funnelform, sometimes 2-lipped, usually truncate or shortly 5-dentate. Corolla blue,
white, or yellow, 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed with middle lobe greatly elongated, upper lip usually 2-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous,
sometimes exserted; anther locules attached only at tip, becoming divaricate. Ovary 2–4-locular; ovules 1 or 2 per locule. Style
filiform; stigma 2-cleft. Drupes subtended by enlarged calyx, globose, ovoid, or obovoid, normally 4-locular and 4-seeded but
often some locules suppressed and base of pyrene forming a hollowed cavity, endocarp a bony pyrene, mesocarp generally fleshy.
Seeds obovoid or oblong, endosperm absent; cotyledons usually fleshy.
About 250 species: chiefly tropical, few in temperate regions of both hemispheres; 14 species in China.
1a. Inflorescences axillary, subtended by normal leaves.
2a. Leaflets glabrous; inflorescences thyrses with a well-defined main axis and short lateral cymes ........ 10. V. peduncularis
2b. Leaflets pubescent; inflorescences cymes, usually rounded.
3a. Leaves often with more than 3 leaflets; cymes to 3, produced in succession from 1 axil ....................... 11. V. burmensis
3b. Leaves always 3-foliolate; cymes rarely more than 1 per axil.
4a. Corolla yellow, tube slender and cylindric .......................................................................................................... 12. V. vestita
4b. Corolla white flushed with pink or blue, tube funnelform to campanulate.
5a. Cyme branches narrowly divergent; corolla to 1.7 cm ....................................................................... 13. V. yunnanensis
5b. Cyme branches widely divergent; corolla to 1 cm ................................................................................... 14. V. duclouxii
1b. Inflorescences terminal, not subtended by normal leaves.
6a. Peduncles, pedicels, and calyces glabrous or subglabrous.
7a. Leaflets serrate; calyx distinctly dentate .............................................................................................................. 3. V. sampsonii
7b. Leaflets entire; calyx teeth rudimentary.
8a. Branchlet lenticels obscure; corolla outside puberulent .......................................................................... 1. V. kwangsiensis
8b. Branchlet lenticels conspicuous; corolla outside glabrescent ...................................................................... 2. V. tripinnata
6b. Peduncles, pedicels, and calyces pubescent.
9a. Leaflets abaxially pubescent only along main veins.
10a. Leaflets lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate; bractlets persistent in flower ................................................... 4. V. pierreana
10b. Leaflets obovate to elliptic or oblong; bractlets early deciduous ..................................................................... 5. V. quinata
9b. Leaflets abaxially densely pubescent.
11a. Leaflets with glandular hairs, adaxially glabrescent and grayish dotted; bracts deciduous ................ 6. V. canescens
11b. Leaflets puberulent, not adaxially dotted; bracts persistent.
12a. Prostrate shrubs ......................................................................................................................................... 8. V. rotundifolia
12b. Erect shrub or small trees.
13a. Leaves (1–)3(–5)-foliolate; middle leaflet sessile; calyx with 5 obscure teeth, shorter than fruit
........................................................................................................................................................................... 7. V. trifolia
13b. Leaves 3–7-foliolate; middle leaflet distinctly petiolulate; calyx with 5 distinct teeth, as long as
fruit ............................................................................................................................................................... 9. V. negundo
Flora of China 17: 1–49. 1994.
1. Vitex kwangsiensis P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3): 93.
1932.
广西牡荆 guang xi mu jing
Trees. Branchlets grayish green, obscurely lenticellate. Leaves
2–5-foliolate; petiole 2–7 cm; petiolules 1–1.5 cm; leaflets
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, abaxially bluish green, glabrous, and
yellow glandular, adaxially green and glabrescent except
pubescent along veins especially along midvein, base cuneate,
margin entire, apex acuminate to caudate-acuminate; central
leaflet 3–6.5 × 2–3.5 cm, lateral leaflets smaller. Panicles 6–10
cm; peduncle subglabrous. Calyx ca. 2.5 mm, minutely and
regularly 5-dentate, outside glabrous and glandular. Corolla
yellow; tube 3.5–6 mm, outside puberulent and glandular.
Stamens exserted; filaments puberulent on basal half. Ovary
glabrous. Style glabrous. Fruit globose. Fl. May-Jun, fr.
Jul-Sep.
• Sparse forests on mountain slopes; 300–600 m. Guangxi
(Longzhou Xian and Ningming Xian).
2. Vitex tripinnata (Loureiro) Merrill, Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc., n.s. 24(2): 335. 1935.
越南牡荆 yue nan mu jing
Tripinna tripinnata Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 391. 1790;
Vitex annamense Dop.
Shrubs or trees, 4–8 m tall. Branches gray-brown;
branchlets black-purple when dry, conspicuously lenticellate.
Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 2–5 mm; petiolules 0.5–1.7 cm;
leaflets narrowly elliptic, narrowly ovate, ovate, or obovate,
glabrous, abaxially greenish and yellow glandular, base
cuneate to subrounded, margin entire, apex acuminate to short
caudate-acuminate; central leaflet 3–11 × 2–4 cm. Panicles
6–11 cm; branches dichotomous or trichotomous; peduncle
5–10 mm. Calyx 2–3 mm, minutely 5-dentate, subglabrous,
yellow glandular. Corolla yellow to purplish; tube ca. 5 mm,
outside subglabrous and glandular, villous in throat. Stamens
exserted. Ovary glabrous. Fruit black when dry, globose, ca. 1
cm in diam. Fl. May, fr. Jun-Jul.
Forest edges on mountain slopes; 300–600 m. Hainan [Cambodia,
Vietnam].
3. Vitex sampsonii Hance, J. Bot. 6: 115. 1868.
广东牡荆 guang dong mu jing
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets sparsely pubescent to
subglabrous; buds yellowish brown puberulent. Leaves
3–5-foliolate; petiole 1–3 cm; leaflets subsessile to very short
petiolulate, elliptic-lanceolate, obovate-lanceolate, or obovate,
base acuminate to cuneate, margin coarsely dentate with 1–5
teeth per side, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse; central leaflet
1.5–4 × 1–2 cm. Panicles 10–20 cm. Calyx ca. 3 mm, teeth
acuminate at maturity, both surfaces slightly pubescent to
subglabrous. Corolla bluish purple, ca. 1 cm, both surfaces
densely pubescent. Filaments pilose at base. Ovary apically
with a few hairs. Fruiting calyx equal or longer than fruit. Fruit
subglobose, ca. 3 mm in diam.
• Mountain slopes along roadsides; 400–600 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi.
4. Vitex pierreana Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 57:
205. 1928.
莺哥木 ying ge mu
Trees 6–15 m tall; bark gray-brown. Branchlets pilose to
subglabrous. Leaves (3- or) 5-foliolate; petiole 2.5–7 cm,
sparsely hairy; petiolules 5–15 mm; central leaflet lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate, 9–14 × 2.5–5 cm, glabrous except
puberulent along midvein, abaxially yellow glandular,
adaxially grayish, base cuneate to slightly decurrent, margin
entire, apex acuminate. Panicles terminal, 13–20 cm; bracts
linear, ca. 3 mm, pubescent. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2 mm,
minutely 5-dentate, outside pubescent and glandular. Corolla
yellowish white, 5–6 mm, outside puberulent and glandular.
Filaments pilose at base. Ovary yellow glandular. Fruit black,
obovoid to subglobose, glabrous, glandular. Fl. Mar-May, fr.
May-Jul.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 300–500 m. Hainan [Laos,
Vietnam].
5. Vitex quinata (Loureiro) Williams, Bull. Herb. Boissier,
sér. 2, 5: 431. 1905.
山牡荆 shan mu jing
Trees 4–12 m tall, evergreen; bark brown. Branchlets
pubescent and glandular when young, glabrescent. Leaves
3–5-foliolate; petiole 2.5–6 cm; petiolules 0.5–2 cm; leaflets
obovate-elliptic to obovate or oblong to elliptic, thickly papery,
both surfaces shiny, abaxially yellow glandular, base cuneate,
margin entire or sometimes apically crenulate dentate, apex
acuminate, acute, or obtuse; central leaflet 5–20 × 2.5–8.5 cm.
Panicles terminal, lax, 9–18 cm, densely yellowish brown
pubescent. Calyx 2–3 mm, rudimentarily dentate, densely
yellowish brown pubescent, glandular. Corolla yellowish, 6–8
mm, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, outside pubescent and glandular.
Stamens exserted. Ovary glandular. Fruiting calyx truncate.
Fruit black, obovoid to globose, ca. 8 mm in diam. Fl. May-Jul,
fr. Aug-Sep.
200–1700 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan,
Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Indonesia,
Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand].
1a. Filaments glabrous at base ..................... 5a. var. quinata
1b. Filaments distinctly pilose at base ...... 5b. var. puberula
5a. Vitex quinata var. quinata
山牡荆 shan mu jing
Cornutia quinata Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 2: 387. 1790;
Vitex heterophylla Roxburgh.
Central leaflet obovate-elliptic to obovate, 5–9 × 2.5–4
cm, adaxially subglabrous, with appressed hairs on midvein,
and grayish dotted. Filaments widened and glabrous at base. Fl.
May-Jul, fr. Aug-Sep.
Forests on mountain slopes; 200–1200 m. Fujian, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, Malaysia,
Philippines].
5b. Vitex quinata var. puberula (H. J. Lam) Moldenke,
Phytologia 3: 489. 1951.
微毛布惊 wei mao bu jing
Vitex heterophylla Roxburgh var. puberula H. J. Lam,
Verben. Malay. Archip. 189. 1919.
Central leaflet oblong to elliptic, 15–20 × 5–8.5 cm,
adaxially glabrescent. Filaments distinctly pilose at base.
 Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
700–1700 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan
[Philippines, Thailand].
6. Vitex canescens Kurz, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist.
42(2): 101. 1873.
灰毛牡荆 hui mao mu jing
Vitex kweichowensis P'ei.
Trees 3–15(–20) m tall; bark black-brown. Branchlets
densely gray-yellow pubescent. Leaves 3–5-foliolate; petiole
(3.5–)7–10 cm; petiolules 0.5–3 cm; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate,
elliptic, or ovate, 6–18 × 2.5–9 cm, papery, abaxially densely
softly pubescent, sometimes glabrescent, and glandular,
adaxially pubescent, base cuneate to subrounded and
sometimes oblique, margin entire or obscurely undulate, apex
acuminate to acute. Thyrses 10–30 cm; peduncle densely
gray-yellow pubescent; bracts deciduous. Calyx minutely
5-dentate, outside densely pubescent and glandular, inside
pubescent. Corolla yellowish, outside densely pubescent and
glandular, pilose at insertion of stamens. Stamens exserted.
Ovary apically glandular. Style glabrous. Drupes yellow,
becoming black, globose, shiny, smooth.
Mixed forests; 200–1600 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Cambodia, India,
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
Medicinal, timber.
7. Vitex trifolia Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 638. 1753.
蔓荆 man jing
Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–5 m tall, erect. Branchlets
densely pubescent. Leaves 1–3(–5)-foliolate; petiole 1–3 cm;
leaflets sessile, oblong, lanceolate, or obovate, abaxially
densely gray tomentose, adaxially green and glabrous or
subglabrous, base cuneate, margin entire, apex obtuse, veins ca.
8 pairs and slightly prominent on both surfaces; central or
single leaflet 2.5–9 × 1.7–3 cm. Panicles 3–15 cm; peduncle
densely gray tomentose. Calyx slightly 5-dentate, outside gray
pubescent, inside glabrous. Corolla purplish to bluish purple,
6–10 mm, outside scaly white, pubescent at filament bases and
on inside of lower lobe. Stamens exserted. Ovary glabrous,
with or without glands. Style glabrous. Fruit black, subglobose,
ca. 5 mm in diam. Fl. Apr-Aug, fr. Aug-Nov.
100–1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [S
and SE Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands].
1a. Ovary without glands ...................... 7c. var. taihangensis
1b. Ovary glandular.
2a. Leaves usually 3(–5)-foliolate ........... 7a. var. trifolia
2b. Leaves both simple and compound
............................................................. 7b. var. subtrisecta
7a. Vitex trifolia var. trifolia
蔓荆 man jing
Vitex bicolor Willdenow; V. negundo Linnaeus var.
bicolor (Willdenow) H. J. Lam; V. trifolia var. bicolor
(Willdenow) Moldenke; V. trifolia var. trifoliolata Schauer.
Leaves 3(–5)-foliolate; middle leaflet 5–9 × 1.7–3 cm. Fl.
Jul, fr. Sep-Nov.
Open places or along river banks; 100–400 m. Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan [SE Asia, Australia, Pacific
Islands].
7b. Vitex trifolia var. subtrisecta (Kuntze) Moldenke,
Phytologia 8: 88. 1961.
异叶蔓荆 yi ye man jing
Vitex agnuscastus Linnaeus var. subtrisecta Kuntze,
Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 510. 1891.
Shrubs, erect. Leaves both simple and compound;
compound leaves usually 3-foliolate. Fl. Apr-Jul, fr. Sep-Nov.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
300–1700 m. Guangdong, S Yunnan [S and SE Asia, Australia, Pacific
Islands].
7c. Vitex trifolia var. taihangensis (L. B. Guo & S. Q. Zhou)
S. L. Chen, Novon 1: 58. 1991.
太行荆 tai hang jing
Vitex taihangensis L. B. Guo & S. Q. Zhou, Bull. Bot.
Res., Harbin 9(4): 61. 1989.
Shrubs, erect, 40–90 cm tall. Leaves simple or rarely
compound; blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Ovary
glabrous, without glands. Fl. Aug.
• Mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 1400 m. Shanxi (Taihang
Shan).
8. Vitex rotundifolia Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 294. 1781 (publ.
1782).
单叶蔓荆 dan ye man jing
Vitex ovata Thunberg; V. trifolia var. ovata (Thunberg)
Makino; V. trifolia var. simplicifolia Chamisso; V. trifolia var.
unifoliolata Schauer.
Shrubs, prostrate. Stems prostrate to creeping, rooting at
nodes; branchlets silky tomentose when young. Leaves mostly
1(–3)-foliolate, sessile or short petiolate; blade
obovate-spatulate, ovate-elliptic, broadly oblong-elliptic, or
circular, 2.5–5 × 1.5–3 cm, abaxially velvety to minutely silky
tomentose, adaxially usually pale dull green and pubescent,
base attenuate to rounded, margin entire, apex abruptly
subacuminate to rounded. Inflorescences terminal thyrses,
3–10 × 1–2.5 cm. Calyx cup-shaped, 4–5 mm, slightly
2-lipped, 5-denticulate, outside minutely silky tomentose and
glandular, inside glabrous. Corolla purplish mauve to lilac blue,
salverform, outside minutely silky tomentose and glandular,
villous in tube and inside on lower half of large anterior lobe of
lower lip. Stamens and style exserted. Ovary globose, glabrous,
densely glandular. Fruit dark brown when dry, globose. Fl.
Jul-Sep, fr. Sep-Nov.
Open sandy areas, usually near sea. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,
Hebei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan;
SE Asia, Pacific Islands].
Medicinal.
9. Vitex negundo Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 638. 1753.
黄荆 huang jing
Shrubs or small trees. Branchlets densely gray tomen-tose.
Leaves 3–7-foliolate; central leaflet distinctly petiolulate.
Calyx campanulate, 5-dentate, gray tomentose. Corolla
2-lipped, 5-lobed, outside puberulent. Stamens exserted. Ovary
subglabrous.
100–3200 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Nei
Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,
Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan; E Africa, S and SE Asia, Pacific
Islands].
Fiber, medicinal.
1a. Leaflets distinctly serrate.
2a. Leaflets regularly serrate, abaxially sparsely
pubescent ..................................... 9d. var. cannabifolia
2b. Leaflets irregularly serrate, abaxially densely
gray tomentose ........................... 9e. var. heterophylla
1b. Leaflets entire, rarely sparsely serrate.
3a. Inflorescences racemelike thyrses, ultimate
cymes lax ........................................ 9c. var. thyrsoides
3b. Inflorescences spikelike thyrses, ultimate cymes
compact.
4a. Central leaflet 4–13 × 1–4 cm ... 9a. var. negundo
4b. Central leaflet 1.5–4 × 0.5–1 cm
...................................................... 9b. var. microphylla
9a. Vitex negundo var. negundo
黄荆 huang jing
Vitex arborea Fischer; V. negundo f. alba P'ei; V.
negundo f. laxipaniculata P'ei; V. paniculata Lamarck.
Leaves usually (3–)5-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate,
oblong-lanceolate, broadly lanceolate, or ovate, abaxially scaly
white, adaxially green or scaly white, base cuneate, margin
entire or rarely with 1–3 teeth along apical part; central leaflet
4–13 × 1–4 cm. Inflorescences 10–27 cm; peduncle densely
gray tomentose. Fl. Apr-Jun, fr. Jul-Oct.
Mixed thickets on mountain slopes; 200–1400 m. Anhui, Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan,
Zhejiang [Japan; E Africa, S and SE Asia, Pacific Islands].
9b. Vitex negundo var. microphylla Handel-Mazzetti, Symb.
Sin. 7: 906. 1936.
小叶荆 xiao ye jing
Vitex microphylla (Handel-Mazzetti) P'ei ex C. Y. Wu.
Leaves (3–)5(–7)-foliolate; leaflets elliptic-lanceolate,
abaxially scaly white, adaxially green, base cuneate, margin
entire, apex acuminate; middle leaflet 1.5–4 × 0.5–1 cm.
Inflorescences 5–11 cm. Fruit pubescent. Fl. and fr. Jul-Nov.
• Thickets along stream banks; 1200–3200 m. Sichuan, Xizang,
Yunnan.
9c. Vitex negundo var. thyrsoides P'ei & S. L. Liou in S. L.
Liou, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 212. 1982.
拟黄荆 ni huang jing
Leaves 3–5-foliolate; leaflets lanceolate to narrowly
elliptic, abaxially gray tomentose, adaxially sparsely pubescent
or only pubescent along veins. Inflorescences large, lax,
racemelike thryses. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 300–2100 m. Guangdong,
Sichuan.
9d. Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia (Siebold & Zuccarini)
Handel-Mazzetti, Acta Horti Gothob. 9: 67. 1934.
牡荆 mu jing
Vitex cannabifolia Siebold & Zuccarini, Abh. Math.-Phys.
Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 4(3): 152. 1846; V. negundo f.
intermedia P'ei.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves (3–)5-foliolate; leaflets
lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, abaxially greenish, minutely
pilose, adaxially green, base cuneate, margin regularly coarse
serrate, apex acuminate. Panicles 10–20 cm. Corolla purplish.
Fruit black, globose. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Aug-Nov.
Mixed thickets on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
100–1100 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan,
Sichuan [India, Nepal; SE Asia].
9e. Vitex negundo var. heterophylla (Franchet) Rehder, J.
Arnold Arbor. 28: 258. 1947.
荆条 jing tiao
Vitex incisa Lamarck var. heterophylla Franchet, Nouv.
Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., sér. 2, 6: 112. 1883; V. chinensis Miller;
V. incisa Lamarck; V. negundo var. incisa (Lamarck) C. B.
Clarke.
Leaflets deeply incised, essentially pinnatifid, abaxially
densely gray tomentose.
Mixed thickets on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
200–1800 m. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu,
Jiangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan
[India; SE Asia].
10. Vitex peduncularis Wallich ex Schauer in A. de Candolle,
Prodr. 11: 687. 1847.
长序荆 chang xu jing
Trees 5–15 m tall. Branchlets sparsely pubescent when
young, glabrescent. Leaves 3-foliolate; petiole 4–7 cm;
petiolules 5–12 mm; leaflets broadly lanceolate to oblong,
glabrous, abaxially densely glandular, base cuneate and
slightly oblique, margin entire or slightly undulate and ciliate,
apex acuminate to acute; central leaflet 10–15 × 4–5 cm.
Thyrses 7–17 cm; bracts linear, early deciduous. Calyx 1.8–2.5
cm, outside pubescent and glandular, inside glabrous. Corolla
white, outside puberulent, lower lip pilose inside. Stamens
included; filaments glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Fruiting calyx
minutely 5-dentate to subtruncate. Fruit black, subglobose, ca.
7 mm in diam., with longitudinal veins when dry. Fl. and fr.
Jul-Aug.
Mixed forests; 600–1200 m. S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Cambodia,
India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam].
11. Vitex burmensis Moldenke, Phytologia 8: 30. 1961.
长叶荆 chang ye jing
Vitex lanceifolia S. C. Huang; V. lanceolata P'ei (1932),
not Turczaninow (1863).
Shrubs or trees 2–12 m tall. Branches and branchlets
pubescent, densely yellowish glandular. Leaves 3–5-foliolate;
petioles 2–12 cm; petiolules 0.3–2 cm; leaflets oblong,
lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, papery, abaxially yellow
glandular, adaxially sparsely pubescent and glandular, base
cuneate to subrounded and sometimes oblique, margin entire,
apex caudate-acuminate to acute, veins 13–15 pairs and
abaxially prominent; central leaflet 7–17 × 2.5–8 cm. Panicles
axillary, 1–3 per axil; peduncle 1.5–7 cm, densely short
pubescent, sparsely glandular. Calyx slightly 2-lipped,
5-dentate, outside pubescent and glandular, inside glabrous.
Corolla pink, ca. 1 cm, tube ca. 6 mm, both surfaces pubescent
especially on central lobe of lower lip. Stamens slightly
exserted; filaments pubescent on basal half; anthers divaricate.
Ovary glabrous, apically glandular. Style as long as corolla
tube. Fruit globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. Jun, fr. Oct.
Dense forests in moist valleys; 1300–2400 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,
Xizang, Yunnan [Myanmar].
12. Vitex vestita Wallich ex Schauer in A. de Candolle, Prodr.
11: 692. 1847.
黄毛牡荆 huang mao mu jing
Shrubs or small trees, 1–5(–8) m tall. Branchlets densely
yellow-brown pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves
3-foliolate; petiole 2–6 cm; petiolules ca. 1 cm; leaflets
elliptic-oblong to elliptic, membranous, abaxially softly tawny
pubescent villous on veins and glandular, adaxially sparsely
hispid and glandular dotted, base cuneate to rounded, margin
entire or sparsely serrate above middle, apex acuminate to
acute; central leaflet largest, 2.5–15 × 1.5–8 cm. Cymes
axillary, sometimes to 3 per axil, 2.5–4 cm, dichotomous or
trichotomous, tawny pubescent; peduncle shorter than petioles,
densely pilose; bracts linear, pilose. Calyx with a tube ca. 3
mm, minutely 5-dentate to subtruncate, outside densely
pubescent and glandular. Corolla yellowish, tube slender and
1–1.2 cm, outside yellow glandular, inside glabrous except
villous below insertion of stamens. Stamens included. Ovary
apex densely glandular. Fruiting calyx enlarged, saucer-shaped.
Drupes black, obovoid, 5–9 × 4–8 mm. Fl. Jun-Sep, fr.
Oct-Nov.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 800–1800 m. Yunnan [SE
Asia].
Some Chinese collections are described as having white or pink
flowers.
13. Vitex yunnanensis W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 9: 141. 1916.
滇牡荆 dian mu jing
Shrubs or small trees, 1–5 m tall. Branchlets and
peduncles densely minutely tomentose when young,
subglabrescent. Leaves 3–5-foliolate; petiole 1–6 cm,
yellow-brown minutely tomentose; petiolules 2–4 mm; leaflets
elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong, or ovate, abaxially greenish to
yellowish green and yellow glandular pilose on veins,
adaxially green and sparsely yellow glandular pubescent on
veins, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin subentire
and usually ciliate, apex acuminate, acute, or obtuse; central
leaflet 2.5–5.5 cm. Cymes 3–7-flowered; peduncle shorter than
petioles. Calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm, minutely 5-dentate,
teeth broadly triangular, outside pilose and glandular. Corolla
white flushed with pink or blue, to 1.7 cm; tube ventricose,
outside puberulent and glandular, villous at insertion of
filaments. Stamens slightly exserted. Ovary and style glabrous.
Fruit globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. May-Nov.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 1800–3500 m. Sichuan,
Yunnan.
14. Vitex duclouxii Dop, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse 57:
208. 1928.
金沙荆 jin sha jing
Shrubs or trees; bark dark brown. Branchlets glandular
yellow-brown pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaves
(3–)5-foliolate; petiole 2–6 cm; petiolules 1–1.5 cm; leaflets
oblong-lanceolate, abaxially pilose on veins densely so when
young, adaxially subglabrous, both surfaces yellowish
glandular, base cuneate and slightly oblique, margin entire,
apex acuminate to nearly caudate; central leaflet 5–10 × 2–3
cm. Cymes dichotomous, pubescent to subglabrous; bracts
small. Calyx campanulate, ca. 4 mm, outside pubescent and
densely glandular; teeth 5, triangular. Corolla ca. 1 cm,
2-lipped, tube ca. 6 mm, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip 2-lobed
and larger than lower lip, outside puberulent and glandular
except at base, inside puberulent on lower lip and villous at
insertion of filaments. Stamens included. Ovary glabrous.
Style as long as stamens. Fruit globose, ca. 1 cm in diam.
• Thickets along streams; 1000–2300 m. Sichuan, Xizang
(Mêdog), Yunnan.

