2.

0 EXTRACTION
DMK3042 OIL AND FAT PROCESSING
 2.0 OIL EXTRACTION 

2.1 Explain the concept of oil extraction

2.2 Method for oil extraction
2.2.1 Solvent extraction
2.2.2 Pressing extraction
3.2.3 Super-critical extraction
2.3 Explain the concept of rendering in animal fat
extraction
 2.1 CONCEPT OF
EXTRACTION OF OILS AND
FATS
 USES OF OIL AND FAT PROCESSING
Processing techniques allow us to :
refine them
make them flavorless and odorless
change the color
harden & soften them
make them melt more slowly or rapidly
change the crystal habit
rearrange their molecular structure
literally take them apart and put them back together again to suit our requirements of the moment.
The choice of processing of oil and fat equipment and techniques can
depend upon;
(1) source oils handled
(2) Quality of raw materials
(3) available manpower
(4) maintenance capabilities
(5) Daily processed oil requirements
(6) available financial resources
(7) proximity of crude fats and oils
(8) product marketing philosophy
(9) governmental regulation
SOURCES OF OIL AND FAT –
• Oilseeds
soy bean,
sunflower,
canola

plant • Oil bearing

fruits and
nuts – olive,
palm oil

Anim • Animal fatty

al tissues –
fish, tallow, lard
2.1CONCEPT OF EXTRACTION OF OILS AND
FATS
2. Extraction

• Oil and fat Extraction – unit operation

performed to separate the oil and fat from the
solid portion of the raw material
 2.1CONCEPT OF EXTRACTION OF OILS AND
FATS
2. Extraction (oil recovery)

• The method of oil and fat extraction;

Oilseed Extraction Oil-Bearing Fruits Extraction
• Expeller or Screw Press • Cold Press (Olive oil
Extraction extraction)
• Prepress solvent extraction • Screw Press (Palm oil
• Direct Solvent extraction extraction)

Animal Fat recovery

• Wet rendering
• Dry rendering
Extraction and processing changes have also been motivated by needs of the industry to
(1) improve product quality
(2) improve process efficiencies
(3) reduce capital expenses
(4) solve or eliminate environmental problems.
 PREPARATION OF OILSEED (CONDITIONING)
BEFORE EXTRACTION

1. Extractio Expeller / Screw

Cleaning n press

2. 3. Solvent
Dehulling Expender

3. Pre-press Solvent
Flaking

4.
Cooking
 PREPARATION OF OILSEED (CONDITIONING)
BEFORE EXTRACTION

1. Extractio Expeller / Screw

Cleaning n press

2. Solvent
Dehulling

Pre-press Solvent
3.Flaking

4.
Cooking
 CLEANING

• Most oilseeds, fruit and nut require some cleaning and

preparation before the oil is separated from the seed
• Foreign matter reduces oil and protein yields, adversely
affects oil quality, and increases wear and damage to the
processing equipment.
• Stems, pods, leaves, broken grain, dirt, small stones, and
extraneous seeds are the typical components of the foreign
material usually found in soybeans, sunflower seeds, safflower
seeds, canola seeds, and peanuts.
 PREPARATION OF OILSEED (CONDITIONING)
BEFORE EXTRACTION

1. Extractio Expeller / Screw

Cleaning n press

2. Solvent
Dehulling

Pre-press Solvent
3.Flaking

4.Cooking
 DEHULLING
• Process of removing its outer layer, leave the cob/
seed rack removing the hull (of chaff) from bean/
seed
• Also know as cracking or husking process
• The hulls have a low oil content (usually less than 1%)
• The hull is removed using aspirator

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-cZWbvkK4w

ASPIRATOR
 DEHULLING

• Most seed can process with outer layer

but some not. Ex. Canola and safflower
are not dehull because of small size, half
of sunflower seed hull are removed
• Why hull need to be remove before oil
extraction process?
It will absorb and retain oil in the press
cake, and reduce the capacity of the
extraction equipment.

ASPIRATOR
 PREPARATION OF OILSEED (CONDITIONING)
BEFORE EXTRACTION

1. Extractio Expeller / Screw

Cleaning n press

2. Solvent
Dehulling

Pre-press Solvent
3.Flaking

4.
Cooking
 FLAKING
• Reduction of the seed to small particle
• size reduction to descript the oil bearing cell
can be accomplished by grinding or rolling the
seed to produce flakes
• 0.3 – 0.4 mm thickness
• Why oilseed need to be flaked before
extraction process?
To rupture the oil cell to allow the lipid particles to
migrate to the outer surface
 PREPARATION OF OILSEED (CONDITIONING)
BEFORE EXTRACTION

1. Extractio Expeller / Screw

Cleaning n press

2. Solvent
Dehulling

Pre-press Solvent
3.Flaking

4.
Cooking
 COOKING
• Cooking temperature can vary with seed types and many range
• Average cooking temperature is between 80-1050C
• Proper cooking results in;
the complete breakdown of the oil cells
coagulation of the proteins to facilitate the oil and meal separation
 insolubilisation of the phospholipids
increased fluidity of the oil at higher temperatures
destruction of molds and bacteria
inactivation of enzymes
drying to a suitable moisture content.
 PREPARATION OF OILSEED (CONDITIONING)
BEFORE EXTRACTION

