General Conduction Equation - Spherical Coordinates

12/11/2016
The General Conduction

Equation III
Nimish Shah
General heat conduction

equation
• General heat conduction equation and
examine the applications of Fourier’s law of
heat conduction to the calculation of heat
flow in some simple one-dimensional
systems.
1
12/11/2016

Equation
Spherical Co-ordinates
2
12/11/2016
• Consider an element volume having the

coordinates (r, Φ, θ), for three
dimensional heat conduction analysis,
as shown in Fig.
• in which temperature is varying with
location and time as show in Fig.
3
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• The volume of the element = dr. rdɵ. r sinɵ

dΦ
• Let qg = heat generated (uniform) per unit
volume per unit time.
• Further let us assume that ….
• (density), cp (specific heat) do not alter with
position.
4
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t = temperature at the left face ABCD
• = ℎ
− .
• Then,
= ℎ
ℎ ℎ
5
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• + = temperature on the right face

EFGH (at a distance dr from the left face
ABCD)
• Further, let, kr ,kΦ ,kθ = thermal conductivities
(direction characteristics of the material)
along r, Φ and θ axes.
• qg = heat generated per unit volume per unit

time.
• (Note : qg may be function of position or
time , or both).
• = mass density of material,
• Cp= specific heat of the material
6
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Energy balance / equation for

volume element
• Energy stored in the element (C)=
net heat accumulated in the element due to
conduction of heat from all the coordinate
directions considered (A) +
heat generated within the element (B). (1)

volume element
• Let Q = rate of heat flow in the direction
and Q’ = (Q.dτ) = total heat flow (flux) in
that direction (in time dτ).
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Part A:
A. Net Heat Accumulated in the Element Due to
Conduction of Heat From All The Directions
Considered:
A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

Due To Conduction Of Heat From All The
Directions Considered
• Quantity of heat flowing into the element

from the left face ABCD during the time
interval dτ in r-direction is given by :
• Heat influx,
Q’r = -kr(rdɵ. r sinɵ. dΦ) dτ …..(2)
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• During the same time interval dτ the heat

flowing out of the right face of control
volume (EFGH) will be:
• Heat efflux, Q’(r + dr) = Q’r + (Q’r) dr (3)

• Heat accumulation in the element due to heat
flow in r-direction, dQ’r = Q’r - Q’(r + dr)

• dQ’r = Q’r – [Q’r + (Q’r) dr ]

[subtracting (3) from (2)]
• =- (Q’r) dr
• = - [-kr(rdɵ. r sinɵ. dΦ) dτ ]dr
• dQ’r = [kr r2 ] dɵ. sinɵ. dΦ.dτ. dr
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dr r.dɵ. r. sinɵ. dΦ.

• dQ’r = [kr r2 ]. τ
…....(3.1)

• Quantity of heat flowing into the element from the
left face AEHD during the time interval dτ in Φ-
direction is given by :
• Heat flow through r- ɵ plane:
• Heat influx,
Q’ɸ = -k(dr. r dɵ) . τ …………(4)
. ɵ. ɸ
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• Heat influx,
Q’ɸ = -k(dr. r dɵ) . τ …………(4)
. ɵ. ɸ
• Heat efflux,
Q’(ɸ+dɸ) = Q’ɸ + (Q’ɸ) r. sin ɵ. dɸ ………(5)
. ɵ. ɸ
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• ∴ Heat accumulated in the element due to heat flow in

ɵ - direction,
• d Q’ɸ = Q’ɸ - Q’(ɸ+dɸ) [subtracting (5) from (4)]
=- .
.
ɵ. ɸ
(Q’ɸ) r sin ɵ. dɸ
=- . [-kɸ (dr. r dɵ) . τ]

. ɵ. ɸ . ɸ
r. sin ɵ. dΦ

dr. r dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ

• d Q’ɸ = ɵ
. ɸ[-kɸ
ɸ
] τ
…….(3.2)
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from the lower face CDHG during the time
interval dτ in θ-direction is given by :
• Heat flow in r-ɸ plane, θ-direction :
• Heat influx,
Q’ɵ = -k(dr. r sin ɵ. dɸ) . τ …(3)


