21st Century Literature
The first Filipino alphabet called
Philippine Literature during the Spanish
Colonial Period
March 31, 1951
Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the
Philippines particularly in Limasawa, Leyte.
The first Catholic mass was celebrated
there.
April 14, 1521
Father Pedro Valderama baptized 500
natives including Rajah Humabon.
1546- Starts of Spanish Colonization.
King Philip appointed Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi as the first Governor-General of
the Philippines.
1898: End of the Spanish Colonization,
Lasted for 333 years.
TWO MOTIVES
1. Spice Trade (e.g. ginger and
cinnamon)
2. Converting Filipinos to Christianity
Propaganda Movement led by the
“Illustrados”
1. Jose P. Rizal (Laong Laan/
Dimasalang)
2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Plaridel)
3. Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang/
Kalipulako)
La Solidaridad by Graciano Lopez Jaena
The revolutionaries
1. Andres Bonifacio (May Pag-asa)
2. Emilio Jacinto (Dimasilaw)
SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
1.
Alibata was replaces by the Roman
Alphabet (Modern Filipino Alphabet:
28 letters).
2. Religious Practices became based
on teachings of Christian Doctrine.
3. The Spanish Language which
became the literary language during
this time, lent many of this words to
our language
4. European Legends and traditions
brought here became assimilated in
our songs, corridos and moro-moros
5. Ancient Literature was collected and
translated to Tagalog and other
dialects.
6. Our periodicals during the Spanish
colonization gained a religious tone.
Acrostic Poem- is a poem in which
the first letter of each line spells out a
word, message or the alphabet.
DEVELOPMENT OF POETRY
Ladino Poem
 Bilingual poem with religious themes
Bilingual with Tagalog and Spanish
Ladino- Someone who is fluent in speaking
Spanish and Tagalog language.
Fernando Bagongbanta
Salamat ng walang hanggan.
Types of poems during the Spanish Colonial
Period
 Pasyon
Narrative poem about the passion,
death and resurrection of Jesus
Christ
Consist of 5 stanzas and 8 syllables
per line
Ang mahal na pasyon ni Jesu
Christong Panginoon natin na tola.
The Poem of Passion of our Lord
Jesus Christ
 Gaspar Aquino de Belen.
 Awit
Narrative poem that expresses
adoration of the blessed Virgin Mary
as well as platonic and courtly love.
Consist of 4-line stanzas and 12
syllables of line.
Rhythm is slow and usually
accompanied by the use of guitar or
Types of Prose during the Spanish Colonial
bandurria.
Period.
Florante at Laura
Francisco Baltazar/Balagtas
Master of traditional poetry
 Kurido
Consist of 4-line stanzas with 8
syllable per line.
The rhythm is faster compare with
that of an awit.
Ibong Adarna
The story is commonly attributed to
the Tagalog poet José de la Cruz or
"Huseng Sisiw", but, until now, its
exact authorship is disputed. Another
legend claims that the story was
written in Spain during the mid-16th
century by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi,
and brought to the Philippines in
1565
 Dalit
This is a religious poem in honor of
Blessed Virgin Mary
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROSE
Doctrina Christiana en Lengua
Espanola Y Tagala
A prayer book
One of the first book printed in the
Philippines.
Juan de Plasencia
Christian Doctrine in the Spanish and
Tagalog Language.
Artes y reglas dela lengua tagala
The art and rules of tagalog
language.
The first book that explains the
principle of Tagalog language.
Padre Francisco Blancas de Jose.
Librong Pinag aaralan ng mga
tagalog nang uicang castilla.
A book for the tagalog to study the
Spanish language.
First published book by a Filipino.
Tomas Pinpin
 Anecdote
A short and amusing stories that
contains lesson in life.
 Planticas
These are religious lectures
presented by Spanish Priest that
deals with religious, Biblical and
Moral Topics.
 Novenas
These are series of prayers repeated
for nine consecutive days and are
usually prayers for petition and
thanksgiving.
 Novels
Are long narrative stories usually with
fictional characters and with a
sequence of events, divided into
chapters.
“Ninay”
First Philippine Novel
Written by Pedro Alejandro Paterno
 Essays
These are personal pieces of writing
that use the Point of view of the
writer.
Ang dapat mabatid ng mga
tagalog
Written by andres Bonifacio
Types of Drama during Spanish
Colonial Period
 Karagatan
This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-
religious nature celebrated during
the death of a person.
 A form of poetic contest usually
played as part of their rites held
connection with the death of a
person.
How do they perform karagatan?
Starts with an extemporaneous
speech, then they spin a tabo with a
white line, when the spinning stops,
She will ask a riddle and if he’s able
to answer then he can ask for a
hand in marriage.
 Duplo
It is another poetic contest held
when a person died or during a
wake.
Contains Puns, Jokes and Riddles in a
vernacular to ease or relieve
sadness.
Trained Characters
Biyako ( Male )
Biyaka ( Female)
King
 Cenaculo
A play that portrays the life, passion
and crucifixion of Jesus
 Tibag
It tells how Reyna Elena and her son
Constantino searched for Jesus cross
in Mount Calvary.
 Moriones Festival
It is a festival in celebration of the life
of St. Longinus
Morion means Mask
Beheading of St. Longinus
 Moro-Moro
Moro-moro is a play that became
popular in the Philippines during the
Spanish colonial period where the
Moros were portrayed as perpetual
villains who always lost to Christians
in the end. It depicts battles, in a
rather comedic way, between
Christians and Moros as Muslims in
the Philippines prefer to be called.
It is play written about the capture of
Christian Filipino Army.
 Sarswela
It is a play with songs and dances
with up to five acts. Depicting the
vagaries of romantic love among
idealized Filipino characters, and
often incorporating contemporary
social, political, economic or cultural
issues for relevance and interest.
