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BIOLOGY
• Cell & its types
• Cell division and Biomolecules
• Biology notes on Classification of Living Organisms for SSC Exa
• List of Diseases caused by Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa and Worm
• Selected Biology Questions asked in Previous Year Papers
• Biology Notes on Human Respiratory System for SSC Exam
• Biology Notes on Human Digestive System for SSC Exam
• Biology Notes on Sex Determination in Human Beings for SSC Exam
• Biology Notes on Plant tissues and Hormones for SSC Exam
• Biology Notes on Human Excretory System for SSC EXAM
• Biology Notes on Human Circulatory System for SSC Exam
• Biology Notes on Plants Morphology for SSC Exam
• Various Diseases and Associated Part of Human Body
• Important Vitamins and their Deficiency Diseases
• Important Minerals and their Deficiency Diseases
• Short Notes on Biology for SSC Part – I
• Short Notes on Biology for SSC & Railway Exams Part – II
• Important Biology Notes on Human Blood For SSC Exams
• Miscellaneous Notes on Biology for SSC Exam
Cell Theory:
Cell theory is given by M Schleiden a German Botanist and T Schwann a British Zoologist. The main points of the
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
cell theory are.
All living organisms are made up of the cells.
All cells arise from the pre-existing cell (Omnis cellula e cellula).
Virus does not follow the cell theory.
Types of cells:
There are primarily two types of cells, i.e. prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Chromosome:
chromosomes are the condensed form of the DNA. The cause of this condensation is special types of protein
known as histones. When DNA is not condensed, it is called as chromatids. During cell division chromosomes
show chromatids held together at a point called Centromere. End points of the chromosomes are known as
Telomere. On the basis of position, centromere can be metacentric (present at the centre), sub metacentric (little
away from the centre), acrocentric (situated close to the end), and telocentric (terminal centromere).
Types of Chromosomes:
Lampbrush Chromosomes: It was first discovered by the Balbiani , and it resemble the shape of the lamp brush.
Polytene Chromosomes: It was discovered by Balbiani in salivary gland of Chionomus larvae.
Genes:
Chromosomes also contains various genes. Gene acts as a unit of inheritance in living organisms. It controls the
transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next generation.
Cell Division
Cell division is the process by which the parent cell is divided into two or more cells. Cell division is a part of the
cell cycle. Cell division is generally of two types:
(1) Mitosis
(2) Meiosis
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
The major difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
Biomolecules:
• chemical compounds found in living organisms.
• They are the building block of the life and perform important functioning in living organisms.
• They are compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus.
Lipids:
Lipids include molecules such as neutral fats, oils, steroids and waxes. They perform the following function:
• They are hydrophobic in nature.
• Absorbs shocks.
• Control the cell activities through hormone actions.
• Store the concentrated energy.
• Protection against the desiccation.
• Steroids is a type of lipids which function both as hormones and structural material.
Carbohydrates:
• Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon.
• Carbohydrates occur both as monomers and polymers.
• Small carbohydrates are called as sugars, which commonly include Monosaccharides (single sugar) and
Disaccharides( bi sugar). Larger carbohydrates are called as polysaccharides.
• Store the short term energy.
• It acts as the structural building material.
Proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids; proteins typically make up about half of the total weight of the biomolecules
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
in a cell excluding water. Proteins play a wide variety of role such as:
• Enzymes: in the form of catalyst.
• Structural material: in the form of keratin (protein found in hair and nails).
• Contraction: as actin and myosin fibers that interact in muscle tissues for contraction and relaxation.
• Signalling : Hormones such as insulin that regulate sugar level in blood
Nucleic Acid
• Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotide.
• Each nucleotide has three main components:
• A ring shaped molecule which belongs to the class of nitrogenous base.
• A 5-carbon pentose sugar.
• One or more phosphate groups.
• DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acid.
Pharynx:
• Muscular membranous channel connecting the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the
esophagus; it enables breathing, ingestion of food and speech.
Larynx or Voice box :
• The part of the respiratory system which connects the pharynx with trachea is called Larynx or voice box
and it main function is to produce sound.
• At the larynx entrance gate there is a thin blade-like door, which is called epiglottis which ensure that the
larynx closes during the food intake so that food cannot enter the respiratory system .
