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PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013)
© PalArch Foundation 1
Bioarchaeology Conference - Abstracts PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013)
SCHEDULE
Time January 31 February 1 February 2
7:15-8:45 Registration
8:45-9:00 Welcome Late Registration
9:00-9:25 Antoine Khairat Malleson
9:25-9:50 Sabbahy Haddow Thanheiser
9:50-10:15 Norris Williams Vartavan
10:15-10:40 Hashesh Dupras Cappers
10:40-11:10 Break Break Break
11:10-11:35 Dabbs/Zabeki Lösch Creasman
11:35-12:00 Wahba Walker Lesur
12:00-12:25 Ogunmakin Saad El-Dorry
12:30-13:30 Lunch Lunch Lunch
13:30-13:55 Merghani Zakrzewski Bertini
13:55-14:20 Bianucci Nerlich Nasr
14:20-14:45 Gad Lichtenberg Wyatt
14:45-15:10 Al-Khaif Crosby Hansen
15:45-16:10 Baker Horackova Sigl
16:10-16:35 Gabr Pieri Callou
16:35-17:00 Barta Rühli Van Neer
17:30-18:00 Keynote: Rose Poster Session Redding
18:00-18:30 Keynote: Rose Poster Session Strouhal
18:30-19:30 Break Poster Session Break
19:30-21:30 Reception Dinner
KEY-NOTE LECTURE doing here?” I describe my personal adventures

(31 JANUARY 17.30-18.30) in Egypt and my interactions with the commu-
nity of Egyptologists and Bioarchaeologists over
Jerry Rose the past 24 years. I point out how participation
(Anthropology Department in meetings, ieldwork, and skeletal analyses has
University of Arkansas, USA) possibly shaped my views of this ield different-
ly from those who participated from the time
Bioarchaeology of Ancient Egypt: An Outsider’s they were students. I certainly had to learn how
Personal Adventures and Opinions of Its Past, I conducted myself in my research. I discuss the
Present, and Future separate research paths of mummy and skeletal
studies, the overwhelming inluence of the vari-
A student not only studies Egyptology, but is ous dam projects, and the transformations of
also inducted into a community of fellow stu- the “Egyptian Antiquities Service” over the past
dents, faculty, and scholars. This community is 150 years have all had on the development of
expanded by attending meetings and partici- bioarchaeology in Egypt. It appears to me that
pating in ieldwork. The budding scholar not the future of bioarchaeology in Egypt has great
only grows in knowledge, but is socialized into promise with the development of new methods,
a scholarly culture with its own attitudes and such as ancient DNA analysis, in addition to the
perspectives. When a researcher who has spent development of new theoretical perspectives,
a career working in another geographic area de- but it will continue to be hampered by the scar-
cides to enter the Egyptology community some city of comparative skeletal collections and the
might say “who is this person and what are they absence of uniform data recording.
ARCHAEOBOTANY The work is aimed at modeling the criteria

(P) indicate ‘poster’ that may explain the cultivation of particular ce-
reals during speciic eras. These criteria are re-
Charlene Bouchaud lated to:
What Type of Fuel Was Used for Heating the 1) The availability of crop plants;
Collective Baths in Egypt? Evidences from the 2) The environmental constraints related to
Plant Macro-remains and Textual Data During soil conditions and climate;
Ptolemaic and Roman Periods (P) 3) Economic arguments dealing with yield, la-
bour (grinding and de-husking), space (stor-
The development of private and public baths age of grain and protection against decay),
in Egypt is strongly linked irst to Greek and and fuel (frequency of the use of ovens).
then Roman inluences from the 3rd and 2nd
c. BC, respectively. In the Egyptian semi-arid Health may also have played a role in the
and arid environments, wood resources are selection of cereals, because the quantity and
scarce and the fuel management for heating chemical composition of the gluten has an im-
the baths is a critical point. Data concerning pact on resistance against bacterial infections
that question mainly come from textual evi- and on gluten intolerance. This criterion, how-
dence and indicate that fuel is especially con- ever, must have played an indirect role, because
stituted by straw or reed. Recent archaeologi- this relationship between food and health has
cal excavations conducted at Greek (Taposiris only recently been recognized.
Magna, Karnak) and Roman (Xëron in the
Eastern Desert, Karnak) baths notably reveal Pearce P. Creasman
their spatial organisation and their heating
systems. Sediment samples were taken inside The Potential of Dendrochronology in Egypt:
the oven complex or in the ash pits in order to Understanding Ancient Human/Environment
start an archaeobotanical analysis on macro- Interactions
remains. The preliminary results complete the
papyri data and give a new insight on the fuel Basic tree-ring analyses have been applied to
used, showing a great variety and a strong de- wooden archaeological remains around the
pendence from the local plant resources. world for nearly a century and with great suc-
cess (e.g., dating the prehistoric ruins of the US
René T.J. Cappers Southwest). ‘Dendroarchaeology’, as it is known,
is primarily employed to address chronologi-
Modelling Shifts in Cereal Cultivation in Egypt cal questions, for which there is a great need
from the Start of Agriculture Until Modern Times and exceptional utility in Egypt. However, den-
droarchaeological interpretations are not only
The extensive archaeobotanical record of an- limited to questions of time. While the study
cient Egypt can be used to reconstruct past ag- of timber, its uses and acquisition in ancient
ricultural practices, including major shifts in Egypt has received much attention, more can
crop assemblages. This communication deals be learned. Speciically, there is much knowl-
with shifts in cereal cultivation from the early edge to be gained by systematically analyzing
Neolithic (6000 BC) to modern times. Three ancient timber, including the areas of resource
major shifts will be discussed: management, responses to environmental
change, timber selection processes, patterns of
1) The shift in predominance between barley reuse and repair, stockpiling, deadwood use,
and emmer wheat in the New Kingdom; economy of wood use, and timber supply and
2) The replacement of emmer by Hard wheat trade. This paper discusses the great potential
in the Greco-Roman Period; of dendrochronology in enhancing our under-
3) The replacement of Hard wheat by Bread standing of ancient Egyptian human/environ-
wheat in modern times. ment interactions, aside from its clear chrono-
logical beneits.
Mennat-Allah El Dorry use of cereal crop processing waste as fodder

and fuel.
Grapes, Raisins and Wine? Archaeobotanical The site offers an exceptional insight into
Finds from the Monastery of John the Little in ancient Egyptian settlement remains at a site
Wadi El Natrun that was occupied for over 1000 years. The rich
charred plant remains present the opportunity
Very little archaeobotanical material from Egyp- to study changing patterns of agriculture and
tian monastic settlements or early medieval the local ecology, as well as the inluences of dif-
contexts has been studied, leaving somewhat fering populations in the town. There are very
of a lacuna in our knowledge. Instead, the tra- few (if any) comparable sites at which botani-
ditional reconstruction of monastic history has cal work has been carried out so systematically
been based on textual sources. This paper will from the outset of excavations, and this is the
present some of the archaeobotanical material irst time that Third Intermediate Period plant
recovered from the ninth-to-eleventh-century remains from non-funerary contexts have ever
monastic residence of John the Little in Wadi El been studied/published.
Natrun, Egypt, excavated by the Yale Monastic This paper will present an overview of the
Archaeology Project (YMAP-North) since 2006. indings from this site, summarising the results
Particularly attention will be given to remains of the analyses.
that point to grapes pressing.
Several cooking areas were uncovered dur- Islam M. Mostafa
ing the excavations of this monastic cell. These
areas include several ovens and kanoons, and Genetic Eficacy of Penicillium sp.and Bacillus
possible storage and food preparation spaces. cereus in Ancient Organic Artifacts from the
Large amounts of soil have been samples, from Egyptian Museum in Cairo (P)
which hundreds of charred botanical items
were recovered. The material studied has al- The Egyptian Museum in Cairo is home to an
ready provided us with an insight into animal extensive collection of ancient organic materials
husbandry and agricultural practices within that provide information for the genetic history
this monastic residence, and points to trade and evolutionary principles of some microor-
with its neighbours. ganisms dwelling within the cellular synthe-
sis of these artifacts. Cellulose-composite ones
Claire J. Malleson such as wood and textiles had been focused on
in this pilot study entailing the long-term sur-
Archaeo-Botanical Investigations at Tell el-Reta- vival of Penicillium sp. and Bacillus cereus with
ba in the First Four Years their various bio-activities in selected wood and
textile objects. A Late Period Ficus sycomorus
Since 2009 archaeobotanical materials have sarcophagus (CG 1025) sustained Bacillus and
been systematically sampled and studied as a Pencillium species. A linen manuscript (CG
part of the Warsaw University investigations at 66218) dating to the New Kingdom reveals the
the multi-period tell site of Retaba in the Wadi metabolic activity of both organisms through
Tumilat. Initially intended to be a research the Linear cell-meiosis and binary ission.
project, road widening plans posed an immi- We coupled Rapid Identiication of Penicil-
nent threat to a large part of the site in 2009, lium (RNA) by Polymerase Chain Reception
so rescue excavations were initiated along the (PCR) Based Detection of speciic sequences
line of the proposed expansion. Excavations are on 16S RNA Gene, which investigated the
conducted systematically, following a single- long-survival of fungal genomes and enzymat-
context technique allowing for in-depth strati- ic treatments for the bacterial straits. Atomic
graphic analyses to take place. Over four years Force Microscope (AFM) and X-ray Photo-
the site has yielded over 60,000 identiiable Electron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used to give
specimens of seeds, grains and other plant parts virtual stages of cellulose decomposition and
dating to the 18th Dynasty through the Late Pe- the elemental variation occurring in compari-
riod. The materials are predominantly charred, son with caller experimental samples of wood
and overwhelmingly appear to derive from the and linen.
Our results show the suvival of fungal and ery day they (i.e., the Egyptian priests) make a
bacterial materials up to thousands of years. triple offering of incense to the Sun, an offering
DNA repair and dormancy properties of both of resin (or frankincense) at sunrise, of myrrh
organisms had been elucidated through RNA at midday, and of the so-called kyphi at sunset,
polymerase activity assayed in textiles samples “they burn resin and myrrh in the daytime,
more than in wood ones. AFM results showed for there are simple substances and have their
the persistence of cellular decomposition of origin from the sun; but the cyphi, since it is
cellulose chains, elucidating the consequences compounded of ingredients of all sorts of quali-
of the rates of deterioration over thousands of ties, they offer at dusk”. The Egyptological in-
years, and helping inform a suitable conserva- vestigation focused mainly on the religious and
tion plan to stabalise the objects. funerary records of these materials, particularly
on their use in the mummiication process.
Pauline A. Norris However some questions are still raised: why
the Egyptians used these precious aromatics
The Lettuce Connection: Oil = Two Lettuces? (P) both as essential oils/perfumes, fragrant smoke,
and as pellets to ill the abdominal cavity of the
Apart from a handful of seeds dating to the corpse before burial? In what way did these
Third Intermediate Period through to the Ro- resins affect the corpse during the mummiica-
man Period, there is no primary evidence for tion process? The research dedicated to these
lettuce in Egypt. Until further robust evidence scented materials offered to the gods and dead
in the form of physical remains of the plant dat- focused either on the chemistry of the resins or
ed to before the Third Intermediate Period is on aromatherapy.
found, one must rely upon secondary evidence This paper is an attempt to offer an in-depth
in the iconography and texts. analysis of their structure in terms of Physics,
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) was namely the relationship between their particu-
offered to the god Min because the latex, which lar bioelectrical frequencies, wavelengths, and
exudes from the stem and leaves, was thought how these may alter both the living body and
to resemble semen. In the selective breeding the corpse, taking into account that achieving
of lettuce for seed oil production and food, the immortality was the ultimate goal for the after-
production of latex may have been compro- life of the ancient Egyptians.
mised and, as a result, at least two species de-
veloped. The research examines the effects of Ursula Thanheiser
selective breeding in Egypt for speciic traits
and how evidence in the iconography indicates Island of the Blessed: Eight Thousand Years of
that more than one lettuce species was present Plant Exploitation in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt
from at least the 4th Dynasty.
The palaeo-oasis in the Dakhleh Basin, Western
Renata G. Tatomir Desert of Egypt, has been inhabited since the
mid-Pleistocene but continuously only since
Some Remarks on the Bioelectrical Frequency about 3500 BC.
and Wavelength of the Sacred Scents: Myrrh, During the early and middle Holocene
Frankincense, and Kyphi (Kapet) (P) Northeast Africa witnessed several pluvial and
arid phases. The general trend, however, was
Incense, aromatic materials which release fra- a shift towards arid conditions that resulted
grant smoke, has been used all over the world in a change of vegetation affecting the sub-
from ancient times to the present day. Myrrh, sistence strategies of the local population. For
Frankincense, and Kyphi are famous for the the reconstruction of the environment dur-
Pharaonic times because as incense materials ing prehistoric times, and the availability and
they were connected to the ancient Egyptian utilisation of resources, two archaeobotanical
rituals both for the gods and the dead. They methods were combined: analysis of charcoal
were all used in Egyptian funerary rites, either and macro-remains. Unfortunately, pollen
in ritual incense or as embalming agents. Plu- analysis, otherwise a powerful tool for the re-
tarch’s De Iside et Osiride, (80), recorded that ev- construction of palaeo-environments, proved
impossible, as no pollen is preserved; the same Christian T. de Vartavan