Father of Philippine Sarswela
Alejandro Cubero
 Panunuluyan
This is a presentation of the search of
the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an
inn where Mary can give birth to
Jesus.
 Salubong
Salubong depicts the moment when
the risen Christ met his mother. This is
a play shown during the Easter
morning. They arrive at a designated
meeting place, usually in front of a
church, where a little girl dressed as
an angel removes the black
mourning veil from the statue of
Mary.
 Carillo ( Shadow play)
This is a form of dramatic
entertainment performed on a
moonless night during town fiestas in
dark night after harvest.
 CONTEMPORARY ARTS OF THE Literature
PHILIPPINES AND OTHER REGIONS
 This is the art form of language
Art
through the combine use of words,
 The expression or application of
creative meaning and experiences.
human creative skills and
imagination, typically in visual from Theater
 The various branches of creative
 This is the art form of performance .
activity.
Dramatic text are portrayed on
 Within the reach of everyone.
stage by actors and actresses and
Form of Arts. are enhanced by props, light and
sounds.
 Picture
 Sculpture Cinema
 Architecture
 This art form is a technological
 Music
translation of theater. In films, Special
 Literature
effects are utilized to enhance the
 Literature
story telling.
 Theatre
 Dance Dance
 Cinema
 This is the art of human for. The body
Pictures (Drawing, Painting, Print-making is used, mobilized and
and Photography) choreographed n a specific time,
form and space.
 This is a two-dimensional image of
various subject ranging from real life
images to visually abstract. It may be Reason to study art
created using different media such
1. The internet has created an
as chalk, charcoal, graphite, ink, oil
explosion of opportunity for digital
painting and watercolor.
designers and multimedia art.
Sculpture 2. Fine artist can reach a worldwide
market.
 This is a three-dimensional artwork
3. Student can achieve recognition
that maybe created using stone,
while studying
marble wood and concrete.
4. Those with a wide skill set have an
Architecture advantage in any career.
5. Studying art improves performance
 These are structure that meant to be
in other subject.
used as shelter. The art of
6. Coursework teaches you discipline.
architecture relies on the design and
7. Art makes you happy.
purpose of structure.
Humanities and Science.
Music
Humanities
 The art forms appeals to the sense of
hearing. Music is composed by
combining notes into harmony.
  Deals with the expression of the  Incorporating arts into other subject
internal world of a person. A world helps in accelerating and facilitating
where everything is subjective. the learning process.
 Art promotes Creativity.
Science and Humanites
 Are more economical than separate
 Are two different disciplines, both are instruction in each area.
needed to provide a balance
knowledge of the world.
THE SUBJECT OF ART
 Two can also be integrated to
create something that is both Subject
functional and delightful.
 Subject or a topic in any person,
SCIENCE HUMANITIES
animal. Things or issue that is
Precise and Not as accurate
describes or presented in a work
structured and structured
Objective, Giving Subjective,  Generate the question (What is it?)
out facts and Expressing  Everything under the sun sis
evidences personal views considered as a subject in arts.
and opinions.  Simple Ideas or Personal Ideas from
Can be measured More difficult to the artist.
measure
Theme
It is easier to Difficult to grade
grade a science an art  Is a broad idea or messages
project conveyed by a piece of art.
Scientist think up Artist imagine  Recurring idea or element in a
ways to make life ways to make life work of art.
easier and delightful and  Fundamental and Universal Idea.
comfortable. pleasing
Example: Subject: Monalisa
Theme: Portrait
INTEGRATIVE ART
 Refers to the ideas, thoughts
 These art forms are interactive and and feelings of an artist.
multi-disciplinary in nature, that is Tableau
consisting of ideas, practices from  View or sight that looks like
different branches of learning. picture.
 The outcome, being the unity of
separate areas of learning. In visual design, artworks with subject that
 It is the “cross-breading” of are recognizable are called Realistic,
contemporary world. Representation or Objective Art.
Those that are not recognizable are Non-
representational or Non-objective art.
The fundamental principle for Integration
of Arts can be thought as follows.
STYLE
 There is a similarity across art and Realism
other subjects.  The subject is done the way it
actually looks.
Distortion
  Artist use his/her imagination  Void
and alters the subject  Emptiness can be positive (Space
according to his or her design enclosed) and Negative (Denotes
Abstraction the opposite)
 The artist break upon a subject  Refers to the area between around,
and rearrange it in a different above, below in object while 3
manner. dimensional space can be define a
Non-Objectivism space over, under, behind, and
 Totally no subject at all, just an around a form.
interplay of pure elements like LINE
line, shape or color and so on.  Extension of a point. A short or long
“Subject is lifeless without a mark drawn or carved into surface.
Theme”  Implied path suggesting-
ELEMENTS OF ART 1. Direction (Vertical, Horizontal,
Line Diagonal)
 Thick, Thin, Curvy, Straight and 2. Characters (Jugged, Curly ,
Implied line. Dotted lines and broken lines)
 Direction: Vertical, Horizontal SHAPE AND FORM
and Diagonal.  It can be describe as a figure,
 Most basic element of Art. separate from its surrounding area or
Shape and Form background.
 Two-dimensional and geometric  It can be either geometric (angular)
(Shape) or organic (curly)
 Three-dimensional and Organic  Form is an enclosed lines, a figure
(Form) separate from its background.
Perspective COLOR
 Depth, Illusion and Detailed.  It is a sensation created by visible
Color wavelengths of light caught in a
 Primary color (Red, Blue, Yellow) prism
 Secondary (Green, Orange, Purple)  It is a measure of organic or synthetic
Value and Intensity substances called pigments, used as
 Degree of Lightness and Brightness of paint or dye.
a Color. o RED Passion, Anger, Love
 Black and White (Neutral) o BLUE Peace, Nobility, Sadness
Texture o YELLOW Gaiety, Innocence, Jealousy
 Surface of an artwork VALUE
 Soft and Hard  It is the degree of lightness and
 Wood and Tactile. darkness of a color.
