Name: Cornelio C.

Pascasio II
Course: MST- Sci. Ed.
Subject: Earth and Space Science Education in Basic Education Teaching
Instructor: Carolina M. Rogero

Movie Review
“Armageddon 1998”

Disaster movies always have little vignettes of everyday life and one of these
is “Armageddon 1998”-the action-packed, logic-defying blockbuster in which rugged
oil drillers blast into space to destroy an Earth-bound asteroid. Personally, while
searching on the internet the best movie that relate most on our subject which is
Earth and space is the “Armageddon’” which captures my interest. This movie tells
us about an asteroid that threatens to wipe out the Earth; only a team of scruffy,
outcast drillers can save the day. The entire scenario tells us the possible extinction
of absolutely everything and everyone on Earth. Indeed, I was moved and amazed
that’s why I choose this movie. While we now live in a time when end-of-the-world
fare thrives thanks to its conceivability, the apocalypse felt so implausible in 1998
that Armageddon had to open with Charlton Heston’s ominous voice reminding the
audience how an asteroid was enough to take the dinosaurs down. “It happened
before and it will happen again. I also select this movie because it is also tells us
about love. Love on our country, clearly, but also love that’s romantic, parental, and
platonic. And if that’s too schmaltzy for you, it can be a love for danger, for sensory
overload, or for blowing things up. It has it all.
A massive meteor shower destroys the orbiting Space Shuttle Atlantis, before
entering the atmosphere and bombarding New York City, the East Coast, and
Finland. NASA discovers that the meteoroids came from a rogue 6 mile wide
asteroid with a Texas-sized surface when it passed through the asteroid belt, and
the asteroid will impact Earth in 18 days, impacting into the Pacific Ocean, causing
an extinction level event that will wipe out most life on the planet (same as when the
6 mile wide asteroid killed the dinosaurs). NASA scientists, led by Dan Truman
(Thornton) and with other space agencies, plan to drill a shaft into the asteroid of
800 ft., and then plant an H-bomb device into it that, when detonated, will split the
asteroid in two, driving the halves apart so they both will fly safely past the Earth.
NASA contacts Harry Stamper (Willis), considered the best deep-sea oil driller in the
world, for assistance and advice. Harry returns to NASA with his daughter Grace
(Tyler) to keep her away from her new boyfriend, one of Harry's young and
rambunctious drillers, A.J. Frost (Affleck). Harry and Grace learn about the asteroid
and Harry explains he will need his team, including A.J., Charles "Chick" Chapel
(Patton), Rockhound (Buscemi), Max Lennert (Campbell), Oscar Choice (Wilson), J.
Otis "Bear" Curlene (Duncan) and Freddie Noonan (Brolly) to help carry out the
mission. Once they have been rounded up and the situation is explained, they agree
to help, but only after their list of unusual rewards and demands are met. As NASA
puts Harry and his crew through a short and rigorous 12-day astronaut training
program at the Johnson Space Center, Harry and his teams re-outfit the mobile
drillers, named the "Armadillos” that will be used on the asteroid. When a meteorite
from the asteroid wipes out the coastal area of Shanghai, NASA is forced to reveal
their plans to the world before Harry and his crew go to Florida for training revisions
and last-minute preparations. Afterwards, two of the latest X-71 Space Shuttles,
called the Freedom and the Independence, are launched from the Kennedy Space
Center in Cape Canaveral in Florida. Once in orbit, the shuttles dock with the 11-
year old modified Russian space station Mir manned by Lev Andropov (Stormare) to
refuel. A fire breaks out during the transfer and the station is evacuated just before it
explodes, with Lev and A. J. making a narrow escape. After 60 hours, the shuttles
slingshot around the Moon in order to land on the backside of the asteroid. Traveling
through the asteroid's debris field Independence's hull is punctured and crashes
onto the rock and Oscar, Noonan, Air Force Colonel Davis, Air Force Captain Tucker
and munitions specialist Lieutenant Halsey are killed during the crash. Grace,
watching from NASA headquarters, is distraught by A.J.'s apparent death. Freedom
lands safely, but misses the target area, so the team must now drill through a 50 ft.
thick crust of compressed iron ferrite rather than the planned softer stone, but still on
the fault line parallel with the asteroids' course. When they fall behind schedule and
communications are about to fail after one and a half hours, the military initiates
"Secondary Protocol"; to remotely detonate the weapon on the asteroid's surface,
which will not have any effect. While Truman delays the military at Mission Control,
Harry persuades the shuttle commander Colonel Willie Sharp to disarm the bomb so
they can complete the drilling. Distracted by Rockhound, who is having a mental
breakdown, the Freedom crew loses their Armadillo with Max in it when it strikes a
methane gas pocket and is blown into space. Worldwide panic ensues as the
mission is presumed lost and martial law is declared to evacuate people to
underground shelters, just as another meteorite destroys most of Paris. Suddenly,
A.J., Lev, and Bear, having survived the Independence crash, arrive in the
Independence's Armadillo in time to complete the drilling. As the asteroid
approaches the Earth, it heats up; causing a dangerous rock storm that damages
the bomb's remote trigger and kills munitions specialist sergeant Gruber. They
realize someone must stay behind to detonate it manually. After all the non-flight
crew volunteers, they draw straws, and A.J. is selected. As he and Harry exit the
airlock, Harry rips off A.J.'s air hose and shoves him back inside, telling him he is the
son he never had and would be proud to have him marry Grace. Harry prepares to
detonate the bomb and contacts Grace to say his last goodbyes. After the Freedom
moves to a safe distance, Harry pushes the button at the last minute (after some
difficulty) and his life passes before his eyes as the asteroid is destroyed. It breaks in
two and both halves fly past the Earth. Freedom lands and the surviving crew are
treated as heroes. The film ends with A.J. and Grace's wedding, complete with
photos of Harry and the other lost crew members present in memoriam.
You can learn a lot from this movie from the cast of characters with several
funny, intense and emotional scenes. Armageddon also presents a compelling story
of hiring, teamwork and leadership. Respect for others, knowing when to let
someone else lead, baiting the hook to pique a colleague’s interest. Knowing the
right time for negotiations and making big asks when you’re able to do so. Making
assumptions about people before knowing what they are capable of. Also, I learn
that in every condition, remain calm, assess the situation, restate your goal/mission,
and focus on what you are going to do. There are other great scenes and lessons to
be learned in Armageddon. Driven by an agenda as powerful as survival, it is
incredible to think about what humanity might accomplish, together.
Still, it’s worth wondering if Armageddon would be such a smash hit at the
box office in 2018. We seem to prefer our heroes to wear costumes these days, and
action movies often do best when part of an established franchise. And maybe a
disaster movie like Armageddon no longer has the reassuring and escapist charm it
once offered. Instead, global cataclysm feels all too possible as we watch Antarctica
melt and petty, impulsive leaders govern countries with nuclear weapons in their
arsenal. At this rate, the end of the world will more likely be caused by humans, not
prevented by them.
 Intro to Earth and Space