applies to phytoliths.
Extensive human activity in the area during Pistacia Varnishes as Clear Markers of Ancient
the irst half of the Holocene resulted in some Egyptian Imperial Art and New Kingdom For-
200 sites which can be divided into three more eign Activities
or less consecutive cultural units: Masara, Bash-
endi, and Sheikh Muftah, distinguishable by Ancient Egyptians discovered the art of com-
site location, architecture, artefact assemblages, plex media varnishes 1000 years before ex-
and biological remains. For this period the re- pected, as our analysis of Maanakhtef’s unique
covered archaeobotanical remains relect the varnish recipe reveals (Deir el Medineh, New
changing environment and human response Kingdom). Such varnishes, probably made most
to continuous aridiication. While in Masara often with the resins of the nearby Palestinian
times subsistence strategies were based on col- Pistacia atlantica Desf., otherwise known as the
lecting small seeded dicotyledons, the emphasis Mount Atlas Pistachio, rather than that of the
in Bashendi times was on wild cereals. Hardly more remote Pistacia lentiscus or Mastic tree,
any plant remains were recovered from Sheikh were used extensively by the ancient Egyptians
Muftah sites that might relect hyper-arid con- during the New Kingdom to varnish sarcoph-
ditions towards the end of the Neolithic period. agi. In most cases this alters their colours, and
At this time the surrounding desert was already gives them their typical yellow appearance fol-
depopulated. lowing their varnished oxidization. The appear-
Towards the end of the Old Kingdom Egyp- ance and subsequent disappearance of these
tians from the Nile Valley colonised the oasis. complex-media varnishes on ancient Egyptian
For about a century the indigenous Sheikh sarcophagi and other objects during the New
Muftah population and the Egyptian newcom- Kingdom and after coincides chronologically
ers lived peacefully side-by-side. Then the cul- with the rise and fall of Egypt’s imperial ambi-
tural remains of the Sheikh Muftah disappear. tions in Asia. Aside from being supplementary
The Egyptians introduced agriculture to the markers of Egypt’s foreign policy and activities,
area and from now on the effects of aridiica- it is suggested that these varnishes be labeled as
tion were compensated by irrigation and the ‘imperial’, a useful contribution not only to the
Dakhleh Oasis features all the cultivated plants history of ancient Egyptian power and trade,
and associated segetals known from the Nile but also to ancient Egyptian art and art history
Valley. in general.
Population density seems to have declined
after the Old Kingdom. The number of record- Lana Williams, Tosha Dupras, Sandra
ed sites dating to a time span of almost 2000 Wheeler and Peter Sheldrick
years from the First Intermediate Period to the
conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in Mortuary Mixtures: Botanicals Used in Body
332 BC, is smaller than in the Old Kingdom. Treatment Within the Kellis 2 Cemetery, Da-
But the area has never been completely desert- khleh Oasis, Egypt (P)
ed and intensiication of settlement set in dur-
ing Ptolemaic times, presumably triggered off The application of botanicals during preparation
by the employment of innovative water lifting of a body for burial in ancient Egypt was primar-
devices. By Roman times the oasis appears to ily for preservation. Many botanicals, however,
have been densely populated. Farms, villages also served as ritual offerings or ensured reten-
and cemeteries are found throughout the oasis tion of the deceased’s individuality. This study
with major administrative centres at Ismant investigates the botanicals associated with body
el-Kharab (ancient Kellis) and Amheida. Trade preparation of 136 individuals recovered from
routes connected Dakhla to the other oases and Kellis 2 cemetery (c. 100-360 AD), Dakhleh Oasis,
to the Nile Valley and facilitated the exchange Egypt. Excellent preservation allowed for char-
of goods. Thus, luxury items found their way acterization of organic materials using Raman
from the Nile Valley and beyond to this oasis. spectroscopy. Results indicate that rosemary,
myrtle, red and yellow myrrh, and henna were
used to preserve not only body tissues, but also
individuality and spiritual needs. All detected wards bimodality in the distribution of sizes for
botanicals are commonly used in contemporary Mendes and Kom Firin suggested two popula-
fungicides, insecticides, and antibacterial agents, tions of similar animals. For these two sites,
as well as in preparations used to mask strong comparisons with established and new stan-
odors. Henna applications were detected in the dards were consistent with the presence of both
hair styling of most adult females and a few domestic pigs and wild boar, sometimes at simi-
younger males, and also in the nails of six adult lar densities in these sites. Furthermore, results
females. Yellow myrrh oil was used with henna, for the Abydos Settlement Site suggested that
indicating need for a dye accelerant to speed the wild boar might have been hunted occasionally.
preparation process. Myrrh resin droplets were Consistent with previous studies, mandibu-
included in wrappings, commonly located on lar wear scores (MWS) showed that pigs were
the heads of infants. Myrrh, sourced to the Saudi slaughtered within the irst 18-21 months of
Arabian peninsula, was not readily available dur- age. Neither MWS, data distribution tendency,
ing Roman rule, but was used earlier in embalm- molar width nor V alone were suficient to dis-
ing and offerings, indicating cultural pluralism tinguish between pure and mixed pig popula-
in this practice. These indings question the char- tions, but taken together they provided strong
acterization of early Christian body treatment evidence for the presence of wild boar in an-
and preparation in Kellis 2 as being uniform and cient Egyptian civilization.
dogmatic in simplicity; rather, mixing of botani-
cals and methods of preparation provide a high- Cécile Callou, Françoise Dunand & Roger
ly individualistic characterization, itting needs Lichtenberg
of the living in preserving body, image and spirit
of the deceased. Archaeological and Archaeozoological Study of
Dogs from El-Deir
ARCHAEOZOOLOGY
Hundreds of mummies and skeletal remains of
Louise C. Bertini & Edwin Cruz-Rivera dogs have been discovered inside three tombs
of the Ptolemaic-Roman Necropolis at El-Deir
The Presence of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in (Kharga Oasis). Human tombs had been reused
Dynastic Egypt: A Biometrical Analysis Using to bury dogs which, obviously, had been offered
Molar Size as ex voto to a canine deity, whose temple has
not been discovered till now. Other dog remains
While the use of wild boar by ancient Egyp- have been discovered at Dabashiya, not far from
tians has been suggested through interpreta- Deir. On this site, about 80 well preserved mum-
tions of paintings or anecdotal accounts, no mies have been X-Rayed, showing some off-
zooarchaeological evidence has been provided hand practices of embalmers, even though the
to either support or refute this. In this work, pig mummies were carefully wrapped and painted.
remains from eleven ancient Egyptian sites dat- A thorough study of the dogs has been pursued
ing from the Old Kingdom through the Ptole- by the author, from the Museum of Natural His-
maic-Roman period (c. 2686 BC and up through tory in Paris, in order to establish as far as pos-
400 AD) were analyzed and their morphomet- sible their breed, physical conditions and pos-
rics compared to: sibly circumstances of death.
1) An established standard from the United Nicole B. Hansen

