10Th Cbse: Social Science Notes Civics Sa-Ii

10TH CBSE
SOCIAL SCIENCE
NOTES
CIVICS
SA-II
2016
SIKANDAR BAIG SIR
mirzasikandarbaig11@gmail.com
Chapter 5
Popular Struggles and Movements
Movement for Democracy in Nepal

 Witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006 in order to restore democracy.
 In 1990, democracy was established with the king still nominally remaining the head of the
state.
 All the major political parties of Nepal formed a Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and organised a
four day strike in Kathmandu.
 The movement witnessed active participation of the Maoist insurgents and various other
organisations.
 Main Demands
o Restoration of parliament “The purpose of education is not to
o Power to an all-party government make a machine, but to make the
o A new constituent assembly
human being”
 On 24 April 2006, the last day of the ultimatum, the king
-Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani r.a.
was forced to concede all the three demands. The SPA
chose Girija Prasad Koirala as the new Prime Minister of the
interim government.
 The SPA and the Maoists came to an understanding about how the new Constituent
Assembly was going to be elected.
Bolivia’s Water War, 2000

 Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America.
 The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control of municipal water supply.
 The government sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a multi-national company
(MNC).
 The company immediately increased the price of water four times. This led to a spontaneous
popular protest.
 A new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders forced the officials of the
MNC to flee the city and made the government concede to all the demands of the
protesters.
 The contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality
at old rates. This came to be known as Bolivia’s water war.
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Evolution of Democracy
 Evolves through popular struggles.
 Usually involves conflict between those groups who have exercised power and those who
aspire for a share in power.
 These moments come when the country is going through transition to democracy, expansion
of democracy or deepening of democracy.
 Democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilisation. These conflicts and mobilisations
are based on new political organisations which include political parties, pressure groups and
movement groups.
Mobilisation and Organizations

 In Nepal, democracy was attained through the joined efforts of the Seven Party Alliance, the
Nepalese Communist Party (Maoist), labour unions and their federations, organization of the
indigenous people, teachers, lawyers and human rights groups.
 In Bolivia, the protest against water privatisation was led by a non-political organisation
called FEDECOR. This organisation comprised local professionals, including engineers and
environmentalists, farmers who relied on irrigation, factory workers’ unions and middle class
students. The movement was supported by the Socialist Party. In 2006, this party came to
power in Bolivia.
 Direct participation in competitive politics is done by creating parties, contesting elections
and forming governments.
 Indirect participation in competitive politics is done by forming an organisation and
undertaking activities for promoting their interests or their viewpoints. These are called
interest groups or pressure groups. Sometimes, people decide to act together without
forming organisations.
Pressure Groups and Movements

 Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies.
 Unlike political parties, pressure groups do not aim to directly control or share political
power.
 These organisations are formed when people with common occupation, interests,
aspirations or opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.
 Like an interest group, a movement also attempts to influence politics rather than directly
take part in electoral competition.
 Unlike interest groups, movements have a loose organisation.
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 Their decision-making is more informal and flexible. They depend much more on
spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
Sectional Interest Groups Represent

 A section of society: Workers, employees, businesspersons, industrialists, followers of a
religion, caste groups, etc.
 Their principal concern is the betterment and well being of their members, not society in
general. Sometimes, these organisations are not about representing the interest of one
section of society.
 They represent some common or general interest that needs to be defended.
 The members of the organisation may not benefit from the cause that the organisation
represents.
Public Interest Groups

 Promote collective rather than selective good.
 They aim to help groups other than their own members.
 In some instances, the members of a public interest group may undertake activities that
benefit them as well as others too.
Movement Groups
 Most of the movements are issue specific movements that seek to achieve a single objective
within a limited time frame.
 Others are more general or generic movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in the long
term.
 Movements of this kind tend to have a clear leadership and some organisation.
 Their active life is usually short.
 The Nepalese Democratic Movement and Narmada Bachao Andolan are some examples of
movement groups.
 Environmental movement is a label for a large number of organisations and issuespecific
movements. National Alliance for Peoples’ Movements (NAPM) is an organisation that
functions for various movements. Groups struggling on specific issues are constituents of
this loose organisation which coordinates the activities of a large number of peoples’
movements in our country.
Influence of Pressure Groups and Movements on

Politics
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 They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals and activities by carrying out
information campaigns, organising meetings, filing petitions, etc.
 Most of these groups try to influence the media into giving more attention to these issues.
 They often organise protest activities such as strikes or disrupting government programmes.
 Business groups often employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements.
 Some persons from pressure groups or movement groups may participate in official bodies
and committees that offer advice to the government.
Relationship between Political Parties and

Pressure Groups
 Pressure groups are either formed or led by the leaders of political parties or act as
extended arms of political parties. Most of the leaders of such pressure groups are usually
activists and leaders of a party.
 Sometimes, political parties grow out of movements.
 Movement groups raise new issues that are taken up by political parties.
 Most of the new leadership of political parties comes from interest or movement groups.
Is Their Influence Healthy?