In our first day of class- Monday, Ma’am Letran discussed about the
Introduction of Earth and Space and its areas of specialization. Things such as
Astronomy (the study of objects beyond Earth’s atmosphere, Meteorology (the study
of the forces and processes that can cause the atmosphere to change and produce
weather), geology (the study of the materials that makes up the Earth, the processes
that form and change these materials, and the history of the planet and its life forms
since its origin, Oceanography is the study of Earth’s oceans, including the creatures
that inhabit salt water, measure of physical and chemical properties and the various
processes in the bodies of water, Environmental Science is the study of the
interacting of the organisms and their surroundings. She also discussed about earth
systems- geosphere, atmosphere, cryosphere and biosphere. She also included in
her discussion about the Scientific method (hypothesis, independent and dependent
variable and control set-up).
Introduction to Earth and Space tells us everything about how earth being
formed, the stars, solar system and the verses because it talks about the different
areas of Earth and space. It is very interesting to know the diverse zones of the
planet which is the earth, how these different areas of sciences unveil the different
phenomena that happens on us.
Knowing the areas of earth and space can answer the questions and expose
us to the celestial bodies and verses. In order for our students to easily understand
the different areas, let them explore by presenting videos. Also, as teachers, let us
not limit ourselves for that specific learning’s because in science there is a
continuous fact that maybe this information is true today but not on the future. We
have this famous quote “there is no permanent in this world and that is change”.
 Models of the Earth

The second topic was reported by Ma’am Myra Joy Montero. She focused on
the models of the earth which is the maps and the globes. She discussed the
difference between globe and map; a map is flat and shows all or part of the earth’s
surface while the globe is a sphere and shows the earth’s entire surface. She also
discussed the imaginary lines of the earth like longitude (it is a distance East to west
of the Prime Meridian), latitude (a distance in degrees north and south of the
equator), prime meridian and equator. She talks about the types of maps; Map
Projections is a flat map that represents a 3-dimensional globe and topographic
maps is a map that shows topography (surface features and elevation changes).
The types of map projections: (1) Mercator projection a map that is accurate at the
equator and highly distorted at the poles, (2) Conic projections is a cone comes in
contact with one parallel of latitude, and (3) Gnomonic projection is the most
accurate at the poles and shows great circles.

As for the models of the earth, specifically the map, there are multiple maps
so no one map is considered correct and no flat earth is not a verified map because
of the numerous variations made by the same person with different looks and ends
with the ice wall and the fall off. For the globe, I really don’t see how the globe is
wrong but people make conspiracies from their one example and say “if this
experiment is wrong and proves me wrong for the answer, so I don’t go back on my
world” but in reality they do the opposite.