Kingdom;
2) A wild boar standard from Turkey; Foul Fowl: Birds as Agricultural Pests
3) A modern pig standard from Egypt.
Birds are often thought of by Egyptologists for
Age at death, sizes of irst, second, and third their frequent appearance as hieroglyphic signs,
molars (M1, M2, and M3), and coeficients of as a signiicant source of dietary protein, as
variance (V) were consistent with the pres- animal mummies, or for the reverence shown
ence of domestic pig-only populations for most to them in the ancient religion. Because Egypt
sites. However, tooth sizes, V, and tendency to- was, and still is, an important migratory corri-
dor for birds and a place where they have long Joséphine Lesur
refueled themselves before continuing on their
journey over sea and desert, they are also one Herding During the Final Neolithic in the Egyp-
of a number of fauna that posed a threat to the tian Western Desert: The Fauna from KS 43 &
food supply in ancient Egypt, alongside insects, 52, Kharga Oasis
mice, monkeys and even hippopotami. This pa-
per will explore the role of birds as agricultural The sites of KS 43 & 52 are located in the south-
pests in ancient Egypt, using ancient archaeo- ern part of the Kharga Oasis, in the Western
logical, artistic, and textual as well as modern Desert of Egypt. The archaeological remains, as
ethnographic and ornithological evidence. The well as a series of radiocarbon dates, have al-
species of birds responsible for such depreda- lowed attribution of the site to the Final Neo-
tions, the food sources (fruit, grain and animal) lithic of the eastern Sahara, between 4800 and
that they targeted, and behavioral and seasonal 4400 BC. The bone assemblages are expansive
aspects will be discussed. In addition, various with more 40,000 fragments. The faunal spec-
preventative tactics, means of scaring, and traps trum shows a clear predominance of domesti-
used to reduce the damage that birds caused cates especially caprines and cattle. The rest of
will be covered. the spectrums include the domestic dog, and
wild animals such as Barbary sheep, dorcas ga-
Carolin Johansson & Geoffrey zelle, hare and bird. Some remains of catish
Metz and bivalves were also found, suggesting con-
tact with the Nile Valley. The fauna from site KS
Investigating an Unusual Cat Mummy: A Multi- 43 & 52 are of great interest, as they are the irst
disciplinary Approach (P) Neolithic sites from the Western Desert to pro-
vide such large assemblages. The high represen-
The present investigation demonstrates the dif- tation of caprines and cattle testiies to a well-
iculty of securely determining the species of developed pastoral economy, relying partly on
certain ancient Egyptian cat remains with re- the water resources of artesian wells. Wild ani-
gards to a previous discussion on the eventual mals represent only a sporadic complementary
presence of the Jungle cat (Felis chaus) among resource, with the presence of Barbary sheep,
the tame and/or domestic cats of ancient Egypt. dorcas gazelle and hare providing an image of
An exceptionally large cat mummy was stud- a semi-arid environment suggestive of the start
ied by means of X-ray computed tomography of aridiication.
and molecular methods. The skeletal remains
revealed by radiology displayed features charac- Rasha Nasr
teristic of both the Felis chaus and the ancestral
species of the common domestic cat (Felis sil- The Faunal Remains from the AA Bakery with
vestris) as well as attributes with values inter- a Comparison to Other Areas of the Heit el-
mediate between the two candidate species. Ghurab, Giza, Egypt
Together with results of the analyses of
ancient mitochondrial DNA extracted from The AA Bakery is one of several known in the
a single caudal vertebra belonging to the cat Heit el-Ghurab (HeG) site at Giza, but it is the
mummy in question and a review of quanti- only know bakery in the western town, located
ied ancient Egyptian cat remains in the lit- in the south west corner of HeG. I have com-
erature we arrive at the conclusion that iden- pleted the analysis of the faunal remains from
tiication of a possible mummiied Jungle cat the AA Bakery, which was excavated in 1988,
is not straight-forward. We argue that more 1991, 2005 and 2006-2007. The faunal remains
reference material is needed to precisely from AA Bakery are characterized by a large
describe the taxonomic positions of the dif- number of cattle, few pig, and some ish. The
ferent kinds of cat remains of ancient Egypt ish are dominated by Nile catish and Nile
and that a possible impact of hybridization perch. I compared the faunal remains from the
between the Jungle cat and the domestic cat AA Bakery to other areas of the site. AA Bakery
held by the ancient Egyptians should be con- is different from all other faunal samples from
sidered. Heit el-Ghurab, although it shares similarities
to the fauna from the Pottery Mound in the the southernmost town of Egypt it functioned
number of cattle and in the age structure of the as military outpost and trade centre. It was a
cattle sample. melting pot of traditions and customs from all
around northeastern Africa and the Mediter-
Wim Van Neer & Renee Friedman ranen area. Egyptians, Persions, Greeks and
Romans, believers in the Pharaonic, Greek and
An Update on the Burials of Wild and Domestic Roman cults, Christians and Muslims brought
Animals at the Predynastic Elite Cemetery of their own beliefs and knowledge of food prepa-
Hierakonpolis (Upper Egypt) ration and breeding to this town.
While studying the faunal material from
The excavations in the elite predynastic cem- Aswan from the Late Period till the destruction
etery HK6 at Hierakonpolis continues to yield of the town in the early Mameluk Period -- the
the remains of animals that were buried as part main habitation phases of the town -- pig re-
of large mortuary complexes surrounding large mains were found in nearly every stratigraphic
elite tombs. The cemetery was in use for elite unit. These provided the possibility to follow
burials of the Naqada IC-IIB period (3800-3650 several lines of thought: How did the ethnic,
BC) and then used again in the Naqada III pe- cultural and religious changes inluence animal
riod (3300-3050 BC), but the animal burials ap- husbandy in this area? What can the bones tell
pear to occur only in the earlier phase. The site us about the living conditions of pigs compared
is unique for the number and variety of wild to other sites? Can religious or ethnic groups
animal taxa that occur. An overview will be giv- be distinguished and located in Aswan by their
en of the inds from the 2009-2012 excavations household animals?
which revealed both domestic and wild animals In my paper I will try to give some prelimi-
buried in tombs of their own or occasionally nary answers to these questions. More research
with human accompaniment. Among the do- has to follow my proposals but this paper pro-
mestic animals are numerous dogs and several vides an initial forum for discussion.
well-preserved male and female individuals of
Egyptian Longhorn cattle, as well as very large John H. Wyatt
goats and sheep. Wild species include baboon,
young hippo, elephant, aurochs and hartebeest, Africa: The Missing Link in the Identiication of
also known from earlier excavations, but also the Birds of Ancient Egypt
crocodile, leopard and ostrich, which are new
to the site. The pathologies observed in some of By the end of the 1980s, some 131 bird species
these animals indicate that they had been held had been identiied, from hieroglyphs, bone re-
in captivity for an extensive period of time be- mains, bird mummies, art and literature, as hav-
fore their burial. ing probably occurred in ancient Egypt. Only
45 of these, however, could be considered as tru-
Johanna Sigl ly African, with the rest being from the Western
Palearctic (Europe). It seemed that three main
The Cataract Pigs. Thoughts on Pig Husbandry categories of African birds might be being un-
in Syene/Aswan in Times of Change der-identiied:
Throughout the history of Egypt pigs have been 1) Species which migrated solely within Africa
used as a source for meat, fat and bristles. De- on a N-S or E-W basis;
spite the often negative view on these animals 2) Species following the annual African lood
given by pictural and textual evidence from e.g. cycle from South-West Africa each October/
Pharaonic and Ptolemaic times, archaeozoologi- November through to Egypt each August/
cal analyses show that they were and are held September before returning south;
and bred throughout the country until nowa- 3) Species which might have moved into an-
days. cient Egypt during times of climate and hab-
The ancient Egyptian town Syene (modern itat change such as northwards during the
Aswan) was in the centre of ethnic, cultural last great pluvial period from c. 10,000 to c.
and religious change throughout its history. As 3,000 BC.
This paper looks at each of these categories have conceived of death and prepared the re-
individually and, by using normal ornithological mains of the dead. They are a unique record of
identiication techniques coupled with evidence past human biology and add to our understand-
from the combined hieroglyph, bone, mummy, art ing of the people that produced the objects in
and literature record, suggests which additional the museum’s collection. Curating and display-
birds might have been present and when. At least ing human remains is balanced with a duty of
48 possible individual species have now been iden- care and the British Museum has developed a
tiied from hieroglyphs, 151 from bone remains, policy that sets out the principles governing the
76 from mummies, and 110 from art, sculpture holding, display, curation and study of human
and literature, with a revised overall total of 241 remains in its collection. As part of the Muse-
possible species once duplications have been tak- um’s efforts to study and publish the material
en into account. The bone and mummy indings in its collections, the human remains are being
have also served to conirm whether various birds, actively researched. Their analysis is provid-
thought to be portrayed in art and hieroglyphs, ing valuable information on human biology,
were actually present at the relevant time. Con- ancient diseases, injury patterns, past activities
versely art and hieroglyphs have indicated some and diet. The Department of Ancient Egypt and
very similar Palearctic and African species where Sudan curates one of the largest collections of
bone identiications might need to be re-examined ancient human remains from the Middle Nile
to determine whether both or just one species had Valley, a substantial part of which consists of
occurred. skeletal remains and naturally mummiied bod-
ies recovered during the Merowe Dam Archaeo-
ARCHAEOZOOLOGY/ARCHAEOBOTANY logical Salvage Project. The construction of the
new dam at the Fourth Nile Cataract resulted
Richard Redding & Claire Malleson in a major international rescue campaign in
which the British Museum, in conjunction with
Modeling Old Kingdom Food Production: What is the Sudan Archaeological Research Society, ex-
the Limiting Factor? cavated burials from the Neolithic to Medieval
period. This unique collection is allowing us to
In a 2012 article Redding using the faunal data investigate how changes in environment, living
from the Heit el-Ghurab (HeG) site at Giza and data conditions, diet and culture affected the biology
from animal husbandry and agricultural literature and health of the past inhabitants of the Middle
to establish estimates for the number of animals, Nile Valley. In addition, older collections are be-
land and labor required to provision 10,000 working reanalysed and CT scans of the naturally
ers. We will expand this work to include the pro- preserved mummies from Gebelein have re-
duction of grains, wheat and barley, for consump- vealed new insights into Predynastic Egypt.
tion of bread and beer at HeG. Comparing data
on rations and human physiologic needs, we will Brenda J. Baker
establish levels of consumption for 10,000 workers
at Giza. These are used to estimate land and labor Sacriices for the State? The Subsidiary Burials
requirements using estimates of productivity and from Aha’s Funerary Enclosures at Abydos
labor derived from texts and agricultural literature.
The question is, as with animal production, is la- Early Dynastic royal funerary enclosures in the
bor or land the limiting factor? Abydos North Cemetery, 1.2 miles (1.9 km)
northeast of the royal tombs, have been inves-
HUMAN REMAINS tigated intensively by the University of Penn-
sylvania Museum, Yale University, New York
Daniel Antoine University Institute of Fine Arts Expedition
(PYIFA) over the past decade. Three enclosures
The British Museum Human Remains from the are attributed to Aha, an early First Dynasty
Nile Valley: Curation and Research pharaoh, c. 3000 BC. In 2002-03, ive of six subsid-
iary graves around Aha’s principal enclosure were
Human remains in the British Museum collec- excavated. Looted in antiquity, these graves con-
tions relect the varied ways different societies tained skeletons that were largely disarticulated,
though some elements were still in situ in each. features several major deiciencies. One of them
Five more subsidiary graves, one still intact, were is a detailed knowledge of the third millennium
excavated in 2004-05 around two smaller enclo- BC population. In this contribution, some most
sures attributed to Aha that are just northwest of important results of a long-term project dealing
the main enclosure. with Old Kingdom burials carried out by the
The skeletal remains of those interred in the Czech Institute of Egyptology in Abusir will be
subsidiary graves around these three enclosures presented. In particular, dozens of burials dat-
provide critical information concerning the identi- ing to the Third-Sixth dynasties and belonging
ty, lifestyle, and manner of death of these individu- to different social strata will be analyzed in de-
als. Based on age, sex, health status, and the quality tail.
and quantity of grave goods, the identities of indi-
viduals interred around the principal versus the Giovanna Bellandi, Roberta De Marzo,
two smaller enclosures differ. The richly furnished Stefano Benazzi & Angelo Sesana
graves around the main enclosure present a more
diverse group that includes a child of 3-5 years, a Burials Under the Temple of Millions of Years
young adult male, two middle adult females, and of Amenhotep II in Luxor, West Thebes, Italian
one old adult female. Graves around the two small- Archaeological Project (P)
er enclosures had fewer objects of lesser quality and
were all occupied by women with a younger age The area of the Temple of Millions of Years of
proile (four young adults and one middle adult) the pharaoh Amenhotep II was partially inves-
than those associated with the principal enclosure. tigated by the British archaeologist Sir W.M.F.
Skeletal remains show no evidence of perimortem Petrie in 1894-95. Only in 1997 were excava-
trauma indicative of sacriice, though archaeologi- tions resumed in the area of the Temple under
cal evidence indicates the graves around the prin- the direction of Angelo Sesana, president of
cipal enclosure were roofed simultaneously. These the CEFB (Francesco Ballerini Centre for Egyp-
individuals, however, were not dispatched by blows tology, Como, Italy). The excavations, now ap-
to the head, decapitation or slashed throats, stran- proaching their 15th season, have permitted the
gulation, or any other means that would be evident development of a notably detailed plan of the
on their bones. Instead, they were presumably poi- Temple, expanding and rendering more precise
soned or asphyxiated. The lack of skeletal evidence the summary data recorded by Petrie. Excava-
for sacriice of any of these individuals, however, tion has been continued down to bedrock and
suggests that alternative explanations should be has revealed numerous funerary structures and
considered. complexes that occupied the area before the
Compared to later commoners from the temple’s construction and again after its aban-
North Cemetery, these royal courtiers were taller donment and the looting of its stones.
and had better dental health, but healed trauma, Prior to the construction of the Temple of
infection, hyperostosis frontalis interna, and oth- Amenhotep II the area was occupied by a ne-
er pathological conditions are present. Though cropolis dating back to Middle Kingdom. Two
sample sizes are quite small, similarities and underground tomb complexes from this pre-
differences in health status among those buried temple cemetery consisting of a ramp, a hall-
around the principal funerary enclosure and the way and several chambers are still being stud-
two smaller enclosures are evident. Signiicantly, ied. The tomb-ill has provided unexpectedly
all the adults show angulation and torsion of rich inds: vessels of many different types and
proximal femora and other indicators that sug- sizes, ceramic offering trays, faience beads and
gest habitual donkey riding by courtiers. semi-precious stones amulets found along with
skeletal remains.
Miroslav Barta & Petra Havelkova The whole area was again used as a necrop-
olis from the Third Intermediate Period on-
Memphis’ Population of the Third Millennium wards. To date, 22 tombs in the necropolis have
BC been investigated but only 14 still contained
human remains: each has a square shaft of 2 to
Despite all excavation projects on the pyramid 6 m depth with one or more small irregularly
ields of Memphis, Old Kingdom archaeology shaped rooms leading off it. Most of the graves
had already been sacked in ancient times or, man tuberculosis also might have been far more
in some cases, were identiied and cleared by widespread in antiquity than in the recent past.
Petrie. In other cases, however, elements of the These hypotheses, if conirmed, would imply that
funerary assemblages remain. The use of the also cases of co-infection between protozoan and
area of the temple complex as a cemetery con- mycobacterial pathogens could have occurred.
tinued into the Ptolemaic-Roman period. To substantiate those speculations, molecular
The human remains found in the tombs of analyses were carried out on sixteen Third Inter-
the Temple of Amenhotep II are currently be- mediate to Graeco-Roman mummiied heads (806
ing studied. We are focused on reconstructing BC-124 AD) recovered from the necropolis of Abu-
the health status and life-stories of the individ- sir el Meleq (Fayum Valley, Lower Egypt).
uals buried in two speciic contexts: Soft tissue biopsies were used for DNA extrac-
tions and PCR ampliications using well- suited
1) The large tomb, consisting of a ramp, a hall- protocols. A 196- bp fragment of the Plasmo-
way and several chambers, in area A17 that dium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1
was used in the Middle Kingdom and again (AMA1) and a 123-bp fragment of the Mycobac-
in the Late Second Intermediate Period-early terium tuberculosis complex insertion sequence
New Kingodom. It contained the partially or IS6110 were ampliied and sequenced, respective-
fully articulated skeletons of 19 individuals ly, in six (38%) and ive (31%) mummiied heads.
along with some other scattered remains. Concomitant PCR ampliication of falciparum
The remains are still being analyzed so as to malaria and human tuberculosis speciic frag-
provide a more precise number of individu- ments was obtained in four of sixteen individuals
als and data on sex, age and pathology; (25%). Here we extend back-wards to ca. 800 BC
2) The tomb in area C3 dating to the post- new evidence for single malarial and tuberculosis
temple period (Third Intermediate Period) infections plus add irst evidence of four cases of
divided into two chambers which contained malaria tropica/MTB complex co-infections in in-
six articulated skeletons and scattered frag- dividuals from the Fayum depression.
mentary remains.
Victor S. Bittar, Claudia R. Carvalho,
The picture that emerges from a prelimi- Antonio B. Junior, Jorge Lopes & Sergio
nary anthropological study is of a very precari- A. Azevedo
ous state of health with high infant mortality
and degenerative joint disease amongst almost A Non-invasive Bioarchaeological Research Ap-
all adults. The frequently very pronounced proach on Sha-Amun-Em-Su: A Mummy Inside a
muscle insertions suggest intense daily physi- Sealed Cofin (P)
cal labour, sometimes so heavy as to induce
the formation of osteophytes and entheso- The mummy of a Singer of Amun, identiied
phytes in tendon insertions at the margins of as Sha-Amun-em-su, came to Brazil in the 19th
the vertebral bodies. century as a gift of the Khedive Ismail to the
Emperor Dom Pedro II, when it was added to
Raffaella Bianucci, lbert Lalremruata, his collection and where it has been ever since.
Markus Ball, Beatrix Welte, Andreas G. Today, it is part of the Museu Nacional, da
Nerlich & Carsten M. Pusch Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MN/
UFRJ)’s collection.
Tuberculosis and Malaria Co-Infections in Late This mummy is unique in the Museum
to Graeco-Roman Period Mummies from the as the original cofin remains preserved and
Fayum sealed, indicating that it never had been
opened.
Due to the presence of the lake Birket Quarun and Non-invasive studies on the mummy were
to the particular nature of its irrigation system, it conducted in 2006, when the scanning, imag-
has been speculated that the Fayum, a large de- ing techniques and equipment became more
pression 60 km south-west of modern Cairo, was accessible in Brazil. At this time the cofin
exposed to the hazards of malaria in historic was CT Scanned. Those procedures where
times. Similarly, it has been speculated that hu- possible through a partnership between the
Museum, the Instituto Nacional de Tecnolo- of human remains from all respectively dated
gia/Ministèrio da Cilncia, Tecnologia e Ino- cemeteries in the area of the Oasis. Thorough
vato (INT/MCTI) and the access of the CT examination of human skeletal remains can
equipment at the Clinica de Diagnosticos por reveal the full range of palaeopathological in-
Imagem (CDPI). dicators pointing to the successful assessment
This new research was added to the previous of one’s health condition and diet. The identi-
ones, now with the objective of getting further ication of all signs of disease, skeletal trauma
knowledge about this mummy, working on the and nutrition will hopefully enable the recon-
bioanthropological aspect, checking the burial struction of the quality of life in early medieval
procedures and funerary artifacts and the actu- Fayum. We will also try to recreate the average
al condition of the whole set (the mummy, the life expectancy and mortality rate, especially
cofin and artifacts). among the youngest members of the commu-
The research is now at the imaging docu- nity.
mentation stage, going from simple external The starting point of this research were the
photographs to the virtual rebuild of the whole excavations of 14 rock-hewn graves, dating
skeleton without the cofin or bandages, been back to 6th/7th c. AD, from cemetery C at Deir
this last task done at the Laboratorio de Proces- el-Naqlun. These works were carried out dur-
samento de Imagem Digital (LAPID/MN). ing three seasons between 2004 and 2006, by
the mission of the Polish Centre of Mediterra-
Svetlana B. Borutskaya nean Archaeology, University of Warsaw. Apart
from the basic anthropological analysis of the
Paleoecological Study of Medieval Copts from remains, a number of soft tissue samples were
Deir el-Banat Necropolis, Egypt. Preliminary collected. These samples will be used for histo-
Report (P) pathological and microbiological examination,
identiication of parasites and insects, as well as
The necropolis is located in the eastern part of ancient DNA analysis.
Fayum Oasis in the desert (about 2 km from In the future, all of the data obtained during
the monastery of Deir al-Malak). The cemetery anthropological analysis of human remains will
was partially excavated by the researches from hopefully be complemented by other bioarchae-
the sector of Islamic and Coptic monuments ological material, including study of animal and
of the Fayum Inspectorate for ive seasons plant remains. The research will also include
(1980, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995). According to written sources analysis, especially Greek and
the information from the inventory book and Coptic papyri and ostraka found in correspond-
inspectorate reports on the excavations, the ing contexts. Some of them relay to goods that
cemetery was used starting from the Greco-Ro- have been the subject of trade, transportation
man period to the Early Medieval. We worked between distribution points, or payment from
at Fayum during ield seasons 2003-2006. We one party to another. Among these goods are
studied 209 Coptic skeletons. Among them, food products, including various types of grains
42.6% belonged to female, 39.7% to men and (wheat or barley), wine, beer, meat, or even mol-
17.7% to children. luscs. Through the analysis of these texts it is
theoretically possible to determine what kinds
Joanna A. Ciesielska of products were ordered, by whom and in
what quantities. This information will in turn
Life and Death in the Fayum Oasis. Living Con- be confronted with anthropological data.
ditions in the Byzantine Period (P)
Jason J. Crosby
This paper introduces recently begun doctoral
research concerning the matter of diet, liv- Diet, Subsistence, and Dental Pathology: Studies
ing conditions and health of the Fayum oasis from Prehistoric Egypt to the Khartoum Meso-
residents at the end of the Roman period and lithic of Central Sudan
during Byzantine times. Most of the research
will be based on the previously published and Dental pathology recorded in human skeletal
currently conducted anthropological analysis remains from archaeological contexts informs
the relationship between diet and health in gatherers of the Khartoum Mesolithic. When
past populations. Prehistoric Africa, however, combined with evidence for dental disease and
remains a poorly documented area despite our enamel growth disturbances in contemporane-
knowledge of their diverse populations and sub- ous skeletal samples and subsequent Neolithic
sistence practices. The present study provides a groups in the region, however, a broader per-
background for the current understanding of spective is achieved for this crucial area along
how subsistence practices and diet are linked the White Nile. A larger comparative frame-
to oral health indicators, examines issues con- work encompassing prehistoric Egypt and an-
cerning poorly documented regions in dental cient Nubia also demonstrates the importance
disease-subsistence research, and highlights the of a multifactorial approach in our understand-
importance of an overall biocultural approach ing the history of past populations and the as-
to the study of human remains. Encompass- sociation between subsistence, diet, and dental
ing prehistoric Egypt (>3100 BC) and placing it disease.
within the broader framework of ancient Nubia
and neighboring regions along the White and Jerome Cybulski, Robert Stark & Tamas
Blue Nile, the signiicance of geographical, cul- Bacs
tural, and ecological contexts in dental disease
prevalence and distribution is explored. Bioarchaeology, TT65 Project, Hungarian Mis-
Given the importance of a regional perspec- sion in Thebes (P)
tive within the oral health and diet relationship,
the present study uses standard macroscopic TT 65 is a private tomb in the Theban Necropo-
data collection protocols for paleopathological lis on the west bank of the Nile opposite Luxor,
assessment to provide relevant information re- Egypt. Our poster presents a contextual over-
garding evidence for dental disease and enamel view of human remains from ive burial loca-
defects from the Khartoum Mesolithic (7000- tions studied on site during the 2010 (14th)
5000 BC) site of Shabona (n=7; six adults, one ield season of the Hungarian Mission in The-
subadult). Health and subsistence information bes. Highlighted are Shaft 1 in the forecourt
from prehistoric hunter-isher-gatherers of cen- of TT65, which held the known latest burial
tral Sudan is essential in delineating sectional occupant, and Shafts 3 and 4 on the eastern
and temporal differences along the Nile river slope of the forecourt, which held the earliest.
system and illustrates the need for additional Shaft 1 was intended for the original 18th Dy-
ieldwork and research in the region. Atypical nasty owner of TT65 but never used by him
for African Mesolithic skeletal samples, the and the tomb itself abandoned for reasons
Shabona remains exhibit a relatively high fre- unknown. Instead, the remains of a naturally
quency of dental caries (26/89 teeth, 29%; n=5 preserved Coptic period ‘half-mummy’ was
individuals). Excluding the most complete in- found in the shaft, possibly disturbed by loot-
dividual (#11049) from the overall rate due to ers of a nearby grave and hastily discarded.
exceptionally severe oral pathology, however, We descended Shaft 4 to study its lone occu-
yields a low frequency of carious teeth (2/61 pant, an 18th Dynasty mummy that had obvi-
teeth, 3%; n=4 individuals). Linear enamel hy- ously been damaged by looters. The estimat-
poplasia (LEH), a marker of childhood physi- ed length of this probable male, a reasonable
ological stress, was identiied in the maxillary proxy indicator of stature during life, was
incisors and canines of two individuals, but was 165 cm. Shaft 3 provided a challenging mix
otherwise absent in the collection. Evidence for of at least 17 individuals, some represented
possible dental ablation of the central maxillary only by one or a few bones, others by limbs
incisors was also documented (#11044) and is wrapped in high quality linen plus loose
consistent with the pattern of cultural modiica- bones matched during the analysis. The lat-
tion found at the Khartoum Mesolithic site of ter may have been the original 18th Dynasty
Khartoum Hospital as well as in later chrono- occupants: three adult males, a female, a child
logical periods in central Sudan. and an infant as determined from the skeletal
The small number of individuals at Shabona remains. Possible later intrusions, accidental
limits the ability to generalize about the rela- or intentional, included three infants, three
tionship between oral health and hunter-isher- children, a juvenile, two adult males and two
females. Pathology in the overall collection presenting a contrasting picture of a life illed
was minimal: porous orbital roofs in young- with high levels of general, nutritional, and
sters and foci of bone spicules and joint sur- workload stress. General indicators of stress
face erosion in adults that did not resemble include the mortality proile (high post-in-
the usual scars of degenerative joint disease. fancy sub-adult mortality in some areas of
the cemetery), adult stature (Amarna adults
Gretchen R. Dabbs, Melissa Zabeki & are the shortest of any known ancient Egyp-
Jerome Rose tian population), and the frequency of linear
enamel hypoplasia (30.4% with at least one
The Bioarchaeology of Akhetaten: Unexpected LEH). Nutritional stress is directly relect-
Results from a Capital City ed in the skeletal lesions of cribra orbitalia
(22.4%), porotic hyperostosis (3.1%), and
The short-lived capital city of Akhenaten, those lesions characteristic of scurvy (3.1%).
Akhetaten (modern Amarna), is unique Workload stress in adults (n=175) is manifest
among ancient Egyptian cities in that it was in the frequency of spinal trauma (Schmorlís
built, occupied, and abandoned in an nar- nodes 34.9%; compression fracture 20.6%),
row temporal spectrum during Akhenaten’s and degenerative joint disease (overall spine
reign (c. 1349-1332 BC) and a brief aftermath 47.4%; limb joints 24.0%). These health pat-
that ended during the reign of Tutankha- terns are hardly what one would expect for
mun. The city, as home to Akhenaten and his any group of people living in the capital of
court, swelled quickly to perhaps as many as Egypt during the prosperous New Kingdom.
30,000 residents as the oficials, soldiers, art- Perhaps the social, religious, and political up-
ists, manufacturers, and others responsible heaval caused by Akhenaten’s devotion to the
for its construction, and those in service to Aten extended into the realm of individual
higher oficials arrived and began the process health as well.
of building lives in the new capital city. As
Egypt’s most accessible urban archaeological Tosha Dupras , Sandra Wheeler, Lana
site, Amarna has long been a source of in- Williams & Peter Sheldrick
formation on the domestic architecture and
material culture of life during the Amarna Birthing in Ancient Egypt: Timing, Trauma, and
Period. Recently, the addition of bioarchaeo- Triumph? Evidence from the Dakhleh Oasis
logical data from the ongoing excavations of
the South Tombs Cemetery (STC) at Amarna The mortuary landscape and inclusion of all in-
has enhanced the understanding of life at dividuals, no matter age or pathological condi-
Akhetaten by providing data to examine not tion, in the Kellis 2 cemetery has allowed for the
only the conception of death and spirituality interpretation of birth cycles and elements of
through burial treatment, but also the bio- the birthing process. While ancient epigraphic
logical ramiications of living during this pe- sources have provided sparse evidence of sea-
riod of religious and social upheaval through sonal birthing cycles for populations of the
analysis of human skeletal remains. Roman Empire, bioarchaeological analyses of
While probably never intended to relect Kellis 2 indicate a pattern of seasonal birth am-
the lives of the non-elite public, the themes plitude occurring during March-May, which cor-
portrayed in the daily life scenes on the walls relates directly with the seasonal amplitude in
in the rock cut tombs of the Amarna elites are mortality for birthing age women. Skeletal birth
dominated by depictions of abundance and trauma, or any injury that occurs to the fetus or
opulence, with offerings to the Aten consist- infant during delivery, may be caused by large
ing of heaping piles of grain, shanks of meat, fetal size, prolonged labor, abnormal fetal posi-
and vessels of hearty drink. The ready inter- tion, or compression and traction forces during
pretation of this is the suggestion that life at the birth process. An examination of these types
Akhetaten was of a life full of dietary diversi- of injuries may help us to understand birthing
ty and surplus. The analyzed skeletal remains practices and the possible use of midwives in
from the non-elite STC at Amarna (n=275) Egypt during the Romano-Christian period. This
relect the antithesis of this dominant theme, presentation will explore the seasonal birthing
cycle and injuries resulting from birth trauma, ple was excavated from Bahriyah Oasis. They
including cases of humerus varus deformity, and belong to the Greco-Roman period (332 BC-30
fractures of the ribs, clavicles, humeri, and cervi- AD). The skeletal sample used consisted of 80
cal vertebrae. The majority of birth injuries re- pelvic male bones (33R, 47L) & 64-female bones
corded in individuals from the Kellis 2 cemetery (34R, 30L). Stress muscle markers were ob-
are most likely due to factors such as prolonged served in 75.75% of the right side and 72.34%
labor, compression and traction forces, and ex- of the left side in males. In females the percent-
traction practices during the birth process. ages were 61.76% and 6o% in the right and left
sides respectively. These results conirm that
Tosha Dupras, Lana Williams, Peter two of the main activities in Bahriyah during
Sheldrick , Brittany , Bart VanThuyne & the Greco-Roman period in Egypt were textile
Sandra Wheeler and wine production.
Cancer, a Disease of Modern Industrial Society? Ahmed M. Gabr

