International Journal of Compu ter & Communication Engineering Research (IJCCER)
Volume 2 - Issue 6 November 2014
ELECTRONIC VOTING SYSTEM FOR STUDENT
ELECTION PROCESS
Nurudeen A. Iromini1 , Hassan J. Onawola2 , Abdulazeez O. Ajao 3
1,2,3
Computer Engineering Department, Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara State.
1
ajibolaforyu2003@yahoo.com , 2 honawola@yahoo.com, 3 ajaodoc@yahoo.com
Abstract - Over the years, there have been a lot of election
frauds, rigging, violence and steady decline in turning out of
Nigerian students in participating in departmental, S UG and
any form of election on our campuses due to the fear of being
harmed by cultists. This is the part of major drivers for the push
of an electronic voting system which is believe d would increase
mobility and accuracy of voting process. In this paper we
present an electronic voting application used for the conduct of
free and fear departmental, faculty, and Class representative’s
election. The application is divided into Control application
where administrator register candidates, prints result of the
elections and the Client application provided for the students to
cast their votes for the candidate of their choice. The password
generated during registration process and matriculati on number
is used by the students to login to voting page. The application
gives no room for multiple voting by a single voter, rigging,
stealing of ballot box, violence since the students can be
anywhere and cast his/her vote after they have been properly
connected to the database. The result of our application revealed
that the application gives accurate result for the conduct of class
representative election of HND I Computer Engineering
students.36 students voted for matriculation number
CT/HND/F12/0946 while 35 students voted for matriculation
number CT/HND/F12/0971. The implementation of electronic
voting system in Institutions elections will drastically reduce
violence on campuses and guide against multiple voting by
students.
Keywords: Ballot Paper; Electronic Voting S ystem; Electoral
Officer; Distributed Computing.
I. INTRODUCTION
Elections are the process by which populace choose their
representatives and experience their preferences for how they
will be governed. Through election, it is possible for the
people to cast their votes for the candidate of their choice.
The election system in any part of the country must be
sufficiently robust to guide against any fraudulent behaviors
and must be sufficiently transparent and understandable that
voters and candidates can accept the results of an election.
Electronic voting (known as e-voting) is a term
encompassing both electronic means of casting a vote and
electronic means of counting votes. Electronic voting system
is a system whereby an individual has the right to vote for the
leader of their choice via online website without intimidation.
The E-voting system is a desktop-based application (but
distributed over network) capable of recognizing the eligible
voters and grant them access to vote.
Elections were being done in Institutions by the use of
ballot papers by the eligible voters (students) to cast their
votes to the candidates of their choice. This method of voting
is vulnerable and gives room for v iolence, waste of students’
life and rigg ing of elections. It is generally known that
people are not ready to die young as party in authority is
using the power of incumbency to put their candidates onto
the seat.
There are so many problems in the process of conducting
election to political offices in our society. Among which are
© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198
(i) long queue of voters which discourage many people to cast
their votes during election (ii) delay in setting up the polling
unit (iii) violence at the polling unit (iv) insincerity in
counting of votes (v) lack of privacy in the cubicle. All these
problems have resulted into the discouragement of the
Nigerian students in partaking in election.
This research is focusing at designing of an electronic
system for the monitoring of election process in our tertiary
institution in order to provide good atmosphere to cast vote
and to guide against any form of elect ion frauds that emanates
during election like stealing of ballot bo x, violence etc that
prevents most of the students in partaking in election. Th is
application will pave way for students to vote for the leader
of their choice without intimidation. This type of electronic
means of voting will (i) guide against any form of elect ion
malpractice (ii) allow the right person to take the lead of
Institution politics (iii) disallow mult iple votes by a single
person (iv) allow only eligible people to vote (v) disallow the
possibility of vote casted to be changed by anyone else. This
application can be used to monitor election process in our
tertiary institutions. The widespread deployment of the
internet and use of computers is an extra reason where there
has been a lot of call for the inclusion of an electronic voting
system where voters can participate remotely v ia the internet.
II. RELA TED WORKS
Elections are understood to be the key mainstay of
democracy all over the globe and voting is one of the
electoral routes that ensure the sustenance of democrat ic
system in any civilization. Voting is the process that allo ws
the general public or the people to choose their leaders and
articulate views on how they will be governed. The veracity
of democrat ic s ystem is primary to the veracity of election
itself consequently the election system must be satisfactorily
secured to survive a range of fraudulent behaviors and
must be sufficiently translucent and comprehensible that
voters and candidates can accept the outcome of an election.
Unsurprisingly, history is littered with examp les of elections
being maneuvered in order to change their outcome [1]. An
overview of the experience of the opening of two years of an
institution-wide project in introducing electronic voting
equipment for lectures was presented by [2].
Vot ing system is defined [3] as a vital tool to collect and
reflect people’s opinion to elect a candidate of their choice to
occupy a position or people to govern them. Voting process
in developing countries, Nigeria inclusive has been faced
with a lot of challenges associated with traditional voting