 Governments can often come under pressure from a small group of rich and powerful
 people that reminds the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.
 Where different groups function actively, no single group can achieve dominance over
society.
 The government gets to hear about what different sections of the population want; thus,
leading to a rough balance of power.
""Oh! Dear friends, seek knowledge, learn knowledge and practice on that knowledge"-
Sheikh Sayed Data Ganj Baksh Ali hajwiri R.A.
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Chapter 6
Political Parties
Political Parties
 Political parties are one of the most visible institutions in a democracy.
 Is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the
government.
 They agree on some policies and programs for the society with the view of promoting the
collective good.
 They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.
 A political party has three
components: "No nation can ever achieve progress until the men and the
o Leaders women do not go ahead shoulder to shoulder"-Sultanul
o Active members Hind Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti R.A.
o Followers
 Functions
o Parties contest elections.
o Parties have different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. A
party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it
supports.
o Parties play a decisive role in making laws for a country. Laws are debated and
passed in the legislature by the members of the various political parties.
o Parties form and run governments.
o Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the
government in the way they want.
o Parties shape public opinion.
o Often, opinions in the society are formed on the lines of the party.
o Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes
implemented by governments.
 Necessity
o Political parties are directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
o Political parties help large scale societies in developing a representative democracy.
o They also help in gathering different views on various issues and present these to
the government.
o They bring various representatives together so that a responsible government could
be formed.
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o They support or restrain the government in the formulation of policies.
Party System
 One-party system
o Only one party is allowed to control and run the government.
o E.g., The Communist Party of China.
o We cannot consider one-party system as a good option because this is not a
democratic option.
 Two-party system
o Power usually changes between two main parties. E.g., The United States of America
and the United Kingdom.
o Only the two main parties have a serious chance of winning majority of seats for
forming the government.
o Several other parties may exist, contest elections and win a few seats in the national
legislatures.
 Multi-party system
o Several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable
chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others.
E.g., India (The National Democratic Alliance, the United Progressive Alliance and the
Left Front).
o The government is formed by various parties coming together in a coalition. This
system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
o multi-party system may often lead to political instability.
o Party system evolves over a long time, depending on the nature of society, its social
and regional divisions, its history of politics and its system of elections.
National Political Parties

 Countrywide parties are called ‘national parties’ and these have their units in various states.
 A party that secures at least six per cent of total votes in the Lok Sabha elections or the
Assembly elections in four States and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognized
as a national party.
 There are six national recognised parties in India.
Indian National Congress (INC)
o Founded in 1885
o Dominated Indian politics, both at the national and state level, for several decades
after India’s Independence.
o Ruling party at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980 to 1989. After 1989, its
support declined.
o A centrist party (neither rightist nor leftist) in its ideological orientation.
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o The party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities.
o Supports new economic reforms.
o Currently leads the ruling United Progressive Alliance coalition government at the
Centre.
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

o Founded in 1980 by reviving the erstwhile Bharatiya Jana Sangh.
o Cultural nationalism (or ‘Hindutva’) is the party’s ideology that defines its concept of
Indian nationhood and politics.
o Wants full territorial and political integration of Jammu and Kashmir with India.
o A uniform civil code for all people living in the country irrespective of religion and a
ban on religious conversions.
o Its support base substantially increased in the 1990s. Earlier limited to North and
West and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in the South, East, and the
Northeast and to rural areas.
o Came to power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance including
several state and regional parties. Lost elections in 2004 and is the principal
opposition party in the the Lok Sabha.
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

o Formed in 1984 under the leadership of Kanshi Ram.
o Seeks to represent and secure power for the bahujan samaj which includes the
dalits,adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities.
o Draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma
Phule,Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar.
o It has its main base in the state of Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in
neighbouring states like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and
Punjab.
o Formed government in Uttar Pradesh several times by taking the support of
different parties at different times.
Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)

o Founded in 1964.
o Believes in Marxism-Leninism.
o Supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and
communalism.
o Accepts democratic elections as a useful and helpful means for securing the
objectives of socio-economic justice in India.
o Enjoys strong support in West Bengal, Kerala and Tripura, especially among the
poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers and the intelligentsia.
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o Critical of the new economic policies that allow free flow of foreign capital and
goods into the country. Has been in power in West Bengal without a break for 30
years.
o Currently supports the UPA government from outside, without joining the
government.
Communist Party of India (CPI)

o Formed in 1925.
o Believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy.
o Opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism.
o Accepts parliamentary democracy as a means of promoting the interests of the
working class, farmers and the poor.
o Became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI
(M).
o Significant presence in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh
and Tamil Nadu.
o Its support base has gradually declined over the years.
o Advocates the coming together of all left parties for building a strong left front.
Currently supports UPA government from outside.
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)

o Formed in 1999 following a split in the Congress party.
o Espouses democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism.
o Wants that high offices in government be confined to natural born citizens of the
country.
o A major party in Maharashtra and has a significant presence in Meghalaya, Manipur
and Assam.
o A coalition partner in the state of Maharashtra in alliance with the Congress. Since
2004, a member of the United Progressive Alliance.
State Parties
 A party that secures at least 6 per cent of the total votes in an election to the Legislative
Assembly of a State and wins at least two seats is recognised as a State party.
 These parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states and
regions.
 National parties are compelled to form alliances with state parties.
Challenges to Political Parties