Not Likely! A Review of Old and New Evidence
from Ancient Egypt (P) Continued Excavations in the South Abydos
Archaic Cemetery in the 2009 and 2010 Sea-
Although considered a disease of modern indus- sons
trial societies, skeletal and soft tissue evidence of
secondary malignant cancers is becoming more The SCA South Abydos Excavation was initi-
evident in the ancient world. Here we examine ated in 2007 in order to investigate an area
the evidence of cancer as a disease of antiquity thought to have archaeological remains. The
in ancient Egypt, particularly focusing on evi- site is located approximately 350 m south of the
dence from Deir al-Bersha and the Dakhleh Oa- temple of Seti I, and about 1400 m northeast of
sis. We present two cases of advanced metastatic Umm el Qaab, adjacent to the modern village El
carcinoma, both most likely representative of Araba El Madfuna.
breast cancer that metastasized throughout the The 2007 season conirmed that the site
skeleton. The irst case, from the site of Deir indeed held archaeological remains, as a cem-
al-Bersha, dates to the 2nd to 4th Dynasty (ca. etery with two distinct phases was uncovered;
2686-2494 BC) and may well represent the earli- the earliest phase, dated to the Archaic period
est skeletal evidence for this disease. This indi- (based on pottery, body treatment of the occu-
vidual, an adult female approximately 45 years pants and funerary items) consisted of several
of age at death, displays multiple characteristic mud brick tomb structures, and the later phase
metastatic lesions throughout her skeleton. The was represented by numerous inhumations sur-
second case, from the Kellis 2 cemetery in Da- rounding the older structures in what appears
khleh Oasis dating to the Romano-Christian pe- to be an intentional way. This second phase,
riod (c. 100 to 360 AD), is also an adult female excavated during the 2007 season, was dated
approximately 40 years of age at death and dis- to the Late Roman/Byzantine period based on
plays similar characteristic metastatic lesions, fabric patterns on the shrouds of the bodies,
however, in limited distribution. Given the and comprises more than ten burials, some of
advanced stage of cancer represented in both which were the topic of an earlier paper pre-
cases, we also explore possible medical and pain sented at the CHRAE 2010 conference.
management strategies used in ancient Egypt. This paper will deal with the continued ex-
cavation of the site during the 2009 and 2010
Rokia Elbanna & Azza M. Sarry el-Din seasons, during which the team was able to
focus on the Archaic period tombs on the site.
Activity Pattern Reconstruction from Hip Bones A brief overview of the work carried out dur-
in Bahriyah Oasis - Greco-Roman Period (P) ing the last two seasons will be given, with two
tombs, numbers 14 and 8, described in more
Musculoskeletal stress markers have been wide- detail.
ly used to reconstruct activity pattern in human Tomb 14 is unusual because it belonged to
population. This study was to reconstruct activ- a sub-adult, and epiphyseal closure suggests
ity pattern focused on pelvic bones. The sam- the age of this individual was under 14 years
of age, while dental eruption points to an even Stacy L. Hackner

