Uniaxial state of stresses

Uniaxial State
and strains
Shearing & Bearing Stress
Consider the bolted connection that consists of a flat bar A, a
clevis C, and a bolt B that passes through holes in the bar and
clevis.

Civil Engineering - Fall 2018 29 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Uniaxial state of stresses

Uniaxial State

and strains
Under the action of the tensile loads
P, the bar and clevis will press
against the bolt in bearing, and
contact stresses called bearing
stresses, will be developed and are
given by:

𝐹𝑏
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐴𝑏
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 Uniaxial state of stresses
Uniaxial State
and strains
In addition, the bar and clevis
tend to shear the bolt, that is,
cut through it, and this
tendency is resisted by shear
stresses in the bolt and is given
by:

𝑉
τ=
𝐴
Civil Engineering - Fall 2018 31 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Uniaxial state of stresses

Uniaxial State

and strains
Single & Double shear
When there are two planes of shear
Double shear
(mn and pq), then the member is said
to be in Double Shear. (V = P/2).

When there is only one plane of

shear the member is said to be in
Single shear. (V = P)
Single shear
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 Problem 6
Elasticity
A steel strut S serving as a
brace for a boat hoist transmits
a compressive force P = 12 k to
the deck of a pier. The strut has
a hollow square cross section
with wall thickness t = 0.375
in., and the angle u between the
strut and the horizontal is 40° .

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Problem 6
Elasticity

A pin through the strut transmits the compressive force from

the strut to two gussets G that are welded to the base plate B.
Four anchor bolts fasten the base plate to the deck. The
diameter of the pin is 0.75 in., the thickness of the gussets is
0.625 in., the thickness of the base plate is 0.375 in., and the
diameter of the anchor bolts is 0.50 in. Determine the following
stresses:
(a) the bearing stress between the strut and the pin
(b) the shear stress in the pin.
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 Problem 6
Elasticity
(c) the bearing stress between the pin and the gussets
(d) the bearing stress between the anchor bolts and the base plate
(e) the shear stress in the anchor bolts.

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Problem 6 - Solution
Elasticity

Bearing stress between strut and pin:

The total bearing area of the strut against the pin is equal to
twice the thickness of the strut (because bearing occurs at two
locations) times the diameter of the pin.

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 Problem 6 - Solution
Elasticity
Shear stress in pin
As the pin tends to shear on two planes, namely, the planes
between the strut and the gussets. Therefore, the average shear
stress in the pin (which is in double shear) is equal to the total
load applied to the pin divided by twice its cross-sectional area:

Civil Engineering - Fall 2018 37 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Problem 6 - Solution
Elasticity

Bearing stress between pin and gussets.

The pin bears against the gussets at two locations, so the bearing
area is twice the thickness of the gussets times the pin diameter;
thus:

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 Problem 6 - Solution
Elasticity Bearing stress between anchor bolts and base plate.
The vertical component of the force P is transmitted to the pier
by direct bearing between the base plate and the pier. The
horizontal component, however, is transmitted through the
anchor bolts. The average bearing stress between the base plate
and the anchor bolts is equal to the horizontal component of the
force P divided by the bearing area of four bolts.

Civil Engineering - Fall 2018 39 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Problem 6 - Solution
Elasticity

Shear stress in anchor bolts.

The average shear stress in the anchor bolts is equal to the
horizontal component of the force P divided by the total cross-
sectional area of four bolts (note that each bolt is in single shear).
Therefore,

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 Mechanical Properties of
Material Properties
Materials
Isotropic Materials:
Materials having the same properties in all directions (whether
axial, lateral, or any other direction) are said to be isotropic
(For Example : Glass & Metals).

Anisotropic Materials:
If the properties differ in various directions, the material is
anisotropic (For Example : Wood & Composites).

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Material Properties

Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Ductile Materials:
Metals such as structural steel that undergo large permanent
strains before failure are classified as Ductile.

Brittle Materials:
Materials that fail in tension at relatively low values of strain
are classified as Brittle. Examples are concrete, stone, cast iron,
glass, ceramics, and a variety of metallic alloys.

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 Material Properties
Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Static Test:
The load is applied slowly and the precise rate of loading is
not of interest because it does not affect the behaviour of the
specimen (velocity remains constant).
Dynamic Test:
The load is applied rapidly and since the nature of a dynamic
load affects the properties of the materials, the rate of loading
must also be measured.
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Material Properties

Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Static Tests:
are usually carried out on
Universal testing machines
(hydraulic machines).
The specimen is gripped between
the jaws and the load is applied
through a moving cylinder.

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 Material Properties
Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Dynamic Tests:
are usually carried out on
Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar
(SHPB), hydro-pneumatic
machine, drop-towers, and
high speed servo-hydraulic
testing machine.

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Material Properties

Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Nominal stress:
When the initial area of the specimen is used in the calculation,
the stress is called the Nominal Stress or Engineering stress.

True Stress:
When the actual area of the bar at the cross section where
failure occurs is called True Stress.