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
Trachea:
• It enters into the thoracic cavity and divided into two bronchi i.e. right and left.
• Right bronchi enter into the right lungs after being divided into three branches.
• Left bronchi enter into the left lungs after being divided into only two branches.
Lungs:
• The structure of lung is like sponge and its colour is red.
• There are two lungs in the thoracic cavity i.e. right lung and left lung.
• Each lung is surrounded by a membrane which is called pleural membrane.
• Size of right lung is greater in comparison to left lung.
2.Transportation of gases :
• The process of transportation of oxygen from lungs to the cells and transportation of carbon dioxide from
cells to lungs is called transportation of gases.
• Transportation of gases takes place through blood.
(i) By mixing with plasma : Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid after mixing in plasma. Transportation of 7%
carbon dioxide takes place in this form.
(ii) In the form of bicarbonates : 70% part of carbon dioxide in the form of bicarbonates is transported. It mixes
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
with potassium and sodium of blood and forms potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
3.Internal respiration :
• Inside the body, gaseous exchange takes place between blood and tissue fluid which is called internal
respiration.
4.Cellular respiration : The process of oxidization of glucose is called cellular respiration.
Types of Respiration: Respiration is o two types i.e. anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration.
1.Anaerobic respiration:
• When oxidation of food occur in the absence of oxygen ,it is called anaerobic respiration.
• During this only 2 ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose.
• Final product of anaerobic respiration in animal tissue like skeletal muscle cell is lactic acid.
• Lactic acid causes the pain in muscles if we do excess exercise
• 2.Aerobic respiration:
When oxidation of food takes place in the presence of oxygen , it is called aerobic respiration.
•
Ingestion:
The process of taking food into the mouth is known as ingestion.
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
Digestion:
• There is some food which is not directly absorbable, so the process of conversion of non-absorbable food
into the absorbable form is known as digestion.
• The digestion of food is started from the mouth.
• In mouth there are Salivary gland which secrets the Saliva in mouth in which two types of enzymes are
found, ptyalin and maltase.
• These enzymes convert the simple sugar and make it digestible.
• Around 1.5 litre of saliva is secreted in human on an average day, it is acidic in nature (pH 6.8)
• Through food pipe food reach into the stomach.
Digestion in Stomach:
• As the food reaches in the stomach gastric glands secretes the gastric juice, this is a light yellow acidic
acid.
• Hydrochloric acid secreted from the Oxyntic cells of the stomach kills all the bacteria coming with food
the; and accelerates the reaction of enzymes.
• Hydrochloric acid makes the food acidic by which ptyalin reaction of the saliva end.
• Pepsin and Renin are the enzymes in the gastric juice.
• Pepsin breaks down the protein into peptones.
• Renin breaks down the Caseinogen into Casein.
Digestion in Duodenum:
• As the food reaches the duodenum bile juice form the liver combines with it.
• Main function of the bile juice is to convert the acidic food into alkaline, as it is alkaline in nature.
• Pancreatic juice form pancreas combines with food and it contains the following enzymes:
1. Trypsin: It converts the protein and peptone into polypeptides and amino acid.
2. Amylase: It converts the starch into soluble sugar.
3. Lipase: It converts the emulsified fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
Small Intestine:
• Here the process of digestion completed and absorption of digested foods start.
• In small intestine, intestinal juices secrete and it is alkaline in nature and around 2 liters of intestinal juice
secretes per day.
• Intestinal juice contains the following enzymes:
1. Erepsin: It converts the remaining protein and peptone into amino acids.
2. Maltase: It converts the maltose into glucose.
3. Sucrase: It converts the sucrose into glucose and fructose.
4. Lactase: It converts the lactose into glucose and galactose.
5. Lipase: It converts the emulsified fats into glycerol ad fatty acids.
Absorption:
• The process of reaching the digested food into the blood is called absorption.
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
• The absorption of digested foods takes place through small intestine villi.
Assimilation:
• Use of absorbed food in the body is called assimilation.
Defecation:
Undigested food reaches into large intestine where bacterias converts it into faeces which is excreted through anus.
When an extra chromosomes is added to 21st autosomal chromosomes this lead to develop Down’s syndrome.
