Volume (mL)

required to
Molarity Normality make 1000 mL
Concentrated Reagents Density
(M) (N) solution:
1M 1N
Acetic acid 99.5% 1.05 17.4 17.4 57.5 57.5
Ammonia 35% 0.880 18.1 18.1 55.3 55.3
Ammonia 25% 0.910 13.4 13.4 74.6 74.6
Hydrochloric acid 36% 1.18 11.65 11.65 85.8 85.8
Hydrochloric acid 32% 1.16 10.2 10.2 98.0 98.0
Hydrofluoric acid 40% 1.13 22.6 22.6 44.2 44.2
Nitric acid 70% 1.42 15.8 15.8 63.3 63.3
Perchloric acid 60% 1.54 9.2 9.2 108.7 108.7
Perchloric acid 70% 1.67 11.6 11.6 86.2 86.2
Orthophosphoric acid 85% 1.7 15.2 45.6 65.8 21.9
Sodium hydroxide 47% 1.5 17.6 17.6 56.7 56.7
Sulfuric acid 98% 1.84 18.4 36.8 54.3 27.2

Volume (mL)
required to
Concentrated Formula Approx.b Molarity Normality make 1000 mL
Density
Reagent Weighta Strength (M) (N) solutionc
1M 1N
Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) 60.052 1.05 99.8% 17.4 17.4 57.5 57.5
Formic Acid (HCOOH) 46.026 1.13 90% 23.6 23.6 42.5 42.5
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 36.461 1.18 37.2% 12.1 12.1 82.5 82.5
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) 20.006 1.19 49% 28.9 28.9 34.5 34.5
Nitric Acid (HNO3) 63.013 1.41 69.6% 15.6 15.6 64 63
Perchloric Acid (HClO4) 100.46 1.67 70.5% 11.7 11.7 85.5 85.5
Perchloric Acid (HClO4) 100.46 1.67 61.3% 9.5 9.5 105.5 105.5
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 97.995 1.71 85.5% 14.8 44.4 67.5 22.5
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 98.073 1.84 96% 18 36 55.5 28
Ammonium Hydroxide
35.046 0.90 56.6%d 14.5 14.5 69 69
(NH4OH)
Sodium Hydroxide
39.997 1.53 50.5% 19.4 19.4 51.5 51.5
(NaOH)
Potassium Hydroxide
56.105 1.45 45% 11.7 11.7 85.5 85.5
(KOH)

1. Based on Atomic Weight Table (32 C = 12).

2. Representative value, w/w %.
 3. Rounded to nearest 0.5 ml.
4. Equivalent to 28.0% w/w NH3.
5. PREPARATION OF 1000PM STOCK AA STANDARDS
6. Aluminium
Dissolve 1.000 g of Aluminium metal in 25ml. of hydrochloric acid (S.G. 1.18) and a few drops of
nitric acid (S.G. 1.42) Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water.

7. Antimony

Dissolve 1.000g antimony in 10ml. conc. hydrochloric acid, a few drops of conc. nitric acid, and
10g of tartaric acid. Dilute to 1 litre with deionised water.

Arsenic

Dissolve 1.000g of arsenic powder in 50ml. conc. nitric acid. Dilute to 1 litre with deionised water
or

Dissolve 1.3200g arsenous oxide (As2O3) , dried to 110°C, in 50ml. of conc. hydrochloric acid.
Dilute to 1 litre with deionised water.

Barium

Dissolve 1.4380g.of barium carbonate (BaCO3) in 20ml. 1M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1litre in a
volumetric flask with deionised water.

Beryllium

Dissolve 19.639g. of beryllium sulphate (BeSO4) in 250 deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in a
volumetric flask with deionised water.

Bismuth

Dissolve 1.000g. of bismuth metal in 50ml. conc. nitric acid Dilute to 1litre in a volumetric flask
with deionised water.

Dissolve 1.1148g. of bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3) in the minimum quantity of comc. hydrochloric acid.
Dilute to 1litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Boron

Dissolve 5.1744g. of boric acid (H3BO3) in 500ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1litre in a
volumetric flask with deionised water..

Cadmium

Dissolve 1.000g. of cadmium metal in 20ml. of 5M.hydrochloric acid and 2 drops of conc. nitric
acid. Dilute to 1litre with deionised water.

Dissolve 2.0360g. of cadmium chloride in 250 ml deionised water.Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric

flask.

Dissolve 2.1032g. of cadmium nitrate in 250ml.of deionised water. Diluteto1 litre in a volumetric
flask.
Caesium

Dissolve 1.2670g. of caesium chloride (CsCl) in 100ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in a
volumetric flask with deionised water.

Calcium

Dissolve 2.4973g. of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in 25ml. of 1M hydrochloric acid. This should be
added dropwise to avoid losses during the vigorous effervescence. Dilute to 1litre in a volumetric
flask with deionised water.

Dissolve 2.7693g. of calcium chloride (CaCl2) in 100ml. deionised water. Dilute to 1litre in a
volumetric flask with deionised water.

Chromium

Dissolve 7.6960g. of chromium nitrate (Cr(NO3)3.9H2O) in 250ml.of deionised water. Dilute with
more deionised water in 1 litre vol. Flask.

