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Contents
i
1 UMTS Service Model
For different service cases, the UMTS service bear rate shall be designed according to
their special demands on radio resources. Table 1.1-2 lists the radio bear rates of these
typical services.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
Entertainment 64 128
WWW 64 128
FTP 64 128/384
Video streaming 64 384
Service model is very important to the UMTS network design because it is the
reference for capacity estimation and determines whether to take future network
service demands into account during planning. On the other hand, service model is
hard to predict. Service model is closely associated with the behavior habits of different
users using different services and users’ habits of using services are closely associated
with many factors in different areas, such as economy and culture. Therefore, a service
model is inapplicable for the application requirements of different environments.
According to service type distribution, service development policy and user dynamic
distribution as well as consumption behavior features in an area, service distribution
areas are categorized into six classes, downtown area, urban area, suburb area, rural
area, main line of communication/scenic spot and indoor coverage. Table 1.2-1 gives
service distribution features and user density of different areas.
Table 1.2-1 Service Distribution Features and User Density of Different Areas
Service
Site User Density Population Density
Area Distribution 2
Classification (user/km ) (user/km2)
Feature
Traffic-intensive Central business >12000
>50000
High service rate district*
Downtown area requirement Irregular >8000
Key area of data building-intensiv >30000
service e area
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Chapter 1 UMTS Service Model
Note: *Such regions as Middle Ring of HongKong and Lujiazui Financial & Trade Zone in Shanghai
Considering voice service remains important at the early stage of 3G construction, the
following sections gives detailed recommendation of busy hour traffic for the above six
areas respectively on voice service and video phone service; with respect to PS domain
data service, busy hour traffic for only the former four areas are provided.
Call duration
Primary parameters of the voice service model are Busy Hour Call Attempt (BHCA)
and call duration. With these two parameters, you can calculate the busy hour traffic.
Tables 1.2-2 and 1.2-3 respectively offer the recommended values of voice service and
video phone service in different areas.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
The data service call model widely differs from the voice service call model. Data call
has the following features:
Each session of a user can consist of several packet calls and different data service
types and user types have differentiated features;
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Chapter 1 UMTS Service Model
5
UMTS Scale Estimation
international UMTS data service features, parameters of data service ETSI model in
downtown area are given in Table 1.2-5:
E-com
0.05 2/2 10/26 480 3.84/9.98
merce
Info
0.08 2/2 5/33 480 6.14/40.69
Services
Entertai
0.02 5/5 4/27 480 1.54/10.37
nment
Because all services will finally come down to the bear rate, Table 1.2-6 provides a
recommended data service model at the early stage of 3G construction based on bear
rate. Where, 384 service is applicable only for downtown and urban areas due to its
great impact on network coverage.
Note: The data in this table is intended for Class 4 area, which relatively drops behind
Class 1, 2 and 3 areas so that you can multiply the data by 30, 20 and 10 respectively
for these areas. Overseas developed areas are taken as Class 1 areas.
From analysis, 31 provinces and cities in China mainland can be categorized into four
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Chapter 1 UMTS Service Model
Class 3: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Henan and Hainan;
Class 4: Qinghai, Hebei, Tibet, Shanxi, Anhui, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Yunnan,
Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Guizhou.
