International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 9, Issue 5, May 2018, pp. 912–918, Article ID: IJCIET_09_05_099

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF

CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
FINE AGGREGATES WITH WASTE STEEL
CHIPS
Bhagyawati M
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India

Laxmi Kanta Saha, Vikash Kumar, Mathew Varghese and Anjan Saha
Department of Civil Engineering,
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT
Modification of concrete properties by the addition of appropriate materials is a
popular field of concrete research. This study is focusing on the use of selected waste of
iron and steel industry (steel chips) as a partial replacement for sand in the production of
concrete. In this research study, concrete is made with steel chips as substitution for M-
Sand and help environment by safeguarding from pollution by means of addition in
concrete as construction material. M-Sand was replaced by these waste in different
proportions (15%, 30%, 60%) by weight of M-sand. The aim of this study is to investigate
the compressive strength, split-tensile strength, flexural strength of concrete with steel
chips as a partial replacement for M-sand. The tests results obtained from concrete
produced with steel chips were compared with those in conventional concrete. The
experimental results indicate that, the addition of these wastes to concrete enhances the
compressive strength, split-tensile strength, flexural strength of concrete.
Keywords: Steel Chips Concrete, Super Plasticizer, Compressive Strength, Flexural
Strength.
Cite this Article: Bhagyawati M, Laxmi Kanta Saha, Vikash Kumar, Mathew Varghese
and Anjan Saha, Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of
Fine Aggregates with Waste Steel Chips, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 9(5), 2018, pp. 912–918.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=5

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 912 editor@iaeme.com

 Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates with
Waste Steel Chips

1. INTRODUCTION
Iron and steel industry represents one of the major constituents of industrial solid waste. The
principal sources of this type of solid waste are generally iron and steel manufacturing plants,
as well as small and medium sized workshops. Steel chips also known as swarf or by other
process-specific names (such as turnings, filings, or shavings), are pieces of metal that are the
waste resulting from machining, lathe work, or similar subtractive (material-removing)
manufacturing processes. Steel chips can be small particles (such as the gritty swarf from
grinding metal); long, stringy tendrils (such as the springy chips from turning tough metals, or
long shavings from whittling); slag-like waste (such as is produced within pipe during pipe
fitting work. Steel chips, granulated slag are industrial wastes that cause a nuisance both to the
health and environment when not properly disposed. One of the effective methods for the
disposal of this type of solid waste is to be used in concrete industry. The use of industrial
solid waste as a partial or full replacement of raw materials in construction activities not only
saves landfill space but also reduces the demand for extraction of natural raw materials.
Modification of concrete properties by the addition of appropriate materials is a popular field
of concrete research.. The main goal of this study is to investigate the impact of steel chips
waste on the compressive strength split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete.

Figure 1 Steel Chips (MS - boring)

2. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
In the present study waste steel chips concrete is adopted and their mix proportions were
derived using appropriate method, it is also designed based on the limited literature available.
This chapter includes the details of the material used and the preliminary tests which are
carried out on materials and concrete. These tests help in determining the properties of the
materials being used for the process of concreting and in the mix ratio.

2.1. METHODOLOGY

Figure 2 Methodology Adopted

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 913 editor@iaeme.com

 Bhagyawati M, Laxmi Kanta Saha, Vikash Kumar, Mathew Varghese and Anjan Saha

2.2. MATERIALS USED

Sl. No. Materials
1 Cement
2 Coarse Aggregate
3 Fine Aggregate
4 Steel Chips
5 Glenium

2.3. TESTS CONDUCTED

The following tests were conducted to ensure the quality of individual materials and concrete
to be used for castings or construction purpose.
1. Specific gravity Test
2. Fineness Modulus Test
3. Slump Test

Table 2.1. Slump Test Table 2.2. Specific gravity

Mix Slump(mm) Material Specific Gravity
NC 100 Cement 3.15
15% 85 M-Sand 2.54
30% 80 Coarse Aggregate 2.79
60% 76 Steel Chips 3

3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
This includes the overall details about specimens, testing and experimental set-up.
The waste steel chips concrete was made up of normal concrete with replacement of fine
aggregate with different proportions (15%, 30%, 60%) of waste steel chips. The test was
conducted by 12nos. of concrete cubes of size 150mm X 150mm X 150mm, 12nos of
concrete cubes of size 100mm X 100mm X 100mm, 12nos of concrete cylinder of size 150
dia. & 300mm height. And 12nos of concrete prisms of size 100mm X 100mm X 500mm.

3.1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

The compressive strength of concrete is the most common measure for judging not only the
ability of the concrete to withstand load but also the quality of the hardened concrete. The
compressive strength of concrete is given in terms of the characteristic compressive strength
of 100mm and 150 mm size cubes tested at 28 days (fck). For this study M25 grade concrete is
used. A total 24 no. of cubes were cast for getting compressive strength of concrete after 28
days.
Compressive Strength = P/A
Where,
P = Applied Load
A = Area of the Specimen

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 914 editor@iaeme.com

 Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates with
Waste Steel Chips

Figure 3 Cube Testing

3.2. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

Split tensile strength was carried out on cylinder of 150mm in diameter and 300mm height
specimens. For this study M25 grade concrete is used. A total 12 no. of cylinder were cast for
getting split tensile strength of concrete after 28 days.
Split Tensile Strength = 2P/3.14DL
Where,
P = Applied Load
D = Diameter of the Specimen
L = Length of the Specimen

Figure 4 Cylinder Testing

3.3. FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Flexural Strength was carried out on prism (100mm X 100mm X 500mm).For this study M25
grade concrete is used. A total 12 no. of prism were cast for getting flexural strength of
concrete after 28 days.
Flexural Strength = PL/BD2
Where,
P = Load at the Fracture Point
L = Length of the Support Span
B = Width
D = Thickness

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 915 editor@iaeme.com

 Bhagyawati M, Laxmi Kanta Saha, Vikash Kumar, Mathew Varghese and Anjan Saha

Figure 5 Prism Testing

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This presents the experimental results on the properties of concrete specimen with and
without waste steel chips.