ELEMENTS OF ART  It suggest an atmosphere or mood.
1. Nature TEXTURE
2. Man Made Environment  It is the surface of an artwork
 Most basic tools of expression in any  It can be actual or tactile meaning,
art form. It can be felt by touch or it can be
simulated or illusory, which means it
SPACE can only be seen, not felt.
 Color
 Value
 Texture
PRINCIPLE OF ART AND DESIGN
 Organized the elements of art.
 Elements is the Word while Principle is
the Sentences.
Illusion- two-dimension
Six ways in detail of Space
1. Overlapping
2. Placement of the paper
3. Size
4. Detail
5. Color and Value
6. Perspective

PRINCIPLE OF ART AND DESIGN

Harmony
 Wholeness of the design, the
arrangement of parts.
Rhythm
 Regular, repeated pattern. The flow
of the movement, achieved by the
distribution of visual unit.
Proportion Scale
Balance
Emphasis
Pattern
Contrast

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Measurement
 Tends to result in an estimate of the
result of counting large numbers
Accuracy
 Refers to the closeness of the
average value to the actual or true
value or most probable value.
Precision
 Measurement refers to how close
each measurement is to one
another
KEY POINTS
 It is important to note that when
reporting measurement, one must
be honest in doing so.
 The measurement must not appear
to be more accurate than what is
allowed by the equipment used to
make the measurement.
 This can be achieved by controlling
the number of digits used to report
the measurement.
Significant Figures
 Group of digits consist of all the
measured digits known or
estimated
Determining the number of Significant
figures.
 There are certain rules with regard
to saying whether a certain digit
in a measured value is significant
or not.
 All non-zero digits are significant
 However, Zeros in a measurement
may or may not be significant.
RULE NO.1 (Nonzero digits)
All nonzero digits are significant.
 124 ml
 6453 ml
 6.453 mm
RULE NO. 2 (Captive Zeros)
Zeros between nonzero digits are
significant.
 8.09 g
 80.9 g
 236.005 g
RULE NO.3 (Leading Zeros)
Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit
are not significant. They are placeholders
and are used to locate a decimal point.
 0.04 L
 0.000071 km
 0.00373 m
RULE NO.4 (Trailing Zeros)
Zeros at the end of number and to
the right of a decima point are significant.
 0.500 g
 125.00 ml
 3.000000000 mm
Rounding
 In rounding a number, it is first
necessary to know how many
significant figures the answer should
have.
 This depends on the given
measurements and the
mathematical operation used to
arrive at the answer
 For instance, you want to round the
measurements 4.584 meters and
5.357 meters to three significant
figures. How do you go about it? 4.58
m and 5.36m
 Addition and Subtraction Characteristic of the three-sub particle
 When measurements are added atoms.
or subtracted, the answer cannot
have more decimal places than
those in the least accurate
measurement/
 This means that the answer should
be rounded to the same number
of decimal places as the
measurement with the least
number of decimal places.
Multiplication and Division
 When measurements are
multiplied or divided, it is the Proton Electron Neutron
significant figures, not the number Relative 1 1/1840 1
of decimal places, in each Mass
measurements that are counted. Relative +1 -1 0
 The answer cannot contain more Charge (Neutral)
significant figures than those in Location Nucleus Electron Nucleus
the least accurate measurement. Shell
ATOMS, IONS AND MOLECULES.  An atom has equal numbers of
proton and electron. The total
Atoms number of positively charge proton is
 There are more than 100 types of neutralized by an equal number of
elements existing naturally in this negatively charged electrons. So, an
world. atom is electrically neutral because
 An element is a substance consisting there is no net charge.
of one type of atom only. It cannot PROTON AND MASS NUMBER
be broken down chemically into  Proton number (or atomic number) Z
simpler substances is the number of protons in the
 Atom of different elements are nucleus of an atom
different in size.  Nucleon number (or Mass number) A
 An atom is the smallest particle of a is the total number of proton and
substance. neutron in the nucleus of an atom.
 It has nucleus which contains protons
and neutrons.
 Electrons move around the nucleus
in the electron shell or orbit.
  The number of protons and neutrons
remain the same. Therefore, proton
number and mass number are not
affected.
 In the formation of ions:
1. Metal lose electron to form
positive ions.
2. Non-Metals gain electrons to
form negative ions.

Formation of Positive Ions.

 The symbol of positive ion
 Proton number also indicates the contains the following:
number of electrons in an atom. 1. A Positive sign indicating loss of
Isotopes electron.
 Are atoms that have the same 2. A numerical number
number of protons but different indicating number of electron

X2+
number of neutrons. being lost.
 Due to the differences in the
number of neutrons, isotopes
have different mass number.
Ions
 All atoms are electrically neutral. Formation of Negative Ions
They have equal number of
 The symbol for a negative ions
protons and electrons.
contains the following:
 When an atom loose or gain
1. A negative sign indicating
electrons, the number of protons
gain of electron.
is not equal to the number of
2. A numerical number
electrons anymore. Therefore, the
indicating number of electron
atom will not be electrically

Y
being gained.

3-
neutral.
 When an atom is not electrically
neutral, it is called an ion.
 There are two types of ions:
1. If an atom loses
Molecules
electron(s), it becomes
 Molecules are two or more atoms
a positive ion.
chemically joined together.\
2. If an atom gains
 A molecule can be made up of
electron(s), it becomes
atoms of the same element or of
a negative ion.
different element.
 In the formation of ions, the process
 A molecule which contains two
only involves the gaining or loosing
atoms of the same or different
of electrons. Therefore, electrons are
type chemically joined together is
responsible for chemical properties
called a diatomic molecule.
of an atom.
