UNIT

Noun + preposition (reason for, cause ol etc.) EXERCISES

t 128
Contplete thc sccond serttence so that it has the same nteaning as the first.
I What causcd the explosion? Whar was rhe cause ...e!.9he.aqlp.el9fl.?....
a chcque FOR (a sum of moncy):
2 Ve're rrying to solve the problem. We're rrying ro find a solurion
o Thcy scnt nrc a chcquc for [,75. J Suc gcts on rvcll with her brother. Sue has a good relarionslrip

a dcrnand FOII / a necd FOI{...:

4 Priccs havc gonc up a lot, There has been a big increase

r The firrn closc'd dorvn bccausc thcrc w:rsn't enough dcnrand for irs product. 5 I don't know horv to answer your question. I can't think of an answer
o There's no excusc for bchlviour like rhat. There's lro nccd for i!. 5 I don'r rhink that a new road is necessa ry.
don'r think thcre is any need
r rcason FOR...:
The nunrbcr of people without jobs fell last month.
r Thc rr:rin rr,as latc but nobody knerv thc'rcason for the delay. (rrol'rerlson of') Last nronth thcre rvas a fall ..... .... ... .
Nobody wants to buy shoes like these any more.
Noror + of Thcrc is no denrand
9 in rvhar rvay is your job differenr frour mine!
an rdvantagc / a disadvantagc OF..,:
Vhar is the difference
o Thc advantagc of living alonc is thrt you crn do rvhitt you likc.
brrl rvc usuall)' sa1,' 'r1,.t" is an advrtnragc in (or to) cloing stltrtcrltittg': Colrplclc tltc sctttcttccs usitrg one oI thc t'olloruintg nouns + the correct prcposition,
r Tlrcrc arc nlrlnv irdvarrtlgcs in (or to) living :rklrrc.
n causc Ol:, . .: cau sc conncctron utvrtauon fl+ep reason
o Nobod)' knorvs rvhaf tlrc cituse of rlrc cxPlosit)n \\'irs. dantagc coq(act k.y picturcs rcply
ir pht-rtograph / a picturc / a nrap / a plen / a dra*'ing (ctc.) OF...:
o Shc shorved nre sonrc photographs of her fanrily. 1 Orr thc rvrll therc wcre some picrures and a ...fl.aB.9.t... the rvorld.
o I hecl a nrap of thc torvn, so Irvirs alllc ro find ui),\\,ir)'rrrourtcl.
2 Thrnk you for thc ............,....... .... your party ncxt wcek.
3 Sincc shc lefr honre r\vo years ago, she has had lirtle................. .... her famil1..
4 I can't opcn tlris door. Have you gor a ........................ the orher door?
Norrrr + in 5 Thc . ..,.,...,.. .......... rhe fire ar the hotel last nighr is srill unknown.
5 I rvrotc to Jinr .lasr rvcck, but I still haven't received a ........................ my lener.
an incrcasc / a dccrcase I a rise / a fall lN (prices etc.):
e There has bccn an incrcasc in tlrc nunrber of road accidenrs reccnrll'.
7 The rrvo cornpanies are complerely indeperrdent, There is no .......................................... them.
o Last 'r'car rvas a bad 1'ear for rhc cornpanl'. Thcre rvas a big fall in salcs.
8 Jane shorvcd mc sonre old .................... ... the ciry as ir looked 100 years ago.
9 Carol has dccided ro give up her fob. I don'r knorv her .................... doing this.
10 Ir rvasn't a bad accidcnt. The .............. . ....... the car wasn'r serious.
Nor/il + to...
Contplete the sentences with the correct preposition.
damagc TO...: 1 There are somc diffcrences ....b-e.l.wpp.n... British and American English.,
r The accidenr \\'as m)' fault, so I had to pay for the damage to the olher car.
2 Everything can be explained. There's a reason everything.
an invitation TO... (a party I a rvedding etc.):
o Did I'ou ger an invitation to the part1,? .. 3 If I give you the camera, can you take a photograph .................... me?
4 Moncy isn't rhe solution every problem.
a solution TO (a problem) / a key TO (a door) / an arrsrver TO (a qucstion) / a reply TO
5 There has been an increase the amount of traffic using this road,
(a lerrer) / a reaction TO.,.:
o Do you think rve'll find a solution to the problem? (not'a solution of the problem')
6 When I opened the cnvelope, I was delighted to find a cheque..............,..... fj00.
7 The advantagc ..... . having a car is rhar you don'r have to rely on public rranspon.
. I was surprised ar her reaction to my suggestlon.
an attitude TO... (or TOWARDS..,):
8 There arc many advanrages being able ro speak a foreign language.
o Hisattitudcto his job isveryncgativc. or His attitudctowards his job,,, _9 When Paul left homc, his arrirude his parenrs seemed to change.
10 llill and I uscd ro bc good fricnds but I don'r have much conracr.................... him now.
1?..Thcre has been a sharp rise .................... the cosr of living in the past few years.
Noiln + with... /bctrveen... 12 I'm sorry I haven'r wrirten to you for so long. The reason this is thar I've been ill,
3 Vhat was Emma's reaction the news?
a relationship / a connection / contact WTH...: 14 Ken showed rne a phorograph .................... the house where he lived as a child.
. Do you have a good rclationship with your parents? 5 The company has rejected rhe workers' demands
o The police want to question a man in connection with the robbery. a rise .......... ..'...P4y.
brrt: a relarionship / a connection / contact / a difference BETWEEN two things or people;
16 Vhar was rhe answer question 3 in the test?
o The police believe that there is no connection berween the two crimes,
7 The fact that Jane was offered a job has no connecrion the facr thar her cousin is
ihe managing director,
o Thcre are some differcnces hctwcen British and American English.

257
Adjective + preposition (1)- tL3
I

It rvas nice of you to...

1 I went out in the cold rvithout a coat. (sillv) that waE sillv of vou.
I Sue offcrcd to drive mc to the airport. (nice) That w.1s . ... . . .. .. .. . ler
I nccdcd nroncy and Ian gavc nlc somc. (gcncrous) That ......
4 They didn't invite us to their party. (not very nicc)
Thrt rvasn't..... ..
o They havc alrr,ays been very nice / kind to mc. (ror'rvith me') 5 Crn I hclp y'ou rvitlr your lLrggagc? (very kind) !.,,.1
o Vhy were )'or,r so unfriendly to Tessa? 6 Kevin didn't thank mc for the prcscnt. (not vcry polrrc)

Tlrcy'vc lr;rd itn itrgrrnrcnt rnd now (n bit childish )

Ad jcctit,c + a6out / rvitlr thcl' rcfusc tr) rpcnk to cach othcr.

angry / annoycd / tttrtous

. f ABOUT somcthinc.
Contplatc tltc sctttutccs rtsirrg ortc of tbe follotuittg adjectiL,as + tltc corrcct prcpositicstt:
I rvtrH somebody FoR aoiug somcthing
annoycd annoycd astonishcd bored e*eited imprcsscd kind
r
lt's stupid to get angry about things that don't matter. sorrv
o Are you annol'cd rvith me for being late? 1 Vc'rc ell ...e.re.Jved.ab.aHl... going on holiday ncxt rveck.
cxcitcd I rvorricd / upset / ncrvous / happy etc. ABOUT something: 2 Thank you for all vour hclp. YoLr'r'c bccrr vcry . .... lllc
. Are you cxcited about going on holiday next weeL? 3 I s,ouldn't likc to bc in hcr position. I fcel ....... ... ................ . ... her.
r Carol is upsct-about not being invited to the party. 4 What have I donc s'rorrg? Vlrl'arc you . ....,,.... ''" nre?
5 Vhy do you als,arl's get so Iittle things?
delightcd / pleased / satisfied / disappointed VITH something:
o I was delighted s,ith the present you gave me. 5 I rvasn't ver), .................. thc service in rlrc rcstauranr. \\/c had to rvair aE.s
bcfore our food nrrivcd.
o Vere you disappointed rvith )'our exam rcsults? \-,,
7 John isn't hrppy ar collcgc. Hc sei's hc's ....... ..., the course he's doin:.
8 I had ne\/cr sccn so nran)'pcoplc bcforc. I rvas...... ... ...... the cros ds.