What really matters here is that how we are going to teach our students on
how to locate places using latitude and longitude because most of them don’t know
the coordinates (how to locate using ordered pair) and by telling our students that
the landmasses and bodies of water will help us to locate places. Let your students
do the task, give them an exact example on how to locate places easily and guide
them. Personally, in teaching this, we simply used the globe to eradicate students’
ambiguity as to how the earths look like especially in elementary pupils.
 Plate Tectonics

Mr. Shawn Dwight A. Ga discussed the third topic which is Plate Tectonics.
He discussed about the plates (Earth’s crust and upper mantle which refers to as
Lithosphere, are broken into sections and the Theory of Plate Tectonics. He tackled
the Plate Boundaries and its types-the Divergent Boundary where two plates move
away from each other, Convergent Boundary where two plates move towards each
other and Transform Boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite
direction .There are two Types of Divergent Boundary : (1)Divergent Boundary on
land and will form a Rift Valley. Rifting causes seafloor spreading, (2) Divergent
Boundary on sea will form a Mid-Ocean Ridge and also causes seafloor spreading.
The stress in Divergent is called Tension. In Convergent boundary there are three
types; (1) Oceanic-continental convergent happens where one oceanic plate and a
continental plate push together, (2) Oceanic-oceanic convergence happens where
two oceanic plate push against one another causing the colder, denser, older plate
to buckle up and sink into the mantle, and (3) Continental –continental convergence
happens when two continental plates collide and push up creating mountain ranges.
The stressed is called compression

I do like plate tectonics. The amazing, near-unfathomable complexity and

enormity of it, is almost mind-boggling. But, at its most basic it is simple and
beautiful. It helped to create the atmosphere and continues to have an effect on the
global climate, it shaped the development of life on the planet, it has created the
meet stunning valleys and mountains, the after-effects of uplift and subsidence ( due
to boundary interactions or mantle plumes)have caused rivers to cut deeply and
curve canyons of exquisite beauty. Since Wegener’s slightly wrong theory of
continental drift, up to modern models of tectonics (informed by seismicity, direct
measurement, remote sensing, etc.) mankind has an unparalleled level of
understanding of the planet upon which we are guests.

In discussing this lesson specially the 3 types of plate boundaries which

Convergent, Divergent, and Transform-fault boundaries, I recommend to use clay
and folder. What you are going to do, first you have two flatten the clay and put it on
top of the two folder, then, let our students do the realia on what will happen to the
clay if you move the folder away from each other, towards each other and past each
other in opposite direction.
 Earthquake

The fourth topic which is Earthquake was being discussed by Mr. Enrique
Moyer Jr. Earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust
that creates seismic waves. It is also called temblors, are the result of Plate
Tectonics, or shifting plates in the crust of earth, and quakes occur when the
frictional stress of gliding plate boundaries builds and causes failure at a fault line.
The causes of earthquake are tectonic stress, water added under pressure,
geothermal gradient, rock types, and fast/cold versus slow/warm rate and
temperature. He then discussed the Focus which is the origin of an earthquake while
epicentre is the point on the surface directly above the focus. Also, he tackled the
difference between Intensity and Magnitude and the ways to measure earthquake
which is the Richter and Mercalli scale. The amplitude of the shaking caused by an
earthquake depends on many factors, such as the magnitude distance from the
epicentre, depth of focus, topography, and local ground condition. Lastly, he
discussed that tsunami will occur if the wave of an earthquake move vertically and
also if there is a tremendous release of energy.

When I talked to my students and co-teachers about earthquake I often say

something like “I am passionate about earthquakes”. But what I mean is that I find
the processes of how and why earthquakes happen incredibly interesting! Rocks
that move and deform that really are exciting for me. But earthquake themselves are
very scary and also be very dangerous to us because no one can predict when and
where it will occur. So, wherever a big earthquake happens, I read and watch the
news to know if anybody was injured. All of the earthquakes are natural and only
very few are due to human activities. Earthquakes induced by human activities are
rather small and do not harm anybody. But scientists and politicians have to watch
those activities closely and make sure nothing worse happens in the future.

I think humans feel passion of everything that is difficult to control and

earthquakes are definitely. It is impossible to envisage them and even more
impossible to foresee the consequences. Humans are part of the ecosystems and
we are especially “dangerous” because we like to modify the earth in our please.
Part of our job as earth scientist is to make the governments think about the
consequences and help people to lessen its effects/damages.
 Volcano

Ma’am Aceel l. Moyco discussed the fifth topic which is volcano. Volcano is
an opening in the earth’s crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are
ejected. There are three types of volcanoes according to their eruptions namely: (1)
Active or Alive volcano when it erupts often, (2) Dormant or Sleeping volcano when it
has not erupted for a long time but it might in the future, and (3) Extinct or Dead
volcano when it hasn’t erupt for at least 100,000 years. Other types of volcanoes
are: (1) Shield cone volcano is formed by quite eruptions, (2) Cinder cone volcano is
caused by explosive eruptions, and (3) Composite cone volcano is a mix of the other
two types. Also, she discussed the types of volcanic eruptions such as phreatic or
hydrothermal which is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with
water, phreatomagmatic refers to a violent eruption due to the contact between
water and magma, strombolian is a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized
by fountain lava, vulcanian is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to
20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ash fall, and plinian refers to excessively
explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics. She then tackled the four types of
lava and the energy from volcano.