12. GMELINA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 626. 1753.

石梓属 shi zi shu
Trees, tall shrubs, or rarely subshrubs, often climbing when young. Branchlets tomentose, often spiny. Leaves opposite,
simple, sometimes lobed, usually with large gland patches near base, often abaxially gray mealy. Inflorescences usually terminal
cymes or panicles, sometimes 1-flowered in leaf axils; cymules axillary, decussate, few flowered, short; bracts leaflike. Calyx
persistent, campanulate, enlarged in fruit, truncate, 4- or 5-dentate or lobed, often somewhat unequal or oblique, usually with large
glands. Corolla zygomorphic, ventricose funnelform, tube narrow at base, throat wide; limb oblique, ca. 2-lipped, upper lip 2-lobed
or entire, lower lip 3-lobed with middle lobe larger. Stamens 4, distinctly didynamous, inserted on basal part of corolla tube, usually
included, sometimes slightly exserted; anthers divaricate, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary (2–)4-locular; ovules pendulous or
laterally attached, often with a central cavity. Style slender, usually unequally 2-lobed or stigma awl-shaped. Fruit a succulent drupe,
endocarp bony, mesocarp fleshy. Seeds 4 or by abortion 2 or 3.
About 35 species: Asia, Australia, and New Guinea; seven species in China.
1a. Bracts rounded to broadly ovate, persistent .......................................................................................................... 1. G. szechwanensis
1b. Bracts linear, lanceolate, to ovate, deciduous before anthesis.
2a. Calyx distinctly dentate or lobed.
3a. Subshrubs or shrubs; branchlets slender; leaf blade 1.5–2.5(–5) cm .......................................................... 2. G. delavayana
3b. Trees; branchlets robust; leaf blade more than 5 cm.
4a. Calyx 1.5–1.8 cm, teeth ovate-triangular; ovary mealy; fruit shorter than calyx ................................ 3. G. hainanensis
4b. Calyx 0.3–0.5 cm, teeth sharply triangular; ovary glabrous; fruit much longer than calyx ..................... 4. G. arborea
2b. Calyx truncate.
5a. Climbing shrubs; branchlets with axillary spines; ovary glabrous ..................................................................... 5. G. asiatica
 5b. Trees; branchlets without spines; ovary pubescent or mealy.
6a. Leaves glabrous; corolla 4-lobed, glabrous ...................................................................................................... 6. G. chinensis
6b. Leaves densely puberulent; corolla 5-lobed, puberulent ................................................................................. 7. G. lecomtei
1. Gmelina szechwanensis K. Yao in S. L. Chen & K. Yao, Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 211. 1982.
四川石梓 si chuan shi zi
Trees ca. 12 m tall, deciduous; bark dark brown.
Branchlets terete, slender, striate, with elliptic white lenticels,
leaf scars prominent, white puberulent when young,
glabrescent. Petiole 2–5 cm, puberulent; leaf blade ovate to
obovate, 5–9 × 4–6.5 cm, papery, abaxially grayish green,
sparsely puberulent, and densely glandular, adaxially glabrous,
base cuneate to broadly cuneate and oblique, margin entire,
apex obtuse to acuminate, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences
terminal; peduncle densely grayish puberulent; bracts
persistent, with petioles ca. 5 mm, blade rounded to broadly
ovate, 1–2 × 1–1.5 cm, outside densely puberulent and
glandular, inside sparsely puberulent. Calyx unequally 4- or
5-dentate, outside sparsely puberulent, inside glabrous in fruit.
Ovary ovoid, glabrous. Fruit black when dry, obovoid, 1–1.5
cm in diam., shorter than persistent calyx.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along streams;
1200–3000 m. SW Sichuan.
Described from fruiting material. Allied to Gmelina delavayana
but differs in having bracts and bractlets persistent, broadly ovate to
rounded, and densely puberulent and calyces much longer than fruit.
Gmelina hainanensis can have a similar calyx to G. szechwanensis,
and these species need further study.
2. Gmelina delavayana Dop, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61: 321.
1914.
小叶石梓 xiao ye shi zi
Gmelina montana W. Smith.
Subshrubs to shrubs, 0.3–3 m tall. Branchlets terete,
slender, striate, with sparse small lenticels, puberulent when
young, glabrescent. Petiole 3–8 mm; leaf blade broadly ovate
to ovate-rhomboid, 1.5–2.5(–5) cm, abaxially glandular,
adaxially glabrous, base cuneate to broadly cuneate and
slightly oblique, margin entire or coarsely serrate below
middle, apex acuminate, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences lax
terminal thyrses, terminal flowers solitary, basal bracts leaflike,
bractlets lanceolate. Calyx campanulate, 6–8 mm, 5-dentate,
grayish glandular, outside with several disc-shaped black
glands. Corolla bluish to reddish purple, base yellow, 3–4 cm,
2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, central lobe largest, hooded; upper
lip entire or slightly 2-cleft, puberulent. Stamens slightly
exserted. Ovary glabrous, sparsely glandular. Style ± as long as
stamens, glabrous. Fruit black when dry, obovoid, 1–1.5 cm,
longer than persistent calyx. Fl. May-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.
• Thickets on mountain slopes; 1500–3000 m. SW Sichuan, NW
Yunnan.
3. Gmelina hainanensis Oliver, Hooker's Icon. Pl. 19: t. 1874.
1889.
苦梓 ku zi
Trees ca. 15 m tall; bark gray. Branchlets yellowish, leaf
scars and lenticels very prominent, pubescent when young,
glabrescent; buds brownish woolly. Petiole brown, 2–4(–6.5)
cm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate, 5–16 × 4–8
cm, papery, abaxially bluish green mealy, adaxially shiny
green and glabrous, base cuneate to truncate, apex short
acuminate to acute; veins 3 or 4 pairs, abaxially prominently
elevated. Inflorescences terminal, cymose paniculate; peduncle
6–8 cm, yellowish pubescent; bracts subsessile, leaflike,
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 0.8–1 × 0.5–2.5 cm, gray pubescent,
with circular gland patches. Calyx 1.5–1.8 cm, 2-lipped,
outside pubescent and glandular, accrescent and spreading in
fruit; teeth 5, ovate-triangular. Corolla pinkish white, red, or
rarely yellowish, darker in center, 3.5–4.5 cm, tube ca. 2.5 cm.
Stamens sparsely glandular. Ovary pubescent. Fruit ovoid,
2–2.2 × 1.5 cm, as long as fruiting calyx. Fl. May-Jun, fr.
Jun-Sep.
Open grassy hillsides, sparse forests; 300–500 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hainan, S Jiangxi [Vietnam].
Fine timber.
4. Gmelina arborea Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 3: 41. 1815.
云南石梓 yun nan shi zi
Trees ca. 15 m tall; bark grayish brown; branchlets,
petioles, and inflorescences densely yellow-brown tomentose.
Branchlets slightly 4-angled when young, becoming terete,
lenticellate, leaf scars prominent. Petiole terete, 3.5–10 cm;
leaf blade broadly ovate, 8–19 × 4.5–15 cm, thickly papery,
base broadly cuneate to subcordate, apex acuminate; veins 3–5
pairs, abaxially prominent. Inflorescences terminal, narrow
thyrses; peduncle 15–30 cm. Calyx 3–5 mm, with several black
discoid gland patches; teeth 5, sharply triangular. Corolla
yellow, 3–4 cm, 2-lipped, sparsely glandular; lower lip 3-lobed,
outside yellowish brown puberulent, inside glabrous; upper lip
entire or slightly 2-cleft. Ovary glabrous, glandular. Stigma
unequally 2-cleft. Drupes yellow when ripe and black when
dry, ellipsoid to obovoid-ellipsoid, 1.5–2 cm. Fl. Apr-May, fr.
May-Jul.
Open forests along roadsides and near farm houses; below 1500
m. S Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
Allied to Gmelina asiatica but differs in having erect
inflorescences and larger leaves.
5. Gmelina asiatica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 626. 1753.
亚洲石梓 ya zhou shi zi
Shrubs, climbing, 1–3(–10) m tall, usually with spines
and minute yellowish brown hairs on young shoots. Petiole
0.5–4.5 cm; leaf blade ovate to obovate, 3–5(–9) × 2.2–3
(–8.5) cm, papery, abaxially dark brown villous and glandular,
adaxially glabrescent, base cuneate, margin entire or ca.
3–5-lobed, apex acuminate, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences
terminal, usually pendulous, few to many flowered; primary
floral branches very short, 1–5-flowered; bracts leaflike, small
to large. Flowers pendulous. Calyx 3–6 × 2.5–4 mm, outside
densely dark brown pubescent and with 2 to several
disc-shaped glands, inside glabrous. Corolla yellow, 2–5 cm,
2-lipped and 4-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip entire,
outside with scattered appressed hairs, inside with dense
glandular hairs. Filaments with dense glandular hairs. Ovary
4-locular, glabrous. Style slender, hardly exserted, apically
curved; stigma unequally 2-cleft. Drupes yellow, ovoid to
obovoid, glabrous.
 Mixed forests; 400–800 m. Guangdong, S Guangxi [Bangla-desh,
Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
Vietnam].
Differs from other species in its climbing habit, branch spines,
small leaves, and long narrow corollas.
6. Gmelina chinensis Bentham, Fl. Hongk. 272. 1861.
石梓 shi zi
Trees or shrubs, 3–12 m tall; bark gray. Branchlets
yellow-brown pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole
2–5.5 cm, channeled, pubescent when young, glabrescent; leaf
blade ovate-elliptic to ovate, 5–15 × 3–7(–9) cm, papery to
thickly papery, abaxially bluish green mealy with gland
patches scattered to almost absent, adaxially glabrous, base
cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate, veins 3–5 pairs.
Inflorescences terminal thyrses; bracts leaflike, deciduous.
Calyx truncate, 5–12 mm, outside densely gray downy and
with several disc-shaped glands, inside glabrous and sparsely
glandular. Corolla white or pinkish, 3–3.5 cm, throat ca. 2.5 cm
in diam., outside densely glandular, inside sparsely glandular.
Ovary apically densely pubescent, basally glabrous. Drupes
obovoid, ca. 2.2 × 1.5 cm, apex truncate. Fl. Apr-May, fr. Aug.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 500–1200 m. Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou.
7. Gmelina lecomtei Dop, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 61: 322.
1914.
越南石梓 yue nan shi zi
Trees ca. 15 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled and densely
yellow pubescent when young, becoming terete and glabrous,
sparsely lenticellate. Petiole terete, 6–7 cm, channeled, yellow
puberulent; leaf blade ovate-elliptic to ovate, 9–20 × 6–12 cm,
abaxially bluish green, yellowish brown puberulent, and gray
glandular, adaxially subglabrous except pubescent along veins,
base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire, apex
acuminate to acute; veins 3 or 4 pairs, abaxially very prominent,
reticulate, adaxially pitted. Inflorescences terminal cymose
panicles, cymes narrowly divergent, proximal cymes as long as
panicle; bracts deciduous, linear to linear-lanceolate, 5–7 mm,
densely puberulent, black disc-shaped glandular. Calyx
cup-shaped, almost rotate in fruit, 5–8 mm. Corolla yellow, ca.
3 cm; lobes 5, equal, rounded. Stamens slightly exserted.
Ovary ovoid, pubescent. Style sparsely glandular. Fruit
obovoid, 2.5–4 cm, fleshy. Fl. Jun-Jul, fr. Jul-Sep.
Open forests; 200–1000 m. Yunnan (Hekou Xian and Pingbian
Xian) [Laos, Vietnam].