Adjcctiue + at / by / rvith Put in the correct prepositfott.

surpriscd / shocked / amazcd / astnnished AT / BY something: 1 I s,as dciighted ...wi!h.. the prcscnt )/ou gave nrc.
r Evcrybody rvas surprise,l at (or by) the news. 2 It s'as very rricc ;'ou to do nry slropping for rnc. Thank ),ou vcr)'nruch
o I hopc I'ou rveren't shocked br' (or at) rvhat I said. 3 \Vhy arc ),or.r alrvay's so rude .................... )'our parents? Can't 1,or.r be nicc rhe=?
imprcsscd WITH / BY somebody/something: 4 It rvls a bit cnrclcss I'ou to lcnvc thc door unlockccl rvhcn you \\'cnt ()u(.
o I'm very impressed with (or by) heL English. It's very good. 5 Thcy'didn't rcply to our lcttcr, rvhich s'asn't vcry potite.................... thcnr.
5 Vc ahvays have thc same food every day. I'm fed up .. ... . . it,
fcd up / borcd WITH something: 7 I can't trrrclcrstnnd pcoplc who arc.crucl rninrals.
o I don't enioy my job any more. I'm fed up with it. / I'm borcd with it. 8 Ve enjoycd our holiday, but rvc u'cre a bit disappointed .................... the hotc,.
9 I rvas sr.rrprised the rvay he behaved. It was completely out of character.
10 I'vc becn trying to lcarn Spanish but I'm not very satisfied my progress.
sorry about / for
11 Linda doesn't look vcry rvell. I'm rvorried her.
sorry ABOUT something: 12 Are you angry .................... rvhat happened?
o I'm sorry about the noise last night. 'We were having p^rty, 13 I'm sorry what I said. I hope you're not angry .................... me.
^ 14 The people next door are furious ............,,...... us ..........,,...,..... making so much noise last night.
but usually sorry FOR doing something:
o I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday. 15 Iill starts her nerv iob next rveek. She's quite excited.................... it.
You can also say'l'm sorry I (did something)': 1d'i'm ,orry .................... the smell of paint in this room. I've just decorated ir.
r I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday. 17 I rvas shocked rvhat I saw. I'd never seen anything likc it before.
18 The man we intervierved for the job was intelligent but we weren't very impressed
We say'to feel / to be sorry FOR somebody':
o I feel sorry for George. He has a lot of problems. his aoDearance.
19 Are you still upset what I said to you yesterday?
20 He said he was sorry the situation but there was nothing he could do.
71 I felt sorry .... thc children when we went on holiday. lt rained every day and thev
had to spend most of the time indoors.

Uillfl 259
Prepcsition +.lng ' fi$l Adjectlvo + to,.. . @[ Adjecllve + preposlllon (2) '
 Adjective + preposition (2) EXERCISES
I
130
conplctc tbc sccond sc,ttence so that it has the sanrc nrcaning as tbe first ortc,
Ad jcc tit'c
1 There were lots of tourists in the city centre, The city cenrre was crorvded .-wiih..taunets.
afraid / frighrened / tcrrified / scared OF...: 2 There rvas a lo! of furnirure in rhe room. The room was full
o 'Are you afraid of dogs?' ,yes, I'm terrified of rhcrn, 3 I don't likc sporr very much. I'm nor very keen
fond / proud / ashanrcd / iealous / envious OF.,.: 4 We haven'r gor enough time. V'e're a bit short
o WhI are )'ou alrvays so icalous of other pcople ? 5 I'm nor a very good rennis player. I,m not very good ....
suspicious / critical / rolcr.anr OF...: 6 (larherine's husband is Russian. Catherine is married
o He didn'r rrusr me. He tvas suspicious of m1, intcnrions. 7 I don'r rrusr l{oberr, I'm suspicious
8 My problem is nor the ,"*a ,, you.r. My problem is different
t\J jt'Ltit't'+ of (2)
complcte the se ntenccs with one of the following adjectiues + the correct preposition:
arvarc / conscious OF...: afraid diffcrcnt intercstcd proud rcsponsiblc similar ;'
o 'Did ),ou knorv he rvas nrarricd?' ,No, I rvrsrr'r arylrc of rlrrtr. 1 I think she's arriving this evening but I,rn nor...9U.rt9..o,f... rhar,
capablc / incapablc OI:... 2 Your canrcra is....................... . rnine but it isn't exacrly the same.
,t I'nr surc )'ou are capablc of passing rhe cxarninrrtion.
3 Don'r rvorry. I'll look after you, There's norhing to be ......................................
full OF... / short OF...: 4 'Do you \van! ro rvarch the news on telcvision?' ,No, I'nr nor ....................
o Thc lcrrcr I rvrorc s,as full of ntisrrkcs. (rot ,full the
r I'rn lr bir short of ruonel'. Can 1,ou lcnd nrc sonrc?*,irh')
ne\\'s,'
5 Thc cditirr is rhc pcrson who is .. ....,,,....,.........,,
5 Mrs Davis is a very kecn gardener. She's vcry :ll:: :::::::'i'.1 i'j,xll"l,il,., .,
o IJc's latc again. Ir's rypical of hinr ro kcep cvcrybody s,:riring. shorving ir to visitors,
tirct'l Ol:...: 7
.
Cornc <tn. lcr's go! I'nt tired of rl,aiting. (= I've had enough of rvaiting)
I *,as surpriscd rvhcn I rncr her for rhc firsr rinrc, Shc rvas . rvhar I
. cxpcctcd.
ccrt:rin / surc OF or AIJOUT...:
o I rhink shc's :rrriving rhis cvcnitrg bur I' rn not surc of rhar. (or Put irt tlte corrcct prepositioil.
,..surc about thar.)
1 Thc lctter I rvrote u'as full ...p.f... nristakes.
Ad jcctiuc + at / to / from / in / on /with / for 2 My home rorvn is nor especially inreresring. Ir's nor fanrous anyrhing.
good / bad / exccllcnr / brillianr
3 Kare is vcry fond her younger brorher.
/ hopclcss (etc.) AT...:
e_ I'm nor lery good ar repairing things. (aor.good in rcpairing rhings,) j J.don't like gorrro up ladders. I,m afraid heights.
.
rnarricd / cngagcd TO...:
5 You look borc;d. Yqu don't ieenr interesred ... *f,ar I'm saying,
r Linda is married to an Arnerican. (zof ,marricd rvirh,)
5 Did you know rhar Liz is engaged a friend of mine?
but c 7 I'm nor ashamed what I did. In fact I'm quire proud .................... ir.
Linda is marricd rvith rhrce childrcn. (= she is nrarricd and has rhrce children)
similar TO...:
8 I suggested we should all go our for a meal bur nobody.ir. *., keen .................... rhe idea.
o Your rvriting is similar to mine. _
9 These days everybody is arvare the dangers of smolcing,
diffcrcnt FROM (or TO)...: 19 Th. sration plarform rvas_crowded .................... peotre waicing forihe rrain.
o The filnr was diffcrcnt from rvhat I'd expectcd, (or..,diffcrcnr 1 1
shc's nruch more successful rhan I am. somerimesl feer a bii jearous ..........,.,.......
her.
ro rvhar I,d expected.) 12 I'm tircd doing rhe same rhing every day. I need a.h"ng..
intcrcstcd IN...:
o Are you intcrcsted in art? ]] p,o fou know anyone who might be interested.................... buying a'n old car?
14 We've gor plenty ro ear. The fridge is full ..................,. food.
kccn ON...:
is a vcry honest person. I don't think she is capable
. 1 Wlstlycd,at hornc bccausc Carhy wasn't vcry kccn on going otrr. Jt :-h. nor relling a lie.
surpriscd she changed her mind at the lasimomenr. Thar's typicll ............. ......
dcpcndcnr ON... (&rrr'indcpcndcnt OF...'): 1! !-
17 Our housc is simiIar.............,...... yours, pcrhaps yours is a bir larger.
her.
o I don't wanr to be depcndent on anybody,
?8 .John has no money of his own. He's torally jependent ................:.
crorvdcd \VITH (people etc.): his parents.
o The city centre was crowded with tourists. (but'fuil of
-
famous FOR...:
tourists') Wri,t,e sentences gbout y,ourse(. Are you good at these things or not? ltse:
Dnlhant vcry good quite good not very good hopeless
o The Italian city of Florence is famous for its arr rreasures.
rcsponsible FOR...:
1 (repa iri ng rh ings ) ... lm..ne Ly.e.y..ge el.. eL.tep eiln1.!h!nge,...
f

o Who was responsible for all that noise lasr night?