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2 UMTS Coverage Estimation
When the transmitter whose transmission power is Pt eradiates radio signals through
isotropy antenna with gain as Gt, the signal power density Sr is:
Pt ⋅ Gt
Sr =
4πd 2
The signal power Pr received by the antenna with gain as Gr is:
Pr = Sr ⋅ Ar
Where, Ar stands for the effective receiving area of antenna,
Gr ⋅ λ2
Ar =
4π
Pt ⋅ Gt ⋅ Gr ⋅ λ2
Pr =
then, (4π ⋅ d )2
Pt refers to the power from transmitter to transmit antenna.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
The propagation loss is defined as the ratio of power from transmitter to transmit
antenna to power received by receive antenna:
Loss =
Pt
=
(4π ⋅ d ) 2
Pr Gt ⋅ Gr ⋅ λ2
Path loss is measured by dB, then space propagation loss (Loss) is:
(4π ⋅ d )2 4πd
Loss = 10 lg 2
= 20 lg − 10 lg(Gt ) − 10 lg(Gr )
Gt ⋅ Gr ⋅ λ λ
4πd
Loss = 20 lg
λ
If λ and d are measured by Km and f is measured by MHz, the common
formula is:
FreeLoss = 32.44 + 20 lg d + 20 lg f
From the above formula, we can see that the larger the distance (d) between transmit
antenna and receive antenna, and the larger the radio wave frequency (f), the larger the
free space loss. When d or f is doubled, the propagation loss of free space will be
increased by 6 dB.
While planning and constructing a mobile communication network, you have to make
detailed study about electric wave propagation features and field strength prediction
before determining frequency band, frequency allocation and radio wave coverage,
calculating communication probability and inter-system electromagnetic interference,
and finally defining radio equipment parameters. The radio propagation model is a
mathematic formula of such variables as radio propagation loss and frequency, distance,
environment and antenna height concluded by theory study and practical test. In the
radio network planning, the radio propagation model presents the designer an
approximate propagation effect in the practical propagation environment to estimate
the space propagation loss. Therefore, the propagation model veracity determines
whether the cell planning is reasonable.
Radio propagation environments on the earth surface diversify a lot and propagation
models in different propagation environments are differentiated a lot, too. Therefore,
the propagation environment plays an important role in setting up a radio propagation
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Chapter 2 UMTS Coverage Estimation
Vegetation features
Weather conditions
Propagation model is usually classified into outdoor propagation model and indoor
propagation model. The frequently-used models are shown in Table 2.1-1.
The Cost231-Hata model and the General model used in the network planning software
Aircom are described below.
The Cost231-Hata model is applicable for 150 MHz–2000 MHz macro cell prediction.
The urban path loss value can be worked out with the following approximate analysis
formula:
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UMTS Scale Estimation
C m refers to city center correction factor, 3 dBm for large cities and 0 dBm for
middle- and small-size cities.
To analyze the electric wave propagation of different regions and different cities, the K
value may vary with different topographical features and different city environments.
In practice, you need to determine the K value of different regions, cities and areas
through propagation model correction.
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Chapter 2 UMTS Coverage Estimation
Table 2.2-1
1 Transmitter power:
BS transmitting power:
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UMTS Scale Estimation
MS transmitting power:
3 Antenna gain
During link budget, suppose the directional antenna gain of the BS to 17 dBi and
the omni-directional receiving antenna gain to 11 dBi. In practice, different
antennas can be selected in accordance with different region types and coverage
requirements.
4 Feeder loss
It includes the loss of all feeders and connectors between the equipment top and
the antenna connector. For a feeder of 30-40 meters long, suppose the total
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Chapter 2 UMTS Coverage Estimation
feeder loss to 4 dB (including the connector loss) during link budget. For a
feeder of 40-50 meters long, suppose the total feeder loss to 5 dB (including the
connector loss) during link budget.
The feeder loss may decrease the BS receiving level and shorten the coverage
radius. Tower amplifiers can be used to make up for the feeder loss on the
uplink.
5 Eb/No
In the GSM system, the Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N) is used to describe the
anti-interference capability of useful signals. When S/N matches certain
conditions, the receiver can demodulate useful signals. In the UMTS system,
however, useful signals are submerged in the noise. So S/N cannot be used to
reflect the signal quality sufficiently. Eb/No serves as the reference of signal
quality in the UMTS system.
Eb/No indicates the demodulation threshold of the receiver, that is, energy per
bit divided by the noise power spectrum density.
Eb indicates the signal energy per bit, that is, Eb = S/R where S indicates signal
energy and R indicates service bit rate.