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 Material Properties
Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Nominal strain:
If the initial gage length is used in the calculation, then the
nominal strain is obtained.

True Strain:
The true strain at any value of the load can be calculated by
using the actual distance between the gage marks.

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Stress Strain curves

Stress-Strain Curve - Steel

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 Stress Strain curves
Stress-Strain Curve - Steel
• From origin O to point A: the relationship between stress and
strain in this initial region is not only linear but also
proportional.
• Beyond point A, the proportionality between stress and strain
no longer exists; hence the stress at A is called the
proportional limit.
• The slope of the straight line from O to A is called the
modulus of elasticity.

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Stress Strain curves

Stress-Strain Curve - Steel

• Considerable elongation of the test specimen occurs with no
noticeable increase in the tensile force (from B to C).

• This phenomenon is known as yielding of the material, and

point B is called the yield point.

• The corresponding stress is known as the yield stress of the

steel.

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 Stress Strain curves
Stress-Strain Curve - Steel
• In the region from B to C, the material becomes perfectly
plastic, which means that it deforms without an increase in
the applied load.

• The elongation of a mild-steel specimen in the perfectly

plastic region is typically 10 to 15 times the elongation that
occurs in the linear region (between the onset of loading and
the proportional limit).

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Stress Strain curves

Stress-Strain Curve - Steel

• After undergoing the large strains that occur during yielding in
the region BC, the steel begins to Strain Harden.

• The load eventually reaches its maximum value, and the

corresponding stress (at point D) is called the Ultimate Stress.

• The reduction in area of the bar becomes clearly visible after

point C and this phenomenon of reduction in diameter of bar is
known as Necking.
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 Stress Strain curves
Stress-Strain Curve - Steel
• If the actual cross-sectional area at the
narrow part of the neck is used to calculate
the stress, the True stress-strain curve (the
dashed line in Figure ).

• Nominal stress-strain curve is represented

by OABCDE as shown in Figure in which
initial geometry of specimen is used.

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Stress-Strain Curve -
Stress Strain curves

Concrete
• Concrete, have a
high compressive
strength (𝑓𝑐) and
significantly
lower tensile
strength
(𝑓𝑡≈0.1𝑓𝑐).

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 Stress Strain curves
Offset Method

• Aluminum does not have an obvious yield point and yet

undergoes large strains after the proportional limit is
exceeded.

• An arbitrary yield stress may be determined by the offset

method.

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Stress Strain curves

Offset Method
• A straight line is drawn on
the stress-strain diagram
parallel to the initial linear
part of the curve by an
offset of 0.002 or 0.2%
strain.

• The intersection of the offset line and the stress-strain curve

(point A in the Figure) defines the yield stress.

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 Elasticity
Elasticity
• Assume, a tensile load is applied to a specimen so that the
stress and strain go from the origin O to point A on the
stress-strain curve as shown in Figure.

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Elasticity
Elasticity

• Suppose that when the load is removed,

the material follows exactly the same
curve back to the origin O.

• This property of a material, by which it

returns to its original dimensions during
unloading, is called Elasticity, and the
material itself is said to be Elastic.

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 Elasticity
Elasticity
• Now suppose load is applied
on this same material to a
higher level, so that point B is
reached on the stress-strain
curve.
• When unloading occurs from
point B, the material follows
line BC on the diagram.

Civil Engineering - Fall 2018 59 | Mechanics of Solids-I

Elasticity
Elasticity

• This unloading line is parallel to the initial portion of the

loading curve; that is, line BC is parallel to a tangent to the
stress-strain curve at the origin.

• When point C is reached, the load has been entirely removed,

but a residual strain, or permanent strain, represented by line
OC, remains in the material.

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 Elasticity
Elastic Constants
Hooke’s Law for normal stress:
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖
Hooke’s law for shear stress:
𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾
where:
𝜏 : shear stress
G : modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of rigidity
𝛾 : shear strain
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Elastic Constants
Elasticity

Poisson’s ratio:
The ratio of lateral and
longitudinal strains is
known as Poisson’s
ratio.
𝜀𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙
ν=-
𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙

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 Problem 6
Elasticity
A steel pipe of length L = 4.0 ft, outside diameter
d2= 6.0 in., and inside diameter d1 = 4.5 in. is
compressed by an axial force P =140 k. The
material has modulus of elasticity E = 30,000 ksi
and Poisson’s ratio υ = 0.30.
Determine the following quantities for the pipe: (a)
the shortening , (b) the lateral strain (c) the increase
in the outer diameter and the increase in the inner
diameter, and (d) the increase in the wall thickness.

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Problem 6 - Solution
Elasticity

The cross-sectional area and longitudinal stress can be determined

as follows:

The axial strain may be found from Hooke’s law:

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 Problem 6 - Solution
Elasticity
The change in length of the pipe:

The lateral strain is obtained from Poisson’s ratio:

The increase in outer diameter equals the lateral strain times the
diameter:

Similarly, the increase in inner diameter is:

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Problem 6 - Solution
Elasticity

The increase in wall thickness is given by:

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