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They constitute the majority of the questions that will be on the semester final.
1. Which of the following is a correct statement about the use of slave labor in
colonial Virginia?
A. Slave ownership was forced on reluctant White Virginians by profit-minded
English merchants and the mercantilist officials of the crown.
B. It was the first case in which Europeans enslaved blacks
C. It fulfilled the original plans of the Virginia Company
D. It first occurred after Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin, which greatly
stimulated the demand for low-cost labor
E. It spread rapidly in the late seventeenth century, as blacks displaced white
indentured servants in the tobacco fields.
13. By the 1750’s, the British colonies on the North American mainland
were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
A. disdain for British constitutional monarchy
B. many religious denominations
C. a society without a hereditary aristocracy
D. a growing number of non-English settlers
E. acceptance of slavery as a labor system
14. The First Great Awakening led to all of the following EXCEPT
A. separatism and secession from established churches
B. the renewed persecution of witches
C. the growth of institutions of higher learning
D. a flourishing of the missionary spirit
E. a greater appreciation of the emotional experiences of faith
16. France’s support for the United State’s during the American Revolutionary War was
motivated primarily by
(A) enthusiasm for the revolutionary principles espoused by the Americans
(B) a desire to weaken its rival, Great Britain
(C) a desire to regain Canada and the Florida’s
(D) pressures from its ally, Spain
(E) the hope of converting the United States into a French dependency
17. By the time of the revolution, the American colonists had generally come to believe that
creation of a republic would solve the problems of monarchical rule because a republic
would establish
(A) a highly centralized government led by a social elite
(B) a strong chief executive
(C) a small, limited government responsible to the people
(D) unlimited male suffrage
(E) a society in which there were no differences of rank and status
18. After 1763, changes in the British imperial system threatened the interests of
which of the following groups of American colonists?
I. Land speculators with interests west of the Appalachians
II. Newspaper editors and lawyers
III. Farmers wishing to settle in the Ohio River valley
IV. Boston smugglers
A. III only
B. IV only
C. I and III only
D. I, II, and IV only
E. I, II, III, and IV
19. During the War for Independence, the principal reason the American
government sought diplomatic recognition from foreign powers was to
A. rally all the states behind a common cause
B. convince the British of the justice of the American cause
C. make it easier to levy taxes on the citizens of the several states
D. facilitate the purchase of arms and borrowing money from other nations
E. allow Von Steuben, Lafayette, and other Europeans to join the American army
20. Which of the following contributed most to the American victory in the
Revolution?
A. French military and financial assistance
B. The failure of Loyalists to participate in military action
C. A major American military victory at Valley Forge
D. Support from the French Canadians
E. The British failure to capture Philadelphia
24. In 1787-1789 which of the following groups was most likely to oppose the
ratification of the Constitution?
A. Farmers in isolated areas
B. Export Merchants
C. Former officers in the Continental Army
D. Southern planters
E. Urban artisans
25. The principal motivation for drafting the Bill of Rights was the desire to
A. test the new process of amendment described in the Constitution
B. protect rights not specified in the Constitution
C. strengthen the powers of the federal government
D. restore to the states the powers they had enjoyed under the Articles of Confederation
E. clarify the federal relationship among the states
27. The greatest achievement of the government under the Articles of Confederation
was its establishment of
A. a bicameral legislature
B. a system for orderly settlement of the West
C. general postwar prosperity
D. a standardized length for the school year
E. federal financing of secondary education
28. After the Revolution, the concept of the "republican mother" suggested that
A. women would be responsible for raising their children, especially their sons, to be virtuous
citizens of the young republic
B. voting would soon become a privilege granted to educated and/or married women
C. the first duty of mothers was to serve the needs of the government
D. wives and mothers would be welcome in the emerging political parties
E. women's virtues had been the inspiration for the ideals of the Revolution
29. Which of the following was true of the U.S. Constitution as adopted at the
Constitutional Convention?