Table 4.1 Compressive Strength (100 mm Cubes)

Average Compressive
Sl.No Specimens Strength(N/mm2)
7 days 14 days 28 days
1. NC 21.17 26.80 33.09
2. 15% 18.27 23.13 28.56
3. 30% 19.78 25.03 30.91
4. 60% 21.28 26.93 33.25

Figure 4.1 Compressive Strength Comparison (100mm Cube)

Table 4.2 Compressive Strength (150 mm Cubes)

Average Compressive Strength
Sl.No Specimens (N/mm2)
7 days 14 days 28 days
1. NC 20.77 26.28 32.45
2. 15% 18.51 23.43 28.93
3. 30% 20.30 25.69 31.72
4. 60% 21.41 27.09 33.45

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 916 editor@iaeme.com

Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates with
Waste Steel Chips

Figure 4.2 Compressive Strength Comparison (150mm Cube)

Table 4.3 Split Tensile Strength of Cylinders

Average Split Tensile
Sl.No Specimens Strength (N/mm2)
7 days 14 days 28 days
1. NC 1.38 1.75 2.16
2. 15% 1.90 2.41 2.98
3. 30% 1.97 2.49 3.08
4. 60% 1.99 2.52 3.11

Figure 4.3 Split Tensile Strength Comparison of Cylinder

Table 4.4 Flexural Strength of Prisms

Average Flexural Strength
Sl.No Specimens (N/mm2)
7 days 14 days 28 days
1. NC 3.52 4.45 5.5
2. 15% 3.42 4.33 5.34
3. 30% 3.69 4.68 5.78
4. 60% 3.99 5.05 6.24

Figure 5.4 Flexural Strength Comparison of Prism

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 917 editor@iaeme.com

 Bhagyawati M, Laxmi Kanta Saha, Vikash Kumar, Mathew Varghese and Anjan Saha

5. CONCLUSIONS
In this study an experimental investigation has been done to find the properties of waste steel
chips concrete specimens where the flexural strength, compressive strength, split tensile
strength have been evaluated.
 The following conclusions were drawn from experiments conducted on the specimens
are as follows:
• By replacing M-Sand with waste steel chips by 15%, 30% and 60% workability of
concrete gets reduced to 15%, 20% and 24% respectively.
• Hence workability is improved by adding Glenium as a chemical admixture.
• By the replacement of M-Sand with waste steel chips, the strength of concrete
gradually increases with the increase in the percentage of steel chips.
• Waste steel chips concrete perform better than Conventional Concrete.
• For final conclusion, the results obtained shows that the addition of waste steel
chips in concrete enhances the strength of concrete without impairing any
technical features of normal concrete. Waste steel chips can be used to construct
residential building, footpaths, road dividers, parapet wall etc.

FUTURE RESEARCH
• Study the behaviour of structural elements using steel chips concrete.
• To overcome the problems related to use of waste steel chips concrete in structural
elements.

REFERENCE
[1] Al-Jabri KS, Hisada M, Al-Oraimi SK, Al-Saidy AH. Copper slag as sand replacement for
high performance concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31, pp. 483 – 488, 2009,
Elsevier Ltd.
[2] Batayneh M, Marie I, Asi I. Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes. Waste
Management, 27, pp. 1870 – 1876, 2007, Elsevier Ltd.
[3] de Larrard F, Belloc A. The influence of aggregate on the compressive strength of normal
and high-strength concrete. ACI Materials, 94, pp. 417 – 426, 1997.
[4] Demirboga R, Gul R. Production of high strength concrete by use of industrial by-
products. Building Environment, 41, pp. 1124 – 1127, 2006, Elsevier Ltd.
[5] Frondistou-Yannas S. Waste concrete as aggregate for new concrete. ACI Materials, 74,
pp. 373 – 376, 1997.
[6] Ismail ZZ, Al-Hashmi EA. Reuse of waste iron as a partial replacement of sand in
concrete. Waste Management, 28, pp. 2048 – 2053, 2008, Elsevier Ltd.
[7] Khaloo AR, Dehestani M, Rahmatabadi P. Mechanical properties of concrete containing a
high volume of tire-rubber particles. Waste Management, 28, pp. 2472 – 2482, 2008,
Elsevier Ltd.
[8] Mannan MA, Ganapathy C. Concrete from an agricultural waste–oil palm shell (OPS).
Building Environment, 39, pp. 441 – 448, 2004, Elsevier Ltd.
[9] Özkan Ö, Yüksel I, Muratog˘lu Ö. Strength properties of concrete incorporating coal
bottom ash and granulated blast furnace slag. Waste Management, 27, pp. 161 – 167,
2007, Elsevier Ltd.
[10] Qasarawi H, Shalabi F, Asi I. Use of low CaO unprocessed steel slag in concrete as fine
aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 23, pp. 1118-1125, 2009, Elsevier Ltd.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 918 editor@iaeme.com