systems prone to tampering and security infringements.
Technology security expert consider ten required features that
characterized a successful voting system. These are accuracy,
convenience, reliability, scalability, flexibility, consistency,
democratic, timeliness, acceptability and privacy which can
be achieved today with the development and widespread use
of information technologies.
p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 183
 Nurudeen A. Iro mini, et al International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering Research [Volume 2, Issue 6 November 2014]
A. Categories of Voting System
Vot ing system can be generally categorized into two
major types namely: (a) Traditional Voting System (TVS) and
(b) Elect ronic Vot ing System (EVS).
The two basic voting systems without electronic means are:
(i) p ap er ballo t meth od and (ii) mechan ical lev er machine
method.
The paper ballot system, wh ich is still very common in
sub- Sahara Africa, Nigeria not an exemption usually,
emp loys uniform ballots of various stock weights on which
the names of all candidates and issues are printed. Voter
record their choices, in private by marking or thumb print
the boxes next to the candidate or issue choice they select and
drop the voted ballot in a sealed ballot box. The paper ballot
system was first adopted in the Australian state of Victoria in
1856 and in the remaining Australian states over the next
several years, where it became known as the “Australian
ballot.” New York became the first American state to adopt
the paper ballot for state wide elections in 1889. As of 1996,
paper Ballots were still used by 1.7% of the registered voters
in the United States. They are used primarily as alternative
voting system in small co mmunit ies and rural areas.
In the mechanical lever voting system, the name of each
candidate or ballot issue choice is assigned a particular lever
in a rectangular array of levers on the front of the machine. A
set of printed strips visible to the voters identifies the lever
assignment for each candidate issue choice. The levers are
horizontal in their unvoted position. And when a voter enters
the booth and closes the curtain by means of a lever, the
machine unlocks for voting. The titles of all elective offices
are listed on the face of the machine along with the party
candidates running for each office. Above each name is a
lever which, when depressed, indicates a vote for that
candidate.
When the voter pulls the curtain open to leave, the
mach ine automatically registers the vote and is cleared for
use by the next person. Only one candidate for each office
is allowed to be selected during this process. If all
mechanical connect ions are fully operational during the
voting period and the counters are initially set to zero. The
position of each counter at the close of the polls indicates the
number of votes cast on the lever that drives it. Interlocks in
the machine prevent the voter from voting for more choices
than permitted [4].
In electronic voting system, voter records their secure and
secret ballot electronically using modern technological
dev ice such as computer and mobile devices where the
system can compile and tabulate results automatically.
Electronic Vot ing System (EVS) can be described as a
voting system by which election data are recorded, stored,
and processed electronically, primarily as digital informat ion
[5]. Electronic voting (also known as e-voting)
encompasses both electronic means of casting a vote and
counting the votes.
Theoretical study about existing electronic voting
techniques was given [6] as well as requirements and security
issues of modern electronic voting systems. He also presented
modern voting solutions including s ecurity functionalities
provided by the system, the cryptographic techniques used
and some threats and attacks to the systems.
B. C ha ra ct eri st ics o f a vo tin g syst em
Voting systems must be transparent and comprehensible
enough that voters and candidates can readily accept the
© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198
results of an election [7]. For a voting system to be considered
transparent and comprehensible, some important criteria must
be met: First, the anonymity of voter’s ballot must be
preserved in order to ensure that the voter is safe when voting
against a candidate and also to guarantee that voters have no
evidence that proves which particular candidates received
their vote. It is believed that the existence of such evidence
could allow votes to be bought. Secondly, the voting system
must be tamper-proof in order to prevent a wide range of
attacks, including ballot stuffing by voters and incorrect
tallying by insiders (poll officials). Thirdly, it should be user-
friendly. This means that it should be easily co mprehensible
and usable by the entire voting populace [7].
Electronic voting (e-voting) is one of the pillars of the e-
democracy, which refers to the use of computers or
computerized voting equipments to cast and tabulate ballots
in an elect ion in a trustable manner [8].
Several works have been done in the area of electronic
voting system for the monitoring of election process on our
campuses. The US has been experimenting with different
forms of electronic voting system for a nu mber of years.
Currently, nu merous voting technologies have been
implemented across the country. In the year 2004
presidential election, around 40 million votes were cast
electronically in polling sites. Voting over the internet on the
other hand is met with great skepticis m.
Fingerprints identification was integrated [9] into electronic
voting machine using microcontroller. The use of fingerprint
to identify voters not only guarantees the voters’ anonymity
but also ensures a one-man one-vote system.
In recent years, electronic voting systems have been
deployed in all US elections. Despite the fact that
cryptographic integrity checks are used in most systems,
several reports have documented serious security
vulnerabilities of electronic voting terminals [10]. An
overview of the typical security and election vulnerabilit ies
found, in most, if not all, electronic elect ion systems were
also presented.
Also, in the paper presented by Richards S. and Drake
P.M., he analy zed the security considerations for a remote
internet voting systems based on the s ystem architecture of