4 (remembering nanrcs)
Preposition + -ing - tr@ Afraid of... rto... - EEIEI Adjective + preposition (r) - EEE!
American English -. F Jtrfl
261
 ver0 + preposrlr0n ( l) at an0 ro t^llllrl\tLJ
ll J
Contplete tbe sentences. Cboose one of the follouing uerbs (in the corrcct t'ornt) + the c<srrccl
Vcrb + at- i, prePosition:
,i', cxplain invitc ltl*gh listcn point glance spcak throw rhrorv rvrirc
look / have a look / stare / glance (etc.) AT...:
look stupid rvith this haircut. Everybody rvill ....lauoh.at... me.
e Vhy arc )'ou looking at me like that? 1

2 don't trndcrstuncl rvhrrt tlris rrrcirrrs. Cirn yoLr . exPt?|n... it ...!Q... nrc?
Inugh / smile AT...:
.,.... .... ........ ... my rvatch to see rvhat the time was.
., o I look stupid rvith this haircut. Everybodywill laugh at me. 3 t...........,.
4 Ve've been..........................................:.,..... the party but unfortunately rve can't go.
ilff aim / point (something) AT..., shoot I fire la gun) AT... (= 'in the direction of'):
r Don't point that knife at me. It's dangerous.
o Ve snrv sonre people rvith guns shooting at birds.
) l'lcasc
5 Don't
me! I've got somerhing importanr to tell you.
ston es the birdsl lt's cruel
rs 7 If you don't rvrnt to ert tlrat snrrclrvich, .........,...................... it the birds. Thcy'll car
8 Sally and Kcvin had an rrguntcnt and norv thel''re not....... .. ..... . ... ..... otlc
Vetb + to another.
9 I .. ....... . . .. Joanna last rvcck btrt she hasn't replied to my lettcr yer.
ffi I talk / speak TO (somcbodv) ('rvith' is also possible but less usual): 10 Bc carcful rvitlr thosc scissorsl Don't..... them .................. me!
t^sl
| . Who rvas rhat man )'ou \\'ere talking to? o Can I speak to Jane, please?
iffi I listcn TO...: Pttt itt to ()r trl)('r('rl('cc-t-{(lr'\,.
^t
I e Ve spenr the evenirrg listening to music. (rrol'listening music') 1 Thcy only invitcd a fcrv pcopic ...t9 .. thcir rveddrng.
i$ I rvritc (a letter) TO...: 2 Look tlrnce flrr.. nrc Ar'rr't rhn' nrprtrr)
I c Sorry I havcn't n'rittcn.,to 1'ou for such a long tinre. 3 Plcesc clorr't sh<>ut rrrc! Bc nicc to mc!
,'ffi
I Drrt phonc/telephone somebody (no preposition): 4 I sarv Suc as l\vas c)'cling alorrg thc road. Ishoutcd her but shc didn'r hcrrr rn.
i$ I o Did you phonc your father yesterday? (not'phone to your father') 5 Don't listcn rvhat hc slys. He docsn't knorv rvhat hc's talkine about.
i$; I invite (somebodl') TO (a party / a rvedding etc.): 5 Can I spc:rk i'ou for lt nlonrcnt? There's somcthing I rvant to ask I'ou.
,rS' I r They onlr' invitcd a ferv people to their wedding. 7 Do 1,ou think Icould havc a iook.........., vour newspaper, plcase?
m I I'rn a bit lonely. I nccd somcbody to talk
9 She rvas so angry she threrv a chair.................... me.
Sonre verbs can be follorved by at or to, s'ith a difference of meaning. For example: 10 The woman sitting opposite me on the train kcpt staring.................... me.
# shout AT somebodl' (t'hen tou are angry'l .\ ,3 Yot ask sonrcbodl, to explain sornc tbings that 1'otr don't turderstand. Write sentcnces usnt.
r She got ver)'angr)'and started shouting at me. cxplain (somcthing) to mc or explain to mc (horv/rvhat... etc.).
ffi shout TO somebodl' $o tltat they 6an hear youl:
fJn
1 (l don't understand this rvord.) ...Qan.vcu.erpla|n,.!.hie.wsrd.!pne?...
o She shouted to ne from the other side of the street. 2 (l don't undcrstand rvhat you nrearr.) ...Q.an.ypu.pxplajntq.rne-.ryha!.yalu..mear3..
,ffi
throrv something AT somebody/something (in order to hit theml: 3 (1 don't undcrstand this qrrestion.) Can 1,ou explain
ffi o Somebod)' thrcrv an egg at the minister. :4 (l don't undcrstand the systcm.) Can ..............................
throrv sornething TO somebody (for somebody to catch): i5 (l don't understand horv th js rnachine rvorks.)
o Judy shouted 'Catch!' and threw the keys to me from the window.
(l don't understand rvhat your problcm is.)

Explain / describe / apologise

liI.iPut
r
in to whcre ncccssar)'. If tbe sentcnce is already complete, leaue an ernpty space (-).
Ve say explain something (TO somebody):
. Can you explain this rvord to me? (ttof'explain me this lr'orC')
I I know rvho she is but I've never spoken ...1p... her.
a/so: 'explain (to somebody) that / what / how / why...':
2 George won't be able to help you, so there's no point in asking ...:.. him.
to do. (not'l 3 I like to listen ........ . the radio while i'm having breakfast.
. o I explained to them what I wanted them explained them')
4 We'd b'etter phone .,......,.. the restaurant to reserve a table. i
Describe is similar:
r Let me describe to you what I sarv. 5 I apologised ........... Bridget for the misunderstanding. I
6 Don't forget to write .................... me while you're away. .a

Note that we say 'apotogise TO somebody (for...)': 7 I thanked .......... everybody for all the help they had given me.
I
o He apologrsed to me. (not 'He apologised me') 8 I explained ....... .. everybody what they had to do.
f

brr,'thank somebody (for something)', 'ask somebody (for something)': 9 Mike described ........., me how the accident happened.
, o FIe aiked me for money. (not 'He asked to me') I'd like to ask ....... vou some ouestions.
aj
'rt
,:

- llItfIT,|llEH Oth€r vorbs + to * IEEEEI - E@ .:

Vorb + proposlllon (2){4) Amerlcan Engllsh ZoJ }
 ul{tT
EXERCISES
Verb + preposition (2) abouVforlotlatter I
.t
132
l'ut prrposilion, lf uo prcpositiott is trcerlad, leavc thc
itr tlta cotrcct spuce e,npty,tF),
\/crlr + about 1 I'nr nor going out yct. I'm wairing ...fec.. the rain ro srop,
rilk AllOUT... / rcad ABOUT... / tcll somebody ABOUT... / havc a discussion ABOUT...:
2 You're alrvays asking me .... ..... money. Ask somebody else for a change.
e Wc talkcd about a lot of things ar thc mccring. 3 I've applied ..... a job at rhe factory. I don'r know ii I'll get it.

brrt 'discuss somerhing' (no preposition): I

4 If I rvanr a job at rhe facrory, w.ho do I apply................................ ?

o \\'c discusscd a lot of things at the nreeting. (not 'discusscd abour') 5 I've searched evcryrvhere John but I haven'r been able to find him.
5 I don't wilnr ro ralk ...,.,.... ........ what happcned lasr nighr, Let's forget it,
a/,.o: 'do s()nrcrhing AIIOUT something' (= do sonrcthing to inrprovc a bird situation): 7 I don'r \\'anr ro discuss .... whar happened last night. Ler,s forget ir.
c Ii )'oLr'rc rr'orricd abour the problenr, you should do sorlcching about ir, 8 Ve had ln inreresring discussion ,.., rhe problernlut *. didn'r reach a
decision.
Carc ;rbout, carc for arrd takc carc of
q
Vc discussed ..,,. rhe problem but we didn'r reach a decision.
10 I don'r rvanr to go out yer. I'm waiting ..... the post to arrive, .l

