Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study

The Bataraza municipality has a land area of 726.20 square kilometers or

280.39 square miles which constitutes 4.96% of Palawan's total area. This

represented 8.88% of the total population of Palawan province.

Hydropower is predicted to take greater part of electricity generated from

renewable energy. By far in 2005, some 2950 TWh of electric energy is generated

from hydropower or 90% of renewable energy and 16% of total electric energy

worldwide, a bit larger than the nuclear power

A hydraulic turbine converts the potential energy of a flowing liquid to

rotational energy for further use. In principle, there is no restriction on either the

liquid or the use for the energy developed. However, in most cases, these are

respectively water and electrical generation. Hence, hydraulic turbines have

become synonymous with hydroelectric power.

In Pob. Bataraza, Palawan there is a certain stream that is located in

Tigwayan. The water in that stream is from the Tigwayan river. There is also a site

located near the tigwayan river and most of the people there are indigenous people.
The stream is used by the villagers to gather some water supply for their everyday

needs. Tigwayan is known to be 3km away from the national highway of Bataraza

and known to be dangerous to travel because of the road.

1.2 SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

This study aims to provide methods for the evaluation of the data of that

certain stream such as volume flow rate, depth, head and other aspects to consider

for the evaluation. This research also aims to provide the information of how

suitable the stream for hydroelectricity harnessing for the demand of that certain
site.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.To gather data about the stream (volume flowrate, head, area and other
aspects)

2. To evaluate the suitability of the stream to produce hydroelectricity for the

demands of that site.

1.4 Scope of the Project

This research is focuses on the evaluation of the suitability of that certain

river stream to produce hydroelectricity. This research focuses on the collecting of

data in tigwayan river stream for the evaluation.

1.5 Project evaluation review
The present population as of 2019 of Inogbong, Bataraza Palawan is 5054

According to philsat statistics According to the LGU there is to estimated 7% of

population are in tigwayan. Base on the percentage of inhabitants in that area there

over 354 inhabitants in that area. The number of houses is also estimated by

5inhabitants in every house. There are over 70 houses in Tigwayan. (philatlas,

LGU bataraza) Therefore:

5054popoulation x 7% x 1/100% = 354 (population in tigwayan)

354 population in tigwayan x 1 no. of houses/ 5 people per house = 71 no. of

house

This research includes the power demand in that certain area by computation

of electricity consumption in every house by including only the basic devices in

each house (light bulb, electric fan, TV). This research estimates that the power

consumptions for all of the houses is 293kW/hr. (University of

CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA, J. P. Ross Whole-House Measurements of Standby

Power Consumption)

Devices Typical Number of Number of No. hours Electricity

consumption houses devices use consumption per
per hour per house hour
(kW/hr)
Light bulb 60 160 3 8 86400
T. V. 400 56 1 4 89600
refrigerator 1000 8 1 12 96000
Electric fan 70 60 1 5 21000
Total: 293000 W/hr
 Most rivers obtained water from both surface runoff and groundwater

discharge. Rivers are enormously diverse in size. The discharge is affected by the

discharge of river is the volume passing through cross-sectional area

*Q=V (A)

Q =stands for discharge

V =is for mean velocity

A= is for the cross-sectional area

The cross-sectional area for river stream multiplying the average water depth(D)

and width(W)

*A=W x D , *D=(O+D1+D2+D3+D4+D5+D6+D7+O)/9

For the area analysis

Hydropower is determined by using the available gross head and river discharge as

presented in equation. Q is the volume flow rate (m^3/s). H gross head (m).

gravitational acceleration (9.81m/s^2), ρ the density of water is 1000kg/m^3.

*Ph2O= ρgHQ

Required efficiency of the hydroelectric device.

*efficiency =Ph2O/ρgHQ

=293kW/hr / ρgHQ

The device needs to produce 28.575 kW/day so there for.

