Writing the report / assignment

Harvard Referencing Style

Examples of bibliography entries

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Article: Periodical, vol & number Databse - Abstract

Article: Periodical, seasonal Dictionary
Article: Magazine
Article: Newspaper - Author Encyclopedia - Author indicated
Article: Newspaper - No author Encyclopedia - Author not indicated

Book: Corporate author Government publications:

Book: Single author
Book: Multiple authors
Book: Multiple author - using full name in bibliography Departments
Book: No author Laws
Book: Chapter from a book
Book: Edition other than first Internet
Book: Editor(s) Interview
Book: Review - Anonymous
Book: Review - Author Legal cases
Book: Two items by the same author in the same year
Brochures
Publisher: A society

Conference proceedings Secondary source (one source cited in another)

Correspondence
Course notes Telephone conversation
Television Broadcast
Thesis and dissertations

Video

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 Writing the report / assignment
Harvard Referencing Style

Article: Periodical - journal has a volume number and an issue number

Author. Date. Title of article. Title of journal, volume of journal (number of issue):page reference, date
of issue.

Harvard a) KRUGER, J.P. 1988. Sexism in advertising. Communicare,

7(3):12-15, March 11.

* b) KLIMOSKI, R., & PALMER, S. 1993. The ADA and the hiring
process in organisations. Consulting psychology journal: practice
and research, 45(2):10-36.

Notes  A journal article indicating journal title, volume (=7), issue

number (=3), page numbers (=12-15) and date (=March
11).
 NB. The title of the journal is italicised, NOT the title of
the article.
 Example b: In-text referencing: (Klimoski & Palmer,
1993:13)

Examples marked * from: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. (1994). 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: American
Psychological Association.

Article: Periodical - journal has a seasonal date

Author. Date. Title of article. Title of journal, volume or number of issue: page reference, Season.

Harvard LEE, S.T. 1986. The semantics of advertising. Psychology today,

19:34-37, Fall.
Notes The season "Fall" follows the page reference.

Article: Magazine (magazine = popular literature)

Author. Date. Title of article. Title of journal, volume or number of issue: page reference.

Harvard Posner, M. I. 1993. Seeing the mind. Science, 262:673-674, Oct

29.

Notes In-text referencing: Posner (1993:A12)

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Article: Newspaper - Author (name of reporter/author is known)
Author. Date. Title of article. Title of newspaper: page reference, Month and day.

Harvard STEWART, M.T. 1988. Should privatisation prosper? SAA in the

year 1990. The Argus: 3, May 17.

Notes  Title of the newspaper in italics.

 The day of the month follows the page reference.
 The title of newspaper is followed by a colon, unless the
volume or issue number is known. Treat like a magazine
or journal.

Article: Newspaper - anonymous (no name of reporter/author)

Title of article. Date. Title of newspaper: page reference, Month and day.

Harvard New drug appears to sharply cut the risk of death from heart
failure. 1993. The Washington post: A12. July 30.

Notes  In text referencing: ("New drug", 1993: A12)

 Title of the newspaper in italics.
 Give the correct title of newspaper, e.g. The Argus (not
only Argus).
 The day of the month follows the page reference.
 The title of newspaper is followed by a colon, unless the
volume or issue number is known. Treat like a magazine
or journal.

Book: Corporate author

Author. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.

Harvard a) SANLAM. 1998. Annual report: 1998. Bellville: Sanlam.

b) Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992, February). Source

of health insurance and characteristics of the uninsured (Issue
Brief No. 123). Washington, DC:
Notes  When an organisation "writes" a book it is known as the
corporate author.
 Example a:
 Sanlam is the name of an organisation.
 Sanlam is also the publisher.
 The date of the annual report is also part of the title.
 Example b:
 The personal author (if there is one) is
subordinate to the organisation.

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Book: Single author
Author. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.

Harvard CHASE, Jennifer A. 1979. Advertising: the hits and myths. New
York: Doubleday.
Notes  The subtitle: a colon after the title, space and then the
subtitle.
 The subtitle starts with a lower case letter (...: the hits..)

Book: Multiple authors

Authors. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.