Table 3.2-3 and Table 3.2-4 show the uplink/downlink Eb/No values of different
services under different multi-path channel conditions.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
6 Interference margin
The value of interference margin in the uplink budget depends on the capacity
requirement in the network design. The interference margin is 3 dB when the
load is taken 50% from the dense urban area or a cell in the urban area, it is 2.2
dB when the load is taken 40% from the suburb area, and it is 1.5 dB when the
load is taken 30% from the rural area.
For the downlink, the relationship between load and interference still exists. The
interference margin shall be determined by emulation because it is hard to make
the theoretic calculation.
7 BS receiving sensitivity
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Chapter 2 UMTS Coverage Estimation
BS receiving sensitivity indicates the minimum receiving level that the service
channel requires to guarantee the decoding requirement with certain
communication qualities.
N indicates the total noise that the BS receives, that is, N = Noise + N f + IM.
In the formula:
10lg(KT) indicates the thermal noise density (in the unit of dBm/Hz).
Nf indicates the BS noise coefficient, defined as the ratio of input S/N to output
S/N. 3GPP does not have specific requirement for the equipment noise. It is
generally taken as 3 dB for link budget.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
Here, soft handoff gain indicates the gain to overcome slow fading. When the
mobile equipment is located in the soft handoff region, multiple radio links of
soft handoff receive signals at the same time, which decreases the requirement
for the shadow fading margin. The soft handoff gain is generally taken as 3 dB
for link budget.
The UMTS system adopts the fast closed-loop power control of 1500 Hz. For a
low-speed mobile terminal, the fast closed-loop power control of 1500 Hz can
fight fast fading and guarantee the demodulation performance. Because of the
features of fast fading, however, the fast power control cannot compensate deep
fading when the low-speed mobile terminal is in deep fading. In this case, the
UE (Node B) needs to fight deep fading by increasing the average transmitting
power. When the UE is located at the edge of a cell, the fast power control
cannot compensate deep fading either. Therefore, it is necessary to reserve a
certain dynamic adjustment scope of transmitting power for the fast closed-loop
power control during link budget. The power control margin is generally taken
as 3 dB.
10 Penetration loss
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Chapter 2 UMTS Coverage Estimation
penetration loss is also important to the coverage inside vehicles. A car has the
penetration loss of 3 dB to 6 dB, and vans and buses may have larger changes.
The penetration loss at the front of vans should not exceed that of cars, but that
at the rear of vans may reach 10 dB to 12 dB. The specific value is dependent on
the number of windows. Therefore, it is necessary to set a reasonable penetration
loss value in accordance with actual conditions of the planning region during
link budget to guarantee good service quality.
The shadow fading complies with lognormal distribution. Its value is related to
the sector edge communication probability and shadow fading standard
deviation, while the latter is related to the electromagnetic wave propagation
environment.
In the radio space propagation, the path loss of any a given distance changes
rapidly and the path loss value can be regarded as a random variable in
conformity with lognormal distribution. In the case of network design in
accordance with the average path loss, the loss value of points at the cell edge
shall be larger than the path loss median for 50% of time period, and smaller
than the median for the left 50% of time period. That is, the edge coverage
probability of the cell is 50% only. In this case, it is hard for subscribers at the
cell edge to obtain expected service quality with 50% of probability. To improve
coverage probability of the cell, it is necessary to reserve the fading margin
during link budget. The edge coverage probability is generally taken to 75% for
link budget. The following takes the edge coverage probability equal to or larger
than 75% as an example:
19
UMTS Scale Estimation
ζ1 (ζ − m ) 2
1 −
Pcov erage = Pr (ζ < ζ 1) =
2π δ ∫e
−∞
2δ 2
dζ
For the outdoor environment, the standard deviation of the random variable of
propagation loss is always taken to 8 dB. The margin value corresponding to the
edge coverage probability (communication probability) of 75% is:
100%
90%
80%
75%
70%
60%
50%
0.675 σ
Median
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Deviation with median signal m
Normal distribution
probability density function
Standard deviation=8dB
0.675 x8=5.4dB
m Threshold Propagati
on loss
The above figures show that it is necessary to reserve 5.4 dB margin to guarantee the
edge coverage probability of 75% in the network planning. An easier method is to
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Chapter 2 UMTS Coverage Estimation
calculate by using the NORMINV function in Excel. Table 2.2-5 and Figure 2.2-3
show the values of shadow fading margin and edge coverage probability in different
standard deviations.