Colour Blindness:
• This disorder leads to failure to distinguish between red & green colour.
• The gene responsible for this disease is situated on a sex chromosomes.
Patau’s Syndrome:
Phloem : This is a conducting tissue. Its main function is to conduct foods prepared by the leaves to different parts
of the plant.
Plant Hormones:
Following hormones are found in plants –
Auxins :
Auxins was discovered by Darwin in the year 1880.
This is the hormone which controls the growth of plants.
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
Its formation takes place in the apex parts of the plants.
Its main functions are –
(i) It prevents the separation of the leaves.
(ii) It destroys the straws.
(iii) It saves the crops from falling.
Gibberellins :
Cytokinins :
This hormone was initially discovered by Carnes and Adicote and later on by Waring.
Ethylene :
Florigens :
Traumatic :
(ii) Skin : Oil gland and sweat glands found in the skin respectively secretes sebum and sweat.
(ii) Liver : Liver cells play the main role in excretion by converting more and more amino acids and ammonia
of blood into urea.
(iii) Lungs : The lungs excretes two types of gaseous substances carbon dioxide and water vapour. The excretion of
some substances like garlic, onion and some spices in which vapour component excreted by the lungs.
•
Heart :
• Heart as the pumping organ works in rhythmic cyclic manner with systole(decrease in volume) and
diastole (increased in volume).
• A heart beat consists of both of these and in humans it lasts for 0.8 second.
• It remains safe in the pericardial membrane.
• Its weight is approximately 300 grams.
• Heart of the human is made up of four chambers.
• In the anterior side there is a right atrium and a left atrium.
• In the posterior side of the heart there is a right ventricle and a left ventricle persist.
• Between the right atrium and the right ventricle there is a tricuspid valve.
• Between the left atrium and left ventricle there is a bicuspid valve.
• Vein is the vessels which carries the blood from the body towards the heart.
• In the vein there is impure blood i.e. carbon dioxide mixed blood.
• Pulmonary vein is the exception which always carries pure blood.
• Pulmonary vein carries the blood from lungs to left atrium. It has pure blood.
• Artery is the vessel which carries the blood from the heart towards the body.
• In artery there is pure blood i.e. oxygen mixed blood.
• But Pulmonary arteries are exception which always carries the impure blood.
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
• Pulmonary artery carries the blood from right ventricle to lungs. It contains impure blood.
• In the right part of the heart, there remains impure blood i.e. carbon dioxide mixed blood and in the left
part of the heart there remains pure blood i.e. oxygen mixed blood.
• The artery carrying blood to the muscles of the heart is called coronary arteries. Any type of hindrance in
it causes heart attack.
Course of circulation:
• Mammals have double circulation.
• It mean blood have to cross two times from heart before circulating throughout the body.
• Right atrium receives impure blood from the body which goes into right ventricle. From here the blood
went into pulmonary artery which sends it to the lung for purification. After purification it is collected by
pulmonary vein which brings it back to heart in left atrium. From atrium it vent into left ventricle. Now this
purified blood is went into aorta for different organ of body. This circulation is done is a cardiac cycle.
Cardiac cycle:
• The cardiac cycle is controlled by two pacemakers in the heart:
• The sino-atrial node (SA node) located in the top wall of the right atrium
• The atrio-ventricular node (AV node) located in between the right atrium and ventricle.
• Both pacemakers are types of nervous tissue.
Blood Pressure:
• The force that blood exerts against the wall of blood carrying tube is called blood pressure.
• High in tubes which carry blood to the body parts (systolic pressure).
• Low in tubes which carry blood to the heart (diastolic pressure).
• The average blood pressure is 120-80mm Hg.
Plants Morphology
Morphology:
Morphology is the branch of biology of that deals with the study and forms of various parts of plants. It includes
the external structure of plant such as stem, root, leaves, etc.
Root:
• Primary roots are developed from the radicle of embryo.
• These roots are further develops into tertiary roots.
• Roots are always developed in soil.
• Roots are of two types i.e. Tap root and Adventitious root.
Stem:
• Stem is that portion of plant which grows upwards.
• It is develop from plumule
Modification of Stem:
Morphology of Leaves:
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
Its main function is to make food through photosynthesis.