younger person, between 8.5 to13.5 years of
age. The burial had been disturbed in antiquity, Platycnemia in Two Nubian Populations: An
but enough of the skeleton was left in situ to Activity-Based Explanation of Shape Change in
determine that this was a cofin burial, with the the Tibia (P)
occupant buried lying on his or her left side,
facing west. This study analyzes the difference in tibial shape
Based on its prime location within the site, between two groups from the area that is now
Tomb 8 appears to be one of the most impor- northern Sudan. The cnemic index is the ratio
tant tombs of the cemetery. The tomb owner between the antero-posterior and medio-lateral
in this case was an adult, most likely male, and diameters of the tibia, and has long been known
was buried in a semi-lexed position in a wood- to be inluenced by habitual activity.
en cofin, with his head to the Northwest. The Additionally, the study developed categori-
analysis of this tomb is ongoing, and the burial cal systems for analysis of other features of the
itself was left in situ in the tomb awaiting inal tibia, including robusticity, lateral grooving,
excavation next season. posterior buttressing, and height of the inter-
osseous crest. The groups addressed were both
Yehia Z. Gad, Carsten M. Pusch , Dina excavated in the course of the North Dongola
Fathalla , Rabab Khairat, Angelique Reach Survey; one is Kerman and the other
Corthals, Sally Wasef , Amal Ahmed, Meroitic. Signiicant differences were evident
Ahmed Z. Gad, Suzan Fares, Rama Saad, between the groups; primarily, the former is
Eslam El-Shahat , Mohamed Fateen, ‘platycnemic’, with elongated, diamond-shaped
Naglaa Hasan, Albert R. Zink & Somaia tibias, and the latter is ‘eucnemic’, with round-
Ismail ed tibias. The platycnemic Kerma groupís
scores were evenly distributed between grac-
A Systematic Approach Towards Studying An- ile and robust, while the eurycnemic Meroitic
cient DNA from Egyptian Mummies group was more gracile overall and was more
sexually dimorphic. It is likely these differ-
The study of ancient DNA (aDNA) is a disci- ences represent changing activities and sexual
pline that has many challenges. A systemati- divisions of labor within these groups, about
capproach has been proposed to execute aDNA whose daily life little is known.
studies on ancient human remains. Moreover,
over the years, a considerable effort has been Scott D. Haddow
exerted towards devising a set of criteria for
authentication of the results of aDNA studies. Dental Morphological Analysis of Roman-Era
In the case of Egyptian mummies, certain addi- Burials from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt
tional distinctive features do exist. This implied
adopting some modiications to the previously Kellis (Ismant el-Kharab) is an archaeological
proposed ones. site in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, which dates
This presentation will shed light on the from the late Ptolemaic to the late Roman
short-lived experience of the irst dedicated period. Previous studies of skeletal material
Egyptian aDNA labs that have been instituted from Kellis and other oasis sites suggest that
in the Egyptian museum and Cairo University the ancient population of the Dakhleh Oasis
Medical School. The technical challenges dur- was largely homogenous and inbred as a re-
ing establishment of the methodologies will be sult of geographic isolation. Archaeological
illustrated. In addition, experiments showed and textual evidence however, indicates a re-
that there were distinctive proiles of post mor- cord of contact with the Nile Valley since the
tem DNA damage among Egyptian mummies. Neolithic. In order to test these apparently
The effect of these changes on the generated conlicting narratives, descriptive and multi-
results will be discussed. variate statistical methods are employed in
an analysis of heritable dental morphological
variants in 186 individuals from Kellis using
the Arizona State University Dental Anthro-
pology System. The present study has two recently submitted PhD thesis. In the HeG cem-
main components: etery, more adult males than women and chil-
dren were interred during the autumn and/or
1) An intra-cemetery assessment of inter-sex spring, while we ind a much higher incidence
and inter-group morphological variation in of young children interred during summer,
order to identify related individuals within compared to the number of adults in the same
the Kellis 2 cemetery and provide evidence season. Surprisingly, the number of interments
for post-marital residence patterns; during the winter season was comparatively
2) An inter-regional comparison between the low for all age groups. This is interesting as the
Kellis skeletal assemblage and groups from data differs signiicantly from that published
Egypt, Nubia, North and Sub-Saharan Africa for the Secondary Cemetery in the mastaba of
in order to place the ancient Dakhleh Oasis Ptahsepses in Abusir, which is a cemetery of
population within a broader regional con- similar type and close in time to the HeG cem-
text. etery. This paper will outline the percentages of
interment for both cemeteries, correlated with
The results of the intra-cemetery analysis age, sex and some pathologies, and suggest pos-
demonstrate low levels of inter-sex phenetic sible explanations for the disparity in orienta-
variation consistent with an isolated and pos- tion between these different groups.
sibly interbred population. Spatial analysis
within the Kellis 2 cemetery has tentatively Tina Jakob
identiied one area containing individuals with
distinctive dental trait frequencies. This may Health and Disease in Meroitic Al Khiday 2,
indicate a kin-structured area of the cemetery, Central Sudan (P)
or alternatively, an area reserved for individuals
who are not native to the Dakhleh Oasis. The This contribution aims to assess the health and
results of the inter-regional comparison of trait disease of a small skeletal population from the
frequencies demonstrate an overall afinity multi-period site of Al Khiday 2 in Central Su-
with North African populations, especially with dan. Situated on the western bank of the White
several early Upper Egyptian and contempo- Nile, 35 km south of Khartoum, the site has
rary Lower Nubian groups. Despite these simi- been excavated since 2005 and has proved to be
larities, however, the Kellis assemblage remains one of the southernmost examples of Meroitic
relatively distinct in relation to the comparative burials in the Nile Valley. Radiocarbon and arte-
groups. This is consistent with a geographically fact dating has established that the Al Khiday 2
isolated population experiencing limited gene- Meroitic cemetery was in use ca. 100 BC to 200
low. AD. Macroscopic and radiographic analyses of
the 35 individuals so far excavated allows us to
Zeinab S. Hashesh draw a detailed picture of how an adverse and
increasingly arid living environment may have
Seasonality of Death at the Heit el Ghorab Cem- led to compromised health. While there was an
etery, Giza even number of male and female individuals,
more than half of the population died before
Though the reason for differing orientation of reaching adulthood and this might indicate a
burials may vary, the most common explana- high level of stress and ill adaptation leading
tion is that Egyptian burials were aligned with to the premature death of parts of the popula-
the sun. If we assume that graves were aligned tion. Health stress was also portrayed in low
intentionally according to the position on the adult stature with an average of 149 cm for fe-
horizon of the setting sun, then the incongru- males and 157 cm for males. Equally, evidence
ence in orientation are quite possibly due to the for non-speciic infectious disease and maxil-
different seasons during which the deceased lary sinusitis was common in adults and non-
were interred. The present study is a presenta- adults. Dental disease indicated a diet high in
tion of the results of the investigation of solar carbohydrates causing high dental caries rates.
burial orientation at the Heit el Ghorab (HeG) Trauma was found in form of healed fractures,
cemetery in Giza that was part of the author’s mainly to the ribs and small bones of the hand
and feet. These palaeopathological indings are serve as a proper template for the NGS tech-
compared to data from other contemporaneous nique thus opening new pathways of investiga-
and medieval skeletal populations from Sudan tion for future genome sequencing of ancient
to place the individuals from Al Khiday 2 into Egyptian individuals.
their bioarchaeological context.
Ghada Al-Khaif
Rabab Khairat, Markus Ball, Chun-
Chi Hsieh Chang, Raffaella Bianucci, Assessing Diet Quality Changes through the
Andreas G. Nerlich, Martin Trautmann, Elemental Analysis of Ancient Egyptians Bones
Somaia Ismail, Gamila M.L. Shanab, Amr (Qubbet el-Hawa Cemetery) Using LIBS
M. Karim, Yehia Z. Gad & Carsten M.
Pusch Calciied tissues as bones and teeth are consid-
ered to be the biological ‘archives’ of living or-
First Insights into the Metagenome of Ancient ganisms as they can contain the indicators of
Egyptian Mummies Using Next Generation their diet and the environmental conditions dur-
Sequencing ing their life. Bone chemistry studies e.g. trace
elements promotes the understanding of archeo-
Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology logical populations dietary behavior. In general,
was applied for the irst time on Egyptian mum- social, economic and belief systems of a society
mies to test the degree of information, which can be relected in food.
could be gained. Seven NGS datasets obtained Beneiting from the advantages of LIBS
from ive randomly selected Third Intermedi- technique, trace elements analysis of the arche-
ate to Graeco Roman Period Egyptian mummies ological bones excavated from Qubbet el Hawa
(806 BC-124 AD) and two unearthed pre-contact cemetery, Aswan is conducting in order to esti-
South-American skeletons were generated and mate the Sr/Ca ratio of two samples belonging
characterized. The datasets were compared to to the middle class and dated to the Middle
three recently published NGS datasets obtained Kingdom and the First Intermediate Period.
from cold climate regions, i.e. the Saqqaq, the The main argument against diagenesis was
Denisova hominid and the Alpine Iceman. the signiicant correlation between bone Sr/Ca
Analysis was done using one million reads of and Ba/Ca ratios. The Sr/Ca of the First Inter-
each newly generated or published dataset. mediate Period is signiically lower than that
Blastn and Megablast results were analyzed us- of the Middle Kingdom which was interpreted
ing MEGAN software. in the light of the point of view concerning
The NGS datasets showed variable contents the use of Sr/Ca ratio in paleodiet reconstruc-
of endogenous DNA harboured in tissues. Three tion as an indicator of the extent of calcium
of ive mummies displayed a human DNA pro- biopuriication and not as an indicator of the
portion comparable to the human read count plant/meat ratio. It is suggested that the very
of the Saqqaq permafrost-preserved specimen. low Sr/Ca of the First Intermediate Period may
Furthermore, a metagenomic signature unique be interpreted as a result of the introduction of
to mummies was displayed. Utilizing a ‘bacteri- unusual sorts of foods with low strontium or
al ingerprint’, discrimination among mummies high calcium levels during the years of famine.
and other remains from warm areas outside of Another possible cause is the consumption of
Egypt was possible. Plant kingdom representa- cereals imported from neighboring nomes.
tion in all mummy datasets was distinct, espe- These cereals may differ in their strontium
cially in comparison with cold climate samples content according to soil type. The Sr/Ca ratio
datasets, and could be partially associated with of the Middle Kingdom can be considered as
their use in embalming materials. In addition, a relection of an amelioration of political, cli-
NGS data encompassed Plasmodium falciparum matic, economic and social conditions. Thus,
and Toxoplasma gondii DNA sequences indicat- the Middle Kingdom Sr/Ca ratio relects the
ing the presence of malaria and toxoplasmosis consumption of typical Dynastic diet with no
in these mummies. need for exceptional sorts of foods, nor for the
We demonstrate that endogenous ancient import of cereals.
DNA can be extracted from mummies and
Iwona Kozieradzka-Ogunmakin Sandra Lösch, Estelle Hower-Tilmann &