carc ABOUT sonrcbody/sonrething (= think that somcbody/sonrerhing is inrporrant): 11 Keith and Sonia arc touring Europe. They're in Rome at the momen!, but lomorrow rhe\..
o I-Ic's vcrv sclfish. Hc doesn'r carc about orhcr pcoplc. lcavc ................. Venice.
\\/e sa1 'carc *hat/rvhcrc/torv' (etc.) (*'ithout 'about'): 12 Thc roof of rl're house is in very bad condition. I rhink we oughr ro do something
s \'cru can do 'rr,hat you like. I don't carc rvlrat you do. ir
crrrc IrOl{ sonrc [rocl1,/s<lnrcthing: Vc s,aircd ..... Jinr for half an hour but he never canre.
i) = like sonrcthing (usually in qucstions and ncgativc scntcnccs): Tornorroiv urorning I havc to catch a plane. I'm leaving rny house ........ ,...................... rhe
i'::;ri;.,
!:.:li:
.,.;". c \Vould )'ou carc for a cup of coffee? (= Vould you like,..?) airport ar 7.30.
o I don't carc for very hor rvcathcr. (- I don't likc...) corttpletc tbc suttarces with one, of the following uerbs (in the correct
l:.'l.ili^
:i:'\1 : form) + prcpositio,,:
, l.i.:' . apply ask do lcave look s€€r€h talk wair
:ri,il . 1 Policc are ...eeal9hi.ns.!.er.... rhe man s'ho escaped from prison.
..,.,'Jr 1 Ve'rc
srill ..... ................. a reply ro our letier, We haven't heard anything
1.ec.
,,i,#. 3 Gcorge likes his job but hc doesn't it much.
iii..
ll,'!i6:
a Vhcn I'd finished my mcal, I ..................................... the wairer........................
rhc biil.
\lcrb + for 5 Katc is unemployed, She has .................... several jobs but she hasn'r had anr. luck.
i:t'*.. 6 If
rr JerrrsruillE,
sornerhing rs is wrong,
wtong, rvhy
wny oon don'rr yOu you ................
................................. , . somethin9......................
somerhing it?
l:'J+rqii
'r.is :
f- *l lt.-*'f-d,t) FOR. - 7 Linda's car is very old bur ir's in excellenr condition, She ......................1.........................
i rvell.
r I rvrorc to the conrpany asking them for more inforrnarion about the job, ir
U Dianc is fronr Bosron bur norv she lives in paris. She.....,........... . Boston,,.................. Paris
but <t I askcd her a question. / They asked me thc way to the station. (no preposition) when she was 19.
apply (TO a person, a company erc.) FOR (a job etc.):
o I think this job s'ould suit you. Why don't you apply for ir? Put in the cJrrect preposition after care. If no preposition is needed, leaue the space enrpn, (-).
rvait FOII... / rvait FOR something to happcn: 1 He's very selfish. He doesn'r care ...e.V.9t!!... orher people.
c Don't rvait for me. I'll ioin you later. \ 2 Arc you hungry? Would you care .... something to ear?
o I'nr not going out yct. I'm waiting for thc rain to stop. 3 She doesn't care .',..'..'........... the examination. She's not worried whether
she passes or fails.
scarch (a pcrson / a place / a bag etc.) FOII...: 4 Pleasc lct me borrow your camera, I promise I'll rake good care ............,.......
o I'vc scarchcd (the house) for nry keys bur I still can'r find thenr. ir,
5 'Do you like rhis coar?' ,Not really. I don,t care ..,.,..._,......... the colour.'
lcavc (a place) FOR (another place):
o I haven't scen her since she lcft (horne) for work this morning, (not'left to work')

Look for and look aftcr lcontplete tbe sentences

with look for or look aker. IJse the correct form oflook,
look FOII... (= search for, try to find):
o I've lost my keys. Can you help me to look for them?
look AFTER... (= take care of):
o Albcrt is 85 and lives alone, He necds somebody to look aticr him. (zor'look fgr')
o You can borrow rhis book if you orornise to look after it.

Verbs + sbouvof (thint/hear etc.; '@ilffl Other verbs * for -[EE[ 265
 EArnutbEJ
Verb + preposition (3) about and ol i133
of meaning: Put in the correct priposiriotr.
Some verbs can be follorved by nbout or of, usually rvith a difference
1 Did you hear...?hqg.t-.. rvhat hrppcned at thc parry on Saturday?
2 'l had a strange drearn lasr nighr.' 'Did you? Vhat did you dieam ,......
c I drcamt about you last night, (rvhen I was rrslccp) 3 Our ncighbours conrplnincri ... . . .. .. r.rs rhe noise rve madc last night.
drcam OF being something / doing something (= imagine): 4 Kcn rvrs cortrpl;rirring pains in his chcst, so hc rvent to rhe doctor.
o I often dteam of being rich. 5 I love this music. lt renrincls rnc a \varm dav in spring.
r ,Don't tcll anyone $,hnt i said.' ,No, I rvouldn'r dream of it.' (= I would never do it) 6 He loves his iob. He rhinks ., ... his iob nll the rimc, hc drerms ir h.
ta lks it antl I'rtt fcrl rr1. rr'1111 hcaring It
7 I tricd to rcrnenrbcr rhc nanrc c>f thc book bur Icouldn't think........... ............. it.
hcar ABOUT... (= bc told about somcthing): 8 Janct rvarned n1c .... ........ thc s,arer. Shc said ir rvasn't safc to drink.
r Did you ltcnr atrout thc fight in the cltrb on Srturday night? 9 Vc rvrrnccl our chilclrcn ............. thc tlirngcrs of plrrying in thc strcct.
hcar OF... (= knorv that sonrcbody/sonrething cxists):
. .who is Tonr Madely?' 'l've no idea. I've nevcr heard of him.' (nol'heard from him') Corttplctc the serttences rtsittg otrc of tlte follotr.,irrg t,crbs (in the corrcct fonrt) + tltc corrcct
Al-.o: hcnr FROM.,. (= rcccivc a lettcr or phonc call from somcbody): prcpositiort: conrplnin drcanr hcar rcmind rcmind d+ink think warr.)
o .Havc you heard from Jane rccentlr'?' 'Yes, I got a lettcr frorrr her a fov days ago.' 1 That's a good ider. \Vhl didn't L !hink.,oJ... rhat?
2 Biil is ncvcr sirtisfit'd. l-lc is rrln,rtys .... sonrethrng.
3 I can't nrakc a dccisirlrr i'ct. I rrc'cd tiruc ro........ yorlr proposal.
think ABOUT... and think OF... 4 Beforc you go into thc housc. I rlusr..................
\\/hcn you think ABOUT sorrething, yort consider it, yott concentrate your nrind on ir:
....... )'oLr .... thc dog
He is very aggrcssive sorletinrcs, so bc carcful.
o You look scrious. Vhat are you thinking about? 5 She's not a rvell-l<norvn singcr. Not nranl,pcopie have......
o '\Itill you lend nrc the money?' 'l'll think about it.' ..... ....... hcr.
6 A: You rr,<>uldn't go arvlv rlitfrout tclling nrc, rlould 1'ou?
Vhen you think OF sonlething' the idea cones to 1'our mind: B: Of coursc not. I rr'<>Lrldrr't . .....................
o' He told nre his nanre but I carr't think of it norv. ('of'think about it')
ll

7r" I rr'ould lrrvc forrromcn nri appoi:rrrncrrt if .f ane hadn'r ...... ... .. . ..... .. . . it.
o That's a good idca. vhy didn't I think of that? ('lot 'think about that') 8 Do 1'oLr scc tlt.lt nran ovcr thcrc? Docs hc )'ou anybody 1'ou knorv?
Ve also usc think of rvhert rvc ask or give an opinion:
o 'What did you think of the film?' 'l didn't think much of it'' Contpletc tltc suttcrtces rr-.rlg hcar ol heard + tbe correct prepositiort (about/oflfrom)
The difference is sometirnes very small. often you can use of or about: 1 I've ncvcr ...hpa.rd..pf . Tom lr,ladely. \Vho is he?
o Vhen I'm alone. I often think of (o,'about) vou' 2 'Did yorr the accident last night?' 'Yes, Vicky told me.'
You can say'think of or think about doing something' (for possible future.actions): 3 Jill used to writc to rrc quirc oftcn but Ihavcn't hcr for ages nos,.
r My sister is thinking of (or about) going to canada. (= she is considering it) 4 a: Havc you a 'rvriter callcd William Hudson?
B: No, I don't think so. Vhat son of s,ritcr is hc?
5 Thank you for your lettcr. Ir rvas good ro......,................ you again.
rcmind somcbody ABOUT.,. (= tell somebody not to forget): 6 'f)o you \vant to our holiday?' .Not norv. Tcll mc latcr.,
o I'm glad you rcmindcd me about the meeting..l had complctcly forgotten it. 7 I live in a vcry snrall torvn in tlrc north of E,ngland. you'vc probably never
rcmind somcbody OF... (= cause somebody to remember):
o This house rcminds me of the one I lived in whcn I was a child'
e l-ook at this photograph of Richard. Who does he rcmind you of? conpletc the sentenccs rr-<irrg think about or think of,
(Jse the correct form o/think.
1 You look serious. What are you ,..!hln.ki,nc.aboul?....
(TO somebody) ABOUT"' (= say that you are not satisfied): 2 I likc to havc time to make decisions. I likc to
- 'o
."*pf"i"
3 Hc's a very selfish person. Hc only
things carefully.
We complained to the manager of the resiaurant about the food' himself.
illness etc. (- say that you have a pain etc'): 4 I don't know what to get Ann for her birthday. Can you ..
'-"''; OF a pain, an'ocror
complain
5 A: I've fin'ished rcading the book you lenr me.
anything ?

w;;;ifiJ ,ft. because George was complaining of a pain in his stomach'

Bl Have you? What did you it? Did you like it?
6 We're ............... going out for a meal this evening. Vould you like to come?
..,

ig Carol is rather homesick. Shc's always .... her family back home.
'9 When I was offered the job, I didn't accept immediately. I went
away and
it for a while. In the end I decided to take the iob.
much ..... this coffee. It's like water.