Harvard a) HENDERSON, R.S., SMITH, P.G., ROSSITER, I. & KING,

P.Q. 1987. The tenets of moral philosophy. New York: Van
Nostrand.

Note  The ampersand (&) before the last name

 NB. Your textual reference would read: (Henderson et al.,
1987:64). However do not use "et al" in your bibliography.

Book: Multiple authors

Authors. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.

Harvard a) Van Schalkwyk, R., Lotter, B.C. & Van Wyk, C.S. 1986.
Language communication. Cape Town:ABC Publishers.

b)HENDERSON, R.S., SMITH, P.G., ROSSITER, I. & KING,

P.Q. 1987. The tenets of moral philosophy. New York:Van
Nostrand.
Notes

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Book: No author
Title. Date. Place: Publisher.

Harvard Advertising in the Western Cape. 1990. Cape Town: ABC

Publishers.

Notes When no author is known, start with the title.

Book: Chapter from a book with different contributors

Authors. Date. Title: subtitle of the chapter. (In Editors of book (eds.), Title of book. Place: Publisher.
Page references.)

Harvard a) BJORK, R. A. 1989. Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive

mechanism in human memory. (In Roediger H.L. III & Craik,
F.I.M. (eds.), Variety of memory & consciousness. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum. p. 309-330.)

b) PUTTNAM, R.A. 1981. The place of values in a world of facts.

(In Duff, A. & Smithson, W.O., (eds). The nature of the physical
universe. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 124-139.)
Notes  You have consulted a chapter of the book. The chapter is
by one person (or more) and the book by another (or
more).
 The title of the book is in italics, NOT the title of the
chapter.
 NJ = State of New Jersey in the USA.
 Bibliographic detail of the book starts with a round
bracket before the "In".
 Name(s) of author(s) of book is given in inverted format
(Last name, First Name)
 The III that follows the name of Roediger indicates that
this H.L. Roediger is the third generation.

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Book: Edition other than the first
Authors. Date. Title: subtitle. Edition. Place: Publisher.

Harvard a) BRUNNER, H. 1972. Hieroglyphic writing: the Egyptian legacy.

3rd rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

b) MITCHELL, T. R, & LARSON, J. R. 1987. People in

organizations: an introduction to organizational behavior. 3rd ed.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Notes  Subtitle: separated from the title with a colon.
 The first word of the subtitle starts with a lower case
letter.
 The title ends with a full stop before the edition
statement.

Book: Editors (or compilers)

Authors. Date. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.

Harvard GARDNER, B.P. & SMITH, G. (eds). 1984. Child psychology: an

introductory guide for parents and teachers. Harmondsworth:
Penguin.
Notes  Ampersand (&) before the last name.
 (eds). following the names.
 Lower case e in 'eds'.
 The first word of the subtitle starts with a lower case
letter (an...).

Book: Review - Anonymous (no author)

Anon. Date. Title of the book being reviewed, Author of book. Reviewed in: Title of journal review is
published in, Issue:Page reference, Date of issue.

Harvard ANON. 1997. The beach, by Alex Garland. Reviewed in:

Publishers weekly, 243:39, December 2.

Notes  Alex Garland has written the book with the title The
beach.
 An anonymous person wrote a review of the book in the
journal with the title Publishers Weekly.
 Both the title of the book and the title of the journal are in
italics.

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Book: Review - Author of review indicated
Author of the review. Date. Title of the book being reviewed, Author of book. Reviewed in: Title of
journal review is published in, Issue:Page reference, Date of issue.

Harvard REAGAN, M. 1997. The beach, by Alex Garland. Reviewed in:

Village voice, 42:56, March 11.

Notes  Alex Garland has written the book with the title The
beach.
 M Reagan wrote a review of the book in the journal with
the title Village voice..
 Both the title of the book and the title of the journal are in
italics.

Book: Two items by same author in the same year

Authors. Date(a). Title, Place: Publisher. (Qualification).

Harvard PRINGLE, Gillian S. 1982a. The allegorical novels of J.M.

Coetzee. Grahamstown: Rhodes University. (PhD thesis).

PRINGLE, Gillian S. 1982b. Aspects of style in the novels of

J.M. Coetzee. College English, 35(6):34-41, September.

Notes  The date is followed by and "a" or a "b".