Albert Zink
A Case of a Metastatic Carcinoma in an Old
Kingdom Skeleton from Saqqara Mummies and Skeletons from the Coptic Mon-
astery Complex Deir el-Bakhit in Thebes-West,
Bone tumours, both benign and malignant, Egypt (P)
have been identiied in a number of ancient
Egyptian skeletal remains. Another case comes Deir el-Bachit is the largest known Coptic mon-
from Burial 554 uncovered in one of the astery complex in Thebes-West. It dates to Late
shaft-tombs in the Old Kingdom necropolis Antiquity, between the 6th and the beginning
at Saqqara-West. This disturbed burial com- of the 10th c. AD. So far, at least 26 individuals
prised the skeletal remains of a female, aged from the site were analysed anthropologically.
50-60 years at the time of death. Macroscopic 22 of them were excavated directly in the ne-
examination of the remains revealed an ex- cropolis, the other four are special burials that
tensive osteolytic lesion in the neurocranium, were found at other locations nearby. Most in-
with osteoblastic reactions at the margin, and dividuals from the necropolis are male adults.
further smaller perforations surrounding the There are two categories of human remains:
lesion. Such lesions perforating both cortical ‘mummiied’ and ‘skeletonised.’ The differenc-
tables are characteristic of metastatic carcino- es are probably due to social stratiication. A
ma, a malignant neoplasm that could spread to substance similar to bitumen was found in the
bone directly from an adjacent soft tissue tu- mummies. In the Coptic era, resin containing
mour, or metastasise from a cancer of internal oils and bitumen were thought not to be used
organ. In the present case, the bone tumour is any more. Several special burials were found --
likely to be a metastasis from carcinoma of the one was an approximately three years old child
brain; however, a metastasis from carcinoma who was found enclosed within a wall. Another
of the breast should also be considered. The was a juvenile or young adult female who was
latter has been identiied as the most common found in the vault of an abandoned granary.
cause of metastatic bone disease in females, ac- She was most likely pregnant and fell victim to
cording to modern clinical studies. a violent crime. This is indicated by the bones
of a six months old foetus and an intravital
Roger Lichtenberg skull fracture. She was not contemporary from
the time the monastery was cultivated but was
Study of Growth Arrest Lines Upon Human later deposited here.
Remains from Kharga Oasis
Samia M. El-Merghani
Since 1982, almost 300 mummies and far more
numerous skeletal remains belonging to 3 cem- Bones Reveal Secrets: Ramose, an Egyptian
eteries of Kharga oasis (Douch, Ain el-Labakha Story
and El-Deir), have been studied through radiogra-
phy at the sites. The study of Growth Arrest Lines Eternity was the dream of all the ancient Egyp-
(GAL) was part of the whole work. These lines oc- tians, not only for wealthy people but also for low-
cur inside bones after a long disease or periods income ones. Mummiication was a way for the
of malnutrition. It is possible to see them only by wealthy to preserve their bodies to reach eternal
X-rays or with a microscope. The research was ini- life, while the common people were buried in the
tiated after I learnt of P.H.K. Gray’s work. dry/hot sand in desert, which was also their way
Gray found about 30 % of GAL in mummies. to preserve their bodies to reach the eternal life.
From the start, at Douch, it was astonishing to The study of human bones is an impor-
ind almost twice the number of GAL. It was tant source for information about the ancient
the same at Labakha and Deir, with some varia- population. From the traditional study of any
tions. GAL are undoubtedly connected with the skeleton, we are able to determine the sex of
standard of living, so they seem to be an excel- the person and estimate the age at the time of
lent criterion to evaluate health and social level death, cause of death and study of certain dis-
inside populations. eases. Moreover, some studies give attention
to the effect of stress and hard work in human sample two tissue biopsies and the associated
skeletons. wrappings.
But what of the common, poor people who In order to evaluate the conditions of tissue
were buried in the desert sand? Can we expect preservation, we irst subjected a small tissue
what were his dreams? What was the future of sample of presumed lung to histological exami-
his children? Was education one of the human nation. Following careful rehydration and em-
rights for the common people in ancient Egypt? bedding into parafin wax, typical alveolar struc-
Was there social mobility? tures were seen, with some diagenetic alterations
This paper tries to answer these questions but still suficiently well preserved to identify
by studying the skeletal remains of a common- the pulmonary tissue structure. This contained
er: Ramose. occasional small deposits of anthracotic coal pig-
ment, as frequently seen in pulmonary residues
Andreas G. Nerlich, Stephen Buckley, of ancient Egyptian mummies and most prob-
Joann Fletcher, Sara Caramello & ably due to the inhalation of particles from an
Raffaella Bianucci open ire. In addition, a very few small spots of
haemosiderin deposits suggest the presence of
An Interdisciplinary Study of the Mummiied siderophages, as seen in cases of chronic cardiac
Remains of the 18th Dynasty Oficial Nebiri (P) insuficiency. Lastly, the identiication of intraal-
veolar proteinaceous exudation might indicate
Following initial work by the University of that Nebiri also experienced acute heart failure
York’s Mummy Research Group with the Uni- of whatever cause.
versity of Turin and Fondazione Museo delle The samples from Nebiri’s head and canopic
Antichite Egizie of Turin in 2007, a long-term jar were also analysed by gas chromatography-
research project was set up to investigate the mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in order to chemi-
museum’s mummiied remains in detail. cally characterise the organic constituents used
In addition to the ongoing examination of in the embalming process of this non-royal 18th
the 18th dynasty tomb assemblage of Kha and Dynasty individual. The suggestion that some
Meryt, the Turin-York project has also begun to non-royal individuals were subject to minimal,
study other 18th Dynasty individuals, includ- if any, mummiication during the mid-18th Dy-
ing Nebiri, Chief of Stables during the reign of nasty makes this aspect of the study of particular
Thutmose III (1479-1424 BC). His tomb (QV interest, and signiicant for understanding funer-
30) was uncovered during the excavation cam- ary practices at this time.
paign carried out by Ernesto Schiaparelli in Following sample extraction and derivatisa-
the Valley of the Queens, Luxor, between 13th tion procedures, the samples from both the head/
February and the end of March 1904, and al- neck area and from the canopic jar containing
though most of the body was missing, Nebiri’s the lungs were then analysed using GC/MS. This
mummiied head and canopic equipment were revealed a complex mixture of an animal fat or
recovered from the tomb. Currently displayed plant oil, a balsam/aromatic plant, a diterpenoid
in the Fondazione Museo delle Antichite Egi- (coniferous) resin and a triterpenoid resin. The
zie of Turin (Room 3), they are now the subject inclusion of such non-native imported resins in
of multi-disciplinary examination, the initial the embalming materials employed for Nebiri is
results of which are presented in this paper. consistent with the high quality preservation of
Small samples of skin were taken from the his head and the fact he had been eviscerated.
left parietal area of Nebiri’s head (Suppl. 5109)
and from the remaining linen wrappings at Andreas G. Nerlich
the left side of the neck. Small samples of lin-
en wrappings and soft tissue were also taken Old and Middle Kingdom Cemeteries of Dashur:
from one of the four limestone canopic vessels Preliminary Paleopathological Investigations
(Suppl. 5111/01-02), each topped with a hu-
man-headed lid and inscribed with the name The anthropological and paleopathological
of one of the Four Sons of Horus. Since the examination of the human remains from
jar inscribed for Hapy, guardian of the lungs, cemeteries provide deep insights into the
was partly broken, it allowed direct access to population structure, its living conditions
and diseases. In an ongoing intense collabo- utilize bones and teeth, as these tissues are the
ration with Nicole Alexanian and Stephan most likely to survive in the archaeological re-
Seidlmayer, German Archaeological Institute cord. Where exceptional preservation exists,
Cairo and Free University Berlin, in the last as can be found in Egypt, soft tissues may also
few years I had access to a series of burials be available for inclusion in isotopic studies.
from the Old and Middle Kingdom cemeter- Analyses of stable isotopes from different tissue
ies in the area of Dashur that extend east of types within the same individual reveal dispa-
Snefru’s Red Pyramid. Location and type of rate isotopic values for a variety of physiologi-
shaft tombs suggest that the Old Kingdom cal and biological reasons, and these differences
burials may have harboured inhabitants have been used to study a number of topics,
from the Red Pyramid town while the Mid- primarily diet variation. However, the effects of
dle Kingdom tombs were presumably that of growth and development on these values are not
members of the residence elite. well understood, and large samples of well-pre-
The excavations revealed 38 individuals served juveniles are rarely available for analysis.
from Old Kingdom burials, 12 from Middle The skeletal collection of the Kellis 2 cemetery
Kingdom tombs and two Greco-Roman buri- (c. 100-360 AD), Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, presents a
als. All remains revealed good to even excel- rare opportunity to investigate such issues, due
lent preservation, with fairly complete skel- to the superb preservation of both adult and ju-
etons. venile remains. Utilizing data collected from the
The anthropological analysis showed in remains of 52 juveniles, this project examines
both populations a fairly balanced ratio be- how the distances between 13C values in bone
tween males and females, with an average age collagen, skin, hair, and nail vary between differ-
of death between the ages of 20 to 30, with ent age groups. Although spacing between tis-
few immature individuals. A signiicant num- sues was found to vary across all age categories,
ber of various diseases was detected which the distances between collagen and hair, collagen
included a broad range of lesions, such as and skin, and collagen and nail are all substan-
trauma, metabolic alterations, joint and verte- tially greater in the older juveniles than those in
bral degeneration, and dental pathologies. In the younger age categories. Possible physiologi-
two cases malignant tumours were identiied cal, developmental and social factors that may
and three individuals showed severe chronic lie behind the observed variation are presented.
osseous tuberculosis with typical angulation This research shows that, in addition to the gen-
of isolated vertebral bodies. This may suggest eral dietary variations that may be detected in
a signiicant infection rate by this chronic in- multiple tissues, an individual’s age must also be
fectious disease in the small population. considered as a potential factor in variations of
Two individuals from the Middle King- inter-tissue spacing.
dom were only 13-16 years old and one Mid-
dle Kingdom burial was a child of only seven Anna Pieri, Daniel Antoine & Renee
to nine years. The fact that these persons had Friedman
despite their youth the right to be buried in
single shafts close to the pyramid of Amen- Dwarism at Hierakonpolis: Two New Cases
emhat II shows that they inherited their so- from the Predynastic Elite Cemetery (HK6)
cial status.
Several examples of ancient Egyptian Achon-
Annie Laurie Norris, Lana Williams, droplastic dwarfs have been recovered from ar-
Tosha Dupras & Sandra Wheeler chaeological excavations. During the 2011 and
2012 seasons, two individuals with severe skel-
The Use of Multiple Tissues in Stable Isotope etal dysplasia, similar to Achondroplasia, were
Analysis: An Example from the Dakhleh Oasis found in the Predynastic Elite cemetery (HK6)
at Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt. Achondropla-
Stable isotope analysis is routinely used in sia is characterised by a shortness of stature and
bioarchaeology to investigate a variety of top- a proportionally large head with a protruding
ics, including diet reconstruction, weaning be- maxilla and a very prominent mental eminence
havior, and migration. These studies typically with wide mandibular rami. Changes also in-
clude short limbs with enlarged epiphyses, sociated with the mummy, and in the cofin in-
small ingers and a reduced thorax and pelvis. scriptions, the individual concerned is referred
The mid-shaft diameter of the long bones usu- to as a singer of the god Amun. However, one
ally remains unaffected, resulting in short but cannot be absolutely sure of this, as there are no
robust bones. The two individuals described inscriptions associated with the mummy itself.
here presented most of the skeletal changes as- The cofin has been approximately dated to the
sociated with Achondroplasia but the mid-shaft 21th Dynasty or slightly later (circa 1050-900
diameter of the long bones was also reduced, BC) although the exact date has not yet been
resulting in what appear to be miniature bones. established. The name of the owner is not men-
The long bone morphology of the Badari dwarf tioned in the cofin inscriptions. Seemingly, it
found by Brunton, casts of which are curated at was made for any woman of rank rather than
the Natural History Museum in London, shows for a speciic individual. The owner’s name
similar changes to the Hierakonpolis dwarfs: may have been recorded on the cofin lid; how-
small limbs with reduced mid-shaft diameters. ever, this has now unfortunately been lost or at
In contrast, two other incomplete skeletons held least separated from the base at some point in
at the Natural History Museum from the mor- history. During conservation attempts of the
tuary complex of Semerkhet at Abydos have mummy in 2011, a complete CT investigation
large mid-shaft diameters and appear to show was carried out. This revealed no evidence of
the more classical form of Achondroplasia. Ad- craniotomy, as well as more than 24 ribs indi-
ditional research is ongoing but the examples cating that more than one individual was rep-
from Hierakonpolis may have been affected by resented. Furthermore, post-mortem tooth loss
a different form of dysplasia or may simply re- was reported with the dislodged teeth visible
lect a previously unnoticed variation in Achon- intracranially and within the chest and abdomi-
droplasia. The presence of two examples of nal area. The skeletal elements represented ap-
such a rare condition in one elite cemetery once peared embedded from the head to the pelvis
again highlights the importance dwarfs appear and at the proximal femoral level within a in-
to have played in ancient Egyptian society. homogeneous mass consistent with sand. Very
little soft tissue was visible and disarticulations
Dario Piombino-Mascali, Lidija were also noted. Radiocarbon dating obtained
McKnight, Stephanie Panzer, Wilfried from analyses of linen removed from the wrap-
Rosendahl, Tadas Rutkauskas, Algirdas pings was compatible with the archaeological
Tamosiunas, Ramunas Valancius, dating of 21th Dynasty (2843 a BP +/- 27,1 = cal
Rimantas Jankauskas BC 1041-941). The authors propose two pos-
sible hypotheses: either the body was wrapped
The Egyptian Mummy from Kaunas: Is it a when the body had become partly skeletonized,
Fake? or that ancient linen was reused to produce a
fake mummy at some point in history to be sold
Important indings have recently been re- as a tourist souvenir. Scientiic analysis of this
vealed concerning a mummy in the collection mummy is ongoing in the hope of providing
of Marija Rudzinskaite-Arcimaviciene, the irst clariication to this mystery.
Lithuanian Egyptologist. From 1922 onwards,
she lectured at the Vytautas Magnus Univer- Mindy C. Pitre, Erika L. Davin, Holly
sity, Kaunas. As a consequence of her three vis- J. Hunold, Nancy Lovell & Maria C.
its to Egypt during the early 20th century she Gatto
amassed a small collection of Egyptian objects
which she bequeathed to the National Museum A Possible Case of Infantile Scurvy at Nag Qa-
of Art in 1940. The collection included a mum- rmila, Egypt (P)
my acquired from the Egyptian Museum in
Cairo during her 1924 trip, together with the in- The skeleton of a 1 year +/- 4 month old child
ner cofin, but without a lid. Although the exact was recovered from the Predynastic layers of a
provenance of the artefact is not known, it was settlement area at the site of Nag Qarmila in As-
reported to come from Thebes. According to wan, Egypt. Although no indication of cause of
Rudzinskaite-Arcimaviciene the cofin was as- death was observed, some abnormally porous
areas were noted on the humeri, radii, femora, females (41.5%). On the other hand, childhood
greater wings of the sphenoid, maxillae, man- stress was indicated in the individuals from Da-
dibular rami, and zygoma. While dificult to khleh, with 27% having enamel hyperplasia. The
discern between normal and abnormal porosity incidence of the defect was somewhat higher
in woven bone, the porotic lesions in this case among males (51.8%) than females (48.1%). Cal-
penetrate the cortical bone, and on long bones culus was also detected in the sample. The overall
extend well beyond 40 mm from the metaphy- incidence was 45.9% with no sex difference ob-
ses, rendering a diagnosis of abnormal porosity served. These results indicate a population with
possible. Such lesions have been attributed to a level of oral health that uses the dentition as
infantile vitamin C deiciency (scurvy) as well a tool and consumes diet that contains abrasive
as to other conditions caused by depleted fetal material and high proportion of starchy foods.
and maternal stores of vitamins and nutrients.
Suffering from a condition such as scurvy dur- Ladislava Horackova & Frank Rühli
ing the irst years of life would have led to a
compromised immune system and may have Human Remains from the Tomb of Meryneith at
contributed to this child’s early death. Saqqara
Moheb M. Shaaban & Tamer G. Rashed The tomb with bones studied belonged to an
18th Dynasty high priest at the temple of Aten
Oral Health of the Ancient People of Dakhleh in Memphis named Meryneith and his wife.
Oasis, Egypt (P) More substantial skeletal remains from burials
were discovered in 2002 in the underground
Dental health is an important indicator of oral shafts and mummy chambers of shaft I (a
health and of general health. The focus of this labyrinth of subterranean rooms and niches)
paper is the assessment of the oral health status and shaft II (Late Period shaft complex). Skel-
of a sample population of the Dakhleh Oasis, etal remains found in the individual chambers
Upper Egypt. This study group consisted of 198 and niches are incomplete; they are rather
skulls (97 males and 101 females) and 50 mandi- isolated bones. The deceased were probably
bles. The sample was recovered from Ein Tirghi buried here for centuries, so dating them is
cemetery, and dated back to 1070-404 BC. The very dificult. Paleopathological changes were
assessment indicated generally moderately poor found from nearly all main categories of dis-
oral health. Carious dentition was moderately eases except for malignant tumours. The most
high in the sample (51.1%), with almost equal often occurring paleopathological condition of
incidences for both males (48%) and females the spine was diagnosed as deforming spondy-
(51.9%). As expected, this defect was frequent in losis, forming osteophytic rims on the verte-
posterior teeth. On the other hand, alveolar ab- bral body margins. Almost all found fractures
scessing was observed in 44.4% of the sample, tended to heal well, except for six (from a to-
with males had signiicantly higher incidence tal of 66 found fractures) which were compli-
(56.8%) than females (43.12%). Dental attrition cated by osteomyelitis and/or posttraumatic
among the Dakhleh sample was considerably arthrosis, and two fractures affected by post-
high (87.8%) with equal incidences for males traumatic ankylosis. One case has been found
(50%) and females (50%). Similarly, incidence of of healed polytrauma, complicated by post-
periodontal disease was high (92.9%) in the pop- traumatic osteoarthrosis and osteomyelitis. As
ulation with almost equal incidences for males far as congenital anomalies are concerned, we
(48.8%) and females (52.1%). Consequently, the have focussed on the occurrence of spondylol-
observed incidence of tooth loss was also consid- ysis, sacralization of the last lumbar vertebra,
erably high (64.1%), with males had signiicantly and spina biida. Three cases of internal fron-
higher incidence (55.1%) than females (44.8%). tal hyperostosis (resulting from endocrine dis-
Occupational stress was not considerable as ob- eases) have been found in Meryneith’s burial
served by the patterns of dental attrition among complex. Some inlammation processes and
the Dakhleh sample. Only 26% of the individu- metabolic diseases have also been diagnosed.
als showed evidence of using dentition as a tool, A relatively high frequency of dental cysts has
with males had higher incidence (58.5%) than been found in the permanent dentitions. The
frequency of some post-cranial bone variants extended and contracted burials potentially
has been studied, too. All obtained knowledge suggest cultural changes occurring in the area
forms an information source for the compari- during the period of occupation of the site.
son of demographic and anthropometrical Applying a biocultural approach, we report
data of similar Egyptian burial-grounds. demographic and palaeopathological results
in combination with contextual archaeological
Frank Rühli, Michael Habicht & Abigail data in order to provide an insight into living
Bowman conditions in this region during the middle
and later Meroitic period. Several parameters,
Canopic Jars: A New Source for Old Questions including low mean statures and evidence of
infectious disease point towards the presence
Canopic jars and their contents are a major of signiicant environmental pressures affect-
part of the ancient Egyptian mummiication ing the people living at Berber.
tradition. Surprisingly, they have been widely This research project represents the irst
neglected for modern paleopathological analy- output of recent efforts undertaken by NCAM
ses. Very few histological and CT based stud- with the support of the British Museum and
ies exist. With advances of diagnostic imaging the Institute for Bioarchaeology to establish
as well as molecular technologies, the content bioarchaeological research and training of lo-
of canopic jars shall become a major research cal specialists in Sudan. All analyses were car-
object. ried out within the newly created research fa-
The aim of this presentation is two-fold: cilities at the National Museum in Khartoum,
Sudan.
1) The known illed canopic jars currently
stored in Egypt will be presented, such as Lisa Sabbahy
the canopic equipment of Heteperes I (4th
Dynasty), Hor I (13th Dynasty) or Kia (18th A Decade of Advances in the Palaeopathology
Dynasty); of the Ancient Egyptians
2) We raise some speciic research questions
that hint at the enormous potential of The study of human remains from ancient
canopic jar contents for future analyses of Egypt has made great strides in the last decade,
human remains in Egypt, including tissue for the most part due to advances in medical
identiication and pathologies by CT and engineering and biomolecular techniques.
histology or kinship analyses and matching Ancient DNA has been retrieved from bacte-
with ‘corresponding’ mummy by molecular ria, viruses and parasites, giving specialists an
techniques. entirely new method for recognizing disease.
For example, this has totally changed our per-
Mohamed Saad & Michaela spective on tuberculosis in ancient Egypt, not
Binder only concerning the extent of its presence in
the ancient Egyptian population, but in iden-
Bioarchaeology of the Berber Meroitic Cem- tifying the speciic Mycobacterium strains
etery causing the infection. Recent CT scan studies
have identiied atherosclerosis and heart dis-
This paper aims to present the irst results of ease as a signiicant problem among the upper
the bioarchaeological analysis of human re- class of ancient Egypt, particularly the priestly
mains excavated by the National Council of families. Also, the question of whether or not
Antiquities and Museum of Sudan (NCAM) cancer is an ‘old disease’ has been brought up
at the Meroitic cemetery at Berber (2nd-Third again because of the recent MDCT identiica-
c. AD), Central Sudan. The site, located on the tion of metastatic prostate cancer in an Egyp-
east bank of the Nile, was investigated prior tian mummy. This paper will present an over-
to construction work in 2009 and 2012, with view of recent discoveries in ancient Egyptian
34 single and multiple burials of adults and paleopathology, made both in medical studies
children being excavated so far. Funerary cus- and excavations in the ield.
toms employed in the cemetery including both
Bonnie M. Sampsell Sergey V. Vasilyev
Resolving a Mummy Mismatch (P) Cranilogical Study of Medieval Copts from