13. GARRETTIA Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937: 71. 1937.
辣莸属 la you shu
Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or 3-lobed. Cymes usually axillary, with monochasial branches. Flowers minute. Calyx
campanulate, minutely 5-dentate or subtruncate. Corolla 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip usually 2-lobed, lobes entire.
Stamens didynamous, shorter or longer than corolla. Ovary 2-locular when young, becoming 4-locular; ovules 1 per locule. Stigma
2-cleft. Fruiting calyx inflated. Schizocarp globose, reticulately ridged, breaking into 4 mericarps each enclosing 1 seed.
One or two species: SE Asia, one species in China.

1. Garrettia siamensis Fletcher, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew
1937: 71. 1937.
辣莸 la you
Shrubs 1–1.5(–4) m tall. Branchlets 4-angled and brown
puberulent when young, becoming terete and glabrous. Petiole
1.5–5 cm, puberulent; leaf blade ovate, 4.5–8 × 2–4 cm,
papery, abaxially greenish, adaxially green, both surfaces
puberulent and golden glandular especially abaxially, base
rounded to slightly cordate, margin serrulate, apex acuminate,
veins 4–6 pairs. Cymes with up to 4 monochasial branches;
peduncle 1–1.5 cm; bracts linear-lanceolate. Calyx ca. 1.5 mm,
membranous. Corolla with a tube 1.5–2 mm, 2-lipped, lower
lip ca. 2 mm, upper lip ca. 1 mm, pilose at insertion of
filaments. Stamens slightly exserted. Schizocarp globose,
1.5–2 mm in diam., densely yellow glandular, surface
reticulate, apex truncate, flattened.
Open forests on mountain slopes in calcareous soil; 600–1200 m.
SE Yunnan [Indonesia, Thailand].

14. CLERODENDRUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 637. 1753.

大青属 da qing shu

Shrubs or small trees, rarely subshrubs or herbs, erect or rarely climbing, deciduous or evergreen. Branchlets usually 4-angled
when young. Leaves simple, opposite or rarely whorled. Inflorescences loosely cymose or capitate, in terminal or rarely axillary
paniculate thyrses. Calyx campanulate or cup-shaped, ca. 5-dentate or deeply 5-lobed. Corolla with a slender tube; lobes 5,
spreading. Stamens 4, ± exserted. Ovary 4-locular; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Style with 2 acute stigmatic lobes.
Fruiting calyx ± inflated. Fruit a drupe with 4 1-seeded pyrenes, sometimes separating into 2 2-loculed or 4 1-locular mericarps.
About 400 species: mostly tropical and subtropical, few in temperate Asia, Africa, and America; 34 species in China.

1a. Corolla tube 5 cm or longer; leaves in whorls of 3–5 ..................................................................................................... 1. C. indicum

1b. Corolla tube less than 5 cm; leaves opposite, rarely in whorls of 3.
2a. Calyx truncate or subtruncate at anthesis.
3a. Subshrubs 0.3–0.5 m tall; leaf blade membranous; calyx ca. 2 mm; corolla tube ca. 5 mm, lobes ca. 5 mm
................................................................................................................................................................................. 33. C. subscaposum
 3b. Shrubs 1–4 m tall; leaf blade papery; calyx ca. 5 mm; corolla tube ca. 7 mm, lobes 6–12 mm ............... 34. C. serratum
2b. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-dentate at anthesis.
4a. Inflorescences 3–10-flowered.
5a. Corolla tube equal or slightly longer than calyx; calyx lobes triangular-ovate to broadly ovate ..... 10. C. fortunatum
5b. Corolla tube much longer than calyx; calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate.
6a. Leaf blade papery; inflorescences terminal; calyx deeply lobed, lobes ca. 1 cm, triangular-lanceolate
........................................................................................................................................................................ 31. C. griffithianum
6b. Leaf blade thick papery; inflorescences axillary or rarely subterminal; calyx dentate or subtruncate in
fruit ............................................................................................................................................................................ 32. C. inerme
4b. Inflorescences more than 10-flowered.
7a. Leaf blade abaxially with numerous peltate glands usually covered with a sand-colored secretion.
8a. Leaf blade shallowly palmately 3–5-lobed ............................................................................................. 4. C. paniculatum
8b. Leaf blade not lobed.
9a. Stamens ca. 2 cm .................................................................................................................................... 2. C. intermedium
9b. Stamens 4.5–7.5 cm ................................................................................................................................... 3. C. japonicum
7b. Leaf blade abaxially with few or no peltate glands.
10a. Leaf blade 2–3 × as long as wide.
11a. Inflorescences capitate or flat-topped cymes with a short axis.
12a. Leaf blade densely yellow glandular on both surfaces ................................................. 11. C. luteopunctatum
12b. Leaf blade without glands or glands only on 1 surface.
13a. Inflorescences capitate, ca. 5.5 cm; calyx lobes lanceolate, reflexed at anthesis
.................................................................................................................................. 12. C. ervatamioides
13b. Inflorescences flat-topped, 7–16 cm; calyx lobes triangular-lanceolate, erect at
anthesis.
14a. Leaf blade papery; corolla tube ca. 1 cm; calyx 3–4 mm ................................... 13. C. cyrtophyllum
14b. Leaf blade membranous; corolla tube 2–3 cm; calyx 6–7 mm ..................... 14. C. kwangtungense
11b. Inflorescences thyrsoid with an elongated axis.
15a. Branchlets 4-angled, winged ............................................................................................................ 5. C. wallichii
15b. Branchlets terete or slightly 4-angled, not winged.
16a. Inflorescences more than 15 cm; leaf blade usually membranous ............................. 9. C. longilimbum
16b. Inflorescences less than 15 cm; leaf blade usually papery.
17a. Leaf pairs with unequal blades and petioles ............................................................ 6. C. garrettianum
17b. Leaf pairs with equal blades and petioles.
18a. Leaves black when dry; inflorescences slightly pendulous, racemosely arranged
thyrses; calyx lobes ovate-oblong ................................................................................... 7. C. henryi
18b. Leaves green when dry; inflorescences thyrsoid cymes; calyx lobes triangular-
lanceolate ..................................................................................................................... 8. C. hainanense
10b. Leaf blade less than to 2 × as long as wide.
19a. Cymes not crowded.
20a. Inflorescences without a distinct axis.
21a. Leaf blade adaxially sparsely pubescent to subglabrous, abaxially puberulent; calyx densely
pubescent; corolla lobes without glands ................................................................. 24. C. colebrookianum
21b. Leaf blade adaxially sparsely strigose, abaxially strigose only on veins; calyx puberulent;
corolla lobes glandular outside .......................................................................................... 25. C. kaichianum
20b. Inflorescences with a distinct axis.
22a. Inflorescences rounded ................................................................................................................ 26. C. villosum
22b. Inflorescences flat topped.
23a. Calyx 3–6 mm, teeth awl-shaped or narrowly triangular.
24a. Leaf blade papery, abaxially densely small glandular; calyx ca. 6 mm, teeth
narrowly triangular ................................................................................................. 27. C. kiangsiense
24b. Leaf blade subleathery, abaxially without glands; calyx 3–4 mm, teeth awl-shaped
................................................................................................................................. 28. C. mandarinorum
23b. Calyx 11–15 mm, teeth ovate-elliptic or ovate.
25a. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles densely tomentose and glandular; stamens equal
to or slightly longer than corolla tube; style slightly longer than stamens
................................................................................................................................... 29. C. brachystemon
25b. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles ± pubescent to subglabrous; stamens exserted;
style shorter than stamens ................................................................................... 30. C. trichotomum
19b. Cymes crowded.
26a. Inflorescences axillary.
27a. Leaf blade subglabrous; bracts deciduous in fruit ....................................................................... 15. C. peii
27b. Leaf blade densely pubescent; bracts persistent in fruit ............................................... 16. C. bracteatum
26b. Inflorescences terminal.
28a. Plants densely villous; calyx longer than fruit, without peltate glands ........................ 17. C. canescens
 28b. Plants pilose or tomentose; calyx shorter than fruit, with peltate glands.
29a. Calyx and bracts pubescent with densely purplish red jointed glands ................... 18. C. tibetanum
29b. Calyx and bracts pubescent but not as above.
30a. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate or lanceolate.
31a. Corolla lobes elliptic to ovate, ca. 10 mm ........................................................ 19. C. chinense
31b. Corolla lobes obovate, 5–7 mm ............................................................................ 20. C. lindleyi
30b. Calyx lobes narrowly triangular, triangular, triangular-lanceolate, or ovate-
lanceolate.
32a. Corolla tube shorter than or equal to calyx; leaf blade adaxially strigose,
abaxially densely yellowish brown pubescent especially on veins ........ 21. C. yunnanense
32b. Corolla tube longer than calyx; leaf blade adaxially sparsely pubescent, abaxially
sparsely glandular pubescent, subglabrous, or pubescent on veins.
33a. Bractlets lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm; calyx 2–6 mm, lobes narrowly triangular to
triangular, not longer than calyx tube ............................................................ 22. C. bungei
33b. Bractlets linear, 0.5–0.8 cm; calyx 10–15 mm, lobes triangular-lanceolate,
longer than calyx tube ...................................................................................... 23. C. confine
1. Clerodendrum indicum (Linnaeus) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl.
??桐 cheng tong
2: 506. 1891.
Volkameria japonica Thunberg, Nova Acta Regiae Soc.
长管大青 chang guan da qing Sci. Upsal. 3: 203. 1780; Clerodendrum darrisii H. Léveillé; C.
Siphonanthus indica Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 109. 1753; esquirolii H. Léveillé; C. japonicum var. album P'ei; C.
Clerodendrum siphonanthus R. Brown. kaempferi (Jacquin) Siebold; C. kaempferi var. album (P'ei)
Moldenke; C. squamatum Vahl; Volkameria kaempferi
Subshrubs to shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets purple to Jacquin.
purplish, channeled, smooth. Leaves whorled with 3–5 per Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, pubescent to
node or opposite, sessile or subsessile, with nodal hairs at subglabrous, nodes sometimes villous. Petiole 0.5–15(–27) cm,
petiole base; leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to densely yellow-brown pubescent; leaf blade subcordate,
oblong-lanceolate, 10–21 × 1.3–2.5 cm, membranous, 8–35 × 6–27 cm, sparsely pubescent, abaxially densely
glabrous, base attenuate, margin entire or sinuate, apex short covered with numerous peltate glands often covered with a
acuminate; midvein prominent, veins 10–12 pairs. sand-colored secretion, base cordate, margin sparsely serrulate
Inflorescences terminal leafy thyrses, 20–45 × 10–15 cm; to dentate, apex acuminate to acute. Inflorescences terminal
cymes red, few flowered; peduncle to 3 cm; bracts thyrses, 15–34 × 13–35 cm; bracts and bractlets usually
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 1–2 cm; bractlets awl-shaped. reddish. Calyx red, 1–1.5 cm, deeply 5-lobed, pubescent,
Calyx 1–1.5 cm, divided 3/4 to base, densely minute round outside sandy glandular; lobes ovate-lanceolate to ovate,
glandular; lobes ovate-lanceolate, 8–15 × 3–6 mm, apex acute. 0.7–1.3 cm. Corolla white or red, tube 1.5–2.2 cm; lobes
Corolla white, becoming cream colored; tube funnelform, oblong, 1–1.5 cm. Stamens and style 3 × or more longer than
curved, 5–9 cm; lobes spreading, lanceolate, elliptic, or corolla tube. Fruiting calyx much longer than fruit, becoming
ovate-oblong, 8–15 × 3–6 mm, apex obtuse. Stamens long reflexed. Drupes green when young, blue-black at maturity,
exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style longer than stamens. Fruiting subglobose, 7–10 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. May-Nov.
calyx crimson, to 3.8 cm in diam., leathery. Drupes dark blue,
ca. 1.2 cm in diam., 2–4-lobed depending on number of Thickets in valleys, along streams, in grassy openings; 100–1200
pyrenes. Fl. and fr. Aug-Nov. m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu, S Jiangxi,
Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, S Zhejiang [Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Roadsides on mountain slopes; 500–1000 m. Guangdong, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Vietnam].
Yunnan [Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal,
Thailand]. Medicinal, ornamental.

Medicinal, ornamental. 4. Clerodendrum paniculatum Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 90. 1767.