remote internet voting. The feasibility of successful carrying
out of remote electronic voting over the existing internet
infrastructure that conforms to the requirements of a public
election process was also examined using Delov-Yao Threat
Analysis Model. Multifactor authentication and cryptographic
hash function methods was used to improve the
authentication and integrity of e-voting system [11].
In Belg iu m, a new p rototype i.e. an improved paper-based
voting system, developed by a consortium led by Smart matic
was employed [12]. According to paper presented in Taita
Taveta University College by [13], he described the process
undertaken to achieve development and deployment of a web
based system to promote free and fair democratic
electioneering process. The system was developed using the
incremental prototyping due to the adaptive nature of web
based applications and the system proved that a computerized
solution is possible with elimination of human related faults
that are a commonplace in emp loy ment of human clerks to
manage the election process.
C. Traditional Manual Voting System (Federal Polytechnic,
Offa)
p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 184
 Nurudeen A. Iro mini, et al International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering Research [Volume 2, Issue 6 November 2014]
It is necessary for us to place the spotlight on elections that
conducted by the Independent College Electoral Co mmittee
and supervised by the Directorate of Students’ affairs of the
polytechnic which is believed to be a good example of
manual voting system.
D. Procedure for Student Government Office Election
Student government elections and candidate campaigns are
governed by procedures developed by the Student Union
Executives. Elect ions are held in one academic year. The
student union election shall be held on the basis of universal
suffrage whereby the ten officers of the student union
executives shall be contested for. The election procedures
involve several processes:
I.) Verification of Candidate Qualification:
Any contestant into Student union offices shall
maintain an academic standard of not less than a-CGPA
of 2.50. Both ND and HND students with lower o r
upper credit can contest for any post provided they are
regular students. Anybody who has contested for any
post before can also stand for re-election or contest for
any post provided that such contestant has not been
previously found guilty of mismanagement or any act
that could tarnish the image of or good name of the
union.
II.) Voters Registration: This is the process of enabling an
elig ible voter to have his/her name entered into voter
register. All interested students of the polytechnic who
are members of the student union and only matriculated
students who have paid up their union due shall be
elig ible to vote.
III.) Voting (manual): This is the actual process of
casting ballots. An eligible voter goes to the polling
station and shows his/her identity card to the polling
SETUP REGISTER
ELECTION CANDIDATE
ADMINISTRATOR
Electoral Officer
1 LOGIN
Electoral Officer
2
Electoral Officer
3
CONTROL APPLICATION
Figure 1: Architectural design of the application
A. Control Application
E-voting control application is used to set up election
process (i.e. type of election, election posts,
department/class involved, and date), register candidates and
© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198
official for verification and voting on the ballot paper
given to him.
IV.) Counting of vote: Ballot counting is done manually.
The votes for the respective candidates are collated and
counted after all the invalid votes(voids) have been
removed. After this, the Chairman of the electoral
commission publishes the final result.
Nu mber of problems is associated with this manual voting
system like (i) Invalid votes (ii) Long voting process (iii)
Rigging (iv ) loss of life (v) violence etc. A paper presented
by [12] unfolded the machination and manipulations of
political parties by the elites in such a way that political
parties are elitist in operation and the process both at power
acquisition which no doubt has negatively impacted on the
electoral process system to be free and fair. He also
recommended for the government to place priority on
education through free and compulsory education up to senior
secondary school in order to enhance the quality of political
participation and commun ication.
III. DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The application is a window-based application designed
for the free and fair conduct of departmental, faculty and any
kind of elect ion in Nigeria. The design is network distributed
i.e. it prov ided client and server connectivity.
The system designed is divided into two:
A. Control application: This allo ws the electoral
officer to register candidates, voters and set up
all necessary details of the election. It also
allo ws the electoral officers to generate the
result of election at the end of the poll.
B. Client application: This application allows
all the voters to login concurrently and cast their
votes for the candidate of their choice.
The architectural design of the system is shown in fig. 1.
CAST VOTE LOGIN
VOTER
1
VOTER
ACCESS POINT 2
REGISTER
VOTER
VOTERS
3
SQL SERVER
(E-VOTING)
CLIENT APPLICATION
voters for the election. E-voting control application is
connected to Microsoft SQL server. M icrosoft SQL server is
a relational database management system, it is a software
product whose primary function is to store and retrieve data
p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 185
 Nurudeen A. Iro mini, et al International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering Research [Volume 2, Issue 6 November 2014]
as requested by other software applications, be it those on administrator is given the priv ilege of setting up the ballot as
the same computer or those running on another computer well as edit ing the candidates’ profile. He is also provided
across a network (including he internet). with feature of viewing informat ion of the voting and
After that, server password and username has already display result as well.
been set. This is done to allow proper connection between The flowchart for the login p rocedure of the electoral
the application and Microsoft SQL server. Here only the officers is shown in fig. 2