Volcanoes affect people in many ways, some are good, and some are not.
They are dangerous, destructive yet it gives amazing sight to see. Some of the bad
ways are eruptions have hazardous effects, it can caused respiratory problems from
the ash and smoke, the running lava moves at steady pace, destroying everything in
its path, it can cause casualties, and the lava can pollute rivers and can change the
temperature of the water which can kill the fish and other animals living in it. But,
volcanoes are very helpful to us since it tells us the composition of the earth’s inner
part. Also, some of the good ways that volcanoes affect people include producing
spectacular scenery, and producing very rich soils for farming. Some people use this
lava to make their skin up-their skin looks healthier and younger, precious metals
are found near volcanoes and it regulate earth’s global climate, by allowing the
ashes to block the sun.

This scenario brings up several interesting problems. How do you evacuate a

large population if there is little warning before eruption? Where do these people go?
If an eruption is highly likely yet hasn’t happened yet how long can people be kept
away from their homes and businesses? I should point out that in the most volcanic
crises geologist advise local civil defense authorities decide what to do concerning
evacuations, etc. Here are some suggestions on how to avoid danger and what to
do if you’re caught near an eruption: (1) as much as possible, stay away from active
volcanoes, (2) if you live near an active volcano, keep goggles and mask in
emergency kit, along with flashlight and a working, battery operated radio, and (3)
stay calm, don’t panic and focus on what you are going to do.

Atmosphere

The last topic on the first day of our class in earth and space was discussed
by Ma’am Criza Camingawan which is Atmosphere. The earth’s atmosphere is the
air and gas surrounding our planet and describes the feeling of a place. The
atmosphere was divided into layers namely: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,
and thermosphere (sometimes divided into two layers: ionosphere and exosphere).
The basis in dividing earth’s atmosphere is due to the change in temperature.
Troposphere is the bottom layer and from earths surface about 12 kilometers
altitude. It is where weather happens, clouds formation and air moves a lot here.
Above the troposphere is stratosphere that extends 50 km and it is where the ozone
is formed. The third layer of the atmosphere is mesosphere (the coldest layer) that
covers 50-90 km and most of the meteoroids burn up here due to atmospheric
friction. Above the mesosphere is the thermosphere that extends 690 km with no
real upper limit. Thermosphere is sometimes divided into two layers: ionosphere and
exosphere. Ionosphere is the lower part of thermosphere where solar radiation is
very strong and is absorbed by the few oxygen and nitrogen molecules resulting in
electrically charged gas particles (ions) that cause heat. The outer thermosphere
and the outer most layer of the atmosphere is exosphere where satellites orbit here
and atoms and molecules escape into space here.

Earth is the only planet in the solar system with an atmosphere that can
sustain life. The blanket of gases not only contains the air that we breathe but also
protects us from the blast of heat because atmosphere acts as gigantic filter,
keeping out most of ultraviolet radiation while letting in the sun’s warming rays. It
warms the planet by day and cools it at night. Among the layers of the atmosphere,
which is the most important one? Well, I guess all of them are important but for me it
is troposphere. Why? Because it consists of life supporting gases without which life
cannot exist on earth, plays important role in moderating the temperature on earth
that makes it habitable, plays important role in water cycle, plays important role in
water cycle, and a layer of weather change that affects climate of region. Thus
troposphere is important of all layers of earth’s atmosphere.

A stable atmosphere is essential for maintaining human, animal and plant

health. The Earth's protective ozone layer is being depleted by chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) and other ozone-destroying chemicals. This has already resulted in
increased cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface causing
changes in plankton populations - basis of the ocean's food chain. The extent of this
ozone destruction has been confirmed by data from satellites and is far greater than
most experts had predicted. Doctors fear a serious increase in skin cancers and
immune system disorders.

Climate

On the second day of our class, Mr. Eduardo, Jr. B. Arcojada discussed
Climate. The reporter talks over the difference between climate and weather.
Climate refers to the weather conditions that occur and prevail in particular regions
over an extended period of time while the weather is the state of the atmosphere at
a certain time and place. Both climate and weather are measured in terms of
temperature, wind speed, humidity, cloudiness, precipitation and other variables.
There are factors affecting the climate, namely: (1) latitude is the measurement of a
distance from the equator and as latitude increases, the average annual temperature
decreases, (2) altitude is the vertical elevation of an object above a surface of a
planet or natural satellite and the higher the altitude, the lower the average yearly
temperature, (3) proximity of water tells us based on other factors certain areas
closer to large bodies of water may have a relatively small yearly temperature range,
(4) topography refers to the elevated part of the land where climates often differ on
either side of a mountain (on the windward side it cools, condenses, and releases
moisture while on the leeward side that usually produced deserts have dry and warm
air, (5) ocean currents can warm or cool the air above and may be considerably
warmer or colder than the normal air temperature for that latitude. He then discussed
the three basic wind systems in each hemisphere and these are polar easterlies,
northeast or southeast trade winds and the prevailing westerlies. The interaction and
movement of air masses affect climate.