2. Clerodendrum intermedium Chamisso, Linnaea 7: 105
(typ. err. 150). 1832.
垦丁苦林盘 ken ding ku lin pan
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branches 4-angled. Leaf blade ovate,
8–20 cm, abaxially glandular dotted, base cordate, margin
shallowly dentate, apex acuminate. Panicles terminal, bright
red, to 25 cm. Flowers odorless. Corolla tube slender, ca. 1 cm;
lobes oblong, subequal, spreading. Stamens red to purplish, ca.
2 cm, deflexed to recurved. Fruiting calyx enlarged, red,
spreading to reflexed. Fruit blue, depressed globose, ca. 1 cm
in diam.
300–500 m. S Taiwan [Indonesia, Philippines].
Specimens of this species have not been seen by the authors.
3. Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunberg) Sweet, Hort. Brit.
322. 1826.
圆齿大青 yuan chi da qing
Clerodendrum pyramidale Andrews; Volkameria
angu-lata Loureiro.
Shrubs ca. 1 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, subglabrous to
pubescent, nodes villous. Leaves palmately lobed; petiole 3–11
cm, yellow-brown pubescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to
subrounded, 5–17 × 7.5–19 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent
and sandy glandular, adaxially sparsely pubescent to
subglabrous, base cordate, margin entire or minutely
denticulate, apex acute. Inflorescences conical to rounded
thyrses, 15–26 × 16–22 cm; peduncle long; bracts
ovate-lanceolate to ovate; bractlets linear. Calyx ca. 7 mm,
deeply 5-lobed, dotted; lobes usually lanceolate, ca. 5 mm.
Corolla red to orange, tube 1–1.5 cm, dotted, outside pubescent,
inside subglabrous; lobes oblong to ovate, spreading. Stamens
and style 4 × as long as corolla tube. Drupes globose, 5–9 mm
in diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-Feb.
 Wet places; 100–500 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan
[Bang-ladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Thailand, Vietnam].
5. Clerodendrum wallichii Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 33: 220.
1952.
垂茉莉 chui mo li
Clerodendrum nutans Wallich ex D. Don (1825), not Jack
(1820).
Shrubs or small trees, 2–4 m tall, erect. Branchlets
4-angled, ± winged, glabrous. Petiole ca. 1 cm; leaf blade oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, 11–18 × 2.5–4 cm, subleathery, glabrous,
base narrowly cuneate, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute;
veins 7 or 8 pairs, adaxially slightly distinct. Inflorescences
pendent thyrses, 20–33 cm, glabrous, axis and peduncle
4-angled or winged; bracts small, linear to awl-shaped. Calyx
red to purple, ca. 1 cm, tube very short; lobes ovate-lanceolate,
7–8 mm. Corolla white, tube ca. 1.1 cm; lobes ovate, 1.1–1.5
cm. Stamens and style exserted. Fruiting calyx red to purple,
inflated, thickened. Drupes yellow-green when young, black
and shiny at maturity, globose, 1–1.3 cm in diam. Fl. and fr.
Oct-Apr.
Open forests on mountain slopes; 100–1200 m. SW Guangxi,
Xizang, SW Yunnan [Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Vietnam].
6. Clerodendrum garrettianum Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform.
1911: 444. 1911.
泰国垂茉莉 tai guo chui mo li
Shrubs 1–2 m tall, usually climbing; bark yellow-brown,
gray-brown, or brown. Branchlets slender, pubescent when
young, glabrescent. Petiole 0.5–7 cm, unequally paired,
pubescent; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 4–17 × 2–7 cm, pairs
usually unequal, thinly papery to papery, pubescent, base
broadly cuneate to truncate, margin entire and ciliate, apex
acuminate to short caudate; veins 5–7 pairs, midvein and
lateral veins distinct. Panicles of thyrsoid cymes, 3.5–11 cm;
bracts lanceolate, 0.5–2 cm, apex acuminate. Calyx ca. 0.7 mm,
deeply 5-lobed, outside pubescent; lobes narrowly lanceolate,
ca. 5 mm. Corolla greenish to yellowish greenish, outside
pubescent; tube slender, ca. 1.5 cm; lobes 6–8 mm. Stamens
and style exserted. Fruiting calyx slightly inflated, reflexed.
Drupes red, globose, ca. 6 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug-Nov.
Dense forests on mountain slopes; 500–1100 m. S and SW
Yunnan [Laos, Thailand].
7. Clerodendrum henryi P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China 1(3):
152. 1932.
南垂茉莉 nan chui mo li
Shrubs 1.5–3 m tall. Branchlets slightly 4-angled when
young, becoming terete, glabrous. Petiole 2–7 cm, glabrous;
leaf blade ± black when dry, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate, or
elliptic, 7–21 × 2–7 cm, papery, subglabrous, base cuneate to
broadly cuneate, margin entire, slightly undulate, or irregularly
dentate, apex acuminate to caudate; veins 7 or 8 pairs,
abaxially prominent. Inflorescences racemosely arranged
thyrses, slightly pendulous, 9–15 cm; peduncle slender,
glabrous; bracts linear, lanceolate, or elliptic-lanceolate,
0.5–1.7 cm. Calyx purplish, 6–9 mm, glabrous; lobes
ovate-oblong, 4–6 mm. Corolla white, yellowish, or rarely
purplish, tube 1–1.9 cm, outside puberulent; lobes ovate, 6–8
mm. Stamens and styles exserted. Fruiting calyx purple,
enlarged. Drupes black, globose, 1–1.2 cm in diam. Fl. and fr.
Sep-Jan.
• Forests on mountain slopes or along valleys; 700–1200 m. SW
Yunnan.
8. Clerodendrum hainanense Handel-Mazzetti, Oesterr. Bot.
Z. 80: 343. 1931.
海南??桐 hai nan cheng tong
Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branchlets green, 4-angled,
sub-glabrous to pubescent when young, becoming yellowish
brown to gray, terete, and glabrous. Petiole 0.5–2.5 cm; leaf
blade oblanceolate, narrowly elliptic, or obovate, 7–26 × 2–8
cm, membranous to papery, glabrous, abaxially densely small
yellowish glandular, base narrowly cuneate to cuneate, margin
entire, apex short caudate, veins 6–11 pairs. Inflorescences
terminal, rarely axillary, lax thyrses, 8–14 cm, lateral cymes
dichasial with peduncle to 3 cm; bracts linear to awl-shaped,
2–8 mm. Calyx pinkish to purple, ca. 5 mm; lobes
triangular-lanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Corolla white, 0.5–4 cm, tube
slender, outside puberulent and glandular; lobes obovate, 6–8
mm. Stamens long exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style longer than
stamens. Fruiting calyx rotate, leathery. Drupes purple,
globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Sep-Dec.
• Forests on mountain slopes; 200–900 m. Guangxi, Hainan.
9. Clerodendrum longilimbum P'ei, Mem. Sci. Soc. China
1(3): 151. 1932.
长叶大青 chang ye da qing
Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, glabrous. Petiole
2–6 cm; leaf blade elliptic, 2–20 × 4–8 cm, membranous,
subglabrous or adaxially sparsely puberulent, base broadly
cuneate to rounded, margin entire or slightly undulate, apex
acuminate; veins 7 or 8 pairs, abaxially distinct. Panicles
terminal, narrow; peduncle slender; bracts linear to lanceolate,
deciduous in fruit. Calyx campanulate, 7–9 mm, deeply
5-lobed, glabrous or sparsely puberulent; lobes oblong to
elliptic, 4–6 mm. Corolla yellowish or white, tube 1.5–1.8 cm,
outside puberulent and glandular; lobes spatulate, ca. 8 mm.
Stamens and style long exserted. Fruiting calyx red, inflated.
Drupes globose. Fl. and fr. Aug-Dec.
Dense forests on mountain slopes; 400–2400 m. W Guangxi, S
Yunnan [Vietnam].
Allied to Clerodendrum wallichii but differs in having elliptic
membranous leaf blades and corolla tubes 1.5–1.8 cm.
10. Clerodendrum fortunatum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 889.
1763.
白花灯笼 bai hua deng long
Clerodendrum castaneifolium Hooker & Arnott; C.
lividum Lindley; C. oxysepalum Miquel; C. pentagonum
Hance; C. pumilum (Loureiro) Sprengel; Volkameria pumila
Loureiro.
Shrubs ca. 2.5 m tall. Branches densely yellow-brown
pubescent when young; branchlets dark brown. Petiole
0.5–3(–4) cm, densely yellow-brown pubescent; leaf blade
elliptic, ovate-lanceolate, or rarely ovate-elliptic, 5–17.5 ×
1.5–5 cm, papery, abaxially pubescent and densely small
yellow glandular, adaxially pubescent, base cuneate to broadly
cuneate, margin entire, undulate, or sparsely dentate-serrate,
apex acuminate. Cymes axillary, shorter than subtending
leaves, 3–9(–18)-flowered; peduncle 1–4 cm, densely brown
pubescent; bracts linear, densely brown pubescent. Calyx
purple, deeply 5-lobed, outside pubescent, inside glabrous;
lobes broadly ovate, forming 5 angles with their united edges.
Corolla white or pinkish, salverform; tube straight, somewhat
funnelform, slightly longer than calyx; limb oblique; lobes
oblong, ca. 6 mm, reflexed. Stamens longer than corolla,
declinate, inserted at ± middle of tube, base pubescent; anthers
dark brown, sagittate, smooth. Style filiform, shorter than
stamens. Fruiting calyx inflated. Drupes dark blue-green,
subglobose, ca. 5 mm in diam., enclosed by calyx. Fl. and fr.
Jun-Nov.
Mountain slopes along roadsides; 1000 m. Fujian, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Jiangxi [Philippines, Vietnam].
Medicinal.
11. Clerodendrum luteopunctatum P'ei & S. L. Chen in P'ei,
L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng, & T. D. Zhuang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis
Sin. 65(1): 212. 1982.
黄腺大青 huang xian da qing
Shrubs 2–4 m tall. Branchlets and stems with yellowish
elliptic lenticels, densely rust colored pubescent. Petiole 1–5
cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 7–15 ×
2.5–5 cm, papery, pubescent especially on veins, densely
yellow glandular, base broadly cuneate to rounded and rarely
oblique, margin entire and ciliate, apex acuminate to caudate,
veins 4–7 pairs, adaxially prominent. Inflorescences terminal
corymbose cymes; bracts purple, lanceolate, 10–15 × 2–4 mm,
apex acute, yellow glandular. Calyx red, campanulate, ca. 1.3
cm, submembranous, deeply 5-lobed, glandular; lobes
lanceolate, ca. 9 mm. Corolla white, tube 2–2.5 cm; lobes
oblong, ca. 5 mm. Stamens exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style
shorter than or equal to stamens. Drupes subglobose, ca. 6 mm
in diam., enclosed in calyx. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
• Thicket on mountain slopes and along roadsides; 600–1200 m.
Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan.
12. Clerodendrum ervatamioides C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1:
460. 1977.
狗牙大青 gou ya da qing
Shrubs 0.8–3 m tall, erect to climbing. Branchlets grayish
brown to brown, 4-angled when young, becoming subterete,
sparsely lenticellate, densely minutely hirsute to subglabrous.
Petiole 0.5–1.6 cm, densely minutely hirsute; leaf blade oblong
to elliptic, 5.5–12.5 cm, subleathery, adaxially subglabrous,
base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin entire or slightly
undulate, apex caudate; veins 5 or 6 pairs, abaxially prominent.
Cymes terminal, capitate, erect, ca. 5.5 cm; peduncle ca. 7 mm;
bracts linear, 4–7 mm, densely minutely hirsute. Pedicel
densely minutely hirsute. Calyx red, campanulate, 1–1.3 cm,
outside sparsely minutely hirsute and glandular, inside
glabrous and sparsely scaly glandular; lobes reflexed. Corolla
white, ca. 3.3 cm, tube slender, outside glandular; lobes
ovate-lanceolate, ca. 6 mm. Stamens exserted. Style longer
than stamens. Fruiting calyx enlarged, thickened. Drupes
subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Apr-May.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 100–700 m. Yunnan.
Allied to Clerodendrum garrettianum but differs in having
shorter capitate inflorescences and longer corolla tube with shorter
lobes.
13. Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turczaninow, Bull. Soc.
Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 36(3): 222. 1863.
大青 da qing
Shrubs or small trees, 1–10 m tall. Branchlets
yellow-brown, pubescent. Petiole 1–8 cm; leaf blade oblong,
oblong-lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate-elliptic, 6–20 × 3–9 cm,
papery, glabrous or sparsely pubescent along veins, abaxially
glandular, base rounded to cuneate, margin entire or rounded
serrate, apex acuminate to acute, veins 6–10 pairs.
Inflorescences corymbose, formed from terminal and
subterminal cymes, 7–16 × 8–25 cm; bracts linear, 3–7 mm.
Flowers small, fragrant. Calyx yellow-brown, cup-shaped, 3–4
mm, outside minutely tomentose and glandular, inside
glabrous; lobes ca. 1 mm. Corolla white, ca. 1 cm, tube slender,
sparsely puberulent, glandular; lobes ovate, ca. 5 mm. Stamens
and style exserted. Ovary glabrous. Fruiting calyx red. Drupes
blue-purple, obovate to globose, 5–10 mm in diam. Fl. and fr.
Jun-Feb.
500–1700 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan,
Zhejiang [Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam].
1a. Leaf blade entire ............................ 13a. var. cyrtophyllum
1b. Leaf blade rounded serrate ........... 13b. var. kwangsiense
13a. Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum var. cyrtophyllum
大青 da qing
Clerodendrum amplius Hance; C. formosanum
Maximowicz; Cordia venosa Hemsley.
Leaf blade oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate-elliptic, or
elliptic, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute. Inflorescences
10–16 × 20–25 cm. Fl. and fr. Jun-Feb.
Forests on mountain slopes or along streams; below 1700 m.
Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Hubei,
Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Korea, Malaysia,
Vietnam].
13b. Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum var. kwangsiense S. L.
Chen & T. D. Zhuang in P'ei, L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng, & T. D.
Zhuang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 212. 1982.
广西大青 guang xi da qing
Leaf blade oblong, margin rounded serrate, apex obtuse.
Inflorescences 7–12 × 8–15 cm.
• Thickets on mountain slopes; 500–1000 m. Guangxi.
14. Clerodendrum kwangtungense Handel-Mazzetti, Akad.
Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 59: 111. 1922.
广东大青 guang dong da qing
Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets yellowish brown, pubescent.
Petiole 1–4(–7) cm, slightly pubescent; leaf blade oblong to
ovate, 6–18 × 2–7 cm, membranous, both surfaces glabrous
except for pubescent veins, base broadly cuneate to
subrounded, margin entire, irregularly serrate, or slightly
undulate, apex acuminate to caudate, veins 4–6 pairs.
Inflorescences erect, lax corymbose cymes, 7–12 × 8–15 cm,
densely pubescent; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
0.8–1.2 cm; bractlets linear to lanceolate. Calyx 6–7 mm, tube
as long as lobes, deeply 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate to triangular,
outside sparsely puberulent. Corolla white, 2–3 cm, tube
slender; lobes oblong, 4–5 mm. Stamens and style exserted.
Fruiting calyx red, inflated. Drupes globose, 5–6 cm in diam.
Fl. and fr. Aug-Nov.
• Forests, forest edges; 600–1300 m. N Guangdong, NE Guangxi,
NE Guizhou, Hunan, Yunnan.
Medicinal.
15. Clerodendrum peii Moldenke, Geogr. Distr. Avicenn. 79.
1942.
长梗大青 chang geng da qing
Shrubs 1–3(–7) m tall. Branchlets 4-angled, densely
yellowish brown pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole
6–11.5 cm, yellowish brown pubescent when young,
glabrescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to cordate, 6–17.5 ×
6.2–12.5 cm, when young both surfaces puberulent especially
on veins and small glandular, glabrescent, with several large
glands near base, base broadly cuneate, truncate, or cordate,
margin entire or sparsely undulate, apex acuminate. Cymes
axillary, capitate; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.9
cm, puberulent, sparsely glandular, deciduous in fruit. Calyx
cup-shaped, ca. 8 mm, outside pubescent and large glandular;
lobes triangular, ca. 2 mm. Corolla white or pink, ca. 1.4 cm,
tube funnelform. Stamens and style exserted. Fruiting calyx
red, ca. 6 mm, reflexed. Drupes green when young, blue-black
at maturity, subglobose, 5–7 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
• Forests along streams and roadsides; 1400–2400 m. S Yunnan.
16. Clerodendrum bracteatum Wallich ex Walpers, Repert.
Bot. Syst. 4: 106. 1845.