A. It was built on a series of compromises
B. It provided exact specifications covering all aspects of government
C. It was a revised version of the English Constitution
D. It included a Bill of Rights
E. It allowed all male citizens over the age of twenty-one to vote
30. Under the Articles of Confederation the U.S. central government had no power
to
A. levy taxes
B. make treaties
C. declare war
D. request troops from the states
E. amend the articles
31. Thomas Jefferson opposed some of Alexander Hamilton’s programs because Jefferson believed
that
(A) the common bond of a substantial national debt would serve to unify the different states
(B) the French alliance threatened to spread the violence of the French Revolution to America
(C) the federal government should encourage manufacturing and industry
(D) Hamilton’s programs were weakening the military strength of the nation
(E) Hamilton’s programs favored wealthy financial interests
32. Early American diplomats to European nations often gained advantages for the United States by
A. sending America’s strong military and naval forces against those of European powers
B. convincing the people of European nations to exert pressure on their governments
C. using confidential information effectively
D. exploiting European rivalries
E. using America’s vast wealth in order to obtain favorable diplomatic settlements.
33. Which of the following most accurately describes the attitude of the Founding Fathers toward
political parties?
A. Parties are vehicles of ambition and selfish interest that threaten the existence of republican government
B. Parties are engines of democracy that provide citizens with a voice in government
C. Parties are necessary evils in any republic.
D. In a large republic, parties are the best means of creating effective coalitions of interest groups.
E. A two-party system is essential to a stable republic.
34. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions took the position that
A. only the U.S. Supreme Court had the power to restrict freedom of speech and the press
B. the authority of state governments included the power to decide whether or not an act of Congress was
constitutional
C. only fiscal measures initiated by state legislatures could be acted on by Congress
D. Congress was responsible for maintaining the vitality of a "loyal opposition" political party
E. the "supremacy clause" of the constitution applied only to foreign affairs
36. The financial programs of Alexander Hamilton included all of the following EXCEPT
A. funding of a national debt
B. nullification of all private debts to the states
C. imposing of a tax on liquor
D. establishment of the Bank
E. assumption of all state debts
37. In the United States, the Haitian rebellion of the 1790s prompted
A. the acquisition of Puerto Rico for colonization by emancipated slaves
B. a movement of free African Americans to Haiti
C. the passage of a federal law increasing the severity of punishments for slave rebellion
D. an increased fear of slave revolts in the South
E. a military expedition of southern slaveholders to restore French rule in Haiti
38. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the United States’
decision to declare war against Britain in 1812?
A. American military and economic preparedness for war
B. American concern for national honor
C. The impressment of American seamen
D. British interference with United States commerce
E. American fears of British aid to Native Americans on the frontier
41. Which of the following is correct about tariffs passed between the period
1816-1828?
A. They reduced barriers to free trade
B. They were supported by all sections of the nation.
C. Their constitutionality was tested in the courts
D. They were primarily intended as revenue-raising measures
E. They were the first tariffs whose major purpose was protection
42. Which of the following had the greatest effect on the institution of slavery
in the United States in the first quarter of the nineteenth century?
A. Demands of Southern textile manufacturers for cotton
B. Introduction of crop rotation and fertilizers
C. Use of more stringent techniques of slave control
D. Invention of the cotton gin
E. The “three-fifths” compromise
43. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 was important because it
A. established the role of the federal government in internal improvements
B. strengthened the ties between the eastern manufacturing and western agricultural
regions
C. made the invention of the steamboat economically viable
D. spurred innovation in the railroad industry
E. was the last major canal project before the Civil War
44. Which of the following moved in the greatest numbers into Appalachia as
the Native Americans of the region were defeated?
A. immigrants from Sweden
B. Slaveholders, indentured servants, and slaves from coastal plantations
C. Puritans from New England
D. Scotch-Irish, German, and English immigrants
E. White immigrants from the West Indies
45. Which of the following describes the “Lowell System” in early nineteenth
century New England?
