BFC24203

CIVIL ENGINEERING
MATH 4
 LIST OF LECTURERS
BFC24203

•  Pn Noorli Binti Ismail (Coordinator)- S1, S3

•  Dr. Sushilawati Ismail-S2

•  Dr. Siti Hidayah Abu Talib- S2, S3

•  Dr. Junaidah Jailani-S4

•  Dr. Emedya Murniwaty Samsudin- S4, S5

•  Dr. Ahmad Rizal Alias-S6

•  Dr. Mohd Hanif Ismail-S7

 COURSE CONTENT
BFC24203

•  Chapter 1:Introduction to Numerical Analysis and Error

•  Chapter 2:Nonlinear Equations

•  Chapter 3:Systems of Linear Equations

•  Chapter 4:Interpolation

•  Chapter 5:Numerical Differentiation

•  Chapter 6:Numerical Integration

•  Chapter 7:Eigen Values

•  Chapter 8:Ordinary Differential Equations

•  Chapter 9:Partial Differential Equations

*Further details on the subtopic, please refer to RPP attached

 ASSESSMENT METHOD
BFC24203

Method Percentage (%) Assessment Date Topic Covered

Quiz 10 to be inform every topic

5 (individual) week 8 (individual)

Assignment every topic
5 (group) week 4 (group)

week 6 (to be
Test 1 15 chapter 1, 2, 3
confirmed)

week 10 (to be
Test 2 15 chapter 4, 5
confirmed)

chapter
Final Examination 50 June/July 2019
2,3,4,5,6,7,8 & 9

Total 100
 IMPORTANT MESSAGES
BFC24203

•  attendance (MUST BE NOT LESS THAN 80%) for both Lecture &
Tutorial.

•  failure to fulfil the above mentioned %, student WILL NOT BE

ALLOWED to sit for FINAL EXAMINATION.

•  students must OBEY ALL RULES & REGULATIONS of the

university.

•  please make sure that you have your own SCIENTIFIC

CALCULATOR and bring it every time during lecture & tutorial.
 CLASS
CODE :
mbisjr

BFC24203
VIRTUAL
CLASS
REFERENCE
MODULE
NUMERICAL
METHODS
WITH CASIO
FX-570ES
PLUS
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Numerical Analysis and Error
INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
BFC24203
INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
BFC24203
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
BFC24203

•  How numerical method solved the equation?

1.  solutions using system of linear equations

2.  solution of algebraic and transcendental equations

3.  evaluation of definite integrals

4.  solution of ordinary differential equations.

•  This method also very useful for numbers that:

1.  in some cases where the exact solutions might not exist, NM will give the
approximate value

2.  to solve problems that can’t be solved exactly, or solutions might takes a long
procedure to be solved.
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES, ACCURACY AND PRECISION

Basic concept to approximate: SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Definition:
Significant Figures (SF), sometimes called Significant Digits (SD), of a
number are those that can be used with confidence.
They also could be a correspondent to the number of certain digit + one
estimate digit.

Example:
how many number
1) 62 ➗ 41 needed to round-off to
show the answer?
using SF, one can decide what is the
correct approximate answer for the
equation,

manual calculation, the answer is 62 ➗ 41 = 1.512195122

since the
number after 2
using calculator, the answer is, 2 SF 2 SF 2 SF sf is ‘1’, so
don’t need to
1.512195122… do the round-
off
IMPORTANT NOTE: any number that isn’t “0” is a SF
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

other examples: 3 SF

2)  782 ➗ 231 = 3.385281385… = 3.39

3 SF 3 SF Round-off
NSF
3 SF
3)  56 x 28 = 1,568 = 1,600
2 SF 2 SF Round-off
2 SF NSF
4)  4,833 x 1,741 2 SF

4 SF 4 SF = 8,414,253 = 8,414,000
No need to Round-off
5)  62,881 ➗97 4 SF 4 SF
5 SF 2 SF = 648.257732 = 650
Round-off
6)  5,621 x 893 2 SF 2 SF
NSF

4 SF 3 SF
= 5,019,553 = 5,020,000
7)  218 ➗ 26 Round-off NSF
3 SF 3 SF
3 SF 2 SF

= 8.3846154 = 8.4
8)  59,411 x 2 Round-off
2 SF
5 SF 1 SF
= 118,822 = 100,000
Round-off
1 SF
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES: THE RULES OF “0”.