• Heat influx,
Q’ɵ = -k(dr. r sin ɵ. dɸ) . τ …(3)
• Heat efflux,
Q’(ɵ+dɵ) = Q’ɵ + (Q’ɵ) rdθ .…(4)
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• Heat accumulated in the element due to heat

flow in the ɵ-direction,
• dQ’ɵ = Q’ɵ - Q’(ɵ+dɵ) [subtracting (4) from (3)]
• =- . ɵ
(Q’ɵ) r. dθ
• =- . ɵ
[ -kθ (dr.r sinɵ.dɸ) . ɵ
. τ] r. dθ

. ɸ. ɵ
• =

[
. sin ɵ. ɵ] τ

• d Q’θ =
. [ . sin ɵ.

ɵ
] τ …….(3.3)
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• Net heat accumulated :

A = dQ’r + dQ’Φ + dQ’θ
dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ
• A= [kr ] τ
+ ɸ[-kɸ ɸ
] ɵ
τ

+ [
. sin ɵ. ɵ]
τ

By simplification….
1
• A= [kr ]. + ɸ
[−kɸ ɸ
] ɵ
+
1
[ . sin ɵ. ] dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ. dτ
ɵ
.…
(3.4)
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Part B.
Total Heat Generated Within the Element
(Q’g)
The total heat generated in the element is given

by
• Q’g = qg(dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ) ……..(3.5)
Part C.
Energy Stored in the Element
• This increase in thermal energy is given by:
• (dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ) cp . dτ …..(3.6)
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• Now, substituting Eqns.(3.4),(3.5),(3.6), in the

eqn.(1), we have
1
• [kr ]. + ɸ
[−kɸ ɸ
] ɵ
+
1

[ . sin ɵ. ɵ ]
dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ.
dΦ. dτ + qg(dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ) =
(dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ) cp . dτ .… (3.7)

Dividing both sides by (dr.rdɵ.r sin ɵ. dɸ) τ,

we have
1
• [kr ]. +
ɸ
[−kɸ
ɸ
]
ɵ
+
1
[ . sin ɵ. ] + qg = cp .
ɵ
.… (3.7)
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12/11/2016
1
[kr ]. + [−kɸ ] +
ɸ ɸ ɵ
1

[
. sin ɵ. ɵ
]
+ qg = cp .
• This is known as the general heat conduction

equation for ‘non-homogeneous material’,
‘self heat generating ’ and ‘unsteady three
dimensional heat flow’.
General heat conduction equation for constant

thermal conductivity:
• In case of homogeneous and isotropic

material, kr = kθ = kΦ = k and diffusion Eqn.
(3.7) becomes
1
[ ]. + ɸ ɵ qg
+ = cp .
1
+ [sin ɵ. ]
ɵ
.… (3.7)
18
12/11/2016
Now we’ll write…
The General
Conduction Equation
Nimish Shah
19
12/11/2016
General heat conduction

equation
• General heat conduction equation and
examine the applications of Fourier’s law of
heat conduction to the calculation of heat
flow in some simple one-dimensional
systems.

Equation
20
12/11/2016
• Consider an element volume having the

coordinates (r, Φ, θ), for three
dimensional heat conduction analysis,
as shown in Fig.
• in which temperature is varying with
location and time as show in Fig.
21
12/11/2016
• The volume of the element = dr. rdɵ. r sinɵ

dΦ
• Let qg = heat generated (uniform) per unit
volume per unit time.
• Further let us assume that ….
• (density), cp (specific heat) do not alter with
position.
22
12/11/2016
t = temperature at the left face ABCD
• = ℎ
− .
• Then,
= ℎ
ℎ ℎ
23
12/11/2016
• + = temperature on the right face