 Isotope Abundance Fraction of Mass
in Abundance
Percentage
85-Rb 72.2 % 0.722 85
Amu
87-Rb 27.8% 0.278 87
Amu
Molecule of an element
 A molecule of an element is a
substance containing two or more of
the same type of atom chemically
joined together.
Molecule of a compound
 A molecule of a compound is a
substance containing two or more of
different type of atom chemically
joined together.
Chemical Formula
 A chemical formula of a substance
indicates two important information
about the substance.
a. Type of element
b. Total number of each
type of atom.
CALCULATING THE AVERAGE ATOMIC
MASS
 List the 3 subatomic particle of an
atom and their charge.
Isotopes
 Atoms that have the same number
of protons but different numbers of
neutrons are called isotopes.
 Isotopes of an element has different
number of neutrons, they also have
different mass number.
Average Atomic Mass
 Most elements occur naturally as
mixtures of isotopes.
 The mass number on the periodic
table are the weighted average of
the most abundant isotopes’ mass
numbers.
To calculate the atomic mass of an
element:
1. Multiply the mass of each
isotopes by its natural
abundance, expressed as
decimal.
2. Add the products.
Sample Problem.
o Rubidium has two common isotopes,
85-Rb and 87-Rb. If the abundance
of 88-Rb is 72.2% and the
abundance of 87-Rb is 27.8%. What is
the average atomic mass of
rubidium.
61.37+ 24.186+ 85.556 amu
Ions
 An ion is an atom or group of atoms
that has either a positive charge or a
negative charge.
 Ions form when atoms gain or lose
electrons to become stable.
 An atom is stable when the valence
shell is full.
Positive Ion Example
 Sodium loses one electron to
become stable.
 Result in an ion that has a positive
charge.
 The symbol “+” is written as a
superscript to indicate that the
sodium has a charge of 1+
Negative Ion Example
 Chlorine gains one electron to
become stable.
 Results in an ion with a negative
charge.
 The Symbol “-“ is written as a
superscript to indicate that the
chlorine ion has a charge of 1-
Ion
 Both ions have a full valence shell
containing the maximum number of
electron possible.
 This new arrangement of valence
electrons has less energy than the
previous arrangement and is stable
Cation
  When an atom gives up one or more
electrons it becomes positive.
 Called a cation “cat-eye-on”
Anion
When an atom gains one or more electron
it become negative,
 Called an anion “an-eye-on”
 Ca+ion are posi+ive while anion are
negative.
Noble Gas
 A mental atom that has lost
electrons (cation) and a
nonmental atom that has gained
electrons (anions) will have the
same number of electron as its
nearest.
Cation
 A mental atom has lost electrons
(cation) will have the same
number of electrons as its nearest
noble gas.
 For example, Neon is the closest
noble gas in the periodic table to
sodium, magnesium, and
aluminum.
 The cations Na+, Mg2+ and Al3+
have the same number of
electrons as atoms of neon.
 This relationship is known as being
isoelectronic (having the same
number of electrons)
Anions
 Apply concept to anions
 For example, neon is the
closest noble gas in the
periodic table to nitrogen,
oxygen and fluorine.
How to write symbols for ions
 Write the symbol of the element and
show the ion charge as a superscript
to the right of the element symbol.
Example: The symbol of calcium ion
is Ca2+
 When an ion has a charged of 1+
and 1- the symbol has no number in
the superscript.
Example: Sodium ion is Na+ and not
Na1+
Naming Cations
 A metal that has lost electrons to
become and ion has the same
name as the element.
 Eg: Ca2+ = Calcium Ion
Naming Anions
 A nonmental that has gained
electrons to became an ion has the
same name as the element but with
the ending changed to -ide
 Eg: Cl- = Chloride Ion
Naming Anions
1. Nitrogen- Nitride
2. Oxygen- Oxide
3. Fluorine- Flouride
4. Phosphorous- Phosphide
5. Sulfur- Sulfide
6. Chlorine- Chloride
7. Bromine- Bromide
8. Iodine- Iodide
Univalent
 An univalent element has only 1
possible charge as an ion
Multivalent
 A multivalent element can form an
ion in more than one way.
Example:
Copper can form two different ions, Cu+
or Cu2+
Naming Multivalent Cations
 To name an ion of multivalent
element, always include the ion
charge as roman numerals in
brackets.
Example: CU+
Named copper (1)
Read as “ Copper One”
 Only multivalent metals have Roman
numerals on their names.
Ionic Reactivity
  Metal atoms tend to lose electron
 Non-metal atoms tend to gain
electrons
 The farther the valence electrons is
from its positive nucleus, the more
easily it is removes and the more
reactive the atom is.
Cation Reactivity
 Reactivity generally increases for
cations as you move down the
periodic table.
 Example: potassium is more reactive
than sodium
 Reactivity generally increases for
cations as you move down the
periodic table.
 Electrons that are further away from
the nucleus are more easily lost.
 Thus, Atoms with more orbitals will be
more reactive.
Anion Reactivity
 Reactivity generally decreases for
anions as you move down the
periodic table.
 Example: fluorine is more reactive
than chlorine.
 Reactivity generally decreases for
cations as you move down the
periodic table.
 Elements whose valence shell is
closer to the nucleus will gain
electrons more readily because they
are closer to the nucleus.
 Negative electrons have stronger
attraction for the positive nucleus
when the valence shell is closer to
the nucleus.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Traditional Definition
 It’s the process of designing,
launching and running a new
business which typically begins as a
small business such as start-up
company offering a product process
or service for sale or for hire.
 The capacity and willingness to
develop, organize, manage any
expertise especially a business with
considerable initiative and risk rather
than working as an employee, an
entrepreneur runs a small business
and assumes all the risk and rewards
of a given business venture, idea,
goods or service offered for sale.