Cobalt

Dissolve 1.000g. of cobalt metal in 50ml. of 5M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1litre in a volumetric
flask with deionised water.or

Dissolve 4.9379g. of cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2.6H2O in 250 ml. deionised water. Dilute to 1litre in
a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Dissolve 4.0380g. of cobalt (11) chloride (CoCl2.6H2O) in 200ml. deionised water. Dilute to 1litre
in a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Copper

Dissolve 1.000g. of copper metal in 50ml. of 5M nitric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask
with deionised water. or

Dissolve 3.7980g. of (Cu(NO3)2.3H2O in 250ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in a

volumetric flask with deionised water.

Gold

Dissolve 1.000g. of gold metal in 15ml. of conc. hydrochloric acid and 5ml. of conc. nitric acid.
Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water.or

Dissolve 1.8110g. of ammonium chloroaurate (NH4AuCl4) in 100ml.of deionised water. Dilute to 1

litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Iron

Dissolve 1.000g. of iron wire or granules in 20ml. of 5M hydrochloric acid Dilute to 1 litre in a
volumetric flask with deionised water.or

Dissolve 4.8400g. of iron (111) chloride (FeCl3.6H2O) in 200ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1
litre in a volumetric flask with deionised.water

Lanthanum
Dissolve 1.1782g. of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) in 20ml. of 5M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in
a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Lead

Dissolve 1.000g.of lead metal in 50ml. of 2M nitric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with
deionised water.

Dissolve1.5980g. of lead nitrate ( Pb(NO3)2 ) in 100ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in a

volumetric flask with deionised water.

Magnesium

Dissolve 1.000g. of magnesium metal in 50ml. of 5M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in a

volumetric flask with deionised water.or

Dissolve 3.9160g. of magnesium chloride (MgCl2.6H2O) in 200ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1

litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Manganese

Dissolve 1.000g. of manganese metal in50ml. of conc. hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in a
volumetric flask with deionised water.

Dissolve 3.6077g. of manganesse chloride (MnCl2.4H20) in 50ml. conc. hydrochloric acid. Dilute
to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Mercury

Dissolve 1.000g. of mercury metal in20ml. of 5M nitric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask
with deionised water.or

Dissolve 1.3520g. of mercury (11) chloride (HgCl2) in 250ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in
a volumetric flask with deionised water. or

Dissolve 1 .0800g. of mercury (11) oxide (HgO) in 20ml. of 5M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1 litre
in a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Molybdenum

Dissolve 1.000g. of molybdenum powder in 10 ml. of conc. hydrochloric acid and 10ml. of
deionised water. Add 1ml. of conc.nitric acid. Use a magnetic stirrer to completely dissolve the
molybdenum. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water. or

Dissolve 1.8403g. of ammonium molybdate (NH4)6MO7O22.4H2O in 500ml. of deionised water.

Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water. or

Dissolve 1.5000g. of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) in 25ml. conc. hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1
litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Nickel

Dissolve 1.000g. of nickel in 20ml. of conc. nitric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with
deionised water.or
Dissolve 4.9530g. of nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2.6H2O) in 1 litre volumetric flask with deionised
water.

Potassium

Dissolve1 1.9070 g. of dry potassium chloride in 250 ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in a
volumetric flask with deionised water.

Silica

Dissolve about 7.6 g. of sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3.5H2O in deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in
a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Silver

Dissolve 1.5750 of silver nitrate in 200ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask
with deionised water.

Sodium

Dissolve 2.5420g. of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 200ml. of deionised water. Dilute with deionised
water to 1 litre in a volumetric flask.

Strontium

Dissolve 2.4150g. of strontium nitrate (Sr(NO3)2 in 200ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in a
volumetric flask with water.

Tin

Dissolve 1.000g. of tin metal in 200ml. of conc. hydrochloric acid and 5ml. of conc.nitric acid.
Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water. or

Dissolve 2.9540 of tin (1V) chloride pentachloride (SnCl4.5H2O) in 500ml. deionised water.If
precipitate forms, redissolve by adding 6M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask
with deionised water

Uranium

Dissolve 21.100g. of uranyl nitrate (UO2(NO3)26H2O) in 250ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre
in a volumetric flask with deionised water.or

Dissolve 14.329g. of uranyl chloride (UO2Cl2) in 250ml. of deionised water. Dilute to 1 litre in a
volumetric flask with deionised water.

Vanadium

Dissolve 1.000g. of vanadium metal in 25ml.conc.nitric acid. Dilute to 1 litre.

Dissolve 2.2960g. of ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) in 20ml. of 100 volume hydrogen

peroxide. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water.

Zinc

Dissolve 1.000g. of zinc metal in 30ml. of 5M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric
flask with deionised water.or
Dissolve 1.2450g. of zinc oxide (ZnO) in 5ml of deionised water followed by 25ml. of 5M
hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1 litre in a volumetric flask with deionised water

Zirconium

Dissolve 1.000g. of zirconium metal in 25ml. of hydrofluoric acid (40% w / v) in a P.T.F.E. beaker.
Dilute to 1 litre in a polpropylene volumetric flask with deionised water, or

Dissolve 3.7174g. of dry zirconium nitrate in 1 litre deionised water