苞花大青 bao hua da qing
Shrubs or small trees, 3–4(–10) m tall. Branchlets
4-angled, densely yellowish brown tomentose. Petiole 2.5–4.5
cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade ovate to broadly ovate,
11–16 × 6–10 cm, abaxially densely villous, adaxially
strigose-minutely hirsute, both surfaces yellow to orange
glandular dotted, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate, margin
entire or subentire, apex acuminate. Inflorescences axillary,
cymelike capitula; peduncle 3.5–13 cm; bracts persistent,
elliptic to ovate, 1–3 cm, apex acuminate to caudate, pubescent,
glandular. Calyx red, ca. 1.6 cm, membranous, deeply 5-lobed,
outside puberulent, with several small and large glands, inside
glabrous; lobes ovate-lanceolate, ca. 1.1 cm, acuminate.
Corolla white, 1.8–3.5 cm; tube slender, outside puberulent
and glandular, inside glabrous; lobes oblong, 6–8 mm.
Stamens equal or slightly longer than style. Drupes enclosed in
calyx, green when young, purple-black at maturity, subglobose,
ca. 6 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jul-Nov.
Bamboo or mixed forests on mountain slopes; 900–1900 m. NW
Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh, Bhutan, India].
Allied to Clerodendrum peii but differs in having densely
yellow-brown tomentose branchlets, petioles, and peduncles,
persistent bracts, and stamens and styles as long as corolla.
17. Clerodendrum canescens Wallich ex Walpers, Repert.
Bot. Syst. 4: 105. 1845.
灰毛大青 hui mao da qing
Clerodendrum haematocalyx Hance.
Shrubs 1–3.5 m tall; petioles and peduncles densely
yellowish to brownish tomentose to nearly villous. Branchlets
4-angled. Petiole 1.5–12 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate or
cordate, rarely ovate, 6–18 × 4–15 cm, villous especially on
veins, base cordate to subtruncate, margin entire or sparsely
mucronate-dentate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal,
subconical; peduncle robust, 1.5–11 cm; bracts leaflike, elliptic
to ovate, 0.5–2.4 cm. Calyx green when young, ca. 1.3 cm,
membranous, deeply 5-lobed, lobes ovate to broadly ovate.
Corolla white or pinkish, outside puberulent; tube slender, ca. 2
cm; lobes obovate-oblong, 5–6 mm, reflexed. Stamens and
style exserted. Fruiting calyx red. Drupes green when young,
dark blue to black at maturity, subglobose, ca. 7 mm in diam.
Fl. and fr. Apr-Oct.
Open forests on mountain slopes; 200–800 m. Fujian,
Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,
Yunnan, Zhejiang [India, Vietnam].
18. Clerodendrum tibetanum C. Y. Wu & S. K. Wu, Acta
Phytotax. Sin. 16(4): 122. 1978.
西藏大青 xi zang da qing
Herbs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets gray-green, sparsely
pubescent. Petiole 4–5 cm, densely rust colored pubescent; leaf
blade elliptic, ca. 27 × 18 cm, 6–8 × 4–4.5 cm just below
inflorescences, papery, abaxially densely pilose along veins,
adaxially many-celled pilose, base broadly cuneate to
subrounded, margin mucroserrulate and ciliate; veins 6–8 pairs,
abaxially prominent. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose
cymes, densely purplish red jointed glandular pubescent;
bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.5 × 3 cm. Calyx ca. 1.3 cm, deeply
5-lobed; lobes linear-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm. Corolla purple, tube
1–2 cm; lobes elliptic, much shorter than tube, acute. Filaments
compressed, glabrous. Ovary glabrous. Style shorter than
stamens. Fl. and fr. Aug.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 900 m. Xizang.
19. Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabberley, Pl.-Book,
repr. ed. 707. 1989.
重瓣臭茉莉 chong ban xiu mo li
Shrubs 0.5–1.2 m tall. Branchlets nearly 4-angled to terete,
pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 3–17 cm,
pubescent to tomentose; leaf blade broadly ovate to
sub-cordate, 9–22 × 8–21 cm, abaxially pubescent especially
on veins and with several large glands near base, adaxially
strigose, base truncate, broadly truncate, or subcordate, margin
sparsely irregularly dentate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences
terminal, dense corymbose cymes; peduncle tomentose; bracts
lanceolate, 1.5–3 cm; pubescent, with several large glands.
Flowers single or double, fragrant. Calyx 1.5–2.5 cm, deeply
5-lobed, pubescent, with several large glands; lobes
linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, 0.7–1.6 cm. Corolla white,
pinkish, or red, lobes elliptic or ovate.
• Wild in Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan [cultivated in tropical
and subtropical Asia].
1a. Flowers double; corolla lobes ovate
.................................................................. 19a. var. chinense
1b. Flowers single; corolla lobes elliptic
.................................................................... 19b. var. simplex
19a. Clerodendrum chinense var. chinense
重瓣臭茉莉 chong ban xiu mo li
Cryptanthus chinense Osbeck, Dagb. Ostind. Resa 215.
1757; Clerodendrum fragrans (Ventenat) Willdenow var.
multiplex Sweet; C. fragrans var. pleniflorum Schauer; C.
philippinum Schauer; Volkameria fragrans Ventenat.
Flowers double. Calyx 1.5–1.7 cm; lobes
linear-lanceolate, 7–10 mm. Corolla red, pinkish, or white,
lobes ovate.
• Cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, and
Yunnan [widely cultivated ornamental in tropical and subtropical
Asia].
19b. Clerodendrum chinense var. simplex (Moldenke) S. L.
Chen, Novon 1: 58. 1991.
臭茉莉 xiu mo li
Clerodendrum philippinum var. simplex Moldenke,
Phytologia 20: 338. 1970.
Plants densely pubescent. Flowers simple. Calyx 1.5–2.5
cm; lobes lanceolate, 1–1.6 cm. Corolla white or pinkish, tube
2–3 cm; lobes elliptic, ca. 1 cm. Drupes enclosed by persistent
inflated calyx, blue-black, 8–10 mm in diam.
• Forests along streams; 700–1500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,
Yunnan.
Medicinal.
20. Clerodendrum lindleyi Decaisne ex Planchon, Fl. Serres Jard.
Eur. 9: 17. 1853.
尖齿臭茉莉 jian chi xiu mo li
Shrubs 0.5–3 m tall. Branchlets pubescent, nearly
4-angled when young, becoming subterete. Petiole 2–11 cm,
pubescent; leaf blade broadly ovate to cordate, 6.5–12.5(–22) ×
5.5–10(–20) cm, papery, pubescent especially abaxially, with
several peltate glands at base, base truncate to cordate, margin
irregularly undulate, apex acuminate. Inflorescences terminal,
dense, capitate corymbose cymes; peduncle pubescent; bracts
lanceolate, 2.5–4 cm, puberulent, with several peltate glands.
Calyx 1–1.5 cm, deeply 5-lobed, densely puberulent, with
several peltate glands; lobes linear-lanceolate, 4–10 mm.
Corolla pinkish to purple, tube 2–3 cm; lobes obovate, 5–7 mm.
Stamens exserted. Style exceeding stamens. Drupes enclosed
in purple, inflated, persistent calyx, blue-black, subglobose,
5–6 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Jun-Nov.
• Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
1200–2800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.
Medicinal.
21. Clerodendrum yunnanense Hu ex Handel-Mazzetti,
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 61: 168. 1924.
滇常山 dian chang shan
Shrubs 1–3 m tall. Branchlets distinctly lenticellate,
densely yellow-brown tomentose when young, glabrescent.
Petiole 1.5–6 cm; leaf blade ovate, broadly ovate, or cordate,
4–14 × 3–10 cm, papery, abaxially densely yellowish or
yellow-brown pubescent especially on veins and with several
peltate glands near base, adaxially strigose, base broadly
cuneate, rounded, or cordate, margin entire or irregularly
sparsely serrate, apex acuminate to acute. Inflorescences
terminal, dense flat-topped cymes; bracts ovate-elliptic, 2–3.5
cm, deciduous; bractlets linear, 1–2.2 cm. Calyx campanulate,
6–9 mm, minutely tomentose, with several large glands; lobes
linear lanceolate or triangular, ca. 2 mm. Corolla white or
pinkish, 4–7 mm, lobes oblong to ovate. Stamens exserted.
Style exceeding stamens. Drupes mostly enclosed by persistent
inflated calyx, blue-black, subglobose, ca. 7 mm in diam. Fl.
and fr. Apr-Oct.
• 2000–3000 m. SW Sichuan, Yunnan.
1a. Calyx lobes triangular ................... 21a. var. yunnanense
1b. Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate ..... 21b. var. linearilobum
21a. Clerodendrum yunnanense var. yunnanense
滇常山 dian chang shan
Calyx lobes triangular. Corolla tube ± shorter than calyx.
• Thickets on mountain slopes and in valleys; 2000–3000 m. SW
Sichuan, Yunnan.
21b. Clerodendrum yunnanense var. linearilobum S. L.
Chen & G. Y. Sheng in P'ei, L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng & T. D.
Zhuang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 213. 1982.
线齿滇常山 xian chi dian chang shan
Calyx lobes linear-lanceolate. Corolla tube slightly longer
to rarely shorter than calyx.
• Thickets along streams; 2000–2300 m. Yunnan.
22. Clerodendrum bungei Steudel, Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1:
382. 1840.
臭牡丹 xiu mu dan
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets subterete, distinctly
lenticellate. Petiole 4–17 cm, densely brown, yellow-brown, or
purplish pubescent when young, glabrescent; leaf blade ovate
to broadly ovate, 8–20 × 5–15 cm, papery, abaxially sparsely
glandular pubescent to subglabrous and with several peltate
glands near base, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base cuneate,
truncate, or cordate, margin serrate, apex acuminate to acute,
veins 4–6 pairs. Inflorescences terminal, dense, capitate,
flat-topped cymes; bracts lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, ca. 3
cm, deciduous; bractlets lanceolate, ca. 1.8 cm. Calyx
campanulate, tube 2–6 mm, pubescent, with several peltate
glands; lobes narrowly triangular to triangular, 1–10 mm.
Corolla pinkish, red, or purple, tube 2–3 cm; lobes obovate,
5–8 mm. Stamens and style exserted. Drupes blue-black,
subglobose, 6–12 mm in diam. Fl. and fr. May-Nov.
1100–2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi,
Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,
Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan,
Yunnan, Zhejiang [Vietnam].
Medicinal.
1a. Inflorescences dense; calyx teeth 1–3 mm
...................................................................... 22a. var. bungei
1b. Inflorescences lax; calyx teeth ca. 10 mm
............................................................... 22b. var. megacalyx
22a. Clerodendrum bungei var. bungei
臭牡丹 xiu mu dan
Clerodendrum fragrans (Ventenat) Willdenow var.
foetidum (Bunge) Bakhuizen; C. yatschuense H. Winkler;
Pavetta esquirolii H. Léveillé.
Inflorescences dense. Calyx teeth 1–3 mm.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides; below
2500 m. Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Ningxia,
Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan,
Zhejiang [Vietnam].
 Medicinal.
22b. Clerodendrum bungei var. megacalyx C. Y. Wu ex S.
L. Chen in P'ei, L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng, & T. D. Zhuang, Fl.
Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 213. 1982.
大萼臭牡丹 da e xiu mu dan
Inflorescences lax. Calyx teeth ca. 10 mm.
• Forest edges on mountain slopes; 1100 m. Sichuan.
23. Clerodendrum confine S. L. Chen & T. D. Zhuang in P'ei,
L. K. Fu, G. Y. Sheng, & T. D. Zhuang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis
Sin. 65(1): 213. 1982.
川黔大青 chuan qian da qing
Shrubs 1–2 m tall. Branchlets yellow-brown to purplish,
subterete to nearly 4-angled, with elliptic lenticels, pubescent.
Petioles 3–5.5 cm, densely pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to
ovate-elliptic, 6–15 × 3.5–7 cm, papery, abaxially pubescent
on veins and glandular, adaxially sparsely pubescent, base
broadly cuneate to rounded or rarely truncate, margin entire or
rarely several dentate, apex acuminate, veins 6 or 7 pairs.
Inflorescences terminal, lax corymbose cymes; peduncle 2–3.5
cm, densely pubescent; bracts deciduous; bractlets linear, 5–8
mm. Calyx 1–1.5 cm, submembranous, deeply 5-lobed,
puberulent, with several peltate glands; lobes
triangular-lanceolate, as long as tube. Corolla pinkish, tube 1–2
mm; lobes spatulate, ca. 1 cm. Stamens and style exserted.
• Thickets; 1400–2000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan.
24. Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walpers, Repert. Bot.
Syst. 4: 114. 1845.
腺茉莉 xian mo li
Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–3(–6) m tall. Branchlets robust,
4-angled, densely yellow-brown puberulent when young,
glabrescent. Petiole 2–20 cm; leaf blade broadly ovate to
elliptic-cordate, 7–17 × 6–21 cm, papery, abaxially puberulent
and with several peltate glands near base, adaxially sparsely
pubescent to subglabrous, base cuneate to cordate, margin
entire to slightly undulate, apex acuminate to acute.
Inflorescences terminal corymbose cymes, 4–6-branched;
peduncle robust, 1.5–13 cm; bracts lanceolate, ca. 1.5 cm,
deciduous. Calyx campanulate, 3–5 mm, tube 1–3 mm, densely
pubescent, with several peltate glands; teeth triangular, less
than 1 mm. Corolla white or rarely pinkish, tube 1.2–2.5 cm,
without glands; lobes oblong, 3–6 mm. Stamens and style
exserted. Fruiting calyx purple, inflated. Drupes blue-green,
becoming black when dry, subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl.
and fr. Aug-Dec.
Forests or thickets on mountain slopes and along roads;
500–2000 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Xizang, Yunnan [Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand,
Vietnam].
25. Clerodendrum kaichianum Hsu, Observ. Fl.
Hwang-shan. 165. 1965.
浙江大青 zhe jiang da qing
Shrubs or small trees, 2–5 m tall. Branchlets nearly
4-angled, densely yellow-brown, brown, or reddish brown
pubescent when young. Petiole 3–6 cm; leaf blade
elliptic-ovate to ovate, 8–18 × 5–11 cm, papery, abaxially
strigose only on veins and with several peltate glands near base,
adaxially sparsely strigose, base broadly cuneate to subtruncate
and slightly oblique, margin entire, apex acuminate, veins 5 or
6 pairs. Inflorescences terminal, corymbose cymes, 4- or
5-branched near base; bracts deciduous. Calyx pinkish, ca. 3
mm, outside puberulent and glandular; teeth triangular, ca. 1
mm. Corolla cream white to pinkish, tube 1–1.5 cm, outside
glandular; lobes oblong, ca. 6 × 3 mm. Stamens exserted;
filaments longer than style. Fruiting calyx purplish, inflated.
Drupes blue-green, obovate to globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl.
and fr. Jul-Oct.
• Valleys; 500–1300 m. Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
26. Clerodendrum villosum Blume, Bijdr. 811. 1826.
绢毛大青 juan mao da qing
Shrubs 2.5–4 m tall, sometimes climbing. Branchlets
4-angled, densely yellow-brown sericeous. Petiole terete, 3–14
cm, densely sericeous; leaf blade broadly ovate-cordate to
cordate, 11–21 × 7–16 cm, villous especially on veins, base
truncate to cordate, margin entire, apex acuminate, veins
prominent on both surfaces. Inflorescences terminal cymose
panicles, 15–25 × 14–20 cm, densely sericeous; bracts ovate,
4.5–6.5 cm, persistent; bractlets ovate, 6–10 mm, deciduous,
with several peltate glands. Calyx campanulate, ca. 7 mm,
outside densely sericeous and with peltate glands, inside
pubescent; lobes subsecund, obovate-oblong, as long as tube.
Corolla white or pinkish yellow, tube equal or slightly longer
than calyx, limb subsecund, outside densely sericeous, inside
glabrous; lobes obovate-oblong, ca. 7 mm. Stamens exserted,
as long as style. Drupes green-black, globose, 8–10 mm in
diam. Fl. and fr. Mar-Apr.
Forests or thickets in valleys and along roadsides; 700–900 m.
Yunnan [Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].
27. Clerodendrum kiangsiense Merrill ex H. L. Li, J. Arnold
Arbor. 25: 426. 1944.
江西大青 jiang xi da qing
Shrubs 2–3 m tall. Branchlets densely brown pubescent.
Petiole 2–4.5 cm, pubescent; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate,
(5–)10–13 × (3–)5–6(–9) cm, papery, both surfaces pubescent,
abaxial glands small and inconspicuous, base subrounded to