Discussion Definition
 Is a way of planning, designing,
running and launching a new
business. It is not merely transforming
or converting your ideas but making
use of opportunity and resources.
 You already realized an opportunity,
by the way of modification, you alter
or add something. It is a way of
improving something. A continuous
realization of opportunity for the
business to be sustained and keep
going.
Modifying
  Making partial or minor changes, to
alter, improve or make it less.
Entrepreneurship
 One of the most powerful economic
force known to mankind.
Empowering individuals to seek
opportunity where others find
intractable problems.
 It is the symbol of business tenacity
and achievement.
 Vital source of change in all facets
of society.
Factor of successful entrepreneur is
Improvement
1. Opportunities is the action to
make profit.
2. Taking risk involves action to
Entrepreneural Environment
achieve the goal.
New products and Services  Entrepreneurship does not emerge
 Indication that and grow spontaneously. It depends
entrepreneurship is the vital on the several economic, social,
source of change in society. political, and environmental factor.
4 virtues of successful product and services. Entrepreneural Factos
 Seeking opportunity
Economic Conditions
 Modification
 Innovation  Exercised perhaps the most direct
 Taking Risk and immediate influence to
Characteristics of an Entrepreneur  You don’t need to consider all
opportunities but you need to
1. Ability to Plan
educate yourself on what to take or
 Planning, you can’t attain a goal
what to risk.
without starting a plan.
3. Analyze the opportunities and
 Maintain a straight path in achieving
Threats
a goal. It’s a step by step process
 Process of Opportunity
that constitute your goals
a. Opportunity Seeking
2. Communication Skills
- Seeking all the opportunity in the
 It’s a non-stop interaction to
environment.
suppliers, government, investors,
b. Opportunity Screening
creditors etc.
- Screening the opportunities,
 Constitute within and outside of your
weighing the pros and cons to come
business.
up with the best opportunity to grab.
 Maintain a harmonious relationship
c. Opportunity Seizing
by having a good communication
- In Seizing, you do something about a
skills.
specific opportunity, pushing through
3. Marketing Skills
the process.
 The kinds of strategies you make use
 As an entrepreneur, you need to
in order to gain sales.
know your threats and possible
 Things to consider in Marketing are
wreckage.
the 4p’s
 How can you make strategies that
a) Promotion
can counterattack your threat? By
b) Product
being aware of your environment.
c) Price
4. Preparation of your Business Plan
d) Place
 You can’t enter a venture if you
4. Human Skills
don’t have a concrete plan.
 Ability to interact with other people.
 Business Plan contains every aspect
5. Risk Tolerance
of your business,
 Ability to moderate the risk.
5. Organize your venture
6. Clear Objectives
 It is based on your business plan
 It will help you to reach your goal
 In this part, you make your business
 Objectives are the things you need
plan into reality.
to accomplish.
6. Development and Growth of the
7. Leadership Skills
venture.
 Expect the employees to work
 Adapting in the changes in
efficiently.
environment.
 A good leader is the one who
 It is where you seek growth in your
disseminate the task.
business venture.
7. Supervision and Control
 Knowing what’s happening in the
Functions of an entrepreneur
business.
1. Innovation
Types of an entrepreneur
2. Risk measurement and Risk Taking
1. Administrative Entrepreneurship
 The traditional research and
development approach or R and D
approach
 Cover such loopholes
 The entrepreneurial activity under
this category is centered around
administrative techniques and
functions. It gives a new option to
handle prevailing or future situations
in a more effective way that
provides advantages and
competitive edge.
2. Opportunistic Entrepreneurship
 Ability to catch at the right time the
fruits of an internal as well external
technological development.
 The entrepreneurship that identifies,
exploits and executes the
opportunity in the first hand
regarded as opportunistic
entrepreneurship.
3. Incubative Entrepreneurship
 Ability to initiate and nurture a new
venture development within the
company with special care
 Development of a business
 Expansive
 This category of entrepreneurship
generates and nurses new ideas and
ventures within the organization.
 It executes them in a productive
manner and ensures material gain
for the organization.
4. Imitative Entrepreneurship
 The replication or creative
innovation of innovative technical
achievement made by another
form.
Replication
 Twist the existing product done
with appropriate modification
and refinements in case
protected of property rights are
involves.
5. Acquisitive Entrepreneurship
 Ability of entrepreneurs to acquire
competitors’ technical capabilities.
 The entrepreneurship that learns
from other competencies is
acquisitive entrepreneurship.
 It acquires something new of value
front, the competitive environment
or achieves the competitors’
technical capacities. It keeps
entrepreneurship sustainable in a
competitive environment.
 The failure never restraints them from
acquisition but motivates them
further to discover such a thing with
a new visitor.
National benefits of Entrepreneurship
1. Foster Economic Group
 It creates changes to economy.
 It will redowned to the benefit of
ecoomy.
 Most powerful economic growth.
2. Creates new technology, products
and services.
 Many goods in the market.
3. Changes and rejuvenate market
competition.
 In entrep, Competition is benefit of
the customer. The buyer and seller
determine the price.
4. Increase productivity
 New venture will need people
resulting in creation of jobs and more
product and services.
Hazards and Negative aspect of
entrepreneurship.
1. Risk of losing invested capital
 Everything you trade off is called
opportunity cost.
 In investing, its either you will have a
profit (success) and loss (failure).
  The things you need to have when
investing are:
a. Money
b. Time
c. Effort
d. Property
2. Irregularity and uncertainty of
income often facing bankruptcy
 Companies are doing monthly
reports because in business venture
there are changes in transaction.
 One way to control is having a
Supervision and control to your
venture.
3. Lack of suitable temperament
 Ability to adapt in certain conditions
 If your business is losing profit you
need to have a temperament to
Entrepreneurial Environment
counter the problem.