Climate change is the change in the properties of the climate system,

referring to significant changes in its mean state, and in its variability and extremes.
Changes in climate can occur naturally due to internal and external processes, or
can occur due to anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and
anthropogenic changes associated with land-use. The increasing change of the
climate system can have many adverse effects, including: the rise of sea level,
caused by the melting of ice sheets and glaciers and the expansion of water volume
(due to a rise in average global temperature), the acidification of the oceans due to
ongoing equilibrium reactions with CO2 in the atmosphere, and an increase in
intensity of extreme weather events.
 Many resolutions have been offered in how to deal with the increasingly
alarming problem of climate change. Adaptation to climate change refers to
adjusting our lives and infrastructure in a manner that would lessen the harmful
impacts of the current climate, and the climate to come. The goal of climate
adaptation is to reduce human vulnerability to the harmful effects that occur with
climate change, such as: rising sea label, more intense extreme weather events and
susceptibility in food security. Climate adaptation can have a variety of approaches
depending on the context in which certain degree of climate change manifest itself.
With the changes in the climate of extra heat in our climate system has affected
other impacts such as ocean circulation which influences rainfall and wind patterns.
Many Scientists have agreed that many of the effects of climate change can be
avoided if carbon dioxide emissions are reduced. Thus, we humans should take our
part in reducing CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases.
 Meteorology

Meteorology was discussed by Mr. Cornelio, II C. Pascasio and Mrs.

Madelissa M. Tajonera. Meteorology is the science that studies atmospheric
phenomena, especially those that relate to weather. There are five elements of
meteorology and these are clouds, rain, wind, humidity, and instruments. According
to the World Meteorological Organizations International Clouds Atlas, more than 100
types of clouds exist and they are grouped according to their shape and height in the
sky. Rain is the precipitation of liquid drops of water. Other forms of precipitation
such as snow, sleet, and hail. There are three main types of rainfall and these are
Orographic or relief rainfall which is characterized by mountain regions,
Convectional rainfall is characterized of hot climates, and Cyclonic or frontal rainfall
where mass of warm air meets a mass of colder air. Wind is air in motion produced
by differences in atmospheric pressure. Humidity is the measurement of the water
vapour content in the atmosphere. There are also instruments used in meteorology
such as barometer, hygrometer, anemometer, rain gauge, thermometers, sunshine
recorder, and wind vane. The different types of meteorology such as aviation that
deals with the impact of weather on air traffic management, agricultural meteorology
involves agricultural problems, hydrometeorology is the study of the transfer of water
and energy between the land and the lower atmosphere, nuclear meteorology
investigates the distribution of radioactive aerosols and gases in the atmosphere,
and maritime meteorology deals with air and wave forecast for ships operating at
sea.

The phrase "extreme weather" flashes across television screens from coast to
coast, but its connection to climate change is consistently ignored, if not outright
mocked. If our news media, including – or especially – the meteorologists, continue
to ignore the essential link between extreme weather and climate change, then we
as a nation, the greatest per capita polluters on the planet, may not act in time to
avert even greater catastrophe.

Beyond the borders of wealthy countries like the United States, in developing
countries like Philippines where most people in the world live, the impacts of climate
change are much more deadly, from the growing desertification of Africa to the
threats of rising sea levels and the submersion of small island nations. The US news
media have a critical role to play in educating the public about climate change.
Imagine if just half the times that they flash "extreme weather" across our TV
screens, they alternated with "global warming”. This Independence Day holiday
week might just be the beginning of people demanding the push to wean ourselves
off fossil fuels, and pursue a sane course toward sustainable energy independence.

Rocks and Rock Cycle

Rock and rock cycle was reported by Ma’am Mirlen d. Migalbio. Rocks are
naturally occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter. Rocks
are divided into 3 groups based on how they formed; (1) Igneous rock form when
melted rock material from inside earth cools. As internal processes, mountain
building and volcanic activity, elevate Earth’s surfaces, external processes,
weathering and erosion, breakdown and move Earth’s surfaces down slope. It’s a
continuous rock cycle, and water movement contributes greatly to Earth’s external
weathering and erosion processes, sculpting earth’s surfaces throughout the course.
As water evaporates from the ocean and precipitates over the mountains, river
systems are established; and in their many shapes and forms, move eroded rock
material from the surface towards the ocean, further disintegrating material along the
way. River systems move Earth’s surface materials, while shaping its landscapes.