Deir el-Banat necropolis, Egypt. Preliminary
The Wayne County Historical Museum in Rich- Results (P)
mond, IN (USA) owns an Egyptian mummy
in a decorated wooden cofin. The cofin and The study focuses on the skeletal remains of the
its mummy were purchased by the museum’s early medieval Copts from the monastic site of
founder, Mrs. William Gaar, from the Cairo Deir el-Banat in Fayum Oasis (Egypt). The mon-
antiquities dealer, E. Hatoun, on her trip to astery of Deir el-Banat is located south-west from
Egypt in 1929. The design of the cofin allows Faiyum and functioned from the 4th to 8th c.
it to be dated to the early 22nd Dynasty with AD. Beginning from the early Middle Ages the
conidence. Cofins of this type were made in most of the Copts lived densely near monaster-
great quantities for the priestesses at the The- ies and monastic cemeteries were common for
ban Temple of Amun (Karnak). The mummy the local Christian population, where they were
has no distinguishing mummiication features buried, often with lavish textiles. In the Middle
that would allow it to be dated. X-rays revealed Ages the tombs of the necropolis near the ruins
that the bones are disarticulated and disar- of Deir el-Banat monastery were looted and dam-
ranged. An experienced Egyptian physical an- aged and the moving sands turned this cemetery
thropologist studied photos of the skull, which almost into ossuary. Our research was conducted
is unwrapped, and concluded that the mummy in conjunction with the Centre for Egyptological
belonged to a man. Mis-matches of gender or Studies of the RAS in 2003- 2010.
period between mummies and their cofins are Fifty-three skulls (29 male and 24 female)
fairly common in museums around the world were studied according to the full craniology
with many of them arising from efforts of 19th programme. This research will allow us to
Century dealers to make up attractive combina- understand whether the sample consists en-
tions. Two lines of evidence now suggest that tirely of the indigenous population or if any
the Wayne County combination of cofin and migration had taken place there. In this paper
mummy was ancient: irst, the presence of an we present the results of the study of the au-
intact set of tenons shows that the cofin was thentic Coptic skulls. One case of trepanation
opened carefully (probably by employees at in the sagittal suture and one case of chopped
Hatoun, rather than by tomb robbers) and sec- wounds, also in the sagittal suture were scored.
ond, carbon dating of samples of the mummy In both cases individuals stayed alive and lived
and its bandages are consistent with the date of after injury. A single case of strongly neglected
the cofin’s manufacture arguing against a re- otitis, which caused most likely the total deaf-
burial or recycling of funerary goods. ness, was noted. The porosis of upper palate,
which more likely is due to a lack of calcium
Eugene Strouhal in the diet, was scored very often. Three cases
of the syphilitic plaques, few and solid, on the
People of Sayala (Nubia) During the Late skull were identiied. In all three cases, if there
Roman-Early Byzantine Period was a syphilitic disease, individuals died in the
early stage of the disease’s development.
The site of Sayala was excavated by the Austrian The male skull from the Deir el-Banat ne-
mission to Egyptian Nubia as part of the Inter- cropolis was medium size in length, width and
national Action of Safeguarding Nubian Monu- height, dolichocranial. Most skulls were ovoid.
ments of UNESCO. Beside several archaeological The nose is rather short and enough narrow, in
publications, an anthropological one concerning terms of symotic width and height - strongly
the C-Group and Pan Grave Culture was pub- protruding. The parameters of the frontal and
lished by Strouhal and Jungwirth (1984). After occipital bone are mid-level. With a relatively
a delay caused by political and professional rea- small bizygomatic diameter, the face has mid-
sons, a second volume dealing with Late Roman- dle width and height sizes. The shape of the
Early Byzantine Period has been currently pre- orbit is close to the round with lowered lateral
pared; this paper presents some of the results. edge. The naso-malar and zygo-maxillary an-
gles are small, indicating that means that hori- the methods of palaeopathology, the study of
zontal face proile is expressed. ancient disease. Dental palaeopathology, as a
The female skull from the same cemetery is sub-discipline of palaeopathology, can provide
long, medium width and height, mesocranial, but vital insights into the lives of past peoples. It
has a tendency to dolichocranial ones. The skull can add a new dimension to the knowledge we
shape is the most often ovoid, though rhomboid can gain about the past. In skeletal remains of
skulls can be seen. Sizes of frontal and occipital ancient populations, evidence of dental pathol-
bones are medium at the world scale. The face ogy is often well preserved in the form of le-
is more narrow, bizygomatic diameter is small, sions on the teeth. Meticulous, detailed record-
the upper facial height is middle-sezed. The nose ing of these lesions provides baseline data on
is narrow, rather short, and strongly protruding. which a realistic assessment can be made of
The orbits are small in size and round in shape. the probable impact of dental diseases and its
The naso-malar and zygo-maxillary angles dem- sequelae on health of these earlier populations.
onstrate expressed horizontal face proile. Through dental studies palaeopathologist are
Thus, we can say that studied craniological able to extract an extensive record of the life
material belonged to Caucasoid and, most likely, of an individual, presenting insights into the
a homogeneous group. Further analysis of the stresses, diets and occupations which an indi-
material is related to the comparative studies vidual and or population may have dealt with
that will help us to understand the origins of this during their lives.
group. The purpose of the current paper is to show
the validity of different aspects of dental stud-
Paula A Veiga, Claudia Rodrigues- ies as enamel defects, dental wear, dental cal-
Carvalho & Sabina Malgora culus, dental stress indicators, occupation and
dietary reconstruction in the life reconstruc-
Human Remains Found in TT 37: A Preliminary tion and bioarchaeological study of the ancient
Survey (P) Egyptians.
The communication comprises the irst over- Tamer M. Abdel Wahab

