PROCEEDING, SEMINAR NASIONAL KEBUMIAN KE-11

PERSPEKTIF ILMU KEBUMIAN DALAM KAJIAN BENCANA GEOLOGI DI INDONESIA

5 – 6 SEPTEMBER 2018, GRHA SABHA PRAMANA
VOLCANIC ROCKS DIAGENESIS AND CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF
RESERVOIR SPACE, SEMILIR FORMATION, PATUK, GUNUNG KIDUL,
DAERAH ISTIMEWA YOGYAKARTA

Aulia Agus Patria1*

Arsha Maulan2
Diannovi Islamiyati3
Bagus Dwi Cahya4
Moch. Indra Novian5

1*
Undergraduate Program, Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No. 2
2Undergraduate Program, Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No. 2
3
Undergraduate Program, Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No. 2
4
Undergraduate Program, Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No. 2
5
Lecture, Geological Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika No.2
*corresponding author: aulia.agus.patria@mail.ugm.ac.id

ABSTRAK
Arc-related volcanism activity in Java subduction system has been started since Eocene. This activity
produces thick sequences ofvolcaniclastic rocks. Volcanic activity during Miocene in Southern
Mountain marked by ancient volcanic that produced volcanic deposits that compose Semilir Formation.
Outcrop in Ngoro-oro, Patuk, Gunung Kidul, Special Region of Yogyakarta, has an ideal dimension
and various lithology to identify petrophysical properties such as reservoir space. This paper uses
detailed stratigraphic measurement with 1:10 scale which determines the facies distribution and
analytical petrography to determine the reservoir characteristics based on mineralogy, texture and
diagenesis process. The results shows that the study area consist of lapilli-vitric stone, greywacke and
vitric-crystal tuff. Volcanic rocks in Semilir Formation, Gunung Kidul area develop into three
reservoir space types : primary pores, secondary pores and fractures pores. This formation of reservoir
space went through diagenetic process consist of cooling and solidification stage and epidiagenesis
stage. Cooling and solidification stage include fragmentation, crystallization, differentiation and
solidification, epidiagenesis (Re-Construction) stage include weathering, leaching, fluid dissolution
and tectonism. Primary pores were formed during volcanic active period and solidification period,
marked by volcanic rocks with various composition, grain size and contraction fractures. Secondary
pores and fractures pores formed at epidiagenesis (Re-Construction) stage, with distinct features as
weathering-leaching period and burial period, marked by micro-structure, solution pores fracture along
cleavage face and devitrification pores. Volcanic rocks diagenesis compelixity are the major factors
that control of complexity and diversity in reservoir space types.
Kaa kunci : diagenesis, volcanic rocks, porosity, semilir formation

1. Pendahuluan
Since Eocene, Java subduction system has started and produces arc-related with
volcanism activity. This volcanism activity produces thick sequences of volcaniclastic rocks
which not only has potential as reservoir but also proven to have a good accumulation of
hydrocarbon in Miocene volcaniclastic sequence in Well Jati-1, West Java. Outcrop analogue
studies within volcaniclastic rocks and its sequence are enable to identify the architectural
elements and geometric features of different rock units and also their petrophysical properties
such as porosity, which are essential information as reservoir characterization.
An outcrop in Ngoro-oro, Patuk, Gunung Kidul, has an ideal dimension to identify the
change of facies and rock units, both vertically and laterally. Geologically, the study area is in
Semilir Formation, Southern Mountain Zone. The study area is located in a-newly-cut road at
817
 PROCEEDING, SEMINAR NASIONAL KEBUMIAN KE-11
PERSPEKTIF ILMU KEBUMIAN DALAM KAJIAN BENCANA GEOLOGI DI INDONESIA
5 – 6 SEPTEMBER 2018, GRHA SABHA PRAMANA
Nglanggeran, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. Geological data are taken from a ±1000 m-long and
±20 meter-high outcrop along the Nglanggeran – Kalasan Road. Stratigraphically, Semilir
Formation is one of the formation in Southern Mountain Zone, it composed by volcanic rocks
as a product of Oligo-Miocene volcanic activity. Semilir Formation started since Late
Oligocene – Early Miocene and interfingering with Kebo-Butak formation below and
Nglanggran-Sambipitu above (van Bemmelen, 1949).