My insight about the rock cycle is that rock is the most common and abundant
material on Earth. When rock is examined closely it consists of smaller crystals
called minerals. Minerals are chemical compounds, each with its own composition
and physical properties. The rock cycle is a model of how all rocks can be formed,
transformed, destroy, and re-formed as a result of environmental factors and natural
processes that affect them. Environmental changes and processes affect these
materials and existing rocks in ways that produce three main rock groups. Also, it
allows us to view many of the interrelationships among different parts of the Earth
system. It is the representation of how rocks are formed, broken down, and
processed in response to changing condition. The rock cycle processes may involve
interactions of geosphere with hydrosphere, atmosphere and or biosphere.
 Movements of Water

Movements of water were being discussed by Ma’am Eunice P. Marapao and

Cheramae B. Morales. Ocean currents refer to the ocean water contents horizontal,
stream-like movements of water and it is affected by weather, earth’s rotation, and
the position of the continents. There are three main types: (1) Surface currents is the
horizontal movements of ocean water caused by wind and occurring at or near the
ocean’s surface and controlled by three factors which is the global winds, continental
barriers, and coriolis effect, and (2) Deep currents is the stream-like movements of
ocean water located far below the surface. is controlled by three factors which is the
global winds, continental barriers, and Coriolis Effect.

Water is essential for all life and is important for health; spiritual needs,
comfort, livelihood and the world’s ecosystems, yet the values given to the services
provided by such aquatic ecosystems can vary between individuals. Climate change,
population growth, intensified agricultural production and increased abstractions are
some of the pressures acting on the availability of water on a changing planet.
Within the water sector, institutional fragmentation can result in antagonistic
management actions that fail to achieve overarching goals and that often overlook
the importance of maintaining healthy freshwater ecosystems. An integrated
approach is therefore required in water management between different sectors to
achieve future action on water and sustainable development: Integrated Water
Resources Management (IWRM) is one approach identified to achieve such
cohesion. In essence, IWRM is designed to replace the traditional fragmented
methods to water management with a more holistic approach that recognizes the
multi-faceted social, economic and environmental importance of water and society

As hydrological, economic, social and environmental interdependencies occur

within catchment (watershed) areas, it is within this geographical unit that integrated
development and management of water resources is likely to be most successful.
The need to manage water from its source to sink, and the interdependence of water
uses with each other and natural processes require holistic catchment-based
management. Integrated catchment management (ICM) is a subset of IWRM that is
based on the concepts of catchments as biophysical units in which use of natural
resources and ecological and water protection takes place; local community and
scientific involvement is integrated; and appropriate organizational structures and
policy objectives are put in place.
 Ocean Water

Ocean water was discussed by Ma’am Cristylou S. Nacua and Sir Dhullmyt
Lloyd G. Valendez. They tackled how oceans formed and the importance of oceans.
The oceans contain 97% of the earth’s water and all the oceans and seas are
actually one continuous body of water. The ocean water is 96% pure water, chlorine
1.9% and sodium 1.1% and the other percentage from other particles. They
discussed the salinity levels, gases in ocean water, and its temperature. There are
features of the ocean floor which is the (1) continental margin is the shallow sea floor
that is located between the shoreline and the deep-ocean bottom and (2) deep
ocean basin is the part of the ocean floor that s under water beyond the continental
margin and that is composed of oceanic crust and a thin layer of the sediments.
Also, they discussed the three major groups of ocean life and theses are plankton,
nekton, and benthos.There are four different oceans, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian,
and the Arctic. Tides and currents occur in all three of these oceans. Many different
kinds of fish and mammals also make their homes in these oceans. All of these
oceans are connected to each other in some way. Humans find oceans to be very
interesting, beautiful, and exploring. All oceans contain salt water and other
minerals.
Humans have by and large taken the oceans for granted; not considering how
important a healthy ocean is to our survival. A popular mind-set is that the oceans
are a bottomless supply of fish, natural resources, and an infinite waste dump. There
are myriad reasons why the oceans should be saved and the most obvious one is
marine life. However, as important as marine life is, that is not the only reason why
saving the oceans is crucial. The ocean floor provides natural resources such as, oil,
natural gas, petroleum, minerals, medications, and ingredients for foods and
products. However, oceans are on the verge of crisis, marine life, natural resources,
transportation, the economy, and important ingredients are at risk due to overfishing,
pollution, and acidification. Thus, in this essay I will argue that, oceans are not
impervious to human activity and threatening the health of the ocean threatens the
health of humanity, since oceans key to our survival.

Solar Energy
Solar energy was reported by Ma’am Juzalin P. Costuya. Solar energy is
simply the energy provided by the sun. The sun is a vital part of life on Earth. Plants
need sunshine to survive and proceed with photosynthesis, the water cycle is
powered by the heat the sun gives off, and walking outside on a sunny day can
cause people to feel rejuvenated. In addition, the light that the sun gives off has the
potential to become the predominant source of energy for society as it exists today.
This is because solar power is a form of energy that can be harnessed in a variety of
different ways, has the ability to provide for a diverse range of needs, is becoming
more affordable at a rapid rate, and is completely renewable. The sun could play
such a large role in the future of humanity that one of the engineering grand
challenges is “make solar energy more affordable.”
In my personal thought, I believe that solar energy is the best resource for
energy and the best alternative to all fossil fuels being used. What people are
unaware of is that soon we will not have any resources left and we have no choice
but to switch to other options. I love solar energy it has always been something I
thought was cool and always wondered how it worked. This source can do a lot for
us all you have to do is give it a chance and you will see the wonder of our sun that
gives vast energy. Solar energy is not only sustainable, it is renewable and this
means that we will never run out of it. It is about as natural a source of power as it is
possible to generate electricity. The creation of solar energy requires little
maintenance. Once the solar panels have been installed and are working at
maximum efficiency there is only a small amount of maintenance required each year
to ensure they are in working in order. They are a silent producer of energy.
Solar energy is clean energy that does not affect our environment unlike other
sources of energy, which rely on continual mining for raw materials. Therefore, with
the use of solar energy, it will help keep the environment clean, thus help to combat
the issue of global warming, which is a threat to the world’s ecosystem worldwide.
The use of solar energy will help save the worlds vegetation, and help prevent global
warming.