EFGH (at a distance dr from the left face
ABCD)
• Further, let, kr ,kΦ ,kθ = thermal conductivities
(direction characteristics of the material)
along r, Φ and θ axes.
24
12/11/2016
• qg = heat generated per unit volume per unit

time.
• (Note : qg may be function of position or
time , or both).
• = mass density of material,
• Cp= specific heat of the material

volume element
• Energy stored in the element (C)=
net heat accumulated in the element due to
conduction of heat from all the coordinate
directions considered (A) +
heat generated within the element (B). (1)
25
12/11/2016

volume element
• Let Q = rate of heat flow in the direction
and Q’ = (Q.dτ) = total heat flow (flux) in
that direction (in time dτ).
Part A:
A. Net Heat Accumulated in the Element Due to
Conduction of Heat From All The Directions
Considered:
26
12/11/2016


from the left face ABCD during the time
interval dτ in r-direction is given by :
• Heat influx,
Q’r = -kr(rdɵ. r sinɵ. dΦ) dτ …..(2)

• During the same time interval dτ the heat

flowing out of the right face of control
volume (EFGH) will be:
• Heat efflux, Q’(r + dr) = Q’r + (Q’r) dr (3)

• Heat accumulation in the element due to heat
flow in r-direction, dQ’r = Q’r - Q’(r + dr)
27
12/11/2016

• dQ’r = Q’r – [Q’r + (Q’r) dr ]

[subtracting (3) from (2)]
• =- (Q’r) dr
• = - [-kr(rdɵ. r sinɵ. dΦ) dτ ]dr

dr r.dɵ. r. sinɵ. dΦ.

• dQ’r = [kr r2 ]. τ
…....(3.1)
28
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• Quantity of heat flowing into the element from the

left face AEHD during the time interval dτ in Φ-
direction is given by :
• Heat influx,
Q’ɸ = -k(dr. r dɵ) . τ …………(4)
. ɵ. ɸ
29
12/11/2016


• Heat influx,
Q’ɸ = -k(dr. r dɵ) . τ …………(4)
. ɵ. ɸ
• Heat efflux,
Q’(ɸ+dɸ) = Q’ɸ + (Q’ɸ) r. sin ɵ. dɸ ………(5)
. ɵ. ɸ

• ∴ Heat accumulated in the element due to heat flow in
ɵ - direction,
• d Q’ɸ = Q’ɸ - Q’(ɸ+dɸ) [subtracting (5) from (4)]
=- . (Q’ɸ) r sin ɵ. dɸ
. ɵ. ɸ
=- . ɸ[-kɸ (dr. r dɵ) . τ]

. ɵ. . ɸ
r. sin ɵ. dΦ
30
12/11/2016


• d Q’ɸ = ɵ
.
ɸ
[-kɸ
ɸ
] τ
…….(3.2)


from the lower face CDHG during the time
interval dτ in θ-direction is given by :
• Heat influx,
Q’ɵ = -k(dr. r sin ɵ. dɸ) . τ …(3)
31
12/11/2016


• Heat influx,
Q’ɵ = -k(dr. r sin ɵ. dɸ) . τ …(3)
• Heat efflux,
Q’(ɵ+dɵ) = Q’ɵ + (Q’ɵ) rdθ .…(4)

• Heat accumulated in the element due to heat

flow in the ɵ-direction,
• dQ’ɵ = Q’ɵ - Q’(ɵ+dɵ) [subtracting (4) from (3)]
• =- . ɵ
(Q’ɵ) r. dθ
• =- . ɵ
[ -kθ (dr.r sinɵ.dɸ) . τ] r. dθ
. ɵ
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. ɸ. ɵ
• =
[
. sin ɵ. ɵ] τ

• d Q’θ =
.

[ . sin ɵ.

] τ …….(3.3)
ɵ

• Net heat accumulated :

A = dQ’r + dQ’Φ + dQ’θ
dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ
• A= [kr ] τ
+ ɸ[-kɸ ] τ
ɸ ɵ

+ [ . sin ɵ. ɵ] τ

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By simplification….
1
• A= [kr ]. +
ɸ
[−kɸ
ɸ
]
ɵ
+
1

[
. sin ɵ. ɵ
]
dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ. dτ
.…
(3.4)
Part B.
Total Heat Generated Within the Element
(Q’g)
The total heat generated in the element is given

by
• Q’g = qg(dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ) ……..(3.5)
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Part C.
Energy Stored in the Element
• This increase in thermal energy is given by:
• (dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ) cp . dτ …..(3.6)
• Now, substituting Eqns.(3.4),(3.5),(3.6), in the

eqn.(1), we have
1
• [kr ]. +
ɸ
[−kɸ
ɸ
]
ɵ
+
1
[ . sin ɵ. ɵ ] dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ.