Start

Enter UserID

Enter
Password

Check if password No
is correct

Yes

Display Control
Application Main
Form

Set up election

Register Election

Save into database

Register Election

Save into database

Stop

Figure2: Electoral Officer Flowchart

B. Client Application 2008 R2. E-voting application is the application that allows
Voters can only log in and vote for the right candidate of the voters to log in into the system and cast their vote. It is
their choice using the login form shown in Fig. 3 after the distributed across network i.e. in a polling unit, many
application has been connected to Microsoft SQL Server systems can be installed to carry the desktop application and

© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198 p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 186

 Nurudeen A. Iro mini, et al International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering Research [Volume 2, Issue 6 November 2014]
they will co mmunicate with a single database i.e. Microsoft designed in such a way that voter can only vote not more
SQL Server 2008 R2. than one time.
The application is highly secured to avoid/disallow
unregistered people to login into the system. It is also

Figure 3: Client applicat ion login form

Voters can only login by using the userID and The flowchart that illustrates the voting process of the
password generated during registration process election is shown in Fig. 4

Start

Count = 0

Key in
UserID

No

Key in
Is Count < 3
Username

Yes

Count = Count + 1

Exit

Check if password No
is correct

Yes

Vote for Candidate

Sure to Vote for the No

Chosen Candidate

Yes

Save into database

Stop

Figure 4: Voters Flowchart

© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198 p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 187