2. Metode Penelitian
The methods used in this research started with fieldwork to get measured section data
from ±1000 meters-outcrop and produced a 125 meters measured section data. The objective
from doing stratigraphic measurement is to divide the outcrop into some facieses. Detailed
petrographic analysis in order to named the rock samples that representing some points in the
outcrop. To get further interpretation about reservoir potential, point counting method used to
determine porosity quantitatively in order to explain qualitative porosity. In point counting
method, we use 10 fields of view for each sample and counting 100 points in each fields of
view. We count the ratio of pores, minerals, lithic and other fragments to get to know how
effective it is to be a reservoir. The deformation process might be interpreted by identifying
the pore type in the thin sections.
3. Data
3.1. Qualitative and Quantitative Porosity
Point counting method usefull to determine the ratio between pores, minerals,
lithic and other fragments to get effective porosity based on thin section.
Petrographycally, volcanic rocks in Patuk Area can be classified into Greywacke
(figure 2), Lapilli-vitric stone (figure 1) and Vitric-crystal tuff (figure 3), the highest
porosity in Lapilli-vitric stone (20,8%-30,1%) in sample AAP06 as a very good
porosity, followed by Greywacke (8-10%) in sample AAP15 as a poor porosity and
negligible for Vitric-crystal tuff (2-3%) in sample AAP09. Detailed calculation of each
samples and comparison between volcanic facies type, lithofacies and their porosity
explain in (Table 1) below.
3.2. Types of Porosity
Analytical petrographic also can be used to determine the type of porosity.
Based on it, type porosity of volcanic rocks in Patuk area consist of three major types,
Primary pores, Secondary pores and Fracture. Primary porosity can be break down
into three types Primary air pores, Intercrystalline pores and Intergranular pores.
Secondary porosity can be break down into Devitrivication pores, Phenocryst
dissolution pores, Dissolution pores in matrix and Dissolution pores among breccia.
Therefore, Fracture pores can be classified into two types, Structural fractures and
weathering fractures. Further explanation about classification types of porosity and its
features explain in (Table 2) below.
3.3. Diagenetic Stages and Processes
Diagenetic stages and process that affect porosity of volcanic rocks in Patuk
area can be determine from petrography analysis by distinct diagenesis markers. Two
stages of diagenesis determine in volcanic rocks in Patuk Area, Cooling and
Solidifaction stages within Volcanic active period and Solidification period, next stage
is Re-construction stage with two periods, Weathering-leaching period and Burial
period. Detailed relation between diagenetic stage, mechanism and markers explain in
(Table 3) below.

818
 PROCEEDING, SEMINAR NASIONAL KEBUMIAN KE-11
PERSPEKTIF ILMU KEBUMIAN DALAM KAJIAN BENCANA GEOLOGI DI INDONESIA
5 – 6 SEPTEMBER 2018, GRHA SABHA PRAMANA

4. Hasil dan Pembahasan

Based on data shown above, Lapilli-vitric stone has highest porosity with 20,8%-
30,1% with qualitative porosity very good. This porosity consist of primary porosity,
secondary porosity and fracture. This primary porosity can be classified into three types,
primary air pores that formed due to expansion of gas during explosion and diagenetic
process, intergranular pores that formed after diagenetic process compaction between clastic
particles and intercrystalline pores that framework of rock-forming minerals crystallization.
Secondary pores that affect the porosity can be break down into devitrivication pores that
formed by glass/vitric matter after devitrification, Phenocryst dissolution pores that generate
due to dissolution fluids, Dissolution pores in matrix as devitrification of vitric matter in
matrix, Dissolution pores among breccia that formed due to weathering, leaching and
dissolution among fragmen. Fracture pores that shown in thin section caused by Structural
fractures as response under tectonics stress and burial event and Weathering fractures as
dissolution by fluid. Based on type of porosity and distinct characteristics Lapilli-vitric stone
has passed Cooling and solidification stage, with diagenesis process explosion & cracking,
crystallization differentiation and solidification, and after that Re-construction stage with
diagenesis process weathering, leaching, compaction, tectonization and devitrification.
Very good porosity classed into Greywacke with 8%-10% of porosity. This porosity
consist of primary pores, secondary pores and fracture. Primary porosity composed by
intergranular pores that formed by residual pores after diagenetic compaction, secondary
pores generate by devitrification pores with distinct micropores with favorable connectivity
and the most porosity that boost greywacke is fractures pores, consist of structural fractures
with micro-structure as a response tectonic stress and burial event, weathering fractures
formed due to dissolution and extension of original fractures caused y dissolution of fluids.
Based on distinct features and composition association, diagenesis of greywacke only in Re-
construction stage with weathering-leaching and burial period that most boost it porosity.
Weathering-leaching period caused by thermal expansion of rocks and burial period by
compaction, tectonic stress and increasing temperature and pressure from formation.
Vitric-crystal tuff has lowest porosity with 2%-3% porosity or can be negligible as
effective porosity. This porosity consist of primary pores and secondary pores. Primary pores
composed by primary air pores that formed due to expansion of gas during explosion
volcanic activity in this case tuff as pyroclastic fall deposit. Secondary pores generate by
devitrification pores that formed by glass/vitric matter after devitrification, can be determine
as micropores with favorable connectivity. Vitric-crystal tuff pass cooling and solidifation
stage with volcanic active period with diagenesis mechanism as eruption activity and cracking
from explosion of volcano and Re-construction stage within burial period as response of
increasing temperature and pressure of formation.