view of the human remains recovered in the fu-
nerary complex of Harwa (TT 37) and Akhime- Keeping Ahead of Time: Practicing Dentistry in
nru (TT 404). It is a result of two short stays on Ancient Egypt (P)
the spot (2009 and 2012). The work was carried
out to evaluate the condition of the remains and The torment of toothache is something all the
possibilities for scientiic studies. A preliminary humans have in common. Dentistry has been
survey, together with a rough evaluation of the around for almost as long as people have had
minimal number of individuals, was carried on. teeth and dental problems, nevertheless evi-
The guidelines to follow in the next researches dence for dentistry in archeological context
were also established. The study of the human is an entirely different matter. Judging from
remains from excavations in the funerary com- existing archaeological evidence the antiquity
plex of Harwa and Akhimenru is mainly aimed of dentistry can be divided into three classes:
at the archaeological needs of the research in
the ield above all absolute dates but can also Class I: consist of the therapeutic or purely
provide important information about diseases, medical methods of combatting dental af-
mortuary practices, and activities of robbers fections;
through the ages. Class II: convenience retentive procedures or
that type of dental art which has for its ob-
Tamer M. Abdel Wahab ject the retaining of natural dental organs
when the ravages of disease would other-
Contribution of Dental Studies to the Bioarchae- wise have caused their loss;
ology of Ancient Egypt (P) Class III: is the highest grade of development
reached in ancient dentistry: it introduces
Anthropologists often obtain data on health, dis- true dental treatment and prosthesis, that
ease, and death from ancient populations using is, the art of applying solid medical and bio-
mechanical bases for treatment and substi- Roxie Walker, Salima Ikram & Betsy
tution for dental organs. Bryan
According to a systematic review of all stud- An Extraordinary Interment Found in Early New
ies performed on Egyptian mummies pub- Kingdom Luxor
lished since 1977 when computed tomography
was irst applied to ancient Egyptian mum- In January 2011, Ms. Walker was asked by proj-
mies, 18 percent of all mummies in case reports ect director Betsy Bryan to clear a lexed burial
showed a nightmare array of dental diseases from the industrial section of the Mut Temple
(worn teeth, periodontal diseases, abscesses complex at Karnak in Luxor. The ceramics close
and cavities. The current research addresses to the body indicate a late Second Intermediate
the questions of whether a dental profession or early 18th Dynasty date. Initial examination
existed in ancient Egypt and gives examples of of the partly-exposed body indicated that it lay
the archaeological evidence of dentistry in the on its left side, the head to the North, facing
ancient Egyptian antiquity with special empha- North. The knees, although tightly lexed, were
sis on the medical and biomechanical aspects not to the front of the body and thus pointing
of the dental treatments compared to modern approximately North, but actually pointing to
dental practice. the South. Over the following days, the body’s
posture became increasingly interesting, as ex-
Afaf Wahba pected elements (arm, shoulder, iliac crest of the
presumed upper side) did not appear where one
The Teti Cemetery Excavations might have expected to see them. Unfortunately,
work was interrupted by early closure of the ex-
The Teti funerary complex is located in Saqqa- cavation due to political developments in Cairo.
ra to the northeast of the step pyramid and the When we returned to the site in June 2011,
funerary complex of King Djoser. The site has the authors were able to fully excavate this indi-
been under excavation by an Egyptian mission vidual, revealing that it lay in an unprecedent-
directed by Zahi Hawass and Hakim Karar since ed position, covered and surrounded by large
2006, and to date approximately 100 burials amounts of pottery including sherds originat-
have been unearthed, ranging in date from the ing from Nubian -made pots). The position of
Late Period (664-332 BC) in the later phases of the body and its arrangement allowed the au-
the cemetery, to the reign of king Teti (c. 2345- thors to posit the individual’s cause of death.
2181 BC), the founder of the 6th Dynasty, in the The skeleton, much of it excavated en bloc, was
phase related to the Old Kingdom structures. removed to the site storehouse. Detailed analy-
Some of these burials were in situ, and some sis of this individual took place in early June
were disturbed by later activity at the site. The this year, and the results of this work are to be
osteological analysis of the burials is ongoing. presented at this conference.
In 2008, the tem discovered a small pyramid
in an area of the cemetery directly associated Lana Williams, Annie Laurie Norris &
with the pyramid of King Teti. While a car- Tosha Dupras
touche or other means of positively identifying
the owner of this pyramid is yet to be found, The Long and Short of It: Biomechanical Effects
it has been suggested that the tomb may be of Leg Length Disparity from a Tibial/Fibular
that of queen Sesheshet, the mother of King Fracture
Teti and grandmother of the 5th Dynasty king
Pepi I. Though the pyramid had been looted in Although various treatments for major frac-
antiquity, human remains and other funerary tures of the leg are known from the preserved
items were found in the sarcophagus still pres- medical texts of ancient Egypt, most individu-
ent in the burial chamber. This paper will cover als who received care may have still suffered
the general indings of the Teti cemetery exca- from long-term effects such as chronic pain,
vations as well as the burial thought to belong weakness, neuromuscular imbalance, or skel-
to the queen. etal deformity. Among the skeletal remains
recovered from the Middle Kingdom period
tombs (ca. 2055-1650 BC) in the lood plains of Acknowledgement

Deir al-Bersha, Egypt, one individual, an adult
male approximately 35 years in age, exhibited The conference organisers would like to thank
a well-healed fracture of the tibial plafond and the Wenner-Gren, the American University
distal ibula. As a result of these fractures, how- in Cairo, the Institute for Bioarchaeology, the
ever, the individual also suffered a 3.5 cm fore- American Research Center in Egypt, André J.
shortening of the left leg. Asymmetrical skel- Veldmeijer, Laurie Obbink, Djodi Deutsch, Jane
etal indications, from the calcanae through to Smythe, Mahmoud Tawik, Ariel Singer, Darcy
the irst and second cervical vertebrae and the Hackley, Kenaya Camacho, Nicholas Brown,
mandible, point toward a reduced dorsilexion Emmy Malak, Amy Wilson, Nathalie Marquez,
and continual circumduction of the limb when Emily Layton, Taylor Woodcock, Richard Hoath,
walking to compensate for the foreshorten- Nicholas Warner, and Shirin Ikram for their
ing of the leg. This form of movement would help in making this conference an actuality.
cause an abnormal gait and biomechanical cor-
recting for oppositional torso shift to maintain 3rd Edition Published: 19 January 2013
balance through the gait cycle. In addition, the
abnormal pelvic tilt caused arthritic changes Copyright © 2003-2013 PalArch
in the hips and spine, knee and shoulder joint Foundation
pain formation of bone spurs on calcaneae
and could have possibly resulted in associated The author retains the copyright, but agrees
neck pain and misalignment of the temporal- that the PalArch Foundation has the exclusive
mandibular joint. This case study emphasizes right to publish the work in electronic or other
the need to investigate beyond the trauma of formats. The author also agrees that the Found-
the fracture itself and holistically consider pos- ation has the right to distribute copies (electro-
sible long-term behavioral and biomechanical nic and/or hard copies), to include the work in
effects that could result in a reduced quality archives and compile volumes. The Foundation
of life. will use the original work as irst published at
www.PalArch.nl.
Sonia R. Zakrzewski The author is responsible for obtaining
the permission of the use of illustrations (dra-
Egyptian Bioarchaeology and Ancient Identities wings, photographs or other visual images)
made by others than the author. The author
Bioarchaeology in Egypt has frequently focussed can be requested to submit proof of this per-
upon one site or one aspect of health and dis- mission to the PalArch Foundation. Pdf texts
ease. This paper develops from these excellent (papers and proceedings) are free to download
foundations, and demonstrates the potential of on the conditions that each copy is complete
integrative research into skeletal and mummi- and contains the PalArch copyright statement;
ied human remains and its use in further devel- no changes are made to the contents and no
oping and modifying current ideas as to social charge is made. The downloaded (and/or prin-
identities within Egypt. The paper debates the ted) versions of PalArch publications may not
theoretical aspects of archaeological identity and be duplicated in hard copy or machine reada-
personhood. Biological expressions of identity ble form or reproduced photographically, and
are analysed and discussed, and the interactions they may not be redistributed, transmitted,
with Egyptological expressions of identity are translated or stored on microilm, nor in elec-
then evaluated. Studies of Egyptian identity have tronic databases other than for single use by
included aspects of ethnicity, gender roles and the person that obtained the ile. Commercial
disability. This paper attempts to demonstrate use or redistribution can only be realised after
the biological expression and interplay of these consultation with and with written permission
multiple strands of identity within past Egyptian of the PalArch Foundation.
populations.
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PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 10(1) (2013)

Time January 31 February 1 February 2

KEY-NOTE LECTURE doing here?” I describe my personal adventures

ARCHAEOBOTANY The work is aimed at modeling the criteria

Mennat-Allah El Dorry use of cereal crop processing waste as fodder

impossible, as no pollen is preserved; the same Christian T. de Vartavan

1) An established standard from the United Nicole B. Hansen

Cancer, a Disease of Modern Industrial Society? Ahmed M. Gabr

of age, while dental eruption points to an even Stacy L. Hackner

Iwona Kozieradzka-Ogunmakin Sandra Lösch, Estelle Hower-Tilmann &

Bonnie M. Sampsell Sergey V. Vasilyev

Resolving a Mummy Mismatch (P) Cranilogical Study of Medieval Copts from

The communication comprises the irst over- Tamer M. Abdel Wahab

tombs (ca. 2055-1650 BC) in the lood plains of Acknowledgement

•Be a part of the largest annual gathering of

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