subtruncate, margin entire or subentire, apex acuminate to
short caudate, veins 4–7 pairs. Inflorescences terminal,
corymbose thyrses, 3–10 × 7–19 cm; bracts oblong, 8–10 ×
3–4 mm, pubescent glandular. Calyx campanulate, ca. 6 mm,
teeth triangular, outside pubescent glandular. Corolla white or
pinkish, puberulent; tube slender, 7–10 × 1 mm; lobes oblong,
ca. 6 mm. Stamens exserted. Style longer than stamens. Drupes
green, subglobose. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
• Forests; 100–400 m. Jiangxi, Zhejiang.
28. Clerodendrum mandarinorum Diels in Engler, Bot.
Jahrb. Syst. 29: 549. 1900.
海通 hai tong
Clerodendrum bodinieri H. Léveillé; C. cavaleriei H.
Léveillé; C. kwangtungense Handel-Mazzetti var. puberulum
H. L. Li; C. tsaii H. L. Li.
Shrubs or trees 2–20 m tall. Branchlets nearly 4-angled,
densely yellow-brown tomentose. Leaf blade ovate-elliptic,
broadly ovate, or cordate, 10–27 × 6–20 cm, subleathery,
abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially green, base
truncate to subcordate and suboblique, apex acuminate.
Inflorescences terminal, lax, corymbose, many branched,
densely yellow-brown tomentose; bracts 4–5 mm, deciduous;
bractlets linear, ca. 3 mm. Flowers fragrant. Calyx
campanulate, 3–4 mm, densely pubescent, with several peltate
glands; teeth awl-shaped, 1.5–2.5 mm. Corolla white or
pinkish, 7–10 mm, tube slender; lobes oblong, ca. 3.5 mm.
Stamens and style exserted. Fruiting calyx red to pink, inflated,
thickened, enclosing 2/3 of drupe. Drupes blue-black,
subglobose, reflexed. Fl. and fr. Jul-Dec.
Thickets along streams and roadsides; 300–2200 m. Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan
[Vietnam].
Medicinal.
Allied to Clerodendrum kaichianum but differs in having much
branched inflorescences and calyx teeth narrowly triangular and longer
than tube.
29. Clerodendrum brachystemon C. Y. Wu & R. C. Fang, Fl.
Yunnan. 1: 475. 1977.
短蕊大青 duan rui da qing
Shrubs 4 m tall, densely yellow-brown tomentose on
branches, petioles, leaves abaxially, peduncles, and pedicels.
Branchlets 4-angled, glandular. Petiole 3.5–8 cm, glandular;
leaf blade 10–20 × 5–10 cm, glandular, adaxially densely
pubescent, base rounded to truncate, margin entire, apex
acuminate. Inflorescences dichotomous, lax; peduncle 2–7 cm;
bracts deciduous; bractlets elliptic-lanceolate, ca. 1 cm. Calyx
campanulate, ca. 1.5 cm, yellow-brown pubescent, glandular,
with several peltate glands; lobes lanceolate to ovate, ca. 9 mm,
acuminate. Corolla white, 3–3.5 cm, tube slender, pilose,
outside glandular; lobes ovate, 7–10 mm. Stamens equal or
slightly longer than corolla tube. Style slightly longer than
stamens. Drupes enclosed in inflated persistent calyx, globose,
ca. 4 mm. Fl. and fr. Aug-Oct.
• Open forests along valleys; 800–1400 m. Xizang (Mêdog),
Yunnan (Xishuangbanna Zizhizhou).
Allied to Clerodendrum trichotomum but differs in stamens and
styles not as exserted and petioles densely yellow-brown tomentose.
30. Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunberg, Nova Acta
Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 3: 201. 1780.
海州常山 hai zhou chang shan
Shrubs or small trees, 1.5–10 m tall. Branchlets
lenticellate. Petiole 2–8 cm; leaf blade greenish abaxially and
dark green adaxially, ovate-elliptic, triangular-ovate, or ovate,
5–16 × 2–13 cm, papery, base broadly cuneate, truncate, or
rarely cordate, margin entire or rarely undulate, apex
acuminate, veins 3–5 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or terminal,
lax, corymbose cymes, dichotomous, 8–18 cm; peduncle 3–6
cm; bracts elliptic, deciduous. Flowers fragrant. Calyx
greenish, becoming purple, deeply 5-lobed; lobes
triangular-lanceolate to ovate, acute. Corolla white or pinkish,
ca. 2 cm, tube slender; lobes oblong, 5–10 × 3–5 mm. Style
shorter than stamens, both exserted. Drupes blue-purple,
subglobose, ca. 6–8 mm in diam.
Below 2400 m. Throughout China except Nei Mongol, Xinjiang,
and Xizang [India, Japan, Korea; SE Asia].
1a. Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences slightly
puberulent or glabrous ................ 30a. var. trichotomum
1b. Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescences densely rust
colored tomentose ........................ 30b. var. ferrugineum
30a. Clerodendrum trichotomum var. trichotomum
海州常山 hai zhou chang shan
Clerodendrum fargesii Dode; C. koshunense Hayata; C.
serotinum Carrière; C. trichotomum var. fargesii (Dode)
Rehder; C. trichotomum var. villosum Hsu; Siphonanthus
trichotomum (Thunberg) Nakai; S. trichotomum var. fargesii
(Dode) Nakai.
Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles ± yellow-brown
pubescent to subglabrous. Leaf blade 5–16 × 2–13 cm, gray
pubescent when young, glabrescent.
Thickets on mountain slopes; below 2400 m. Throughout China
except Nei Mongol, Xinjiang, and Xizang [India, Japan, Korea; SE
Asia].
30b. Clerodendrum trichotomum var. ferrugineum Nakai,
Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 31: 109. 1917.
锈毛海州常山 xiu mao hai zhou chang shan
Branchlets and inflorescences rust colored tomentose.
Leaf blade 5–10 × 3–6 cm, densely rust colored tomentose.
• Below 2400 m. S Taiwan.
Specimens of this variety have not been seen by the authors. The
variety is possibly close to Clerodendrum brachystemon.
31. Clerodendrum griffithianum C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker,
Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 590. 1885.
西垂茉莉 xi chui mo li
Shrubs 1–4 m tall; branchlets, petioles, peduncles,
pedicels, and calyces viscid pubescent. Petiole 1.5–4 cm; leaf
blade elliptic-lanceolate to elliptic, 5–12 × 2.5–6 cm, papery,
pubescent or adaxially subglabrous, base cuneate to
subrounded, margin usually entire, apex acuminate to caudate.
Inflorescences terminal, few to many 3-flowered cymes; bracts
linear, 1–1.5 cm. Calyx purple, ca. 1.5 cm, tube short. Corolla
white, ca. 4 cm, outside densely yellow glandular; tube slender,
ca. 3 cm; lobes spatulate, ca. 1 cm. Fruiting calyx enlarged;
teeth triangular-lanceolate, overtopping drupe. Drupes black,
globose, ca. 1 cm in diam. Fl. and fr. Nov-Jun.
Forests; 800–1700 m. S Yunnan [India, Myanmar].
32. Clerodendrum inerme (Linnaeus) Gaertner, Fruct. Sem.
Pl. 1: 271. 1788.
苦郎树 ku lang shu
Volkameria inermis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 637. 1753;
Clerodendrum neriifolium (Roxburgh) Schauer; V. neriifolia
Roxburgh.
Shrubs. Branches and branchlets pubescent. Petiole ca. 1
cm to leaf subsessile; leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate,
ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic, thick papery, abaxially pubescent,
adaxially subglabrous and glandular, base obtuse, margin
entire, apex obtuse. Inflorescences usually 3-flowered,
pubescent; peduncle 2–4 mm; bracts linear, ca. 2 cm. Calyx
subtruncate, with minute rudimentary teeth, outside pubescent,
inside glabrous, sparsely glandular. Corolla white; tube 2–3 cm,
ca. 2 mm in diam. at throat; lobes elliptic, ca. 7 mm. Stamens
exserted, pubescent at base of filaments. Style and ovary
glabrous. Drupes gray-yellow, obovoid to subglobose, 6–11
mm in diam. Fl. and fr. Mar-Dec.
 Sea coast; 100–200 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan [S
and SE Asia, Australia, Pacific Islands].
Medicinal.
33. Clerodendrum subscaposum Hemsley, Hooker's Icon. Pl.
27: t. 2675. 1900.
抽葶大青 chou ting da qing
Subshrubs 30–50 cm tall. Branchlets greenish when
young, becoming gray-brown, shiny, and glabrous. Petiole
subglabrous, 7–18 cm but leaf subsessile below inflorescence;
leaf blade ovate, 5.5–15 × 4.5–13 cm, membranous, abaxially
gray and subglabrous to sparsely small glandular especially
along veins, adaxially pubescent and gray glandular, base
cordate, margin irregularly serrate, apex acuminate to acute.
Thyrses of 3–5-flowered cymes, 30–40 cm; peduncle purple,
sparsely small glandular; bracts linear to narrowly lanceolate,
3–7 mm; bractlets linear, ca. 2 mm. Pedicel slender, 1.5–2.5
cm. Calyx campanulate, ca. 2 × 2–4 mm, truncate to minutely
5-dentate, glabrous. Corolla bluish purple, deeply 5-lobed,
sparsely glandular; tube slender, ca. 5 mm; lobes elliptic to
obovate, ca. 5 mm. Stamens and style long exserted. Fruiting
calyx not enlarged. Drupes ca. 3 mm in diam., apically
glandular.
Mountain slopes; 1400–2100 m. S Yunnan [India, Vietnam].
34. Clerodendrum serratum (Linnaeus) Moon, Cat. Pl.
Ceylon 46. 1824.
三对节 san dui jie
Shrubs 1–4 m tall. Branchlets densely yellow pubescent
especially on nodes when young, becoming dark brown to
gray-yellow and glabrous. Leaves opposite or in threes; petiole
to 5 cm or leaf subsessile; leaf blade oblong, obovate-oblong,
elliptic, or ovate, 6–30 × 2.5–11 cm, papery, pubescent, margin
subentire to serrulate or sparsely coarse serrate, apex
acuminate to acute; veins 10 or 11 pairs, abaxially prominent.
Inflorescences terminal thyrses, densely yellow-brown
pubescent, cymes sometimes monochasial; bracts sessile,
ovate to broadly ovate, 1.5–4.5 × 0.5–1.8 cm, pubescent;
bractlets lanceolate to ovate. Calyx ca. 5 mm, truncate to
minutely 5-dentate, pubescent. Corolla white, bluish, or
purplish, tube ca. 7 mm; lobes oblong to obovate, 6–12 mm.
Stamens ca. 2–4 cm, long exserted, base pubescent. Ovary
glabrous. Style long exserted. Drupes green when young,
becoming black, subglobose. Fl. and fr. Jun-Dec.
200–1800 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan [E Africa, S
and SE Asia].
Medicinal.
1a. Leaves petiolate with petioles 2–5 cm; filament
bases compressed ................................ 34d. var. wallichii
1b. Leaves sessile or subsessile; filament bases
cylindric.
15. CARYOPTERIS Bunge, Pl. Mongholico-Chin. 27. 1835.
莸属
Cardioteucris C. Y. Wu.
Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs, erect or climbing. Leaves opposite, simple, entire or dentate, usually with glistening glands.
Flowers in lax or dense cymes often aggregate into thyrses, rarely solitary. Calyx (4- or) 5- (or 6)-dentate or -lobed. Corolla short
tubed, slightly 2-lipped, margin entire or dentate; lobes 5, spreading; lower lobe larger, concave, fringed. Stamens 4, often strongly
2a. Base of leaf blade clasping ... 34c. var. amplexifolium
2b. Base of leaf blade not clasping.
3a. Inflorescences conical; leaves opposite or
in 3s .............................................. 34a. var. serratum
3b. Inflorescences cylindric; leaves opposite
..................................................... 34b. var. herbaceum
34a. Clerodendrum serratum var. serratum
三对节 san dui jie
Volkameria serrata Linnaeus, Mant. Pl. 90. 1767.
Leaves opposite or in 3s; blade oblong to obovate-oblong,
6–30 × 2.5–11 cm, base decurrent to cuneate, margin serrulate.
Inflorescences conical, 10–30 × 9–12 cm.
Forests on mountain slopes and in valleys; 200–1800 m. Guangxi,
Guizhou, Xizang, Yunnan [E Africa, S and SE Asia].
34b. Clerodendrum serratum var. herbaceum (Roxburgh
ex Schauer) C. Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 468. 1977.
草本三对节 cao ben san dui jie
Clerodendrum herbaceum Roxburgh ex Schauer in A. de
Candolle, Prodr. 11: 675. 1847.
Leaf blade oblanceolate-ovate, (9–)12–16(–18) × (2.5–)
4.5–6(–8) cm, margin sparsely coarse serrate. Inflorescences
cylindric.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes; 400–1500 m. Guangxi,
Guizhou, Yunnan [E Africa, S and SE Asia].
34c. Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexifolium
Mold-enke, Phytologia 4: 51. 1952.
三台花 san tai hua
Leaves subsessile, base clasping.
• Thickets; 600–1600 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan.
34d. Clerodendrum serratum var. wallichii C. B. Clarke in J.
D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. Ind. 4: 592. 1885.
大序三对节 da xu san dui jie
Clerodendrum divaricatum Jack.
Petiole 2–5 cm; leaf blade elliptic to ovate, 10–14(–25) ×
6–8(– 13) cm, base broadly cuneate to subrounded, margin
subentire to serrulate. Inflorescences conical thyrses, spreading.
Calyx ± truncate.
Open forests on mountain slopes; 700–1800 m. Xizang, Yunnan
[Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam].
you shu
exserted, inserted on apical part of corolla tube. Ovary 4-locular; ovules pendulous or laterally attached. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit dry,
usually dividing into four nutlets.
Sixteen species: C and E Asia, 14 species in China.
1a. Inflorescences terminal, narrowly cylindric thyrses, sharply differentiated from vegetative shoots, cymes
subtended by very reduced bracts.
2a. Thyrses lax; lateral cymes to 5-flowered; calyx clearly 2-lipped; corolla white .............................................. 12. C. siccanea
2b. Thyrses very dense; lateral cymes more than 5-flowered; calyx deeply 6-lobed; corolla bluish purple ......... 13. C. bicolor
1b. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, mostly cymes, sometimes compact thyrses or reduced to a solitary flower, all
except sometimes the uppermost subtended by normal leaves.
3a. Inflorescences dense axillary thyrses; fruit globose, ca. 4 × as long as calyx ............................................... 14. C. paniculata
3b. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal cymes, often corymbose, sometimes reduced to 1 flower; fruit usually
winged or lobed, to 2 × as long as calyx.
4a. Leaf blade entire or with occasional teeth.
5a. Leaf blade linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong to narrowly oblanceolate, abaxial veins often darker than rest of
leaf surface.
6a. Leaf blade adaxially puberulent; corolla 10–15 mm; ovary glabrous ................................................ 1. C. mongholica
6b. Leaf blade adaxially glutinous and shiny; corolla 6–8 mm; ovary hairy .............................................. 2. C. glutinosa
5b. Leaf blade elliptic to subrounded, abaxial veins same color or paler than rest of leaf surface.
7a. Leaf blade elliptic to narrowly ovate; corolla whitish to yellow, rarely pale blue ................................. 3. C. forrestii
7b. Leaf blade ovate to subrounded; corolla purplish .......................................................................... 4. C. jinshajiangensis
4b. Leaf blade regularly crenate or serrate.
8a. Cymes dense, corymbose, without bracts and bractlets; abaxial corolla lobe fringed to dentate; nutlets
winged, glabrous or with subapical tuft of stiff coarse hairs.
9a. Corolla glabrous except for a patch of long lanate hairs on each lobe ........................................... 7. C. trichosphaera
9b. Corolla uniformly appressed puberulent.
10a. Leaf blade same color on both surfaces; nutlets with subapical patch of stiff coarse hairs ............. 5. C. incana
10b. Leaf blade distinctly white abaxially; nutlets glabrous ...................................................................... 6. C. tangutica
8b. Cymes lax, rarely clearly corymbose, with bracts and bractlets; abaxial corolla lobe entire; nutlets not
winged, uniformly puberulent.
11a. Cymes more than 5-flowered, branches divaricate; calyx shallowly bowl-shaped, exposing nutlets
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 11. C. divaricata
11b. Cymes 1–5-flowered, branches not divaricate; calyx campanulate, enclosing nutlets.
12a. Leaf blade irregularly sharply serrate with 1–3 teeth per side, those subtending cymes subentire;
ovary and nutlets with yellow hairs ...................................................................................... 10. C. aureoglandulosa
12b. Leaf blade, including those subtending cymes, regularly serrate to crenate with 4–10 teeth or lobes
per side; ovary and nutlets with white hairs.
13a. Leaf blade crenate with 4–6 rounded lobes per side; flowers always solitary .................... 8. C. nepetifolia
13b. Leaf blade serrate with 6–10 sharp teeth per side; flowers mostly in (2- or) 3–5-flowered cymes,
rarely solitary ...................................................................................................................................... 9. C. terniflora