Leaf are made up of leaf base, petiole and lamina.
At the base of leaf small leaf like structure called stipules are present.
Morphology of Flower:
1. Flower is the reproductive part of the plant.
2. Flower are generally modified shoot.
Various parts of flower are as follows:
Androecium:
• It is the male sex organ develops pollen grain.
• Its unit is stamen.
• Anther and filament are part of stamen.
Gynoecium:
• It is the female reproductive organ.
• Its unit is carpel.
• Ovary, Style and Stigma are three different part of Carpel.
Pollination:
• The process of reaching of pollen grains to stigma is called pollination.
• There are two type of pollination i.e. Self- pollination and Cross-pollination.
Fertilization:
• The process of fusion of male nucleus with egg cell is called fertilization.
• Fertilized egg is called zygote.
• In angiosperms the fertilization is triple fusion whereas in other category of plants it is double fusion.
Parthenocarpy:
• When fruit are developed without fertilization i.e. in ovary this is called parthenocarpy.
• These types of fruits are seedless, example- Banana, Papaya, Orange, Grapes, Pine-apple etc.
Vitamin D:
• Vitamin D is also known as ‘Calciferol’.
• Deficiency diseases: Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamin E:
• Vitamin E is also known as ‘Tocopherol’.
• Deficiency diseases: Sterility nutritional nuclear dystrophy, neurosis of heart muscles.
Vitamin K:
• Vitamin K is also known as ‘Anti hemorrhagic‘.
• Deficiency diseases: Blood coagulation is prevented, continuous bleeding occurs.
Vitamin B2:
• Vitamin B2 is also known as Riboflavin.
• Deficiency diseases: Dark red tongue, dermatitis, cheilosis occurs at the corners of mouth & lips.
Vitamin B3:
• Vitamin B3 is also known as Pentothenic acid.
• Deficiency diseases: Burning sensations of feet.
Vitamin B5:
• Vitamin B5 is also known as Nicotinic acid/Niacin.
• Deficiency diseases: Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea.
Vitamin B6:
• Vitamin B6 is also known as Pyridoxine.
• Deficiency diseases: Dermatitis and convulsions.
Vitamin B7:
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
• Vitamin B7 is also known as Biotin (also considered as vitamin H).
• Deficiency diseases: Dermatitis, blood cholesterol increases, loss of hair and paralysis.
Vitamin B9:
• Vitamin B9 is also known as Folic acid.
• Deficiency diseases: Anemia, inflammation of tongue, gastro intestinal disorders.
Vitamin B12:
• Vitamin B12 is also known as ‘Cynocobal amine’.
• Deficiency diseases: Pernicious anemia, hyperglycemia.
Vitamin C:
• Vitamin C is also known as ‘Ascorbic acid’.
• Deficiency diseases: Scurvy, delay in wound healing.
(A) Plasma
• This is the liquid part of blood. 60% of the blood is plasma. Its 90% parts is water, 7% protein, 0.9% salt
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
and 0.1% is glucose. Remaining substances are in a very low quantity.
• Function of plasma – Transportation of digested food, hormones, excretory product etc. from the body
takes place through plasma.
• Serum – When Fibrinogen & Protein is extracted out of plasma, the remaining plasma is called serum.
Function of Blood:
• To control the temperature of the body and to protect the body from diseases.
Clotting of blood.
BIOLOGY – Complete Study Note
• Transportation of oxygen, Carbon dioxide, digested food, conduction of hormones etc.
• To help in establishing coordination among different parts.
Function of DNA:
• DNA is genetic material and contains genetic information in coded form.
• DNA has two main function replication and expression.
1.Messenger RNA (mRNA): It brings the massage from DNA found in the nucleus to cytoplasm in the coded
form.
2.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Present in ribosome which is the site of protein synthesis.
3.Transfer RNA (t RNA): It is the carrier of amino acid and transfers it to the ribosome.
Difference between RNA and DNA
3.Virus:
• Virus was discovered by Russian Scientist Iavanosky during the test of Mosaic disease in Tobacco.
• Virus acts as a link between the living and non-living.
• Virus is dead but when it comes in contact with the living cell it gets activated.
• ‘The virus in which RNA is found as the genetic material are called Retrovirus.
• Virus is of three types:
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