1. Extractio Expeller / Screw

Cleaning n press

2. 3. Solvent
Dehulling Expender

Pre-press Solvent
Flaking

cooking
 EXPENDER
The expander is a low-shear extruder that heats, homogenizes, and
shapes oilseeds into porous collets or pellets with a high bulk density.
• advantages include :
The collets can be directly process using solvent extraction- no need
prepress
15 to 30% capacity increase for the solvent
extraction equipment due to the higher bulk density of the collets
and reduced
retention time, as well as a lower level of nonhydratable
phosphatides in the extracted Oil
 EXTRUDER
https://youtu.be/KNYETUf4XmI
EXPANDER

https://youtu.be/qiGoj3Yvoto
2.2 METHOD FOR OIL
EXTRACTION
2. Extraction
ii. EXPELLER/ SCREW PRESS
EXTRACTION

• Mechanical screw presses are used to

extract the oil by squeezing the seed under
high pressure

Screw oil Press for Palm Seed Expeller

oil
 2. Extraction
ii. EXPELLER/ SCREW PRESS
EXTRACTION

• applicable for:
• Seed that is relatively high in extractable
• Limited to minor oil seed/ location in which raw
material are not sufficient
• Local regulation prohibit solvent extraction plants
• Continuous screw presses are
• Two types of pressing process
• Cold press
• Heated press
 2. Extraction
ii. EXPELLER/ SCREW PRESS
EXTRACTION
Cold pressed oils (CODEX)
Cold pressed oils are obtained, without altering the oil,
by mechanical procedures only, e.g. expelling or
pressing, without the application of heat.
They may have been purified by washing with water,
settling, filtering and centrifuging only.

.
2. Extraction
ii. EXPELLER/ SCREW PRESS
EXTRACTION

Cold Pressed Process

• oil extraction relies solely on the pressure.
• No, or very little, heat is added to the paste to
assist in the extraction.
• Cold presses are usually mechanically operated
and often consist of a screw device that is
tightened against the paste to extract the oils.
• Cold pressing usually produces a lower-yield, but
higher quality of oil.
EXPELLER
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
 2. Extraction

iii. SOLVENT EXTRACTION

• Leach the oil out of the cake, flakes, or collets

with a solvent
• Organic solvent:
- Hexane
- Methylpentane
- Etanol
- Isopropanol
 iii. SOLVENT EXTRACTION
• Extraction of oil and fat using solvent
• Types of solvent normally used in industries
- Hexane (690C)
• less irritation of human skin
• less toxic
• not mixed well with water hence not interupt the extraction
process
• capability to dissolve and mix with vegetable oils so that it
can wash the desired oils out of a fibrous or solid material.
• relatively ‘tolerable’ odor and a low tendency to cause
discomfort.
 iii. SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Seed Conditioning process

Extraction process
Operation temperature : 50 – 550C
Using extractor
Produced miscella (mix of solvent + oil)

Separation Process
Method : distillation
Using evaporator

Solvent recovery
Using gravity separation tank
 iii. SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Example of solvent extraction process:

2. Extraction
iv. PRE-PRESS SOLVENT
EXTRACTION

Pre-pressing followed by solvent

extraction

• Extract oil first by mechanical screw press and

then the pre-pressed cake is sent to the solvent
extraction plant.
• This method is usually being used for larger
capacity oil mills.
• Suitable for : Rapeseed/Canola seed and
sunflower seed.
• The pre-pressing method can approximately
extract oil 65% up to 75% in the seed.
• Advantages : the capacity of screw press is
2. Extraction
iv. PRE-PRESS SOLVENT
EXTRACTION
 2. Extraction
i. RENDERING
• In the process of rendering, meat scraps are heated in
steam or water to cause the fat to melt. The melted fat
then rises and water and remaining tissue settle below.
• The melted fat is then separated by skimming or
centrifugation.
• Two predominant rendering process;
• Dry rendering
• Wet rendering
 2. Extraction
i. RENDERING
Rendering Process Dry rendering Wet rendering
advantages produces best quality of produces better quality
protein of oil

Fat usage inedible edible

 2. Extraction
i. RENDERING
• applied on a large scale to the production of animal fats
such as tallow, lard, bone fat, and fish oil.

cutting or • the fatty tissue

chopping into small pieces

• Using batch or
PROCESS

Cooking continuous
cooker
• process of collecting fat
Skimming floated on the surface of
water

• separation process to
Centrifuge
separate the fat and
d
water
 2. Extraction
i. RENDERING
WET
RENDERING
• 2 varieties :
• Low temperature – conduct up to boiling point of water
• High temperature (steam rendering) - carried out under
pressure in closed vessels
• Most edible from animal are rendered using steam
process
 2. Extraction
i. RENDERING
WET
RENDERING Chopping
• Adipose tissue from pig fats
(lard)
• Direct steam injection into
the vessel (40 -60psi /
90-140°C) Melting
• Fat floats to the top, drawn
off and centrifuge to
remove excessive water. Centrifug
e
 2. Extraction
i. RENDERING
DRY RENDERING
Chopping
• To produce tallow (beef fats
cattle)
• Heated in steam jacketed
vessel at 115-120°C / 1.5 – Steam
4 hrs until most of water jacket
evaporated. vessel
• The remaining solid material
is pressed / centrifuge to
Pressed /
separate fat from protein
centrifuge