Remlnd/warn somebody to... -E[m Warn somebody agalnst"' *EEm 267

 UNIT
Verb + preposition (4) otltoiltrom/on EXERCISES
j 134
Conrplete the second sentence so that it
nrcans the same as the first.
Ycrb + of
1 Sue said I was selfish. Sue'accused me ...p.t.bei.ns.ec.lfieh,...

accusc / suspccf sonlebody OF...: 2 The misund.ersranding lvas my faulr, so I apologised,

o Suc accuscd nre of bcing selfish. I apologiscd
o Thrce srudents s'ere suspcctcd of chcaring in rhe ex:rnrirration. 3 Shc.rvon rhe tournament, so I congrarulaced her.
approvc OF...: I congrarulared her ................
r His p:rrents don'r approvc of rvhnr he docs, bur rhcy can'r stop hirn. 4 Hc has cnernies bur he has a bodyguard ,o pror.*
t irn.
dic OI: (arr illrrcss): He has a bodyguard !o prorecr hint . . . . ..... ....,. .

t 'Whrrr did hc dic of)' 'A hcrrt arrack.' 5 Thcrc are I 1 players in a football tcanr.
consist OF..,: A foorball ream consisrs
c Vc had an cnonrous nrcal. lr consistcd of seven courscs. 5 She ears only bread and eggs. She lives
completc the second sentence using for or on. (These sentences
all haueblame.,t
7 Kay said rhat what happencd r'as Jim's fault. Kay blamed ...fer.rv.het .happ.ensa,
8 )'ou rlrval,s say cvcryrhing is nry faulr. you alrvays blanre Jim nrc ..
.. _. .. ...
p:rr' {sorttclrodr') FOI{... : 9 Do you rhirrk rhc cco.or.r.ric crisis is rhe faulr of rlie governmcnt?
c I dirlrr'r lravc enr>uglt nronc)' to par' (thc rvaitcr) for thc nrcal. (rrol
'pry rhc' nrcal') _ ^ P? /?,
blanrc rhc governurcnr
btr!'1'tt1'rbill /rrfinc/ar:rx/afrrrc/rcnt/irsurrrofrrroncycrc.(loprcpositiun): 10 I rlrirrk tlrc incrcirsc irr violcnr crirne is bccausc <-rf tclcvision.
o I didn'r have enough nronc)' ro pay nry rclcphonc bill. I blanrc rhe increase in ...,,...........,,.....
thank / forgivc sonrct:od1' FOI{... : Now rcturite scnteilccs 9 and l,0lr-slrg ,,.to blanrc for,., ,
s I'll ncvcr forgivc rhcnr for s,hrt thcy' did. 11 tvt Do i'ou think rhe govcinmenr
apologisc (to sonreLrodl ) FOIl...: 12 trot I .hirrk rhar ,.......
o Whcrr I rcalisecl ls'ars rvrone, lapologiscd (ro rhcnr) for nry nrisrakc.
blanrc sonrcbodl'/sonr.'thing FOR... : cotnplete tbe settlences usitrg one of the
following uerbs (itt tbe correct fornt) + tltc correct
preposition:
" Ever)'bod)'blarned nre for the accidcnr. accuse apologisc eppfofe congrarrlate depend
a/s<.r: 'sonrebodf is to blamc for...':
live pay
" Evcr)'bod)'said thar I rvas to blanrc for the accident. 1 His pareiirs don'r ...app!:ey€.9f... whar he does, bur they."n,, r,op hi..
a/-.o: blanrc somcrhing ON...: paul, rvho . .
o l:r'cr)'bod)'blamcd rhc accidcnr on mc. i Y,I::::::ll,-:::!. rhearre,vith -. : --'_. -_-: -.:_.
. rhe ri:kers?
i l:'::.:,::ll.ll'j::lj,)'l'" vou a:: ; , : ;;#;;; rJ"'i'!""l', r..
romorrorv?, .r hope so. r;.......... : .:.... _:.:"_:._.::::",il1",1#fl;,.,
\/crb +
i Things
5 A::f :_t,llTs:cnnis
are very cheap there. you can
... very lirrle money,
5 When I saw Dave, I..... him .................. passing his driving rest.
7 You were u.ry ,rd. ro Fiona. D"",,
suffcr FROM (an illncss crc.):
o Thc nunrbcr of pcoplc suffcring frour lrcart cliscasc has incrcascd.
'tt. t;";hi;k #:'h;;i;.._ . ..::::::::::::l::::rT:i
3
protcct somcbody/sonrerhing FROM (or AGAINST)...:
o Surr oil can prorccr rhe skin fronr thc sun. (or ...against thc sun.) Itt
{r

Vcrb + on
dcpcnd ON...,/ rcly ON...:
r
'Wl:at tirnc rvill;'ou arrivc?' 'l don't knorv. It dcpends on tltc traffic.'
.
You can rely onJilJ. She always keeps her pronuses.
You can use depend + when,/where/how etc. (quesrion words) wich or without on:
c 'Arc you going to buy it?' 'lt depends how much it is.'(or depends on horv much) She hasn't gor a
lob, She depends........:......-....:..... her parenrs for rnoney.
live ON (rnoney/food): I don't know whether I'li go out ronighr.
o Georgel" sa.lary is very low. It isn't enough to live on. tt a.p.nas'...... how I feel.
They wore warm clorhes io pror..r ri.mrel"ei
congratulate (scnreone) ON.../compliment somebody ON..,: The aparrment consists
r I congraculated her on her success in the exam. three rooms, a kitchen and bathroom.