*293kW/hr = ρgHQ

*Flow method

Is used for measuring the velocity of the stream of water at a certain point and a

certain time. Flow can be calculated with a measuring tape, Bottle, Timer. Flow

can be measured where the run water if flowing.

 First water can be measured flow can be measured by marking a distance

 along the length of the channel (A1 to A2) = L

 Then measure 3 depths along the channels cross section then get the average

Therefore: Daverage = (D1 + D2 + D3)/3

 Then partially fill the bottle and toss it on the channel then start the timer at

point A1 then stop the timer if it crosses point A2 then repeat it several times

and get the average.

Therefore: taverage= (t1+t2+t3)/3

 Then we have to calculate the surface velocity by using a correction factor of

0.85 because the surface flow is faster than the flow in the water column.

surface flow = Daverage x 1/taverage x L x 0.85

(water utility journal 2018 E.W. publications, Measurement methods for

hydropower resources: a review)
1.6 Project timeline

MONTHS
DESCRIPTION
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Identify research area

Formulate research questions

Formulate research strategy, and

select methods

Literature review

Data collection & Analysis

Write research proposal

Research proposal defense

Chapter 2
Literature review
The Tagpinasao Micro-Hydro Power Project was inaugurated on August 16,

2017 in Sitio Tagpinasao, Barangay Salogon, Brooke's Point, Palawan. Which has

river discharge of 290 liters per second. The 40-kW hydro power plant is a joint

project of Western Philippines University-Affiliate Renewable Energy Center

(WPU-AREC), Department of Energy (DOE) and the Local Government of

Brooke's Point. The completion of the said project is a successful demonstration of

Bottom-Up Budgeting. The Micro-Hydro Power Project has energized closed to

1,000 households in the said barangay for the whole year.

Some of the advantages of hydroelectric power are it is run by water that is

recycled back to the earth through the process of the water cycle. Though it is

evident that water is gradually depleting to some other place due

to environmental and weather conditions, countries with an enormous source of

water make the hydropower a reliable source of energy. The China, for instance,

has its highest source of energy through the hydroelectric power plant. Unlike the

use of fossil fuel, biomass, and nuclear as a source of energy, hydroelectric energy

does not have waste products. No emission and radiation are harmful to the

environment and people, making it a clean and a green source.

Improved feedback on electricity consumption may provide a tool for customers to

better control their consumption and ultimately save energy. This paper asks which

kind of feedback is most successful. For this purpose, a psychological model is

presented that illustrates how and why feedback works. Relevant features of

feedback are identified that may determine its effectiveness: frequency, duration,

content, breakdown, medium and way of presentation, comparisons, and

combination with other instruments. The paper continues with an analysis of

international experience in order to find empirical evidence for which kinds of

feedback work best. In spite of considerable data restraints and research gaps, there

is some indication that the most successful feedback combines the following

features: it is given frequently and over a long time, provides an appliance-specific

breakdown, is presented in a clear and appealing way, and uses computerized and

interactive tools.

Hydroelectric dams range from the giant to the quite small. When completed, the

Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China will be the largest electricity

generating plant of any kind in the world. Planned for completion in 2011, the dam

will have a capacity of 22,500 megawatts. On the other end of the scale, the

Packwood Lake Hydroelectric Project, in Lewis County, Wash., has a capacity of

27.5 megawatts.
 Chapter 3
Methodology

PROBLEM

↓
STATEMENT

SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
↓
DATA GATHERING
↓
FINDINGS
↓
PRESENTATION
“Feasibility study of Tigwayan river stream for
harnessing hydroelectricity”

A research proposal presented to the faculty of

mechanical engineering
College of engineering, Architecture and
Technology

By: Velasco, Kevin John L.

Submitted to: Engr. Ron Chuck Gabayan

July .23, 2019

References:
(Philippine Postal Corporation. philsat)

(University of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA, J. P. Ross Whole-House Measurements of

Standby Power Consumption)

(water utility journal 2018 E.W. publications, Measurement methods for hydropower
resources: a review)