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By Michel VIRLOGEUX
1. Introduction
2. Drag forces on stay cables
3. Stay cable quality
4. Installation, tension and maintenance
5. Cable vibrations
6. Fire and lightnings
1. Introduction
1.1 Historical survey
1.2 Parallel wire systems
1.3 Parallel strand systems
2. Drag forces on stay cables
2.1 Drag coefficient
2.2 Importance of drag forces. Experience of
the Normandy Bridge
2.3 Conclusion on the importance of drag
forces
1
Fd = ρU ² DCd
2
ρ =1,23kg / m 3
UD
Re =
v
v =15.10 −6
A duct of the Higashi-Kobr Bridge
The drag coefficients of the different ducts tested in 1991 for the Normandie Bridge by the CSTB
A recent pipe for a Freyssinet stay cable,
with the two imbricated helical filets
example : galvanisation
+ oil wax
+ HDP extrusion
No role for the external duct (or pipe)
Strength and fatigue resistance
• Aerodynamic damping
ρUDCd Tk
transverse vibrations ξ k = 4πm
ρUDCd Tk
vertical vibrations ξ k = 8πm
Differents types of cable vibrations
Vortex shedding
US D
Nc = Uc =
D 0,18Tk
Wake effects
Buffeting
2D
Torsional instability Uc =
Tt
Aerodynamic stability
•Shape
US
•Lock oil cables •Oblique winds Nc =
3D
•Ice and snow •Drag crisis dCd 2C (U )
≤− d
dU U
Rain and Wind induced vibrations
Parametric excitation
2ω ²
Ak = A H (ω )
kπωk ²
Cable/structure interaction
Countermeasures
Dampers
A damper on the Iroise Bridge over the River Elorm
A damper on the Erasmus Bridge
A damper Vasco de Gama Bridge
Countermeasures
Duct Shaping