Verb + preposition + -ing .. EU Othor verbs * for - EIEEI Orher verbs + on - IEIEEI
269
 Verb + preposition (5) in/into/with/to/on !xbHurtihs
j 135
Complete tbe second sente,lcc so that it means the sarne as the first.
Verb + in 1 There rvas a collision bcfrvecn ir bus and a cnr. A bus collidcd .with.a.c_ar..
2 don't mind big cities bur I prcfer small torvns.
o Do you believe in God? (= do you believe that God exists?)
got all thc infornration I nccdcd from Jill.
3
o I belicvc in saying rvhat I think. (= I believc it is right to sav what I think)
spccialise IN...: Jill provided mc
o Helen is a larvyer. She specialises in company larv.
4 This nrorning I bought a pair of shoes ."vhich cosr .{50.
This nrorning I spcnt .............
succccd IN...:
r I hopc you succeed in finding the job you rvant. Contplcte thc sctrtcnces ttsitrg one of'tltc follotuing uerbs (in tlte correct t'onn) + tltc correct
pos't toil:
prepos,t totl
bcliieve conccntratc dividc drive fill happcn ir+si€+ succeed
Vcrb + into
l.t I rvanted to go alonc but Suc ....ir.aip!e/..an... coming rvith mc.
1l t haven't seen Harry for agcs. lrvondcr *'h:rt has..,... him
r Or,rr house rvas brokcn into a ferv days ago but nothing rvrs stolcn. I rvas driving,along rvlrcn the car in front of me stopped suddenly. Unfortunirtely, lcogldn't
$ crash / drivc / bump / run INTO...:
.ll
stop in timc and ............,..... . thc back of ir.
o Ilc lost control of thc car and crashcdinto a rvall. A
It's a vcry'largc hot:sc. lr's four flats.
divide / cut / split something INTO (nvo or more parts): 5 I don't,............ ,......... ghosts. I think pcoplc onlv inragrne thrt thcl,scc thenr.
o The book is dividcd into three pafts. 6 Stcte gavc mc 2rn cnrpr)'buckct and told nre to It ................................ \\'ater.
ffi o Cut the meat into small pieces bcfore frying it' 7 Don't try arrd do trvo rlrines rogcrhcr ........ onc rhirrg at a tinre.
translate (a book etc.) FROM one language INTO another: 8 It s asrr't easl, bLrt in thc cnd \\/e ................. ......... ..... ., f irrding a solution to thc problcnr.
o Gcorgc Orrvcll's books have been translatcd into nranl' languages.
Pwt itt tltc corrcct 1)t'oposilion.
1 The school providcs all its studcnts ..with... books.
\/erD + rvith 2 A strengc thirrc happcncd ............ ........ rre a fcrv dals ago.
3 Mark dccidcd to givc up sporr so thar lre could concenrrare..... his studics.
I collide WITH...: 4 I don't bclicve ............. rvorking very hard. lt's not rvorrh ir.
o There rvas an accident this morning. A bus collidcd rvith a car. (Drl ' crashcd into')
ffi I fill somcthing WITH... (but full of... - see Unit 130B):
5 Mv present job isn't.*',rndcrful, but I prcfcr it........................ .... rr'hat I did before.
| 6 I hopc you succced .... gcting rvhat you *,ant.
| . 'Iake this sauccDan and fill it rvith water.
7 As l rvas coming out of the room, I collidcd .... somebodr. rvho s,as conting in.
I proui.lc / supply somebody WITH...:
8 There rvas an arvful noise as the car crasbcd .... a rree.
|L- . The school providcs all it's students with books. 9 Jim is a photographcr. Hc spccialiscs sports photography.
10 Do 1,ou spcnd much nloney .,............ clotlics?
11 The country is divided .... six regrons.
Verb + to
, 12 I prefcr travclling by train .... driving. It's much more pleasant.
happcn TO...: li 13 Somcbody broke .... my car arrd srolc the radio.
o ryhat happencd to that gold 1vatch you used to have? (= rvhere is it now?) sted .............................,.. having the windorv open.
prefer one thing/person TO another: ranslatc ,. one language .. another.
o I prcfcr tca to coffcc. ... thc nroncy llcnt you? Whar did you spcnd it....... ..............
he class .... four groups.
ately I fiiled it ..................,............. the wrong kind of petrol.
Verb + on
Use yi:ur own ideas to complete tbese scntenccs. Use a preposition.
concentrate oN...: 1 I wanted ro go our alone but my friend insisted ...p!.eafiins..vl!!h..nQ,
o Don't look out of the window' Concentrate on your work, spend quite a lot of money .............
insist ON...: saw the accident. The car crashed
c I wanted to go alone but they insisted on coming with me. Sarah oiefers basketball
sDend (money) ON...:
^' o' How much money do you spend on food each week? Shakespeare's plays have been translated

Verb+preposition+.lnO*6 Otherverbs+to-EtrgI Olherverbs*on-llffiEl 271

Verb + preposltlon + -lng (succeeo lr'lr$/ "s,f"---- / ol
accuse somebody of ing etc.) I' Comptete eacl, scrttcficc ttsing only onc tuord.
1 Our neighbours apologised for ...nraking.... so much noise.
+ obiect. For example: 2 lfeel lazy. I don'r feel like
Many verbs have the structure uerb + preposition (inlforlabout etc.) ..... any rvork.
uerb +
3 I wanted ro go our alone butJoc insisted on.............................. with me.
I7e talked
4 I'm fed up rvith ny job. I'm thinking of ................................ something else.
You must apologise
J Ve have decided against ..... a new car because *..r"n,, really afford ir.
d I hope you rvrite ro me s()on- I'm looking fonvard to ............... . .............. from you.
If tl're object is another verb, it ends in -ing: 7 The rveather rvas extrcmely bad and this prevenrcd us from.............................. our.
8 The man,*'ho has been rrrested is suspected of ................. ............. a false passporr.
- uerb +T pr"position | + -ing (obiect)
9 I think you shoLrld apologise ro Sue for
We talked I about I going to America' 10 children
Some parents don't approve of their
..... so rude to her.

She apologised* | for I not telling the trurh' ..... a lot of television.
11 I'm sorry I cin't contc to your party but thank yor.r very much for........... .................. mc.
Here are some more verbs with this structure:
! 'Conpletc tbe sentences usirtg a prepositiott + orte of tbe,follouing uerbs (in
succeed (in) fi yor,
"t*".d.d I in I find-ing a job yet?
cause cscapc C€ help interrupt live play ,oiu. spcnd rvalk fornt)
the correct

insist (on) ri.y inrirt.d I on I gaving for the mcal'

1 Do you feel ...like.oqJls... out this evenine?
think (of) t'm it inking I pf
;f
I bu.y.ing a house'
I It took us a long tinrc br-rt rve finally succeeded
drcam (of)
' Jream
I wouldn't Irof I asking them for money' 3 I've alwal's dreamcd ... in a small house by rhe sea.
. rhe problem

approve (of) she doesn't aPProve I leambling'

r- 4 The driver of the othcr car accused me
decide (against) Wb have aecii.a I against I moving to London'
5 There rvas a fence around the larvn to stop people
............. the accident.

feel {like) Do you feel I tit . I eoins out tonight?

5 Forgive me..............
on the grass
look forward (to) I'm iooking forward I to I meeting her' t 7 Vhere are ),ou thinking
you but may I ask 1'ou something?
... your holiday this year?
" \0e-.say'apologise to somebody for...': 8 The guards rveren't able to prevent the prisoner
Stt. to rne fo. not telling the truth' (nor'she apologised me') 9 I rvanted to cook the meal by myself but Dave insisted .......,............. me.
"poiogised
1o t'o our game of tennis romorrow. r .rvas reaily looking fonvard
preposilion + soniebody + -ing: ' : :"::1 ]": 1,. :. ::::el
With some of the verbs in A, you can use the structure uerb + 1

uerb + preposition somebody + -ing i Conrylete thc sentences on the right.

She doesn't aPProve of me gambling.
We are all looking forward to Liz coming home.
lS
tA. frit
'' >d
It rvas nice of 1ou to hclp me.
Thanks very much. George thanked ...n e ler.he!p.t.no.hi v:.

The follorving verbs can have the s6ucture uerb + obiect +

preposition + -ing: t you csonce

conglatulate (on)
uerb +
I congratulatedr
preposition
on
of
+ -ing
passing the exam.
telling lies. ;
ji;
&bs
T roM
I'll drive you ro the sration.
I insist.
Tom insisted .....

accuse (o0
suspect (of)
Prevent (from)
They accused
Nobody suspected
. What prevented
of.
from
being a spy.
coming to see us?
'ls ffi
YOU
6,ttt
]IM
Congratul ations !
':*'::::i':l1ll1
-l
from leaving the building'
stop (from') The police stopped 6;) It was nicc of you to comc to Mrs Bond thankcd .......,.
thank (for) I forgot to thank for helping me.
\t see me. Thank you.

t
Please forgive for not writing to You.
forgive (for) MRS EOND
They warned against buying the car.
warn (against) Don't stay at the hotel near I warned
* You can also say 'stop somebody doing' (tuithout from)' So you can say: the airoort.
you
r You can't stop me doing what l-want' or "'stop me from doing what I want' @r I'm sorry I didn't phone you Mary apologised......
Some of these verbs are often used in the passiue' For example:
o I wai accused of telling lies.
t3
MARY
ea fl ter.

o The mirn was susPected of being a spy'

. Wc wmc worncd ngninst bulng thc rnr' eN, {G,.";tr,.[l Jane accused
]ANE

Occldelram+to...{EIEEEEEI! Pr€posltlon + -lng + g6 Vorb + proposlllon' lllllilElm 123

