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such fact was known to the person value has been payment of money,
making it so payable; or given; the instrument is
d. When the name of the payee does c. It does not not negotiable.
not purport to be the name of any specify the place (Sec. 5)
person; or where it is drawn or EXCEPTIONS:
where it is payable; a. Authorizes the
e. When the only or last indorsement is d. It bears a seal; sale of
an indorsement in blank. (Sec. 9) e. It designates a collateral
particular kind of securities on
Note: An instrument originally payable current money in default;
to bearer can be negotiated by mere which payment is to b. Authorizes
delivery even if it is indorsed especially. be made. (Sec. 6) confession of
If it is originally a BEARER instrument, it judgment on
will always be a BEARER instrument. default;
c. Waives the
As opposed to an original order
benefit of law
instrument becoming payable to bearer, intended to
if the same is indorsed specially, it can protect the
NO LONGER be negotiated further by debtor; or
mere delivery, it has to be indorsed. d. Allows the
creditor the
A check that is payable to the order of option to
cash is payable to bearer. Reason: The require
name of the payee does not purport to something in
lieu of money.
be the name of any person. (Ang Tek
Lian vs. CA, 87 Phil. 383)
Completeness 1. Wanting in any material 1. Blank paper with Mechanically incomplete Mechanically complete
particular signature
Authority of person 1. Prima facie authority to 1.Signature operates as a No authority to complete and/or May negotiate if delivered to him by
in possession complete it by filling up prima facie authority to negotiate instrument or under the authority of the party
the blanks therein fill it up as such for any making, indorsing, drawing or
amount accepting, as the case may be.
When enforceable If filled up strictly in accordance with authority given Not enforceable When delivery is made by or under
and within a reasonable time authority of the party making,
indorsing, drawing or accepting, as
the case may be.
J. FORGERY liable.
Counterfeit making or fraudulent Payee’s a. Maker and a. Maker is
alteration of any writing, which may signature payee not liable.
consist of: forged liable. (Indorsement
1. Signing of another’s name with b. Indorsers is not
subsequent to necessary to
intent to defraud; or
forgery are title and the
2. Alteration of an instrument in the liable. maker
name, amount, name of payee, etc. c. Party who engages to
with intent to defraud. (1 Agbayani, made the pay holder)
1992 ed.) forgery is b. Party who
GENERAL RULE: When a signature is liable. made the
forged or made without the authority of forgery is
the person, the signature (not liable
instrument itself and the genuine Indorser’s a. Maker, a. Maker is
signature payee and liable.
signatures) is wholly inoperative forged indorser whose (indorsement
Legal Effects: signature was is not
1. No right to retain the instrument forged is not necessary to
2. To give a discharge therefore liable. title and the
3. To enforce payment thereof b. Indorsers maker
against any party thereto, can be subsequent to engages to
acquired through or under such forgery are pay the
signature liable. holder)
EXCEPTION: Unless the party against (Because of b. Indorser
whom it is sought to enforce such right is their whose
warranties) signature was
precluded from setting up the forgery or c. Party who forged not
want of authority. (Sec. 23) made the liable to one
forgery is who is not a
Persons precluded from setting up liable. HDC provided
defense of forgery the
1. Those who warrant or admit the instrument is
genuineness of the signature in mechanically
question. This includes indorsers, complete
persons negotiating by delivery and before the
forgery.
acceptors. c. Party who
2. Those who, by their acts, silence, or made the
negligence, are estopped from forgery is
setting up the defense of forgery. liable.
RULES ON FORGERY
A. Promissory Notes B. Bills of Exchange
Order Bearer Order Bearer
Instrument Instrument Instrument Instrument
Maker’s a. Maker is not a. Maker is Drawer’s a. Drawer is a. Drawer is
signature liable because not liable. signature not liable not liable.
forged he never b. Party who forged because he b. Drawee is
became a made the was never a liable if it paid.
party to the forgery is party to the Drawee cannot
instrument. liable. instrument. recover from
b. Indorsers c. Indorsers b. Drawee is the collecting
subsequent to may be made liable if it paid bank.
forgery are liable to those (no recourse c. Party who
liable because persons who to drawer) made the
of their obtain title because he forgery is
warranties. through their admitted the liable.
c. Party who indorsements. genuiness of
the made the the drawer’s
forgery is signature.
San Beda College of Law 21
MEMORY AID IN COMMERCIAL LAW