 Lack of internal democracy
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o There is a tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or
few leaders at the top.
o Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings and
do not conduct regular internal elections. Ordinary members of the party do not get
sufficient information on what happens inside the party. More than loyalty to party
principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes important.
 Dynastic succession
o Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage of
favouring people close to them or even their family members.
o In many parties, top positions are always controlled by the members of one family.
o This is bad for democracy, since people who do not have adequate experience or
popular support come to occupy positions of power.
 Growing role of money and muscle power
o Parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.
o Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on
the policies and decisions of the party.
o In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections.
 The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to
the voters.
o A decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world has
lessened the choices of voters.
o People cannot even elect different leaders either because the same set of leaders
keeps shifting from one party to another.
"Knowledge is the shining sun and skills are its rays"-Mahboob e Yazdani
Syed Shah Ashraf Jhangir Simnani R.A.
Reformation of Political Parties

The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties.
 Now, if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose the seat in the legislature.
 MPs and MLAs have to accept the party leader’s decision.
 The Supreme Court has ordered to reduce the influence of money and criminals.
 Every candidate who contests elections must file an affidavit giving details of his/her
property and criminal cases pending against him.
 The Election Commission has ordered the political parties to hold their organisational
elections and file their income tax returns.
 Suggestions to Reform Political Parties
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o Laws should be made for regulating the internal affairs of political parties.Political
parties must give one-third of the total number of tickets to women members.
o The decision making bodies of the party should provide for a quota for women.
o The government should fund the parties in order to support their election expenses.

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Chapter 7
Outcomes of Democracy
Democracy’s Outcomes
 Democracy is a form of government that creates opportunities for the citizen to achieve
their goals.
 Democracy should produce a government that is both accountable and responsive to the
needs and expectations of the citizens
 In a democracy, decisions are debated and negotiated upon. This makes them more
acceptable and effective as compared to the other forms of government.
 Democracy is also a transparent form of government where citizens can question and
enquire regarding the functioning of the government.
 However, democratic governments are not very efficient when it comes to sharing
information with people.
 A democratic government is people’s own government as people wish to be ruled by the
representatives elected by them.
"Education is most powerful weapon against social evils"-

Sikandar Baig Sir
Performance of Democracy
 Economic growth and development
Between 1950 and 2000, dictatorship as compared to democracy, has a higher rate of
economic development. However, democracy is still preferred as it has
 several other positive outcomes.
o Reduction of inequality and poverty
o Democracies are based on political equality but huge economic disparities.
o Accommodation of social diversity
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o Both the majority and the minority opinion must be considered for the efficient
functioning of a democracy.
o Rule of majority should not prevail in the fields of religion, language or race.
o Dignity and freedom of the citizens
o Democracy promotes dignity and freedom to individuals.
o Unequal factions of the society such as women and the people from discriminated
castes and classes are also given equal status and opportunity of participation in the
democratic process.

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Chapter 8
Challenges to Democracy
Challenges Before Democracy

 Foundational challenge
o The challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic
government.
o Bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away from
controlling government and establishing a sovereign and functional state.
 Challenge of expansion
o The basic principle of democratic government must be applied across all the regions,
different social groups and various institutions.
o Decision should be democratically taken.
o Greater powers should be given to the federating units along with women and
various other marginalized classes.
 Challenge of deepening of democracy
o Involves strengthening the institutions that help in the participation of people and
the functioning of democracies.
“The purpose of education is not to make a machine,

but to make the human being”
-Sheikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani r.a.
Political Reforms
 Democratic reforms must be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and
politically conscious citizens and not by formulating laws at every instance.
 Any legal change must take into account the political and social effects.
 Laws must empower people to carry out democratic reforms.
 Political reforms should include the strengthening of democratic practices.
 Political reforms should be properly implemented in areas that need them.
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Redefining democracy
 The elected representatives must take all the decisions.
 Elections must be free and fair for all the citizens.
 People should form a government that works within the framework of the constitution and
for the welfare of its citizens.

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10TH CBSE

Popular Struggles and Movements

Movement for Democracy in Nepal

Bolivia’s Water War, 2000

FREE STUDY MATERIAL PDF FORMAT downloaded from

Mobilisation and Organizations

Pressure Groups and Movements

FREE STUDY MATERIAL PDF FORMAT downloaded from

Sectional Interest Groups Represent

Public Interest Groups

Influence of Pressure Groups and Movements on

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Relationship between Political Parties and

Is Their Influence Healthy?

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National Political Parties

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Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

Communist Party of India - Marxist (CPI-M)

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Communist Party of India (CPI)

Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)

Challenges to Political Parties

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Reformation of Political Parties

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"Education is most powerful weapon against social evils"-

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Challenges Before Democracy

“The purpose of education is not to make a machine,

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