 UNIT
ES
Adjective + t0... Q4
A) \Yrite these seutences in another way, beginning as shown.
Difficulr to understand etc. ICs difficulr :c undersrand him.
He ...l.e..Cif.fissJf. I9.unCnretanA.,..
ICs quite easy to use rhis machine. This machine is
Compare scn(ences a and b: window. The window
It was very difficulr to open the
. (a)
,,{ 4 ft's impoesible to translale some words. Some words
''-|".
k's not safe to stand on that chair. That chair....
,1 / Ir's expensivv to maintain a car. A
Sentences a and b havc the sarne meaning. But note that we say:
o Hc is difficulr to undcrstand. (not 'He is difficult to understand Dirr.') il! $ection A) Contplete the second sentence using the adiectiue in brachets. [.]se alan +
adjectiue + noun + to,,, (as in the example).
You can use thc structures in the box with: 1 I couldn't answer the question. idifficulr) Ir was ...a.y'.i.ffl.e.u.1!..qu.ealia!1.-t-o-.enewg1,..
difficult casy hard impossiblc dangerous safc expensivc chcap 2 Everybody makes that mistake. (easy) It's an
and a nunrber of other acijecrives (for example, nicdintcresting/cxciting): 3 I like living in this placc. (nice) It's a ........................
o Do you think it is safe to drink tltis rvater? 4\y/eenjoyedrvatchingthegame.(good)Itwas'.'...............
Do you think this w,ater is safe to drink? (not'to drink ir')
r \'our rvriting is awful. It is inrpossiblc to rcad it. (= to rsad i'our il,rrrrng) il.3 (Sccliort 13) |t4akc a ltuu scnteilce bcgirrttittgk,.. . Usc one of these adjectiues each tinrc:
Your rvriting is impossible to rcad. (not'to read it') carclcss considerate lri{id nice
o I likc being s'irh Jill. It's very intcresting to talk to hcr- 1 You did my shopping for me. ...!!.wep.$nd.pt;es.te.dn.my.ehpeping.fpl.s.e,...
Jill is very intercsting to talk to. Qtot'ro talk to her') 2 ]ou nrake the samc mistake again and again.
You can also use this structure with an adjective + noun: Ir
e This is a difficult quesrion (for nrc) to answer. (flat'rc ansq,cr it') 3 \on and Jenny invited me ro stay with rhem.

(ir's) nicc (of you) to".. 4 J<.rhn nrade so much noise when I was trying to sleep.
You can use rhis structure to say rvhat you think of rvhat somebody does: It rvasn't very .

.' o Ir was nicc of you to take me to the station. Thank you very much.
64..1 (Sectiott C) Use the follouing words to conzplete these sentences:
You can use nrany other adjectives in this rvay. For example:
kind clcver scnsible mean silly srupid carelcss unfair considerate' sorry/hear gladhear dclightedl6et surprised./see
e It's silly of lrlary to givc up her job s hc,r sire needs rhc money. 1 We ..,wcre.d.eliAh!e4..t-epeI.... your letrer lasr week.
. a I rhink ir \\/as very unfair of him to criticisc me. 2 Thank you for your lerter. I that you're keeping well.
'Pauline
3 We............... at the party. We didn'r expect her ro come.
(l'nr) sorr-v to... 4 I .................... that your mother isn,t well, I hope she gets well soon.
You can use rhis structur€ to say horv somebody reacts to something:
o I s,as sorry to hear that your farher is ill. H,5 $ectiott D) Contplete the second sentence using the uords in brackets + to... ,

You can usc many other adjectives in this rvay. For example:
h"ppy glad pleased delightcd sad disappoinrdd surpriscd anrazed
astonishcd relieved:
o Was Tom surprised to see you when you went to see hinr]
o We rvere delighted to get your lener last week.
The first (person) to know, rhe ncxt lrain ro arrive
We use to... aftcr the first/sccond/third etc. and also afrer the ncxt, the last, thc only:
o .lf I have any more news, you will be rhe first (person) to know,
1 Nobody lefr before me. (rhe firsr) I was ...thp.fir.E..? .p.er.eefi.Ip.lee:1e,...
,',32 Everybody else arrived before Paul. (rhe last) Paul was rhe ....................
' Fiona papsed rhe exam. All the other students failed. (the only)
I complained to the restaurant manager about the service. Another customer had already
complained before me. (rhe second) I was................ ............._........
Ncil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1959. Nobody had done rhis before him.
(the firsr) Neil Armstrong was ...............
!r_

. The next train to arrive at platform 4 will be rhe 5.50 to Cardiff. E) Complete these sentences using the word in brackets and a suitable uerb,
o Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time. Diane is very intelligenr. She ...!.p..hag.nd.tc.lean.... the exam. (bound)
I'm not surprised you're tired. After such a long iourney you ................... .... tired.
You can say that something is sure / cerrain I bound / likely to happen; ; (bound)
o She's very intelligenr. She's sure / certain / bound to pass the exam. Tom's got a very bad memory. He ....................
.... whar you told him. (sure)
r I'n likely ro bc late home this evening. (= I will probably be lare home) I don't ttrjnk you need to rake an umbrella, ft ......................... (not likeiy)
, 'The holidays begin this weekend. There ...............
....-.... a lor of traffic on the
roads. (likely)
ffi
 llt,lr,
T0.,. (atraid t0 rl0) and preposltton + -ing (atrard 0l -ing)
CO
6p
the situatiott and trsc tlta tuords in brackcts to writc a sentenca tuith afraid.
Afraid to (do) and afraid of (do)ing The streets are trnsefc at nighi.
;1a lot of pcoplc / afraid / go / orrt) ....4 .1p!.ef.?QQPle are afrald to.gg.oyr-.
I am afraid to do somethin g = | don't want to do it because it is dangerous or the result
We walked very carcfully along thd icy path.
could be bad. We use afraid to do for things we do intentionally: (we / afraid I falll ...W9.wate atraid qtlalttns....
e A lot of pcople are afraid to go out at night. (= they don't want to go out because it I don't usually c:lrry nry p;rssport rvith nrc.
is dangerous - so they oon't go out)
(lafraid / losc / it)
o He was afraid to tcll his parents about the broken window. (= he didn't want to tell Thc sca rvas vcry rorrglr,
thcm bccause hc kncw they would be angry) (we / afraid i go / srvimnring) ..
!fle rushed to the station.
i am afraid of something happcning = it is possible that something bad will happen (for (rvc / afraid / miss / our train)
example, an accidcnt). 'We do not use afraid of -ing for things we do intentionally:
b In the middlc of thc filnr thcrc rvas a particLrlarly horrifl.ing scene.
r The parh was icy, so rve walked very carefully. !(,re were afraid of falling. (= it was (rve/afraid/look) . . ...
possible that rve would fall - not'we were afraid to fall') '7 The glasses wcre very ful1, so Janc carricd thcm vcr;'carefully.
o I don't like dogs. I'm always afraid of being bitten. (not'afraid to be bitten') (she/ afraid / spill i thc drinrsT ...... ... ..
8 I didn't like the Iook of thc fo6d on rrl' plate
So, you are afraid to do something because )'ou are afraid of something happening as a
a (l / afraid I eat I ir) ....
rcsult: b (I / afraid/ makc /
o I rvas afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten. "ri',.f
f iff f .. .

Conplete tbc sentcnces usittg one of tltese t,crbs

brt get go hcar rcad start
Interested in (do)ing and interested to (do)
1 I'rr1 trying to sell my car brrt noi.odf is intcresred ...i.n..huyj.ng.. ir.
I'm interested in doing something = I'm thinking of doing it, I'd like to do it: t I"li" ic intor..ro.{ her orvn business.
r I'm trying to sell my car but nobody is intercsted in buying it. (not'to buy') 3 I rvas interested .......i............... I'our lctter in the nes,spaper last rveek.
We use intcrested to especially with hear/see/knodread/learn. I'.vas interested to hear it = 'I .4 Bill rvants to stay single. He's not intcrested married.
heard it and it was interesting for me': 5 You must tell me rvhat you think. I'm alrvai's interestcd ............ your opinion.
o I rvas interested to hear that Diane has got a new iob. 6 There's a part),tonight but I'm not interested
o Ask George for his opinion. I would be interested to knorv what he thinks. (= it would
be interesting for me to knorv) 3',Contplete the sentences ttsittg the uerb in brachets.
.
This structure is the same as surprised to / delighted to... etc. (see Unit 54C): ;,i1 I'm sorry ..,fcr,eho-q.tlnq... at you ycstcrday. (sho
(shout)
r I was surprised to hear that Diane has got a new job. ,/ )orry you but havc 1,qu gor a pen I could borrorv? (disturb)