 The items are alphabetical by title: The allegorical ...
files before Aspects...
 "The" is ignored in filing.

Brochures
Name of organisation that produced the brochure. Date. Title of brochure. edition. [Brochure]. Author.

Harvard Research and Training Center on Independent Living. 1993.

Guidelines for reporting and writing about people with disabilities.
4th ed. [Brochure]. Lawrence, KS: Author.

Notes  The author, K.S. Lawrence is subordinate to the

company / organisation that produced the brochure.
 The format is given in square brackets at the end of the
entry.
 In-text referencing: ("Research and Training Center",
1993:1)

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Conference proceedings
Author. Date. Title of paper. Title of published document, Place and date of conference, page
reference(s), Place (of publication): Publisher.

Harvard TRUTER, Mavis. 1994. The role of the court interpreter in the
new South Africa. Proceedings of the 1994 Conference of the
South African Institute of Translators, Bloemfontein, 18-23 June
1994, pp. 46-59. Johannesburg: The Institute.
Notes  Published conference proceedings. Cite only the paper
read by Truter.
 Title of the paper: The role of the court...
 Title of the published volume: Proceedings...

Correspondence
Author of the letter. Date. Description of the type of correspondence, Date of correspondence. [Note
of location of the original document]

Harvard THERON, C. 1997. Letter to the Town Clerk of Stellenbosch, 5

May. [Original copy in records of the Town Council of
Stellenbosch.]
Notes

Course notes
Author. Date. Title: sub-title. Place: Name of Institution. [Indicate that these are course notes]

Harvard VAN ASWEGEN, E.S. 2000. English literature: from Beowulf to

Virginia Woolf. Cape Town: Cape Technikon. [Course notes.]
Notes

Database abstract
Author. Date. Title of article in the journal. Title of journal, volume (number of issue): page reference.
[name of database and reference number of abstract]

Harvard UNDERWOOD, M. 1998. The role of anti-oxidants in cancer of

the colon. The lancet, 135(3):34-45. [Abstract in the MEDLINE
database, ref. no. 98453765.]
Notes  The title of the journal in which the full article has been
published (The lancet) is in italics.
 The name of the database and the reference number of
the database is given in square brackets.

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Dictionary
Title: subtitle. Edition. Date. Place: Publisher.

Harvard a) Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. 10th ed. 1993.

Springfield, MA.: Merriam-Webster.

b) Shorter Oxford dictionary. 9th ed. 1993. Oxford: OUP.

Notes  The position of the date - it follows the title and the
edition.
 Merriam-Webster is a publisher.
 MA - the state of .... in the United States of America. It is
customary to follow place names in the USA with the
abbreviation for the state. Click here for a list of
abbreviations for the states.
 The use of OUP - the accepted abbreviation for Oxford
University Press. (In the same way CUP is the accepted
form for Cambridge University Press.

Encyclopaedia - Author indicated

Author. Date. Title article. Title of encyclopaedia, volume of encyclopaedia, page reference.

Harvard LESSING, B.P. 1985. Nuclear energy. McGraw-Hill encyclopedia

of science and technology, 12:127-129.
Notes NB. The title of the encyclopedia is in italics, NOT the title of the
article.

Encyclopaedia - Author not indicated

Anon. Date. Title article. Title of encyclopaedia, volume of encyclopaedia, page reference.

Harvard ANON. 1983. Medieval manuscripts. Encyclopedia Americana,

14:346-347.
Notes  An anonymous (no author) article in an encyclopaedia.
 Because the encyclopaedia is so well known, place of
publication and name of publisher are not necessary.
 The title of the encyclopaedia is in italics, NOT the title
of the article.
 14 = the number of the volume in the set.
 346-347 = the page numbers in volume 14.

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Government publications:

Departments
Correct name of country. Name of department. Date. Title. Place: Publisher.

Harvard SOUTH AFRICA. Department of Home Affairs. 1980. Guidelines

for chairmen of publications committees. Pretoria: Government
Printer.
Notes  The official name of the country is the entry element.
 Give the full name of the department.
 Publisher will be the official printer/publisher for the
government of that country, e.g.
 South Africa: Government Printer
 UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office -
HMSO
 USA: US Government Printing Office

Government Publications:

Laws
Name of country (jurisdiction). Date. Author. Date. Title of act. Place: Pblsiher. [Laws.]