Solar System
Many scientists think our solar system formed from a giant, rotating cloud of
gas and dust known as the solar nebula. As the nebula collapsed because of its
gravity, it spun faster and flattened into a disk. Most of the material was pulled
toward the center to form the sun. Other particles within the disk collided and stuck
together to form asteroid-sized objects named as planetesimals, some of which
combined to become the asteroids, comets, moons and planets. The solar wind from
the sun was so powerful that it swept away most of the lighter elements, such as
hydrogen and helium, from the innermost planets, leaving behind mostly small, rocky
worlds. The solar wind was much weaker in the outer regions, however, resulting in
gas giants made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. The four inner four planets —
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars — are made up mostly of iron and rock. They are
known as terrestrial or earth-like planets because of their similar size and
composition. The outer planets — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune — are giant
worlds with thick outer layers of gas.

Our Solar System is an amazing part of space that includes the Sun and
other objects in space that are bound to their place by gravity. These objects are the
Sun, planets, dwarf planets, moons, and other "small bodies," such as asteroids,
comets, and meteoroids. The Sun is at the centre of our solar system and the
planets orbit around the sun. The Sun is a big ball of hot gas with a very hot core. It
is the most important part of our Solar System. The Sun sits in the centre of our
Solar System, and all of the planets follow an orbit around it. It gives us light, heat,
and energy and without the sun there would be no life that exists.
 Minor Bodies of the Solar System: Asteroids, Meteors, and Comets

Though most people have heard about Comets and Asteroids many are
unaware of what they are and more significantly, their importance to life itself.
Comets and asteroids are often described as small planets differentiating in sizes;
some are baseball-sized meteors while some others are about one third the size of
the moon. Other common terms used to describe them are rocky and icy bodies left
over from the formation of the solar system. According to scientists, “Initially there
was a great number of Comets and Asteroids, however, most of these bodies have
either collided together and formed some of the major planets, were ejected from the
inner solar system into the Oort cloud, or were ejected out of the solar system
altogether.” Therefore, the Comets and Asteroids we see today are the residual
population.

One basic question to ask is why should we study comets and asteroids and
meteors? It’s because the universe gave birth to us and will eventually lead to the
end of all human existence. What lies in the vast emptiness of space carries a great
amount of crucial knowledge that all humans should be aware of. The cosmos
should be an important subject in the life of any human who cherishes their life. Our
universe should be of great importance to all people. And because asteroids,
meteors and comets have a few things in common with our planet, they are both
celestial bodies orbiting our Sun.
 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic spectrum was discussed by Mr. Gree Angelo Bernadas and

Mr. Eric Montalban. The electromagnetic spectrum describes all the wavelengths of
light. From dark nebulae to exploding stars, it reveals an otherwise invisible
universe. Radiation is energy that travels around in waves. The electromagnetic
spectrum is the term used by scientist to describe the entire range of light that exists.
From radio waves to gamma rays and many of these radiations have different level
of wavelength, energy, frequency, and also different classes. The way the
electromagnetic spectrum works is by wavelength. The bigger the wave length the
smaller power it has. The small wavelength is the most power it has.

The Light and Electromagnetic Spectrum both fall in the same category. It
contains an array of electromagnetic waves of different frequencies but is unseen to
human with naked eyes. In our daily life we are surrounded by these waves as
everyone is exposed to electric and magnetic fields, both at home and at work, from
the generation and transmission of electricity, domestic appliances and industrial
equipment, to telecommunications and broadcasting. But there are types of
electromagnetic radiations which have their effects on human body as well as
medical usage of these radiations for the treatment of various diseases. The long
term effects that are commonly seen are irreversible hearing problems, damaging of
embryonic development, risk of miscarriage increase, sperms count decrease, brain
tissue damage, cardiovascular disease, memory loss, lymphoma and DNA
(Deoxyribose Nuclic Acid) damage. So risk assessment of Electromagnetic
spectrum is necessary for prevention from Electromagnetic field to minimize the risk.
The electromagnetic spectrum describes all the wavelengths of light- both
seen and unseen. The shorter the wavelength, the more energetic and dangerous it
is, eventhough they are harmful but they are very helpful/useful to us especially that
we are technologically oriented.