Nurudeen A. Iro mini, et al International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering Research [Volume 2, Issue 6 November 2014]
While Fig. 5 depicts the database schema for the e-voting system
Election
ElectionCode
setup
ElectionName
Date
Candidate Year
StartTime
register MatricNo EndTime
Department
Administrator
DeptCode has PK DeptCode
PK AdmiministratorId FullName
AKA LevelId
MatricNo Dept MatricNo
ElectionCode Class DeptName
PostCode
vote

has
print

Result Voters Level

PK VotersId PK LevelId

MatricNo MatricNo DeptCode

ElectionCo DeptCode DeptName
ElectionName Class

Figure 5: e-voting system database schema

IV. SYSTEM IM PLEM ENTATION representatives of HND I students in the department of

computer engineering, federal polytechnic, offa. The
Th is refers to the development, deployment (i.e. software application gave us accurate result after the
installation and testing) of all the system components used election.
in the design. This application is tested after the successful
complet ion of the design for the election of class A. Settings Of Server

Figure 6: Server setting

Fig. 6 shows how the server is being set in order to II) Login name and password: this stands for the
allo w electoral officers on the internet to properly connect name to be used to log in along with the
to the server. All the electoral officers must be properly password
connected to Microsoft SQL server 2008 R2 that was used III) Database name: this stands for the name of
as our database. The database name is IROMINI-PC. our database

I) Server name: this represent the name of the Fig. 7 shows the form for the administrator to log in for
server to be connected to all the necessary settings and registration of candidates for
the election.

© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198 p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 188

Nurudeen A. Iro mini, et al International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering Research [Volume 2, Issue 6 November 2014]

Figure 7: Electoral Officer Login Form

IV. RESULT COLLATION M ODULE

After all the SQL server settings and necessary I) User Authentication Module: This is the module that
connection of the application to the database, the following allo ws the electoral officers to register all their
modules are identified for the election procedures: members that will have access to use of the software.
I. User authentication module The interface only allows the user with valid login
II. Set-up module details to access and use the features available in the
III. Registration module and control application

Figure 8: User Authentication Module Interface

II) Setup Module: This is the module that defines
all the election processes like:
 Name of the election
 Depart ments and levels elig ible to
participate in the election
 Available posts for the election and
 Date and time for the elect ion
The election was set up for HND I co mputer
engineering students to determine their class representative
for 2012/2013 session programme as shown in fig. 9.

a
© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198 p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 189
Nurudeen A. Iro mini, et al International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering Research [Volume 2, Issue 6 November 2014]

c
Figure 9: Election Setup Output (a) Election Type (b) Election position(c) Depart ment and Level involved in the elect ion

Fig. 9 shows the type of election carried out for class
representatives of Computer Engineering Students. i.e.
NACOM ES representative, the position of the election
which is “class rep”, the department and level that took
place in the election. The elect ion was only carried out on
HND I students of computer engineering.
III) Registration Module: This is a section that is
purposely designed for the registration of both the
candidates and the voters for the election. Only
the registered students were given the opportunity
to partake in the election with the password given
to them during the election process.

b
Figure 10: Reg istration Module for the Candidates (a) CT/ HND/F12/ 0946 (b) CT/ HND/F12/ 0971

© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198 p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 190

Nurudeen A. Iro mini, et al International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering Research [Volume 2, Issue 6 November 2014]

IV) Result Collation Module: The election collation
report is a report that enables the electoral
officers to know the winner of the poll as
well as the election result.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Testing is a vital section for the successs of this
application. System tesing ensures that all the processes
involved in the development of the application are in
order. Two students out of 73 students in HND I class
were registered for the position of class representative
which are:
(a) Akintayo Omotayo of Matriculat ion Nu mber
CT/HND/F12/0946 and
(b) Nurudeen Issah Ajibola of Matricu lation
Nu mber CT/HND/F12/ 0971
Fig. 11 shows the two registered students for the position
of class representative.

Figure 11: Reg istered Candidates Output

However, the remaining students in the class were

registered as voters as shown in fig. 12

Figure 12: Reg istered Voters Output

It is shown that the password generated for registered
students is shown against their matriculation nu mber.
Fro m the fig. 13, it is clear that Akintante Omotayo of
matriculat ion number CT/HND/F12/0946 had 36 vo tes
while Nurudeen Issah Ajibola of mat ricu lation number
CT/HND/F12/0971 had 35 votes which shows that
Akintante Omotayo was the winner of the elect ion for the
post of class representative. There is provision for the
electoral officer to print out the results of the election.

© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198 p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 191

Nurudeen A. Iro mini, et al International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering Research [Volume 2, Issue 6 November 2014]
Figure 13: Elect ion Result
VI. CONCLUSION A ND RECOMM ENDATIONS
After thorough research carried out on manual system
of voting it was discovered that it is characterized by series
of problems like long queue, rigging, killing, stealing of
ballot box, result manipulation etc which has been giving
students set back in getting themselves involved in
election and also causes conflicts among the students. That
is the reason we embarked on automation of manual voting
system. The goal of this study was to address the problems
facing paper voting using ballot papers and to provide
another means of voting known as electronic voting (e-
voting). This research has analyzed that e-voting is of
great benefit to tertiary institutions’ election and to our
country in general if carefully implemented. Our results
have indicated that all means of fraudulent acts have been
drastically reduced and gave room fo r transparency.
In v iew of this, it is highly recommended that this study
should be adopted in any institutional and general
elections. Federal govern ment should also ensure that
paper voting is replaced by electronic voting system in
order to reduce physical attacks by political thugs.
Moreover, the user of system should be thoroughly
educated for the proper use of the application.
ACKNOW LEDGEM ENT
We acknowledge staff of Co mputer Engineering
Depart ment, Federal Po lytechnic, Offa for their effort and
contribution in this research as well contribution of Mr
Adebayo Sunday for their support towards successful
complet ion of the work.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Abdulhamid, O. S. Adebayo, D .O . U giomoh and
M .D. A bdulM alik, “The Design and Development of
Real-Time E- Voting System in Nigeria with Emphasis on
Security and Result Veracity”, I. J. Computer Network and
Information Security, vol. 5, p9-18, DOI:
10.5815/ijcnis.2013.05.02 (2013).
[2] S.W. Draper & M .I. Brown, “Increasing Interactivity in
Lectures using an Electronic Voting System”, Journal of
Computer Assisted Learning, Vol. 20, p81-94 (2004).
[3] F.O. Aranuwa, “Improved Electoral Fraud Prevention
M echanism for Efficient and Credible Elections in
Nigeria”, African Journal of Computing and ICT, Vol. 5(6),
P70-77 (2012)
[4] Paul “Voting Technology: The Not-So-Simple Act of
Casting a Ballot”, published by the Brooking Institution,
(2008).
[5] M . Bellis, “The History of Voting M achines”, (2011).
© http://ijccer.org e-ISSN: 2321-4198
[6] M . Stenbro, “A survey of M odern Electronic Voting
Technologies”, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology; Communication Technology Department,
(2010).
[7] G.O. Ofori-Dwumfuo and E. Paatey, “The Design of an
Electronic Voting System”, Research Journal of
Information Technology, Vol. 3(2), p91-98. ISSN: 2041-
3114. (2011).
[8] O. Cetinkaya and M .L. Koc, “Practical Aspects of
DynaVote e-Voting Protocol”, Electronic Journal of e-
Government, Vol. 7(4), p327 – 338 (2009) .
[9] A.E. Jonathan, “A Fingerprint Identification for Integration
into Electronic Voting M achine using a M icrocontroller”,
The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 13(1),
(2012).
[10] D. Seda, K. A ggelos, M . Laurent, R. Alexander and A.S
Alexander, “Integrity of Electronic Voting Systems:
Fallacious use of Cryptography”, Computer Science and
Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269,
USA and Voting System Security, LLC, 1 Technology
Drive, Tolland, CT 06084, USA. (2012).
[11] M .O.Olayemi, T.A. Oladiran, O.O. Elijah and O. Adeoye,
“Design of Secure Electronic Voting System Using
M ultifactor Authentication and Cryptographic Hash
Functions”, International Journal of Comp uter and
Information Technology, Vol. 2(6), ISSN: 2279-0764
(2013).
[12] V.G. Carlos, “The New Belgian E-Voting System”, eVoting
Legal Lab (DER2010-16741), Spain. (2010).
[13] J.M . Nzoka, N.M . M uthama and N.M . M ung’ithya, “Taita
Taveta University College e-voting system: a web based
approach to elections management”, International Journal
of Intelligent Information Systems, Vol. 2(5), p70-76, Doi :
10.11648/j.ijiis.20130205.11 (2013).
p-ISSN: 2321-418X Page 192