dΦ. dτ + qg(dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ) =
(dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ) cp . dτ .… (3.7)
35
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Dividing both sides by (dr.rdɵ.r sin ɵ. dɸ) τ,

we have
1
• [kr ]. +
ɸ
[−kɸ
ɸ
]
ɵ
+
1

[
. sin ɵ. ɵ
]
+ qg = cp .
.… (3.7)
1
[kr ]. + ɸ
[−kɸ ɸ
] ɵ
+
1
[ . sin ɵ. ] + qg = cp .
ɵ
• This is known as the general heat conduction

equation for ‘non-homogeneous material’,
‘self heat generating ’ and ‘unsteady three
dimensional heat flow’.
36
12/11/2016

thermal conductivity:
• In case of homogeneous and isotropic

material, kr = kθ = kΦ = k and diffusion Eqn.
(3.7) becomes
1
[ ]. + qg
ɸ ɵ
+ = cp .
1
+
[sin ɵ. ɵ
]
.… (3.7)
Let’s see some cases….
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Other simplified forms of heat

conduction equation are Spherical
coordinates:
(1) for the case when no internal source of
heat generation is present, Eqn. (3.7) reduces
to…

coordinates:
• (2) under the situations when temperature does
not depend on the conduction then takes place in
the steady state (i.e., = 0) and Eqn.(3.7)
reduces to …..
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coordinates:
• In the absence of internal heat
generation, Eqn. (3.7) reduces to…

coordinates:
• (3) steady state and one- dimensional
heat transfer:
• (4) steady state, one dimensional,

without internal heat generation
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coordinates:
• (5) steady state, two dimensional, without
internal heat generation
• (6) unsteady state, one dimensional,

without internal heat generation

thermal conductivity, no heat generation, steady
state & One dimensional heat flow:
[ ].
= 0 .… (3.7)
40
12/11/2016
Its all @ General equation of

conduction
41

General Conduction Equation - Spherical Coordinates

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12/11/2016

The General Conduction

General heat conduction

The General Conduction

• Consider an element volume having the

• The volume of the element = dr. rdɵ. r sinɵ

t = temperature at the left face ABCD

• + = temperature on the right face

• qg = heat generated per unit volume per unit

Energy balance / equation for

Energy balance / equation for

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• Quantity of heat flowing into the element

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• During the same time interval dτ the heat

• Heat efflux, Q’(r + dr) = Q’r + (Q’r) dr (3)

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• dQ’r = Q’r – [Q’r + (Q’r) dr ]

• = - [-kr(rdɵ. r sinɵ. dΦ) dτ ]dr

• dQ’r = [kr r2 ] dɵ. sinɵ. dΦ.dτ. dr

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• dQ’r = [kr r2 ] dɵ. sinɵ. dΦ.dτ. dr

dr r.dɵ. r. sinɵ. dΦ.

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• ∴ Heat accumulated in the element due to heat flow in

=- . [-kɸ (dr. r dɵ) . τ]

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

dr. r dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• Quantity of heat flowing into the element

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• Heat flow in r-ɸ plane, θ-direction :

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• Heat accumulated in the element due to heat

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

dr. r dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• Net heat accumulated :

dr. r dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

The total heat generated in the element is given

• This increase in thermal energy is given by:

• (dr. r.dɵ. r.sinɵ. dΦ) cp . dτ …..(3.6)

• Now, substituting Eqns.(3.4),(3.5),(3.6), in the

Dividing both sides by (dr.rdɵ.r sin ɵ. dɸ) τ,

• This is known as the general heat conduction

General heat conduction equation for constant

• In case of homogeneous and isotropic

Now we’ll write…

General heat conduction

The General Conduction

• Consider an element volume having the

• The volume of the element = dr. rdɵ. r sinɵ

t = temperature at the left face ABCD

• + = temperature on the right face

• qg = heat generated per unit volume per unit

Energy balance / equation for

Energy balance / equation for

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• Quantity of heat flowing into the element

A. Net Heat Accumulated In The Element

• During the same time interval dτ the heat