Harvard SOUTH AFRICA. 1982. Atomic Energy Act, No 92 of 1982.

Pretoria: Government Printer. [Laws.]
Notes  The official name of the country is the entry element.
 Give the full name of the department.
 Title of the act is in italics

Internet
Author. Date (last updated). Title of website. [Online]. Available: URL (Internet address). [Date you
accessed the site].

Harvard McKIERNAN, G. 1996. Project Aristotle(sm): automated

caterogization of Web resources. [Online]. Available:
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~CYBERSTACKS/Aristotle.htm [4
September 1996]
Notes

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Interview
Name of person interviewed. Date. Description of interview with day, month and year. [format]

Harvard a) SMUTS, Dene. 1987. Interview with the author on 4 August

1987. Cape Town. [Cassette recording in possession of author]

b) SCHAIE, K.W. 1993. [Personal communication]. April 18.

Notes  Example a: You have interviewed Dene Smuts and have
taped the interview.
 Example b: You have had a personal conversation with
K.W. Schaie.

Legal cases

Harvard Avex Air (Pty) Ltd. v Borough of Vryheid 1973(1) SA 617 (A)

Notes  Format: Name vs Name, Volume Source Page (Court

Date)
 In text referencing: Avex Air (Pty) Ltd. v Borough of
Vryheid (1973)
 Legal cases are reported in the South African Law
Reports
 1973(1) = the year and the volume of the SA Law
Reports
 SA = a South African case
 A = Appeal Court

Publisher: Society.
Author. Date. Title:sub-title. Place: Publisher.

Harvard ROWSE, Mildred K., (ed.). 1985. The librarian's guide to the use
of AACR2. London: Library Association.

Notes

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Secondary source (one source cited in another source)
Author. Date. Title: Sub-title. Journal Title, Volume: Page references.

Harvard COLTHEART, M., CURTIS, B., ATKINS, P., & HALLER, M. 1993.
Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-
processing approaches. Psychological review, 100: 589-608.

Notes  A study was done by Seidenberg and McClelland.

 Coltheart et al later refers to this study in their article titled
"Models of reading aloud..." (The study is cited in
Coltheart et al.).
 The secondary source (the second source) should be
given in the reference list.
 When the cited work (the first work) was not read then
the in-text reference will look like this:

Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart,

Curtin, Atkins & Haller, 1993) confirmed that ...

Telephone conversation

Harvard SCHAHIE, K. W. (personal communication. April 18, 1993).

Notes  You had a conversation with K.W. Schahie.

Television broadcast
Name of producer. (Title of producer). Date. Title programme. Place: Broadcast service. Month and
day.

Harvard The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. 1993. New York and Washington,
DC: Public Broadcasting Service. Oct 11.
Notes  Entry is under the title of the programme.
 The title of the programme is in italics.

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Theses and dissertations
Author. Date. Title of article. Title: subtitle. Place: Academic institution. Degree. [format if other than
print]

Harvard a) POTGIETER, R.S. 1983. Die advertensiewese in Suid-Afrika:

'n kritiese ondersoek. Pretoria: UNISA. (M Com-verhandeling).
[Mikrofiche]

b) ALMEIDA, D. M. 1990. Father's participation of family work:

consequences for father's stress and father-child relations. British
Columbia, Canada. University of Victoria. (MA-thesis.)
Notes  In example a you used the microfiche copy of the thesis -
the format is given in square brackets at the end of the
entry.
 Use the language of the publication - if the thesis is in
Afrikaans, give the bibliographic detail in Afrikaans; if it is
in English, give the bibliographic detail in English.

Video
Title: subtitle. Date. Place: Publisher. [format]

Harvard a) The interview game. 1985. London: BBC. [Video recording]

b) Silent hunter. 1986. Producer, John Varty; director, Duncan

McLachlan. s.l: Londolozi Productions. 1 videocassette (VHS) (49
mins). [Video recording]
Notes  The format [video recording] is placed at the end of the
entry in square brackets.
 Example a shows the minimum information required.
 Example b shows an entry with full bibliographic detail

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