A. A plan to promote and expand textile manufacturing activities
B. An agreement among the New England states to secede and form a New England
confederacy
C. A reform eliminating property-holding as a qualification for voting
D. A strategy to defend New England during the War of 1812
E. A congressional reapportionment plan during the 1820s.
46. In the first half of the 19th century, Cherokee efforts to retain their tribal
lands in Georgia received direct support from
A. the white residents of Oklahoma
B. President Andrew Jackson
C. The United States Supreme Court
D. The Democratic press
E. The United States Congress
47. Of the following, which was the principal issue on which the U.S, sought
settlement with Great Britain at the outset of the War of 1812?
A. A guarantee of New England fishing rights off Newfoundland
B. Free navigation of the Mississippi River
C. Cancellation of pre-Revolutionary War debts
D. Access to trade with the British West Indies
E. An end to impressment
49. When Thomas Jefferson said in 1801, “We are all republicans—we are all
federalists,” he meant that
A. Americans would never ally themselves with monarchical governments
B. Federalists would be appointed to his cabinet
C. The two parties’ platforms were identical
D. The principles of American government were above party politics
E. He admired Hamilton’s policies
51. The Hartford Convention was a manifestation of
A. New England Federalist opposition to the War of 1812
B. New England’s desire to end United States trade with Great Britain
C. Northern gratitude to General Jackson for his victory at New Orleans
D. The War Hawks’ impatience with President Madison’s conduct of foreign policy
E. Western resentment against British-backed American Indian attacks
54. The issuance of the Monroe Doctrine did which of the following?
A. Reaffirmed George Washington’s goal of American neutrality in the Americas
B. Helped Secretary of State John Quincy Adams secure the presidency in 1824
C. Established the U.S. as the dominant economic power in Latin America
D. Provided the basis for resolving Anglo-American border disputes
E. Asserted American independence in the area of foreign policy
60. In the first half of the 19th century, Cherokee efforts to retain their tribal
lands in Georgia received direct support from
F. the white residents of Oklahoma
G. President Andrew Jackson
H. The United States Supreme Court
I. The Democratic press
J. The United States Congress
61. Henry Clay’s “American System” called for all of the following EXCEPT
A. A tariff for the protection of industry
B. Internal improvements at national government expense
C. Sale of federal lands to finance higher education
D. Greater reliance on domestic financial resources
E. Increased trade among the sections of the nation
62. Which of the following resulted from the policies of the Jackson
Administration?
A. A central bank was established.
B. The value of paper currency issued by individual banks became uniform.
C. The number of banks, each issuing its own paper currency, increased
D. A nationwide banking system was begun
E. Federal fiscal activities became linked to a system of federal banks.
67. The Whigs of the 1830s and 1840s differed from the Jacksonian Democrats in that
the Whigs
A. won the support of Irish immigrants
B. secured the removal of Native Americans to lands west of the Mississippi
C. Supported the American System of Henry Clay
D. Favored a laissez-faire economy
E. Urged the annexation of Texas
68. Which of the following describes the “Lowell System” in early nineteenth
century New England?
A. A plan to promote and expand textile manufacturing activities
B. An agreement among the New England states to secede and form a New England
confederacy
C. A reform eliminating property-holding as a qualification for voting
D. A strategy to defend New England during the War of 1812
E. A congressional reapportionment plan during the 1820s.
69. The majority of white families in the antebellum South owned
A. more than 100 slaves
B. 50 to 100 slaves
C. 10 to 50 slaves
D. 5 to 10 slaves
E. No slaves
71. The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following beliefs
EXCEPT:
A. Commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its
agricultural base
B. The use of land for settled agriculture was preferable to its use for
nomadic hunting
C. Westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial
D. God had selected America as a chosen land and people
E. The ultimate extent of the American domain was to be from the tropics to
the Arctic
75. The dramatic increase in The South’s slave labor force between 1810 and
1860 was due to
A. an increase in the African slave trade
B. the importation of slaves from the West Indies
C. an increase in the severity of fugitive slave laws
D. the acquisition of Louisiana
E. the natural population increase of American-born slaves
79. In the pre-Civil War era, the railroad’s most important impact on the economy
was the
A. Creation of a huge new market for railway equipment
B. Creation of the basis for greater cooperation between Southern planters and
Northern textile manufacturers
C. Generation of new employment opportunities for unskilled workers
D. Participation of the federal government in the financing of a nationwide
transportation network
E. Accessibility to Eastern urban markets provided to Midwestern farmers
80. In the presidential campaign of 1860, which of the following positions was
asserted by the Republican Party platform with respect to slavery?