1. Caryopteris mongholica Bunge, Pl. Mongholico-Chin. 28.

1835.
蒙古莸 meng gu you
Caryopteris mongholica var. serrata Maximowicz.
Subshrubs 30–150 cm tall, aromatic, usually branched
from base. Branchlets purple-brown, pubescent when young,
glabrescent. Petiole ca. 3 mm; leaf blade linear-lanceolate to
linear-oblong, 0.8–4 × 0.2–0.7 cm, papery, abaxially densely
gray tomentose, adaxially dark green and puberulent, margin
entire or subentire. Cymes axillary. Calyx campanulate, ca. 3
mm, deeply 5-lobed, outside densely gray tomentose; lobes
linear to linear-lanceolate, ca. 1.5 mm. Corolla blue-purple,
1–1.5 cm, tube ca. 5 mm, pilose in throat, lower lobe strongly
fringed. Stamens and style exserted. Ovary glabrous. Fruit
subglobose, glabrous. Nutlets with winged edges. Fl. and fr.
Aug-Oct.
Dry open slopes, boulder strewn washes, open canyons;
1100–1300 m. Gansu, Hebei, Nei Mongol, Shaanxi, Shanxi
[Mongolia].
2. Caryopteris glutinosa Rehder in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3:
378. 1916.
粘叶莸 nian ye you
Shrubs 0.5–1.5 cm tall. Branchlets terete, pubescent.
Petiole ca. 2 mm; leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly
oblong, 1–3 × 0.3–0.8 cm, abaxially white scaly and with
black veins, adaxially glutinous and shiny, base cuneate,
margin entire, apex obtuse. Cymes axillary or terminal,
pubescent. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 3 mm, outside silvery
tomentose; lobes 5, lanceolate. Corolla blue-purple, 6–8 mm;
tube ca. 3 mm, outside silvery tomentose, villous in throat.
Ovary pubescent. Fruiting calyx ca. 5 mm. Fruit ovoid, ca. 3
mm in diam., pilose above middle. Fl. and fr. Sep-Oct.
• Valleys; 1600–1800 m. Sichuan (Min Jiang valley).
Related to Caryopteris mongholica but differs in shorter corolla
tubes and fringed abaxial corolla lobes.
3. Caryopteris forrestii Diels, Notes Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5:
296. 1912.
灰毛莸 hui mao you
Subshrubs, aromatic. Branchlets terete, grayish brown
tomentose when young, glabrescent. Petiole 2–10 mm; leaf
blade narrowly elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, 0.5–6 × 0.2–2.5 cm,
thickly papery, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially
green and pubescent, base cuneate, apex obtuse. Inflorescences
axillary or terminal, dense corymbose cymes; peduncle
densely gray tomentose. Calyx campanulate, 2–4 mm, outside
gray tomentose; lobes 5, lanceolate. Corolla greenish white to
greenish yellow, ca. 5 mm, tube ca. 2 mm, lower lobe dentate
to nearly fringed, both surfaces puberulent especially outside,
villous at insertion of filaments. Stamens and style exserted.
Ovary pubescent, apically glandular. Fruiting calyx 5–7 mm.
Fruit ca. 2 mm in diam., hirsute, apical part glandular, nutlets
winged, oblong-oblanceolate, ca. 3 mm, glabrous or with short
spreading hairs near tip.
• 1700–4000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
1a. Lower corolla lobe dentate; leaf blade 2–6 ×
0.5–2.5 cm ................................................ 3a. var. forrestii
1b. Lower corolla lobe nearly fringed; leaf blade
0.5–2 × 0.2–0.5 cm .................................... 3b. var. minor
3a. Caryopteris forrestii var. forrestii
灰毛莸 hui mao you
Plants 30–120 cm tall. Leaf blade 2–6 × 0.5–2.5 cm.
Lower corolla lobe dentate.
• Thickets on mountain slopes, in valleys, or along roadsides;
1700–3000 m. Guizhou, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
3b. Caryopteris forrestii var. minor P'ei & S. L. Chen ex C.
Y. Wu, Fl. Yunnan. 1: 481. 1977.
小叶灰毛莸 xiao ye hui mao you
Plants very short, much branched from base. Leaf blade
5–20 × 2–5 mm. Lower corolla lobe larger, nearly fringed.
• Dry mountain slopes; 2000–4000 m. SW Sichuan, SE Xizang,
NW Yunnan.
4. Caryopteris jinshajiangensis Y. K. Yang & X. D. Cong,
Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 10(1): 45. 1990.
金沙江莸 jin sha jiang you
Subshrubs 30–70 cm tall, usually branched from base.
Branchlets densely brown tomentose when young, glabrescent.
Petiole (0.2–)1–2 cm, densely puberulent; leaf blade broadly
ovate to subrounded, (0.3–)1–3.2 × (0.4–)1–3 cm, papery,
densely glandular, abaxially glaucous, margin entire or
subentire, veins 3 or 4 pairs. Inflorescences axillary or terminal,
corymbose cymes; peduncle slender, 0.5–2.2 cm, brown pilose.
Calyx campanulate, 1.7–2.2 mm, lobes oblong-lanceolate,
outside brown puberulent and glandular. Corolla tube 6–8 mm,
puberulent at insertion of stamens, lower lobe slightly dentate.
Stamens and style exserted. Ovary subglabrous. Fruit
ovate-elliptic, 2.7–3.2 × 2–2.4 mm.
• Valleys; 1400 m. SW Yunnan (Jinsha Jiang valley).
Related to Caryopteris forrestii but differs in its broadly ovate to
subrounded leaf blades and purplish corollas.
5. Caryopteris incana (Thunberg ex Houttuyn) Miquel, Ann.
Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 2: 97. 1865.
兰香草 lan xiang cao
Herbs, perennial, 25–50 cm tall, aromatic, with woody
base, pubescent. Petiole 0.3–1.7 mm; leaf blade narrowly
lanceolate, lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, 1.5–9 × 0.4–4 cm,
thickly papery, pubescent, yellow glandular, base cuneate,
subrounded, or truncate, margin coarsely serrate to rarely
subentire, apex obtuse to acute. Inflorescences axillary or
terminal, dense corymbose cymes. Calyx cup-shaped, ca. 2
mm, outside pubescent. Corolla purplish to bluish, tube ca. 3.5
mm, lower lobe fringed, both surfaces pubescent. Stamens and
style exserted. Ovary pubescent. Fruiting calyx 4–5 mm. Fruit
ca. 2.5 mm in diam., hirsute, nutlets with winged edges. Fl. and
fr. Jun-Oct.
100–800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
Medicinal.
1a. Leaf blade lanceolate, ovate, or oblong, 0.8–4 cm
wide ............................................................. 5a. var. incana
1b. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 0.4–0.8 cm wide
............................................................... 5b. var. angustifolia
5a. Caryopteris incana var. incana
兰香草 lan xiang cao
Nepeta incana Thunberg ex Houttuyn, Nat. Hist. 2(9):
307. 1778; Barbula sinensis Loureiro; Caryopteris ovata
Miquel; C. sinensis (Loureiro) Dippel; Mastacanthus sinensis
(Loureiro) Endlicher ex Walpers.
Leaf blade lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, 1.5–9 × 0.8–4 cm,
apex obtuse to acute. Fl. and fr. Jun-Oct.
Slopes along roadsides; 100–800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang [Japan, Korea].
5b. Caryopteris incana var. angustifolia S. L. Chen & R. L.
Guo, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 65(1): 213. 1982.
狭叶兰香草 xia ye lan xang cao
Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, 3–4.5 × 0.4–0.8 cm, apex
acuminate. Fl. and fr. Sep-Oct.
• Thickets in stony places; 300 m. Jiangxi.
6. Caryopteris tangutica Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci.
Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 27: 525. 1881.
光果莸 guang guo you
Shrubs 0.5–2 m tall, erect. Branchlets gray tomentose.
Petiole 0.4–1 cm; leaf blade lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate,
2–5.5 × 0.5–2 cm, abaxially densely gray tomentose, adaxially
green pilose, base cuneate to rounded, margin deeply serrate,
apex acuminate to obtuse, veins 5–8 pairs. Inflorescences
axillary or subterminal, very dense corymbose cymes. Calyx ca.
2.5–4 mm, deeply 5-lobed, outside densely villous; lobes
lanceolate, usually longer than tube. Corolla blue-purple, tube
5–7 mm, lower lobe fringed. Stamens and style exserted.
Ovary glabrous. Fruiting calyx ca. 6 mm. Fruits
obovate-globose, ca. 5 × 4 mm, glabrous, nutlets with broadly
winged edges.
• Dry slopes; 2500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Shaanxi,
Sichuan.
7. Caryopteris trichosphaera W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot.
Gard. Edinburgh 10: 18. 1917.
毛球莸 mao qiu you
Caryopteris incana (Thunberg ex Houttuyn) Miquel var.
brachyodonta (Handel-Mazzetti) Moldenke; C. tangutica
Maximowicz var. brachyodonta Handel-Mazzetti.
 Shrubs 50–100 cm tall, aromatic. Branchlets pubescent
and glandular when young. Petiole 3–9 mm or apical leaves
subsessile; leaf blade ovate-oblong to broadly ovate, 1–3 ×
1.5–3 cm, papery, pubescent, glandular especially abaxially,
base rounded to truncate, margin coarsely serrate, apex obtuse;
veins 6–8 pairs, abaxially prominent. Inflorescences axillary or
terminal, dense cymes, densely villous; peduncle ca. 1 cm.
Calyx campanulate, ca. 3 mm, lobes oblong-lanceolate, outside
densely villous and glandular. Corolla bluish to purplish, ca. 6
mm, outside glabrous or nearly so except for lobes each with a
distinct patch of villous to lanate hairs, pubescent at insertion
of stamens, tube ca. 5 mm, lower lobe fringed. Stamens ca. 2 ×
as long as corolla tube. Ovary and style glabrous. Fruiting
calyx ca. 6 mm. Fruit oblong to ovoid, 2–3 × 2 mm, nutlets
with winged edges. Fl. and fr. Aug-Sep.
• Thickets on mountain slopes, dry grassy places in valleys;
2700–3300 m. W Sichuan, E Xizang, NW Yunnan.
Related to Caryopteris tangutica but differs in having leaf blades
ovate-oblong to broadly ovate, both surfaces glandular, and calyces
and corollas glandular outside.
8. Caryopteris nepetifolia (Bentham) Maximowicz, Bull.
Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 23: 390. 1877.
单花莸 dan hua you
Teucrium nepetifolium Bentham in A. de Candolle, Prodr.
12: 580. 1848.
Herbs, perennial, 30–60 cm tall, prostrate. Branches
pubescent, 4-angled. Petiole ca. 3–10 mm, pubescent; leaf
blade broadly ovate to subrounded, 1.5–5 × 1.5–4 cm, papery,
pubescent, glandular, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin
coarsely serrate, apex obtuse, veins 3–5 pairs. Flowers axillary,
solitary; bractlets short, linear. Pedicel slender. Calyx
cup-shaped, ca. 6 mm, pubescent, glandular; lobes 5,
ovate-lanceolate to ovate. Corolla bluish, tube 6–9 mm, lobes
entire, lower lobe largest, outside sparsely puberulent and
glandular. Stamens inserted near corolla throat; filaments
basally hairy. Ovary densely pubescent. Nutlets ovoid, hirsute,
without winged edges. Fl. and fr. May-Sep.
• Forest edges along streams and roadsides; 100–700 m. Anhui,
Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang.
Medicinal.
9. Caryopteris terniflora Maximowicz, Bull. Soc. Imp.
Naturalistes Moscou 54(1): 40. 1879.
三花莸 san hua you
Caryopteris terniflora f. brevipedunculata P'ei & S. L.
Chen.
Shrubs 15–60 cm tall, erect, usually branched from base.
Petiole 2–15 cm, pubescent; leaf blade lanceolate-oblong to
ovate, 1.5–4 × 1–3 cm, papery, pubescent and glandular
especially abaxially, base broadly cuneate to rounded, margin
serrate, apex acute. Inflorescences axillary cymes,
(1–)3(–5)-flowered; peduncle (0.1–)1–3 cm; bracts awl-shaped.
Pedicel (0.5–)3–6 mm. Calyx campanulate, (4–)8–9 mm,
5-lobed, lobes lanceolate, both surfaces pubescent and
glandular. Corolla pinkish to purple, 1.1–1.8(–2) cm, 5-lobed,
lower lobe broadly obovate to subrounded, outside sparsely
puberulent and glandular. Stamens and style exserted. Ovary
pubescent. Nutlets ovoid, densely hirsute, with distinctly
reticulate veins. Fl. and fr. Jun-Sep.
• Mountain slopes in open places along streams; 600–2600 m.
Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi,
Sichuan, Yunnan.
Medicinal.
10. Caryopteris aureoglandulosa (Vaniot) C. Y. Wu, Fl.
Yunnan. 1: 484. 1977.
金腺莸 jin xian you
Ocimum aureoglandulosum Vaniot, Bull. Acad. Int.
Géogr. Bot. 14: 171. 1904.
Subshrubs 30–100 cm tall, erect to ascending. Branches
4-angled, densely puberulent. Petiole 1–5 mm; leaf blade
ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 2–14 × 1.2–5 cm, membranous,
densely puberulent when young, glabrescent, abaxially
sparsely yellow glandular, base cuneate to subrounded, margin
with 1–3 irregular serrations per side above middle, rarely
subentire, apex acute. Inflorescences axillary, 1–3-flowered,
densely puberulent, cymes aggregated into poorly defined
thyrses; peduncle 1–3(–10) mm; bracts and bractlets linear.
Pedicel ± as long as peduncle. Calyx campanulate, ca. 5 mm,
sparsely puberulent; teeth 4 or 5, lanceolate to ovate-triangular,
acuminate. Corolla white or pinkish, ca. 1.2 cm; tube ca. 8 mm,
outside puberulent, inside glabrous. Stamens exserted. Ovary
apically densely white puberulent. Style as long as stamens.
Nutlets ovoid, puberulent, slightly reticulate. Fl. Apr.
• Grasslands; 600–800 m. S to W Guizhou, Hubei, SW Si-chuan,
SW Yunnan.
11. Caryopteris divaricata Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Imp.
Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg, sér. 3, 23: 390. 1877.
莸 you
Clerodendrum divaricatum Siebold & Zuccarini (1846),
not Jack (1820).
Herbs, perennial, ca. 80 cm tall. Branches 4-angled,
subglabrous to pubescent. Petiole 0.5–2 cm; leaf blade
ovate-oblong to ovate, 12–14 × 1.2–5 cm, membranous,
sparsely pubescent, base cuneate to subrounded, margin
coarsely serrate, apex acuminate to caudate, veins 3–5 pairs.
Inflorescences axillary, cymes, dichotomous, sparsely
pubescent; peduncle 2–3(–11) cm; bracts linear to lanceolate.
Calyx cup-shaped, broader than long, 2–4 mm, inside
pubescent; teeth 5, triangular, 0.6–1 mm. Corolla pinkish to
purple to pinkish, 1–2 cm, outside pubescent, villous in throat,
tube 0.8–1.6 cm, lobes entire, lower lobe broadly obovate.
Stamens and style exserted. Ovary pubescent, ± glandular, apex
rudimentarily 4-lobed. Fruiting calyx twice as long as
flowering calyx, broader than long. Nutlets pale brown ovoid,
shorter than calyx tube, reticulate, glabrescent. Fl. and fr.
Jul-Sep.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along roadsides;
700–2900 m. Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan
[Japan, Korea].
12. Caryopteris siccanea W. Smith, Notes Roy. Bot. Gard.
Edinburgh 10: 18. 1917.
腺毛莸 xian mao you
Cardioteucris cordifolia C. Y. Wu.
Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous, 50–90 cm tall, usually
unbranched, minutely hirsute, glandular. Petiole 3–8(–10) cm,
much shorter on apical leaves, minutely hirsute and sparsely
glandular; leaf blade broadly ovate, 6–12 × 5–10 cm,
membranous, strigose, base cordate, margin with 8–15
serrations per side, apex acute. Inflorescences slender, lax
terminal thyrses, sometimes also in most apical leaf axils,
densely minutely hirsute, glandular; bracts linear-lanceolate to
lanceolate, 1–6(–10) mm, shorter than pedicel. Calyx 5–7 mm,
outside minutely hirsute and glandular, 2 lipped, lower lip
2-dentate, upper lip 3-dentate or rarely subentire in fruit.
Corolla white, ca. 1.2 cm, outside puberulent. Stamens and
style exserted. Fruit shallowly lobed; nutlets ca. 3 mm,
glabrous, faintly ridged. Fl. Jun-Aug.
Open or forested slopes; 2000–3000 m. Sichuan, Yunnan
[Myanmar].
13. Caryopteris bicolor (Roxburgh ex Hardwicke)
Mabberley in Manilal, Bot. Hist. Hort. Malab. 83. 1980.
香莸 xiang you
Volkameria bicolor Roxburgh ex Hardwicke, Asiat. Res.
6: 366. 1799; Caryopteris odorata (D. Don) Robinson; C.
wallichiana Schauer.
Shrubs 1–3 m tall, spreading. Branchlets 4-angled, gray
minutely tomentose. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade
lanceolate-elliptic, 5.5–13 × 2–4 cm, papery, abaxially
pubescent and glandular, adaxially subglabrous, base cuneate,
margin subentire to serrate, apex acuminate Inflorescences
tight terminal thyrses, densely pubescent; bracts and bractlets
lanceolate, to 1.5 cm, margins entire. Calyx 3–4.5 mm, usually
6-lobed, pubescent, densely glandular. Corolla bluish purple,
tube ca. 5 mm, lobes ca. 8 mm, pubescent, glandular. Stamens
exserted. Ovary pubescent, glandular. Style longer than
stamens. Fruiting calyx ca. 6 mm. Fruit subglobose, ca. 4 mm
in diam. Fl. Mar.
Dry mountain slopes; 900–2000 m. Yunnan [Bhutan, India,
Nepal, Thailand].
14. Caryopteris paniculata C. B. Clarke in J. D. Hooker, Fl.
Brit. Ind. 4: 597. 1885.
锥花莸 zhui hua you
Callicarpa esquirolii H. Léveillé; C. martinii H. Léveillé.
Shrubs 1–3 m tall, spreading, climbing, much branched,
pubescent. Petiole 5–10 mm; leaf blade broadly lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate, 9–14 × 3–6.5 cm, thickly membranous,
sparsely pubescent, densely yellow glandular, base broadly
cuneate to rounded, margin sparsely serrate, apex
caudate-acuminate; veins 5 pairs, abaxially prominent.
Inflorescences axillary, paniculate, densely pubescent; bracts
and bractlets minute. Calyx ca. 3 mm, 5- or 6-lobed, pubescent,
densely glandular. Corolla pinkish, deep red, or purple, ca. 4
mm, tube ca. 2 mm, 5-lobed, outside pubescent and glandular.
Stamens exserted. Style slightly longer than stamens. Fruiting
calyx ca. 4 mm. Fruit usually orange at maturity, globose, ca. 2
mm in diam., pubescent, glandular, tardily breaking up. Fl. and
fr. Mar-Sep.
Mixed forests on mountain slopes, along roadsides; 700–2300 m.
Guangxi, W Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Myan-mar,
Nepal, Thailand].