4. Uncertain leisure
 No time for yourself
5. Familial Misunderstanding
 Most of an entrepreneur time will be
allotted in the business therefore, the
lack of time in the family.
 Root of familial understanding is
Money.
6. Unnecessary victim of conspiracies
by partner, competitors, aggrieved
powerful politicians etc.
Variables determining to the growth of an
Entrepreneur.
1. Family Background
 If you are related to a business or a
famous family even if they are not
affiliated with your business, investors
tend to invest in your business
venture because they think that you
have connections.
2. Personal Characteristics
 It is you who manage the totality of
your business.
 Can be use in the interaction with
the customer.
 The main goal will not be always
wealth but success instead.
3. Economic Factors
 It is the status of the economy.
 If the economy is suffering crisis like
shortage or inflation rate, the status
will redown to small and large
entreprises.
 Can lead to investment.
4. Socio- Cultural Factors.
 Considering the 4ps in the society.
5. Political Support
6. Psychological Background
 Fiduciary means involving trust,
especially with regard to the
relationship between a trustee and a
beneficiary
1. Economic Condition
 Adapting different strategies
 It is the most direct and important
entrepreneurial environment.
Market
- Is the interaction of buyers and sellers
- Market segmentation is the size and
composition. Target market is found
in market segmentation.
Capital
- Things you need to have: Human
abilities and money.
- The ability of capital facilities to bring
together the labor of an important
element in economic development.
Raw materials
- The things you combine.
2. Social Factors
 Social environment in a country
exercise a significant impact on the
emergence of entrepreneurship.
 Social mobility is the capacity to
move from different status.
 One of the important facilitator of
entrepreneurial factor is the security
of the business.
  Legitimacy of the business businesses understand various
3. Psychology Factors economic pieces of the
 Many entrepreneurial theorist have marketplace and how these various
produced theories of pieces may be used to gain a
entrepreneurship that concentrate competitive advantage.
specifically upon psychological b. Growth prospect of the Study
factors. c. Logic of the business ( Value
4. Governmental Influence Chain)
 Any interest government in  A value chain is a set of activities
economic development can help that a firm operating in a specific
through its clearly expressed industry performs in order to deliver a
industrial policy, promote valuable product or service for the
entrepreneurship in one way or market.
another. d. Important trends
 Plays a vital role, the one who i. Politico Legal
regulates, provides limitation and ii. Economic
policy. iii. Socio-Cultural
iv. Technological
Opportunity v. Environmental
There are two types of Opportunity
1. External (Outside and Broad)
2. Internal (Inside and narrow) II. Micro market Study
a. Customer analysis
Process of Opportunity
Methodology
 Seeking Result
- Finding and seeking opportunities b. Location Analysis
- Observing the environment III. Key Success Factors
IV. Summary of
Opportunities and
threats.
Chapter 3 ( External Analysis)
I. Macro market study
 Macro marketing focuses on the
majority of consumers rather than
individuals. The goal is to determine
how to reach a mass market. To do Marketing
so, companies focus on advertising,
 Marketing is the study and
product features, in-store availability
management of exchange
and packaging.
relationships. Marketing is the
a. Industry Study
business process of creating
 An industry analysis is a business
relationships with and satisfying
function completed by business
customers. With its focus on the
owners and other individuals to
customer, marketing is one of the
assess the current business
environment. This analysis helps
 premier components of business
management.
 Strategy, the creative minds of the
people to satisfied the customer
needs and wants.
 Market is the interaction between
buyers and sellers.
 To know how, can you sell your
product.
 It is after to the satisfaction of the
customers.
 Strategies in order to gain profit.
 It is how are you going to approach
the market.
 Gain Profit is not the only goal, but
you are after the establishing a good
relationship with customers.
 It is important to establish a loyalty
(Suki System)
1. Brand awareness
 Being Unique. Brand awareness
refers to the extent to which
customers are able to recall or
recognize a brand. Brand awareness
is a key consideration in consumer
behavior, advertising management,
brand management and strategy
development.
2. Generating higher sales
 Having a position in the market.
 You will have loyalty and brand
awareness
 You need technically everything.
 Small scale first and plot it in the
minds.

Culture
 Is a social construct that is used
interchangeably with society.
Society
 Is a group of people bound together
in a more or less permanent
association organized for collective
activity.
 It is made up of interacting
individuals using shared culture.
 According to Paul Horton and
Chester Hunt, they define society as
a relatively independent and self-
perpetuating group of human
beings who occupy a territory, share
a culture, and have most their
association within this group.
“ Culture is a system of shared behavior
while society is a group of people who
share a common culture”
Cultural Universals
 Culture varies from one society to
another. However, it is important
to note that all cultures share
patterns that are quite common
to all societies in the globe.
 George Murdock was
acknowledge as first of his
contemporaries to recognize the
existence of cultural universals
when he was studying the kinship
system in different parts of the
world
 He discovered that cultural
universals often revolve around
basic human survival or shared
human experiences.
Orientation in viewing other cultures
Ethnocentrism
 This basically pertains to the belief
that one own’s culture is superior or
more natural among other cultures.
 An ethnocentric person sees or
weight other cultures by his or her
own vales and standard.
 The word ethnocentrism was coined
by American Social Scientist, William
Sumner in 1906 to provide a
technical term for viewing one
ethnicity, (ethno-) and center of all
culture (centrism)
 Highly appreciating one’s culture is
good for the oneness of a society
but criticizing or belittling another
may cause conflict between
different cultures.
 In reality, everyone has a bit of
ethnocentrism; it cannot be
avoided. However, a highly
ethnocentric person, when exposed
to another cultures, may experience
culture shock.
 It will be difficult to adapt to the new
culture and may feel severe
confusion and disturbance.