A. Slavery should be abolished immediately by the federal government
B. The extension of slavery to other countries should be prohibited
C. The Missouri Compromise line (36◦ 30◦) should be extended to the Pacific Ocean,
and slavery should be prohibited in territories above that line
D. The gradual emancipation of the slaves should begin, and the federal government
should compensate slave owners for the loss of slave property
E. The extension of slavery to United States territories should be prohibited by the
federal government, but slavery should be protected in the states where it already
existed
81. The hostility of the Know-Nothing Party was primarily directed against
A. the growth of cities and industrial manufacturing
B. Irish and German Catholic immigrants
C. Free Masons and members of other fraternal orders
D. Abolitionists
E. Slaveholders
84. Which of the following statements about the Dred Scott decision is correct?
A. It recognized the power of Congress to prohibit slavery in the territories, but
refused on technical grounds to free Scott
B. It stated that black people were not citizens of the United States
C. It upheld the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise
D. It upheld the principle of Popular Sovereignty
E. It freed Scott, but not other slaves in circumstances similar to Scott’s
85. Which of the following provisions of the Compromise of 1850 provoked the most
controversy in the 1850’s?
A. the admission of California as a free state
B. The establishment of the principle of popular sovereignty in the Mexican
Secession
C. The ban on the slave trade in the District of Columbia
D. The continued protection of slavery in the District of Columbia
E. The strengthened Fugitive Slave Law
86. The Republican Party originated in the mid 1850’s as a sectional party committed
to which of the following?
A. Opposition to further extension of slavery into the territories
B. Immediate emancipation of all slaves
C. Repeal of Whig economic policies
D. Restriction of immigration
E. Acknowledgment of popular sovereignty as the basis for organizing the federal
territories
90. Which of the following best characterizes the response of Great Britain
and France to the American Civil War?
A. They saw advantages in a divided Union, but pursued cautious policies toward
both sides
B. They favored restoration of the Union and actively worked to arbitrate the conflict
C. They favored permanent separation of the Union and openly supported the South
D. They favored restoration of the Union and openly supported the North
E. They had no interest in the conflict and remained aloof from it
92. The North’s advantages over the South at the outbreak of the Civil War
included all of the following EXCEPT
A. Greater agreement over war aims
B. More substantial industrial resources
C. A more extensive railroad system
D. Dominance in foreign trade
E. Naval supremacy
93. Which of the following statements about African American soldiers during
the Civil War is correct?
A. They were primarily engaged in military campaigns west of the Mississippi
B. They were limited to non-combat duty
C. They were barred from receiving awards for valor in combat
D. For most of the war, they were paid less than White soldiers of equal rank
E. For most of the war, they were led by African American officers
94. At the beginning of the Civil War, Southerners expressed all of the
following expectations EXCEPT:
A. The materialism of the North would prevent Northerners from fighting an
idealistic war
B. Great Britain would intervene on the side of the South in order to preserve its
source of cotton
C. Northern unity in the struggle against the Southern states would break
D. The south’s superior industrial resources would give it an advantage over the
North
E. The justice of the South’s cause would prevail
95. The Battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862, is considered pivotal to the
outcome of the Civil War because it
A. represented the Union’s deepest thrust into Southern territory
B. forestalled the possibility of European intervention
C. resulted in the border states joining the Confederacy
D. marked the first use of Black troops by the Union army
E. Confirmed George McClellan’s status as the leading Union general
96. During Reconstruction, Southern Blacks typically did which of the following?
A. Worked as day laborers in towns and cities
B. Migrated northward, exercising their new freedom
C. Owned and worked small farms
D. Worked in mines and factories
E. Tilled farms as renters and sharecroppers
97. All of the following elements of the Radical Republican program were
implemented during Reconstruction EXCEPT
A. provision of 40 acres to each freedman
B. enactment of the fourteenth amendment
C. military occupation of the South
D. punishment of the Confederate leaders
E. restrictions on the power of the President
100. The Black Codes passed in a number of southern states after the Civil War were
intended to
A. close public schools to the children of former slaves
B. promote the return of former slaves to Africa
C. enable Black citizens to vote in federal elections
D. place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities open to Black people
E. further the integration of southern society
101. The direct impact of the Civil War on the economy included all of the following
EXCEPT
A. the emergence of the trust as a form of business organization
B. the initiation of transcontinental railroad building
C. runaway inflation in the south
D. the creation of a more uniform national banking system
E. disruption of cotton exports to England
102. All of the following led Congress to impose Radical Reconstruction measures
EXCEPT the
A. Enactment of Black Codes by southern legislatures
B. outbreak of race riots in New Orleans and Memphis
C. massive exodus of former slaves from the South
D. election of former Confederates to Congress
E. response of southern legislatures to the Fourteenth Amendment
103. Which of the following best describes the situation of freedmen in the decade
following the Civil War?
A. Each was given 40 acres of land and a mule by the Union government
B. All were immediately granted political equality by the Emancipation Proclamation
C. The majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other
nearby planters
D. They were requires to pass a literacy test before being granted United States
citizenship
E. They supported the passage of Black Codes to ensure their economic and political
rights.
104. Which of the following was a serious constitutional question after the Civil War?
A. The restoration of the power of the federal judiciary
B. The legality of the national banking system
C. The political and legal status of the former Confederate slaves
D. The relationship between the United States and Britain
E. The proposed annexation of Colombia
106. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) did which of the
following?
A. Denounced business combinations in restraining of trade
B. Sanctioned separate but equal public facilities for African Americans
C. Declared that the Fourteenth Amendment applied principally to the protection of
corporations
D. Defined the Constitution as color-blind
E. Empowered Congress to cancel treaties with American Indian tribes unilaterally
107. In his Atlanta Compromise speech, Booker T. Washington called for which of the
following?
A. African American voting rights
B. An end to racial segregation
C. Support for African American self-help
D. Educational equality for African Americans
E. Racial integration of religious organizations
108. During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, farmers complained about all
of the following except
A. rising commodity prices
B. high interest charges
C. high freight rates
D. high storage costs
E. large middleman profits
109. Which of the following is a correct statement about the Gilded Age?
A. The average real wages of blue-collar workers declined.
B. The average number of hours people worked increased.
C. Prices of farm products rose sharply, causing the cost of living to rise steeply.
D. Business activity expanded and contracted frequently.
E. The federal debt from the Civil War required heavy federal taxes.
110. Joseph Pulitzer achieved fame and wealth as a
A. Radio commentator
B. Political cartoonist
C. Photographer
D. Film producer
E. Newspaper publisher
111. Which of the following was primarily responsible for the declining death rate in
American cities at the end of the nineteenth century?
A. Fewer poor people moved to the cities in the late nineteenth century.
B. Cities began to provide free medical care to those who needed it.
C. Doctors began to provide free medical care to poor people.
D. Better transportation enabled more people to seek medical care.
E. Cities built sewers and supplied purified water.
112. The second Sioux War (1875-1876), which saw the defeat of Custer at the Battle
of the Little Big Horn, was caused by all of the following EXCEPT
A. The extension of the route of the Northern Pacific Railroad
B. The gold rush in the Black Hills
C. A concentrated effort on the part of the major Protestant denominations to convert
the Sioux to Christianity
D. Corruption within the Department of the Interior
E. Overland migration of settlers to the Pacific Northwest
113. All of the following are true of railroad expansion in the late nineteenth century
EXCEPT that it
A. Opened new territories to commercial agriculture
B. Accelerated the growth of some older cities and created new ones
C. Was financed by private corporations without government assistance
D. Led to new managerial forms and techniques
E. Was often capitalized beyond what was needed