The Origin of the Universe and Galaxies: Big Bang Theory

Humans have wondered about the origin of the universe and there are lot of
discoveries that brought us a little closer to an answer. What this development
means, basically, is that for the first time, way may be seeing what happened in the
first billionth of trillionth of a trillionth of a second of the universe. Scientists, in their
attempt to answer these and other confrontations, have found one idea that seems
to explain much of what we don't understand: The Big Bang Theory. Inflation is the
instantaneous initial expansion, far faster than speed of light that describes the
propulsion mechanism that drove the universe into the period of tremendous
expansion that we call the “Big Bang”. It is an explosion of incomprehensible speed
was the beginning of our known universe and existence. The big bang theory is
known as the most popular theory of how our universe came to be. It isn’t the only
theory ever proposed but it is the most recognized because it seems to make the
most sense. It takes into consideration other theories that help explain different
aspects of the overall theory. It doesn’t just explain how the universe came into
existence; it also offers an explanation of everything inside of it. The theory really
starts by saying there was nothing and then there was something, this is because it
is really unknown what existed before. They believe that space came into existence
as the universe did. All these theories and the different explanations for them will
have to remain unanswered because we have yet to come up with the means to
solve the mystery.

The big bang idea was well established. But I think it did not explain important
pieces of the story. First, the universe looks pretty homogenous and isotropic- that is
galaxies in any one direction look very similar to galaxies in the opposite direction,
no matter how distant. The number of galaxies, their masses, their shapes and their
stellar content remarkably similar, to the furthest reaches we can observe.

I think the theory of inflation explains this quite naturally: if at the beginning
the universe inflated at an extraordinarily rapid rate that means that they had the
same initial physical conditions (such as temperature and density), so that similar
stars and galaxies eventually formed out of the cosmic soup. Inflation also explains
why the universe has a very “flat” geometry. For the universe to be flat requires a
very precise balance. Even if the initial universe were vey lumpy, after inflation we
can see only a very smooth, local part of the original volume- and it would seem
perfectly flat.

Stellar Evolution

Stellar evolution was discussed by Ma’am Norma M. Borja. Stellar evolution is

the series of phases that a star passes through between its birth and its death. The
space between stars contains gas and dust at a very low density. This interstellar
matter tends to gather into clouds. Sometimes the density becomes high enough so
that gravity causes contraction, leading to the formation of a protostar. The
temperature at the center of the protostar finally becomes high enough to initiate
nuclear reactions and the subsequent release of nuclear energy. Hydrogen is the
most abundant element, and hydrogen-burning reactions, in which hydrogen is
converted to helium with an accompanying release of large amounts of energy, are
initially the most important reactions. When the nuclear energy released exactly
balances the radiation energy lost into space, the protostar finally enters a state of
balance, and contraction ceases. At this point the object becomes a true star.

In astronomy, stellar evolution refers to the changes which stars undergo

during their lifetime. Stars change in color, luminosity, size and temperature through
their lifespan. Scientist cannot study an individual stars lifetime though because they
far exceed ours and therefore we must study stellar evolution by observing the life
cycle of numerous stars, each at a different point in its life cycle, and then running
computer models which simulate the structure of stars. Today we name stars in
three categories, the first being the brightest are named for what constellation they
are in. Variable stars are the ones that change in luminosity periodically and the
fainter stars are logged in the Henry Draper Catalogue. Stars exist either alone or in
groups of two or more in a system or cluster. Large clusters are grouped into
galaxies and in our Galaxy, the Milky Way there are more than 100 billion stars.
There are also 10's of millions of galaxies that are part of the known universe.
 Stellar Cluster

Stellar cluster was discussed by Mr. Ian Q. Tapia. A star cluster is a group of
stars that share a common origin and are gravitationally bound for some length of
time. A large fraction of the stars in our galaxy were formed in clusters. Star clusters
are witnesses to episodes of the most intense star formation. Studies of the
properties and of the origin and evolutionary paths of star clusters are important for
solving some fundamental astrophysical problems. The basic questions of concern
to researchers on galactic and extragalactic young and old star clusters include: (1)
the structural, dynamic, chemical, and other characteristics (not distorted by
observational selection) of star clusters of various ages in our galaxy and others; (2)
the physical processes responsible for the formation of clusters with these properties
in galaxies of different morphological types and in different galactic subsystems
(bulges, disks, stellar halos); (3) how clusters evolve as a function of the surrounding
conditions, the percentage of their initial mass that they lose, and the changes in the
chemical composition of stars in clusters as they evolve. Many unsolved problems
of modern astrophysics are related to these questions, such as: the origin of multiple
star populations in globular clusters and the mass function of star clusters and
medium-mass black holes in galaxies.

It is important to study about stellar clusters for they are particularly useful to
astronomers as they provide a way to study and model stellar evolution and ages.
The two basic categories of stellar clusters are open clusters, also known as galactic
clusters, and globular clusters. Stars in an open cluster have a common origin from
a given nebula. The main differences of the two stellar clusters tend to be in age,
number of stars, and general size.
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