5. Kesimpulan
1. Volcanic rocks in Semilir Formation, Patuk Area consist of Lapilli-vitric stone,
Greywacke and vitric-crystal tuff
2. The highest porosity in Lapilli-vitric stone with Very Good (20.,8%-30,1%),
Greywacke with Poor porosity (8%-10%) and Vitric-crystal tuff with Negligible
porosity (2%-3%)
3. The effective porosity types in this area consist of Primary pores, Secondary pores and
Fracture pores.

819
 PROCEEDING, SEMINAR NASIONAL KEBUMIAN KE-11
PERSPEKTIF ILMU KEBUMIAN DALAM KAJIAN BENCANA GEOLOGI DI INDONESIA
5 – 6 SEPTEMBER 2018, GRHA SABHA PRAMANA
4. Diagenesis process also boost the effective porosity within Two stages of diagenesis,
Cooling and Solidifaction Stage and Re-construction Stage.

Acknowledgements
The Authors gratefully acknowlede the support and encouragement of Moch. Indra
Novian as lecture that giving advice and as a mentor. Mr. Sriyanto as Labirant of Optical
Geology Laborant as permission to us Trinocular and Polarization microscope for this
research.

Daftar Pustaka
Jin, Chunshuang, Wenli Pan, Dewu Qiao. (2013). Volcanic Facies and Their Reservoirs
Characteristics in Eastern China Basins. Journal of Earth Science Vol. 24, No. 6
p.935-946
Lenhardt, Nils, Annette E. Gotz. (2011). Volcanic Setting and Their Reservoir Potential : an
Outcrop Analogue Study on the Miocene Tepoztlan Formation, Central Mexico.
University of Pretoria. Pretoria .
McPhie, J, M. Doyle, R. Allen. (1993). Volcanic Texture. Tasmania. Tasmanian Government
Printing Office.
Mao, Zhi-Guo, Ru-Kai Zhu, Jing-Lan Luo, Jing-Hong Wang, Zhan-Hai Du, Ling Su, Shao-
Min Zhang. (2015). Reseerrvoir Characteristics, Formation Mechanisms and
Petroleum Exploration Potential of Volcanic Rocks in China. Springerlink p.54-66.
Pujun, Wang, Chen Chongyang, Zhang Ying, Gao Youfeng, Qu Xuejiao, Yi Jian. (2015).
Characteristics of Volcanic Reservoirs and Distribution Rules of Effective Reservoirs
in the Changling Fault Depression, Songliao Basin, Natural Gas Industry B2 p.440-
448.
Seubert, W. Bernhard.( 2015). Volcaniclastic petroleum Systems – Concept and Examples
from Indonesia p.1-12.
Song, Sheng-Rong Huann-Jih Lo. (2002). Lithofacies of Volcanic Rocks in the Central
Coastal Range, Eastern Taiwan : Implications for Island Arc Evolution, Journal of
Asian Earth Scientist 21 p.23-38.

820
 PROCEEDING, SEMINAR NASIONAL KEBUMIAN KE-11
PERSPEKTIF ILMU KEBUMIAN DALAM KAJIAN BENCANA GEOLOGI DI INDONESIA
5 – 6 SEPTEMBER 2018, GRHA SABHA PRAMANA

Figure 1. Types and microscope photos of reservoir space in volcanic rocks. (a) primary
pores, vesicle; (b) primary pores, intergranular pores; (c) primary pores, intercrystalline pores;
(d) secondary pores, devitrivied pore; (e) secondary pores, dissolved plagioclase; (f)
secondary pores, dissolved volcanic ash (matrix); (g) secondary pores, dissolution pores
among grain; (h) fractures pores, micro-structure; (i) fracture pores, weathering fractures.

Figure 2. Photomicrograph of Lapilli-vitric stone

821
 PROCEEDING, SEMINAR NASIONAL KEBUMIAN KE-11
PERSPEKTIF ILMU KEBUMIAN DALAM KAJIAN BENCANA GEOLOGI DI INDONESIA
5 – 6 SEPTEMBER 2018, GRHA SABHA PRAMANA

Figure 3. Photomicrograph of Greywacke

Figure 4. Photomicrograph of Vitric-crystal tuff

Table 1. Comparison of facies, facies type, volcanic rocks and their porosity.

822