16. SCHNABELIA Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 58: 92. 1921.
四棱草属 si leng cao shu
Herbs, perennial. Rhizomes short, thick. Stems and twigs 4-angled, distinctly winged along edges. Leaves opposite, small,
simple to deeply 3-lobed and almost palmate, usually early deciduous. Inflorescences axillary, simple cymes or reduced to 1 flower.
Flowers usually of 2 kinds, open or cleistogamous. Calyx deeply 4- or 5-lobed, slightly enlarged in fruit, conspicuously
8–10-veined; lobes linear-lanceolate, equal or subequal. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 4-locular; ovules 1 per locule. Stigma
slightly 2-cleft. Open flowers with corolla longer than calyx, tube slender, 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, upper lip erect and 2-lobed;
stamens exserted; style longer than stamens. Cleistogamous flowers with corolla shorter than calyx; stamens and style shorter than
corolla. Nutlets 4, obovate, puberulent, basally obscurely reticulate.
Two species: endemic to China.
The genus is sometimes included in Lamiaceae. There are collections that are somewhat intermediate between the two species.
1a. Cymes usually reduced to 1 flower; peduncle longer than 7 mm; calyx 5-dentate ............................................ 1. S. oligophylla
1b. Cymes usually 1–3-flowered; peduncle less than 2 mm; calyx 4-dentate .............................................................. 2. S. tetradonta

1. Schnabelia oligophylla Handel-Mazzetti, Akad. Wiss. lower lip with middle lobe ca. 0.5 mm and lateral lobes ca. 0.2
Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Anz. 58: 93. 1921. mm; upper lip ovate to subrounded, ca. 0.2 mm. Nutlets ca. 5 ×
四棱草 si leng cao 2.8 mm.
• 600-1900 m. Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan,
Herbs 60–100(–120) cm tall, erect to climbing. Stems Jiangxi, Sichuan, NE Yunnan.
minutely puberulent, soon glabrous; internodes 0.5–8(–12) cm.
Petiole 0.3–2.3 cm; leaf blade oblong, triangular-ovate, or Medicinal.
ovate, sometimes deeply 3-lobed, 1–5 × 0.8–2 cm, papery, 1a. Leaf blade 1–3 × 0.8–1.7 cm ...... 1a. var. oligophylla
base cuneate, subrounded, or subcordate, margin serrate, apex
1b. Leaf blade 4–5 × 1.5–2 cm .......... 1b. var. oblongifolia
short acuminate to acute. Cyme usually 1-flowered; bracts
awl-shaped. Open flowers: Calyx 10-veined; teeth 5, 5–8 × 1
1a. Schnabelia oligophylla var. oligophylla
mm, margin entire, ciliate, apex acuminate. Corolla bluish
purple to purple, 1.4–1.8 cm, tube ca. 12 × 2 mm; lower lip 四棱草 si leng cao
wedge-shaped to obovate-triangular, middle lobe 8–5.5 mm, Petiole 3–9 mm; leaf blade ovate to triangular-ovate,
lateral lobes 3–5 mm; upper lip broadly elliptic, ca. 4 × 3 mm. 1–3 × 0.8–1.7 cm. Fl. and fr. Apr-Jun.
Cleistogamous flowers: Calyx ca. 3 mm. Corolla ca. 1.5 mm,
 Chienodoxa tetrodonta Sun, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 1: 22.
• Open forests in valleys in calcareous soil; 700 m. Fujian, 1951.
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan.
Herbs 30–70 cm tall. Stems erect, puberulent; internodes 0.5–6
1b. Schnabelia oligophylla var. oblongifolia C. Y. Wu & C. cm. Petiole 3–8 cm; leaf blade ovate, 1–1.4 × 0.7–0.9 cm or
Chen in C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 11. 1964. smaller, papery, minutely hirsute, base cuneate, margin serrate,
长叶四棱草 chang ye si leng cao apex acute. Cymes 1–3-flowered. Open flowers unknown.
Cleistogamous flowers: Calyx 8-veined; teeth 4,
Petiole 1.8–2.3 cm; leaf blade oblong, 4–5 × 1.5–2 cm. Fl. linear-lanceolate, 2.5 × 0.8 mm, entire, ciliate. Corolla ca. 1.5
Apr-May, fr. Oct. mm, early deciduous, 2-lipped; lower lip 3-lobed, central lobe
• Forests; 600–1900 m. S Sichuan, NE Yunnan. ca. 0.5 mm, acute, with lateral lobes similar to upper lobes of
upper lip; upper lip erect, 2-lobed, lobes ovate, ca. 0.2 mm.
2. Schnabelia tetrodonta (Sun) C. Y. Wu & C. Chen in C. Stamens 4, didynamous, shorter than corolla; disc cup-shaped.
Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 7. 1964. Ovary pubescent, ca. 0.5 mm. Style as long as ovary, glabrous.
四齿四棱草 si chi si leng cao Fruiting calyx broadly lanceolate, 3.5–4 × 1.3 mm. Nutlets ca.
3 × 2 mm, pubescent. Fl. and fr. May-Jul.
• Mountain slopes in thickets; 500–1800 m. N Guizhou, C Sichuan.

17. SYMPHOREMA Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 2: 46. 1805.

六苞藤属 liu bao teng shu
Shrubs, usually climbing. Hairs stellate. Leaves opposite, simple, margin entire or serrate. Inflorescences pedunculate, capitate
cymes, subtended by a whorl of 6 prominent involucral bracts. Calyx 5- or 6-dentate. Corolla white, small, tube cylindric, lobes
6–16(–18). Stamens 6–16(–18). Ovary 2- or imperfectly 4-locular; ovules 2 per locule, pendulous, only 1 fertile. Capsules
indehiscent, included within an enlarged calyx. Cotyledons fleshy, usually with abundant oil.
About three species: India, Myanmar, Philippines, and Thailand; one species in China.

1. Symphorema involucratum Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 2: base rounded to slightly cordate, margin subentire to dentate.
46. 1805. Peduncle long, pubescent. Involucral bracts oblong, enlarged
in fruit. Calyx 4–5 mm, outside tomentose, inside glabrous.
六苞藤 liu bao teng
Corolla white, 6–8 mm; lobes 6–8, narrowly oblong, 2–3 mm.
Shrubs, climbing. Branchlets terete, hairy when young. Fruit subglobose, 4–6 mm in diam.
Leaf blade subelliptic to ovate, puberulent when young, Forests; 500–800 m. S Yunnan [India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka,
abaxially densely stellate tomentose, adaxially glabrescent, Thailand].

18. SPHENODESME Jack, Malayan Misc. 1: 19. 1820.

楔翅藤属 xie chi teng shu
Shrubs, climbing. Hairs simple or stellate. Stems lenticellate when young. Leaves opposite, short petiolate, margin entire.
Inflorescences capitate cymes, 3–7-flowered, subtended by a whorl of 5 or 6 prominent involucral bracts. Calyx funnelform,
5-dentate, sometimes enlarged or inflated in fruit. Corolla tube short cylindric; lobes 5 (or 6), narrowly lanceolate to ovate-oblong.
Stamens 5(–7); anthers ovate. Ovary imperfectly 2-locular; ovules 2 per locule, pendulous from apex of a placenta bearing axis.
Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit indehiscent, small, obovoid to globose, included or nearly included in calyx, 1- (or 2)-seeded.
About 16 species: mainly in tropical and subtropical Asia, four species in China.
1a. Cyme 5-flowered; calyx glabrous ...................................................................................................................................... 1. S. pentandra
1b. Cyme 7-flowered; calyx with pilose or stellate hairs.
2a. Hairs simple; involucral bracts oblanceolate-spatulate to spatulate; calyx usually with accessory teeth; fruit
hairy .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 2. S. mollis
2b. Hairs stellate; involucral bracts spatulate-lanceolate or obovate; calyx without accessory teeth; fruit glabrous.
3a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic to ovate; involucral bracts oblanceolate; flowers 4- or 5-merous; stamens
included ................................................................................................................................................................... 3. S. involucrata
3b. Leaf blade obovate-elliptic; involucral bracts spatulate-lanceolate; flowers 5- or 6-merous; stamens exserted
................................................................................................................................................................................... 4. S. floribunda

1. Sphenodesme pentandra var. wallichiana (Schauer)

Indumentum of simple hairs. Branchlets 4-angled,
Munir, Gard. Bull. Straits. Settlem., ser. 3, 21: 360. 1966.
densely pubescent when young, glabrescent. Petiole 0.5–1.5
山白藤 shan bai teng cm; leaf blade lanceolate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, 5.5–18 ×
2.5–7 cm, papery to thin leathery, subglabrous to pilose,
Sphenodesme wallichiana Schauer in A. de Candolle, adaxially usually shiny, base cuneate to rounded. Cymes
Prodr. 11: 622. 1847.
capitate, 5-flowered; peduncle to 3 cm; involucral bracts 5 or 6,
oblong-spatulate, 1.5–2.8 × 0.5–1 cm, glabrous. Calyx 4–7
mm, 5-dentate, with indistinct accessory teeth between main Vitex involucrata Presl, Bot. Bemerkungen 148. 1844;
teeth, glabrous. Corolla purple, 5-lobed, pubescent in throat. Symphorema unguiculatum Kurz.
Stamens 5, exserted. Ovary densely hispid, glandular. Indumentum of simple and stellate hairs. Branchlets
Capsules globose, ca. 4 mm in diam., yellow hispid. Fl. and fr. slender, with stellate hairs when young, glabrescent. Petiole ca.
Feb-May. 1 cm, with dense stellate hairs; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to
Mixed forests; 500–700 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan ovate, 6–13 × 3–7 cm, leathery, abaxially with stellate and
[Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, simple hairs, base cuneate to subrounded, margin entire.
Thailand, Vietnam]. Cymes 7-flowered, with rusty pilose and stellate hairs;
peduncle with dense stellate hairs; involucral bracts
Sphenodesme pentandra var. pentandra occurs in oblanceolate to obovate. Calyx ca. 5 mm, nearly 2-lipped, 4- or
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam but is 5-dentate, with yellow stellate hairs. Corolla white or pink, 4–6
absent from China.
mm, 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, included. Ovary yellow,
glabrous, apex glandular dotted. Capsules enclosed in calyx,
2. Sphenodesme mollis Craib, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1912: glabrous. Fl. and fr. Nov-Jun.
154. 1912.
Mixed forests; 500–700 m. Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [India,
毛楔翅藤 mao xie chi teng Malaysia].
Sphenodesme annamitica Dop. 4. Sphenodesme floribunda Chun & How, Acta Phytotax.
Indumentum of simple hairs. Branchlets slender, Sin. 7: 79. 1958.
tomentose to pubescent when young, glabrescent. Leaf blade
elliptic-oblong, 4–12 × 3.5–6(–8.5) cm, papery to thin leathery, 多花楔翅藤 duo hua xie chi teng
tomentose to subglabrous, base cuneate. Cymes 7-flowered, Bracts and young shoots with stellate hairs. Branchlets
arranged in loose terminal or axillary panicles; involucral terete, prominently lenticellate, grayish rusty tomentose.
bracts 6, oblanceolate-spatulate to spatulate, abaxially densely Petiole 3–9 mm; leaf blade obovate-elliptic, 6–9 × 2–4 cm,
appressed pubescent, adaxially pilose. Calyx ca. 5 mm. Corolla glandular, abaxially pilose, base cuneate, margin entire or
mauve to purple, pubescent in throat; lobes 5, oblong. Stamens sinuate-dentate. Cymes 7-flowered; involucral bracts
spatulate-lanceolate, 8–15 × 2–4 mm, membranous, densely
5, exserted. Ovary ovate, hispid. Capsules enclosed in calyx, rusty stellate pubescent. Calyx ca. 5 mm, densely yellowish
pilose-hispid. Fr. Oct-Nov. rusty stellate pubescent; lobes 5 or 6, ovate-triangular, ca. 1
Mixed forests on mountain slopes and along stream banks; mm. Corolla ca. 9 mm, tube slender, white ciliate; lobes 5 or 6,
600–l500 m. S Yunnan [Thailand, Vietnam]. oblanceolate, ca. 4 mm. Stamens 5, exserted. Ovary ca. 1.2 mm,
glabrous. Style ca. 4 mm. Fl. Mar-Apr.
3. Sphenodesme involucrata (Presl) Robinson, Proc. Amer.
Acad. Arts 51: 531. 1916. • Mixed forests; 300–700m. Guangdong, Hainan.
爪楔翅藤 zhua xie chi teng

19. CONGEA Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 3: 90. 1820.

绒苞藤属 rong bao teng shu
Shrubs, climbing. Branchlets subterete, tomentose with stellate and/or simple hairs. Leaves opposite. Cymes capitate,
3–9-flowered, arranged in panicles, pedunculate; involucral bracts 4 or by fusion reduced to 3 with third bract deeply emarginate.
Calyx funnelform or campanulate, 5-dentate, slightly enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a slender tube, outside glabrous, pubescent in
throat, 2-lipped, lower lip 3-cleft, upper lip 2-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted at corolla throat; anthers subglobose. Ovary
obovate, apex glandular, imperfectly 2-locular; ovules 2 per locule. Stigma capitate or shortly 2-cleft. Fruit obovate, indehiscent.
About ten species: mainly in SE Asia, two species in China.
1a. Leaf blade narrowly elliptic; involucral bracts narrowly oblong, 5–8 mm wide, basally united for ca. 6 mm,
grayish ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1. C. chinensis
1b. Leaf blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, or ovate; involucral bracts oblong, obovate-oblong, or broadly elliptic, 8–12 mm
wide, basally united for 1–3 mm, blue-purple .............................................................................................................. 2. C. tomentosa

1. Congea chinensis Moldenke, Phytologia 2: 311. 1947.

华绒苞藤 hua rong bao teng
Branchlets densely grayish pilose. Petiole to 7 mm, pilose;
leaf blade narrowly elliptic, 8–14.5 × ca. 5 cm, abaxially
densely pilose, base subrounded to cordate, margin entire, apex
acuminate; veins abaxially prominent, pilose when young.
Cymes 5–7-flowered, densely grayish pilose; peduncle 1–2 cm;
involucral bracts 4, narrowly oblong, 2.5–3 × 0.5–0.8 cm.
Calyx campanulate, 7–8 mm, outside densely white pilose,
inside pubescent. Corolla grayish, ca. 7 mm, tube cylindric.
Stamens 4, long exserted. Ovary ca. 2 mm, glabrous. Fl. Oct.
Mixed forests; 700–1500 m. S Yunnan [Myanmar].
2. Congea tomentosa Roxburgh, Pl. Coromandel 3: 90. 1820.
绒苞藤 rong bao teng
Congea tomentosa var. oblongifolia Schauer.
Branchlets densely yellowish tomentose when young,
becoming grayish. Petiole 5–13 mm, densely tomentose; leaf
blade elliptic, broadly elliptic, or ovate, 6–16 × 3–9.5 cm,
papery, abaxially densely pilose, adaxially densely pilose
when young but becoming sparsely pilose to subglabrous, base
rounded to subcordate, margin entire, apex acuminate to acute;
veins 5 or 6, abaxially prominent. Cymes (5–)7(–9)-flowered,
densely white pilose; involucral bracts 3 or 4, purple, oblong,
obovate-oblong, or broadly elliptic, 2–3 × 0.8–1.2 cm,
pubescent, base pilose. Calyx funnelform, ca. 7 mm, lobes 1/2
as long as tube, outside densely pilose, inside pubescent.
Corolla, glabrous except pilose in throat, tube longer than
calyx. Stamens long exserted. Ovary glabrous. Style exserted. Mixed forests; 600–1200 m. SW Yunnan [Bangladesh, India,
Drupes enclosed in an enlarged calyx. 2n = 34. Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam].

20. AVICENNIA Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 110. 1753.

海榄雌属 hai lan ci shu
Shrubs or trees, maritime. Branches terete, sometimes 4-ridged when young. Leaves opposite. Inflorescences small spikes or
capitula; bracts and bractlets ovate, shorter than calyx, persistent. Flowers small, opposite, sessile. Calyx cup-shaped, deeply
5-lobed; lobes overlapping, persistent. Corolla nearly actinomorphic, campanulate, shortly inserted on an inconspicuous disc; lobes
4 or 5, upper lobe often broader than others. Stamens 4, adnate to apical part of corolla tube. Ovary imperfectly 4-locular, with a
free central winged placenta; ovules pendulous. Capsules subtended by persistent calyx, dehiscent into 2 leathery valves.
About 14 species: maritime in tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres, one species in China.
Avicennia is sometimes placed in the monogeneric family Avicenniaceae.

1. Avicennia marina (Forsskål) Vierhapper, Denkschr.
Kaiserl. Acad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71: 435. 1907.
海榄雌 hai lan ci
Sceura marina Forsskål, Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 37. 1775.
entire. Inflorescences capitate; peduncle 1–2.5 cm. Flowers ca.
5 mm in diam. Calyx and corolla outside densely pubescent,
inside subglabrous, margin densely persistent ciliate. Stamens
slightly exserted. Ovary densely pubescent. Style short, 2-cleft.
Fruit nearly ovoid, ca. 1.2 cm in diam., pubescent.

Branchlets ridged when young. Leaves subsessile; leaf Maritime. Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Taiwan [E Africa, S and
blade elliptic to ovate, 2–7 × 2–3.5 cm, leathery, abaxially SE Asia, N Australia].
pubescent, adaxially glabrous and shiny, base acuminate, margin