Table 2.2-5 Shadow Fading Margin and Edge Coverage Probability in Different Standard Deviations
22
20 19.74
18
Shadow fading margin (dB)
16.45
16
15.38
14
12.82 13.16
12.44 σ=6dB
12
σ=8dB
10.36 σ=10dB
10 10.10 10.25
9.87 σ=12dB
Figure 2.2-3 Shadow Fading Margin and Edge Coverage Probability in Different Standard Deviations
The parameters taken in the last section can be used to calculate the uplink budget
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UMTS Scale Estimation
under different environments and coverage requirements. The following table shows
the calculation process:
Parameter Symbol
BS integrated loss N
Shadow fading margin P
Soft handoff gain Q
Different from uplink budget, downlink budget makes all subscribers in the cell share
the BS power at the same time. The BS power distribution aims to make all subscriber
services connected with the BS in the cell match the corresponding service level.
Besides the number of subscribers in the cell, the downlink cell radius is also related to
the location and services of the subscriber.
The following table shows the parameters that cause the maximum allowed path loss
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Chapter 2 UMTS Coverage Estimation
difference between uplink budget and downlink budget. The downlink is usually
limited by the capacity. When the load of the cell increases, the condition of limited
downlink may occur.
The balance between the uplink and downlink needs the help of planning software for
iterative calculation. The calculation includes the uplink coverage estimation and the
downlink power distribution. It shows link balance if the total power does not exceed
the maximum BS transmitting power. If the total power required by the downlink
exceeds the maximum BS transmitting power, it is necessary to reduce the coverage
area and conduct the downlink power distribution again until the total power is smaller
than or equal to the maximum BS transmitting power.
After acquisition of the maximum allowed path loss between MS and BS via link
budget, it is easy to estimate the BS coverage radius by combining with the local radio
propagation model. In fact, the radio propagation model describes the relationship
between path propagation loss and coverage distance. The maximum allowed path loss
and radio propagation model that have been known can be used to conversely deduct
the maximum BS coverage radius. If the coverage radius of macro-cell BS is to be
estimated only without considering the topographic features, the macro-cell radius can
be calculated by using the Cost231-hata model.
R = 10α
α = (Pathloss − 46.3 − 33.9 lg f + 13.82 lg hb − Cm + Ahm ) / (44.9 − 6.55 lg hb )
Pathloss indicates the maximum allowed path loss, acquired via link budget.
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UMTS Scale Estimation
d indicates the distance from the MS to the antenna, in the unit of Km.
Ahm indicates the mobile antenna height correction factor.
C m indicates the big-city center correction factor, 3 dBm for big cities and 0 dBm for
medium and small cities.
Obtain the radio propagation model that best matches the actual environment of the
local area by correcting k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6, k7(diffraction loss) and clutter loss.
The cell coverage radius “R” calculated in the last section can be used to obtain the BS
coverage area “Area” and inter-BS distance “D”. The BS coverage area is related to the
BS type. The following shows some common BS types of Node B:
1 Omni-directional BS
D
R
3
Area = 3R 2 , D = 3R
2
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Chapter 2 UMTS Coverage Estimation
D
R
9 3
Area = 3R 2 , D = R
8 2
3 Six-sector directional BS
D
R
3
Area = 3R 2 , D = 3R
2
The planning region area divided by the single-BS coverage area is the number of BSs
that can cover the region with coverage requirements satisfied.
25