RULE 1: “0” sandwiched between non-zero are always a significant

Example:
3,091 4 SF
82,024 5 SF
5.00603 6 SF

RULE 2: “0” that comes before all non-zero digits are none significant
Example: 0. 000491 3 SF
0.0132 3 SF
0.00000062 2 SF

RULE 3: “0” that comes after a non-zero digits with 2 conditionals;

(a)  -it comes after non-zero number Example:
-no decimal point 83,000 2 SF
-the “0” are not significant
not significant
(b)  -it comes after non-zero number 83.000 5 SF
-with decimal point
-the “0” are significant significant
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES: THE RULES OF “0”.

Exercise 1.1: State the number of SF in the following numbers (Do it in the class!)

(a)  0.01688
(b)  0.001688
(c)  0.0001688
(d)  0.000000001688
(e)  37900
(f)  3.79 x 104
(g)  3.790 x 104
(h)  3.7900 x 104
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES: THE IMPORTANCE

•  Why SF is important in NA?

1.  it tells how to round-off your number

2.  it shows the real point-ensuring that the answer you get isn’t more precise than the numbers
you started with.
Weight Measurement,
(a) using home scale = 82g
Case Example:
(b) using laboratory scale = 82.1039217g
Volume Measurement,
using Archimedes principles, the volume was
defined as 42cm3
Bulk density, 2 SF 2 SF 2 SF

(a)  using home scale = 82g/42cm3 = 1.952380952 g/cm3

Determine the bulk Imprecise numbers Precise numbers
density of the rock (b)  using laboratory scale = 82.1039217g/ 42cm3
9 SF 2 SF
= 1.954855279 g/cm3 2.0 g/cm3
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
ACCURACY & PRECISION

Definition:
Accuracy refers to how closely a measured or computed values agrees
with the true value. Precision refers to how closely individual measured or
computed values agree with each other.

Bow’s Eye Theory

Accurate but not precise Precise but not accurate Accurate and precise
True value
Measured value

Conclusion: NM should be sufficiently accurate to meets the requirement and precise enough
for educate design. The inaccuracy and imprecise for the approximation will be represented by
ERROR.
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
ERROR

Definition:
Error shows how far are we were to the actual value. There are two types:
1.  Round-off error
2.  Truncation error
Example 1.2:
arise when
numbers having Given that, 3/7 + 5/6
limited
significant Find;
figures are use (i)  exact value
to represent
exact number (ii)  value using four-digit chopping
arithmetic,
Round-off Error
(iii) value using four-digit rounding
Rounding-off Chopping-off arithmetic
technique technique
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
ROUND-OFF ERROR

Exercise 1.3: Given an irrational number Pi=3.141592654…, find

the 5-digit representations of Pi by;
(a)  chopping-off technique
(b)  round-off technique
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
TRUNCATION ERROR

arise when Example from a Taylor’s series:

approximation
are used to
represent exact
mathematical
procedure or
expression. How to solve for e0.5 ?

Truncation
Error to errors introduced when a more
refers
complicated mathematical expression is
“replaced” with more elementary formula.
 INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
TRUNCATION ERROR
Example for area below graph calculation.

y=x2 Calculate the exact value of the series. Then, find

the truncation error value if using;
(i)  2-series for the approximation
(ii)  3-series for the approximation
Which approximation give the closest with actual
value?

3 9
y=x2

error value

3 6 9
INTRODUCTION TO NUMERICAL ANALYSIS & ERROR
ERROR ANALYSIS

Exact solution (actual/true value) = Approximation +Error

Error= Exact solution (actual/true value) - Approximation

Absolute Error = |Exact solution - Approximation| or |x - x*|

Relative Error = |Exact solution - Approximation| or |x - x*|

|Exact| |x|

Percentage of Relative Error (% Error)

= |Exact solution - Approximation| or |x - x*| x 100

|Exact| |x|
 END OF CHAPTER 1
CONCLUSIONS

Tutorial Exercise 1 (page 9): Please answer all questions

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