Cultural Imperialism
 The case where a person imposes
his/her own culture upon another
person with an intention to help
his/her detach from what the former
thinks is an essentially inferior culture.
Xenocentrism
 It is the belief that one culture is
inferior to others.
Cultural Relativism
  The practice of viewing another
culture by its own context rather
than assessing it based on the
standard of one’s own culture.
 Cultural relativism requires an open
mind and enthusiasm to adapt to
new cultures.
 It can be associated with the value
Homo Rudolfensis
of respect
 There are also cases where cultural
relativism may be hard to practice.
There are cultures, especially pain-
inflicting ones, in some parts of the
globe which majority-even the most
culturally relativist people cannot
understand.
 The idea behind is to remind
Homo habilis
everyone the importance of cultural
tolerance.
Human biocultural and sociopolitical
evolution
“Everything in the universe has an origin”
 In the book of Charles Darwin, the
Origin of species, he stated that all
organism have undergone evolution.
 Evolution is the process by which
beings developed from earlier
beings.
 In the Descent of man, he gave a
precise theory on how humans must
have evolved through eons.
 Failure to evolve means extinction
Hominization
 Is the evolutionary development of
human characteristics that made
hominids distinct from their primitive
ancestors. It is at this stage people
have found the first sign of human
achievement.
Hominids
 Are the first one to use stone for
survival.
 They have expanded brains,
enlarged bodies, less sexual
dimorphism, narrower limb
proportion and reduced size of
cheek, teeth and crania.
 It is the first hominid discovered by
anthropologist, Richard Leakey and
Meave Leakey in Kenya in 1972.
 Its molar and pre-molar teeth
resembles from their predecessor,
Australopithecus.
 Its brain is similar to those hominids.
 Anthropologist suggest that people
owe their first relics of tool to homo
habilis.
 They have shown a remarkable
revolutionary efficiency in a creative
manner.
 Early traces dated back
approximately 1.9 million years ago
in Olduvai, George, Tanzania.
 Skills of tool-making
Homo Erectus
 Best represented by Java man that
was discovered in Java, Indonesia.
 Has the capacity to manipulate their
environment in order to survive.
 Late form of homo erectus left
behind the earliest surviving traces pf
constructed dwellings, earliest
worked wood, the first wooden
spear and the earliest container,
wooden bowl.
 Hunting that made hominids from
herbivores to omnivores.
 Approximately 1 million years ago
fire was discovered.
 Homo Neanderthalensis and occurs through social
interaction and transmission of
 Similar to homo erectus, walk
culture in a particular group.
erect and a big crania.
 It helps share and develop an
 Found in Africa and Asia and
individual’s personality to adopt and
were more primitive in
learn the culture of the society
comparison to modern human.
he/she belongs to.
 They exhibited mental
sophistication with modern Personality
humans by wearing animal skim
 American Anthropologist, Victor
and furs to protect them from
Barnouw (1963) defined personality
changing weather conditions
as an organization of forces-
 First to bury their dead.
consistent attitudes, values, and
 Burial practices mirrored concern
modes of perception- within an
for other individuals which
individual which results in his/her
resulted from great
consistent behavior.
interdependence among group
 Psychologist Richard Sanford Dewey
members.
and Wilbur J. Humber (1981) defined
Homo Sapiens personality as the interrelation of an
individual’s ideas, action, and
 Originated from Africa
attitudes with the many non-human
 In Philippines:
aspects of his/her own environment
- Tabon man (20 thousand years ago)
and heritage.
- Callao man (60 thousand years ago)
 Based on the premises, personality
 First species to alter their
may then be describes as an
environment and utilize resources.
individual’s way of carrying and
 Farming and herding of animals
presenting his/her attitudes, value
 They settle to one place to another
and ideas that make up the entirely
to develop further their food
of being that the people around
production.
him/her see or perceive.
 Learned how to communicate,
symbols and language are born. Personality vs Identity
 Begin to study science and
Personality
humanities.
 Golden era of Homo genus.  Consider personality as the body of
a person. The person acquired that
body since his/her conception and
Identity and Personality Formation he/she has no or less chances in
changing it completely
Socialization
 It’s the thumbmark, the symbol of
 Chester Hunt (1982) says that it being and the major evidence of
primarily consist of processes and existence.
techniques observed by members of
Identity
the society towards an acceptable,
proper, and desirable way of living
  Identity maybe likened to sense of
fashion. A person’s sense of fashion is
the piece that is observed by other
people’s eyes.
 It is what other mostly remember of
him/her.
 A person may adopted it from a
friend a colleague or family and he
can change it if he wills to.
Determinants of Personality Formation
 According to Panopio, et.al (1994)
Personality is determined by both
nature and nurture.
Biological Inheritance (Nature)
 The genetic characteristics of one’s
parents have something to do with
his/her personality.
 Genetics provide “raw materials”
from which personality is formed,
such as biological reflexes,
processes, urges, capacity,
intelligence and traits.
 Whatever characteristics a child
inherits from his/her parents may
shape his/her personality and how
she react to situations happening
around her.
Environment (Nurture)
 Environment can influence
personality formation and
development. This determinant can
be further subdivided into three.
 Geographic Environment
- The location, climate, topography,
and natural resources in one’s
society are all parts of his
environment
- Differences in personality are found
among individuals living in different
climate and topography.
- Panopio et.Al., pointed that
geography is responsible for varying
experiences in response to the stimuli
posed by the physical world
 Cultural Environment
- Refers to the learned ways of living-
the norms, values and beliefs one
gets accustomed in a society.
- It’s a constant company that
determines what a person will learn
as a member off the society.
- Early in life, a person incorporates
the patterns, values and attitudes of
the group he/she belongs to into
his/her personality.
- Regular exposure to certain culture
regulates the type of behavior a
person makes.
