Republic of the Philippines

CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE

Talisay City, Negros Occidental

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE GREEN CULTURE

GAD 101: MODULE

CHAPTER 1
TOPICS TO COVER
A. History of Woman Struggle
B. Philippine Woman Situation
C. Gender and Development Key Concept
a. CMO.1 S. 2015
b. WID, WAD, GAD
c. Gender in Environment and Climate Change

A. HISTORY OF WOMAN STRUGGLE

Let’s take a look at what was happening on the other side of the world when women
were just beginning to fight for their rights. The most remarkable era in the evolution of
woman struggle are from the Egyptian Dynasty, Israelites Journey, Greek Stories, Mayan,
Rome and Philippine Revolutions.

a. Remarkable Woman in Egyptian History:

In a very special circumstances woman could become a Pharaoh.
Woman are regarded equal to men, they could own property, borrow money, sign
contracts,
initiate divorce, appear in court as a witness.

Queen Hatshepsut (1507 BC - 1458 BC)

She was the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt.
She was the second historically confirmed female Pharaoh.
She Travel to the Land of Punt for trade, peace agreement and tourism activity.

Queen Nefertiti (1353 to 1336 B.C)

The Great Royal Wife of Akhenaten, an Egyptian Pharaoh.
Known for her a religious revolution, to worship one God “the Sun” and promote
importance of art work in Egypt

Cleopatra (69 -30 BC)

Cleopatra VII Philopator was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt.
She was a diplomat, naval commander, linguist, and medical author.

b. Woman in Ancient Greece

Girls were given a good education in both the arts and athletics.
Women were encouraged to develop their intellect. Women owned more than a
third of the land.

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 Republic of the Philippines
CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE
Talisay City, Negros Occidental

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE GREEN CULTURE

Husbands spent most of their time with other men in the military barracks; since the men
were rarely
home, the women were free to take charge of almost everything outside of the
army.
Mothers reared their sons until age 7 and then society took over for military
training.

Fathers played little or no role in child care.

Spartan women are expected to produce strong and healthy children, babies who
display
sign of weakness is left to die.

c. Woman in Ancient Israel

Woman first duty, was to give birth, preferably to a son to continue her husband's
name and lineage.
In well-to-do families it was common for the wife to have a personal slave.

A childless woman is considered to be curse, she must be purified and make offering
to produce and offspring.

If the wife could not conceive she could give her slave to her husband. Any child that
resulted would give the wife as much status as actually giving birth herself.

d. Woman in Ancient Mayan

They practice strict cast system. Woman are not allowed to marry out of her class.
Women could not inherit property from their parents. For those families who had no
son, when a
daughter married, she had to leave home immediately and live with her husband's
parents.
Her in-laws could treat her horribly, they could starve her and beat her but not
allowed to
kill her, until her first child is born.

First born female child are often used as human sacrifice. Women of child bearing
years were not allowed to stay single. Marriages were arranged, and a new husband
would be found for her, even she will like it or not. When her parents died, their land

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 Republic of the Philippines
CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE
Talisay City, Negros Occidental

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE GREEN CULTURE

and belongings were assigned to someone else. Their land would not be given to her
male children.

e. Woman in Ancient Rome

Women are NOT allowed to hold public office or work in the government or any
career.
Women were not allowed to wander around alone outside the home. There consider
to be father and husbands property. They are not allowed to own land and no legal
freedom at all.

The BACCHANALIA started as a cult for woman who seek freedom from the society.
Also called Dionysia, in Greco-Roman Religion who served Bacchus (Dionysus), the
wine god.

PAIRED CLASS ACTIVITY: A SIMPLE REFLECTION (REFER TO THE SLIDES AND PRESENTATION)

B. WOMAN STATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Woman at early times in the Philippines are expected to do house work, childcare and
some domestic work.
They are restricted to join politics and some public works.

How It Started?
In 1907, Filipinas started to invoke their right to vote and they slugged it out against the
male-dominated legislative body for 30 years until the Women’s Suffrage Bill was passed
in 1937.

After the suffrage debate was resolved, Filipinas and women around the world moved on
to broader issues that affected them, including reproductive health, gender
equality, violence, greater job opportunities and so much more.
In the global level, the United Nations recognized the need to protect women against
discrimination and declared the year 1975 as International Women’s Year.
In connection with the UN’s actions, President Ferdinand Marcos signed Presidential
Decree No. 633 on January 7, 1975 which created the National Commission on the Role
of the Filipino Women now (PCW).

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 Republic of the Philippines
CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE
Talisay City, Negros Occidental

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE GREEN CULTURE

The decree was also the first in the Philippines that recognized the Filipina’s contribution
to the nation and the need to promote equality between men and women. Its basic
roles were:

To promote economic, social and political empowerment of women.

To review and implement laws regarding women.

Greater women empowerment was later supported by President Corazon Aquino with
the signing
of the Presidential Proclamation No. 227 on 17 March 1988 that made March officially
‘Women’s
Role in History Month.’

Woman in History who Shape our Country:

Gabriela C. Silang- National Hero (1731– 1763) - Considered a national hero; the ‘Joan of Arc of
Ilocandia;’
La Generala of Ilocano uprisings against the Spanish Empire.

Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)- National Hero (1812– 1919)- Considered a hero of the
revolution; Grand Woman of the Revolution;’ The Mother of Balintawak;’ ‘Mother of the
Katipunan; ’Mother of the Philippine Revolution’

Josefa Llanes Escoda-Civic participation (1898– 1945) - Founder of Girl Scouts of the
Philippines; advocate of the women’s suffrage.

Fe del Mundo-Medicine (1911– 2011)- National Scientist of the Philippines, Pioneered

Pediatric Care in the country, First woman admitted as student in Harvard Medical
School, Founder of Children’s Medical Centre;
Order of Lakandula and Ramon Magsaysay Awardee.

Corazon Aquino -Politics (1933– 2009)- 11th President of the Philippines, First Female
President of the Philippine Republic, Icon of Philippine Democracy;’ Time Magazine’s
1986 ‘Woman of the Year’

Philippine Woman After 100 Years

Source: pcw.gov.ph/statistics

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 Republic of the Philippines
CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE
Talisay City, Negros Occidental

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT AND THE GREEN CULTURE

One (1) in every (5) five-woman age 15-49 have experience physical violence since age
15.
14.4% of married woman suffered physical abuse.
One (1) on every twenty-five (25) who have had sex experience forced in their first sexual
encounter.
16% of the woman have initiated violence against their husband.
15, 969 cases of rape, threats and harassment, were filed by woman at the PNP in 2012.
49.6% of the total population are woman about 46.4 million (2010 census)
Woman life expectancy 73.14 (2010 census)
Woman Dominated Professions are:
Midwife, Dietitians, Social Workers, Librarians, Guidance Counsellors, Dentists, Interior
Designers, Teachers and Nurses.
47.8 of our OFW are Woman (2011 Statistics)
75.7 % of the registered woman voters have actually voted in 2010 National Election.
18.4 % of elected post were won by woman (2011).
38.9% of employed Filipinos are woman (2010)
CLASS ACTIVITY / ASSIGNMENT: (REFER TO THE SLIDES AND PRESENTATION)

References:

l.smith@ibtimes.co.uk (Lydia Smith)

Photos Credits (google.com)
http://mayas.mrdonn.org/women.html
http://ffemagazine.com/philippine-history-today-great-women-philippine-history/
www.ibtimes.co.uk/international-womens-day-2015-history

https://www.gov.ph/2014/03/10/dilg-75-of-barangays-now-with-violence-against-
women-desks/
http://pcw.gov.ph/statistics

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