- Goes on to shape the personality
from a person’s birth too his/her
death. As stated by anthropologist,
Ralph Linton, Culture serves as a
guide of an individual living his/her
life. It allows him/her to became a
“ready member” of the society.
 Social Environment
Interaction happening in a particular
group are all parts of a person’s
social environment. One’s social role
is also a contributing factor in
developing one’s personality.
Culture and Personality
- Francis Boaz, Ruth Benedict,
Margaret Mead, and Edward Sapir
argued that among the
determinants that affect the
personality, cultural environment is
the main factor that determines the
human behavior.
- They believe that one’s personality
development is a result of them
learning their culture
- Culture has a deep and permanent
effect on the individual especially if
the culture has been imbedded
since childhood.
 Socialization Process  This is defined as person’s position
in a social system. It can be either
 Chester Hunt (1982) Describe a
ascribed or achieved.
human being as “weak dependent,
helpless creature” whose need can Ascribed Status
only be filled through socialization.
 This is a predetermined status,
 The mother acts as the first
which means that an individual
determiner of the child by providing
with this type of status that has no
him/her with emotional satisfaction.
choice to choose his/her position
 As the child gets older, he/she learns
in the society since this is what is
how to behave differently, produce
given to him/her at his/her birth
favorable reactions, avoid
unpleasant deeds, and does the role Achieved Status
he/she expected to do as a
 This is obtained by choice, such
member of family.
as club membership, educational
 Eventually, they go beyond the
degree, and more.
boundaries of their families to create
 Status exist In pairs, such as
new relationship, which then
parent and child, husband and
become another factor in his/her
wife, teacher and students. Status
personal development.
can be classified into two types,
 Chester Hunt said that socialization is
namely complementary status
based on the communication of
and symmetrical status.
meaning and value.
 In his/her own effort to conform to Complementary Status
the expectations of society, a person
 In complementary status, pairs are
absorbs culture into his/her
expected to behave in different but
personality.
compatible ways
 The process by which the individual
learns, internalizes, and practices a Symmetrical Status
culture are all parts of socialization.
 In symmetrical status, two or more
Statuses and Roles holders of the same status are
expected to react to one another in
 Relative to socialization is the
similar ways.
learning patterns of behavior that
represent a person’s social status Role Strain
or roles.
 This happens when multiple
Social Roles expectations are required from a
single one.
 A person can have different roles
to play, depending upon the Agents of Socialization
group he/she in.
1. Family
Status  Prime agent of socialization
 Person can get most of his/her
significant traits, ranging from
hereditary to social ones in family.
  Through family, one first recognizes
his/her own roles in the society.
Peer Group
 The influence of a peer group can
become more prominent in one’s
personality.
 Barkada or peers help a person
experience things beyond what
his/her family allows.
 In this sense, a person becomes
more comfortable in showing his/her
true personality to his/her peers than
to his/her family.
School
 Plays a vital role in socialization
 In this institution, an average person
spends most of his/her young life.
 In school, She meets different type of
people with varying beliefs, cultural
orientations attitude and the like.
Socio-Civic Group
 Membership in socio-civic groups,
such as church and interest groups
also has a share in person’s life.
Mass media
 The agent of socialization that is too
influential at present
 As the name suggest, it reaches a
significant number of people across
all ages, cultural backgrounds, and
sociopolitical affinities.
Social Process
 It is impossible for socialization to
happen without social processes or
the repetitive patterns of interaction
commonly found in a social life.
Enculturation
 One of the basic social processes
that happen within a family
 Manner in which a person learns to
adopt the culture followed by his/her
co-members in the society.
Acculturation
 This is the process in which a person
adapts to the influence to the
influence of other culture by
borrowing many of its aspects.
 It was coined by John Wesley Powell
(1883)
 Refers to the psychological changes
simulated by cross-cultural imitation.
 It occurs when two
societies/groups/individuals are
interacting directly.
 The manifestation is more evident in
social media.
Assimilation
 Denotes complete or almost total
adaptation of minor culture to major
one.
 In Assimilation, an individual learns a
new culture, tending to lose entirely
his/her previously held cultural
identity.
Cooperation
 Sociologist F.E Merill and H.W
Eldredge (1965) defined
cooperation as a form of social
interaction wherein two or more
person work together for a common
end or purpose
 As Panopio and Reymundo (1992)
stated, It is a central feature of social
life.
 Ranges from small and wide
degrees.
 Actualized with minimum or even the
complete absence of formal
arrangement.
Differentiation
  Israeli Sociologist, Shmuel Einsenstadt
(1971) defined differentiation as the
ways through which major social
spears become disconnected in
order to focus on specialized roles
and create a stronger organizational
framework.
 Process of designating each
member of society to achieve
stability and order, thus, the increase
of social units.
Amalgamation
 Two families or group become
one through formal union, such as
marriage.
 It promotes Enculturation and
Assimilation, and it’s the opposite
of Differentiation since it reduces
the number of social unit.
Stratification
 Conflict manifest in different forms
and levels such as intrapersonal,
interpersonal, intragroup and
intergroup conflicts.
 A conflict involves individuals,
groups, or a combination of both. In
most cases, conflict happens when
a party fails to communicate
effectively its message to offer thus
creating a misunderstanding.
 Competition suggest the struggle
between two or more persons or
groups that can be translated to
innovation in the long run.

 Division of society into social

categories that in turn develop
social groups. It is mainly based on
wealth and income differences.
 Dividing the members of society into
different strata. Each stratum or
social class is made of individuals
who posses similar economic,
political, and cultural interest
 Members of different strata have
varied privileges, responsibilities,
ideas, disposition, and attitudes
towards society.
Conflict and Competition

 Conflict and competition are two

social processes that are
interchangeably used since both
suggest vying for a particular source.
 Sociologist, Lewis Coser (1956)
defined conflict as a struggle over
values and claims to scarce
resource.