Sorry to (do) and sorry for (do)ing

ijll P" _
Ji4 I'm sorrl'
late last night. I didn't realise the time. (be)
..... rvhat I said yestcrday. I didn't really mean it. (say)
We usually say $orry to... to apologise when (or just before) we do something: 'l've just had my exam rcsulrs. I failed.' 'Oh? I'm sorry ........... that.' (hear)
o J'm snrry to bother you, but I need to talk to ydu.
'Ve use solry to (hear/read etc.) to show sympathy with somebody (see Unit 54C): lete the sentences using thc uerb in brackets.
'We
. I was sorry to hear that Fiona lost her job. (- I was sorry when I heard...) wanted ..lo.leaye... the building. (leave)
D We wercn't allorvcd ........ the building. (lcave)
You can use sorry for (doing iomething) to apologise for something iou did before:
c 'We were prevented .. . the building. (leave)
o (l'm) sorry for shouting at you yesterday. (not'Sorry to shout...') a Fred failed the problem. (solve)
You cart also say:
b Amy succeeded . the problem. (solve)
o (I'rn) sorry I shouted at you yesterday. a I'ln_thinking
.

away next week. (go)

Note that we sayt
I want to (do) / I'd like to (do) but
I failed to (do)
I allowed them to (do)
For examples, see Units 53-54 and 61.
b I'm hoping
c I'm looking forrvard
I'm thinking of (do)ing / I dream of (do)ing
d I'd Iikc ......,,.....
but I succeeded in (do)ing
a Mary wanted
but I prevented them from (do)ing .b
Mary promised .....
Mary insisted
.Mary wouldn't dream
away next rveek. (go)
........ away next week. (go)
.... ..... away next wcck. (go)
me a drink. (buy)
.... me a drink. (buy)
me a drink. (buy)
me a drink. (buy)

+ + tliltffEEEED 4 EE!@
V€rb + preposition + -lng Emil Ad.iectives + prepositions Sorry about
 UNIT {i
See somebody do and see somebody doing ctsEs .3,

q6 ;l
.a
'Cotnplete the answers to tbe questions.
Srudy rhis exarnple siruarion: !-
;\
Tonr got into his car and drove arvay. You sarv rhis. 1 Did anybody go our? I don't think so. I didn't :
see ...anyhpdy.Se..o.yj-.
You can say: 2 Has Jill arrived yer? Yes, I think I heard her..... ....... ...,..
r I sarv Torn ger inro his car and drivc a*,ay. Horv do you knorv I rook the money? I know because I saw you.... ....
3 ............... ... . ...
In rhis srrucrure wc use gcldrir.c/do erc. (infinirive a Did rhe doorbell ring? I'm not sure. I didn't hear
rvirhour'to'): 5 Can Tonr play rhe piano? i've never heard..................
6 Did I lock rhe door when I wenr our? Yes, you did. I saw
So'"g!"di' did sonrerhing yOU Horv did thc rvonran fall in the river?
7 I cion't know. I didn'r see

62 ln e.ach of .these. situatiotts you and a friend saw, heard or smelt something. Look at tbe pictures
and contpletc the sentences.
Norc rhar rve use rhc infinirive u,ithout to:
r Wc s:rrv thcnt go out, (lol 'to gcl')
lJut :ritcr 'a passiuc ('thel rvcrc secn') crc., \\,c usc to:
. Thc), werc seen to go our.
Lcck! There's Ann.
Srudy rlris cxanrplc siruariorr:
Ycstcrday you sa\v Ann. Shc sas s,airing for a bus.
Yclrr cltn say;
. I sarv r\rtrt t'aiting ft;r a llus.
In this strucrurc \\'c usc -ing (ri.airing):
Listen! That's Bill.

I sarv somebod) doing sonrerhing

Study thc diffcrcnce in nrcaninq bct*'cen rhc r*'o strucrures: 1 We a aw. Ann.waiIir, g.f p.r. a .b-v p..
2 We sarv Dave and Heicrr
'l sas'hinr do sontcthirrg'= he did sonrerhing (past sinple) and I sarv rhis. I sarr,thc. corlplere 3 We sarr'..
action fronr beginning ro cnd: A
......... ln a restaurant,
We hcard
r He fcll off rhc rvall. I sas, rhis. -> I sarv him fall off the rvall. 5 We could
I
{
r The accident happened, Did you see rhis? -+ Did you see rhe accidenr happen? 6
't
'l sarv hinr doing sorncrhing'= hc rvas doing sonrcrhing (l)ast coltirytorrs/ and I sax,this. I t[
!6,3 ,i
sari'ltinr rvhen he rvas in rhe niiddle of c,anrplete these sentences. IJse one ofthese uerbs (in
- doing
--"'o it. This does nor nrean that I saw rlre rn...lere the correct fonn):
f
action: climb eon+e crawl cry cycle explode happen 'il
6
r He rvas rvalking along rhe srreet. I open fun say ""D slam slccp tell t,
.r1
I sa"v him rvalking along the srreet'
I sarv this ruh.ril d.oic .rr. i -
pasr in rny 1 Lisren ro rhe birds ...dli.ghg,...
Sonretimes rhe diffcrence is nor important and you can use either 2 I didn'r hear you ...c..ef.r.e-... in.
o I've never scen her dancc. or I've nevcr seen her dancins. 3 Did anybody see the accident ............ . ... ............?
4 Ve lisrened to the old man .............,,... his story from
5 Lis^ten! Can you hear a baoy .....................,...,......? -vor"""'t' to
beginning rv s'r!
end.
We use these srructures rvith see and hear, and a number of othe r verbs: 6 I ldoked our of rhe windowand saw Tim on his bike
e I didn'r hear 1'ou come in. 7 'whr did vou rurn round suddenlv?' 'r rhougr'r i i'.;;J;;il;.. .... alons rhe road.
o Liz suddenly felt something touch her on the shoulder. ..:-:.-:... ... ..... ... ,",
name.'
o Did you norice anyone go our? 8
'We
watched the two men .................. across the garden,
,. a window
o I could hear ir raining. and .,.............. ,.., rhrough it inro rhe house,
r The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. 9 Everybody heard rhe bomb ...............
Ir was a rremendous noise.
r Lisren to rhe birds singing! 10 Ohl I can feel so.mething
.... up my legl It musr be an insect.
o Can you smell sornerfring burning? 11
I heard somebody ...... ...-..... .............. rhe dooi in it i,iaat"
of the night- ii woke me up.
o I found Sue in my room reading my lerrers. r2 Whenwe8orhome,wefoundacar........'.....,.. "
t is said that... He is said t0... (be) supposed t0... ,+l*
Wrirc these sentences in another way, beginning as shotun, Use the underlined word in your
udv this exarnole situation:
Henry is very old. Nobody knows exacrly how old he is, buu It is expected that the strike will end soon. The strike ...lg,erBp.cliA.te..tnd..f.ecr.1...
It is said that is 108 years old.
I4 It is cxpcctcd that the weathcr wili bc good romorrow.
F t:
said to be 108 years old. Ir is belieycd that the thicves gor in through the kicchen window.
lHilis
Both these sentcnces mean: 'People say that he is 108 It is reportcd that many pecplc are homeless after the floods,
years old.'
ft is thought that thc prisoner cscapcd by climbing over a rvall.
The prisoner
orr cirn usc thesc struciurcs with a numbcr of othcr verbs, cspcciallyr 6 It is allcgcd tlrnt tlrc nran drovc rlrror,rglr thc town at 90 nrilcs an hour.
,ought belicvcd considercd rcported known cxpccted allcgcd understood
omDare the rwo structures: 7Itisreport,edthatthebuildinghasbccnbadlydamagedbyfire.
Cathy rvorks very hard. 8 a It is gd that the company is losing a lot of money. i
It is said that works 16 hours a day. or Shc is said to work 15 hours a day.
she 'Fhp rnnrnrnrr
The police are looking for a missing boy. b It is believed that the cornpany lost a lot of money last year. I
It is bclievcd that the boy is wearing a or The boy is bclievcd to be wearing a Thc company......
rvhite pullovc and blue jeans. white pullover and blue jeans. c It is expccted that the company rvill lose money rhis year,
The strike started three weeks ago.
k is expected that it rvill end soon, ol The strike is expectcd to end soon,
A friend of mine has bcen arrested, 142 Peoile say a lot of things about Arthur. For exanrple:
h is allcged that he kicked a policeman. or He is allcged to havc kicked a policeman.
1G',1'*;;'pid"A
Those rwo houscs belong to the same family.
It is said that there is a secret tunnel or Thcrc is said to bc a secrct tunnel
2--
-/ r*=:-- .;--\ " [+];l2.hitd;;)
---- ?
l-le vcrv flcn.
I\.--.- ts
V 5m
-- I
benveen them. between them. |J

hcse structures are often used in news reports. For example, in a report about an accident:
3 lHc writcs poctry. I l/
r It is reported that rwo people were or
Two peoplc are reportcd to have been
-- ''
injured in the explosion. iniured in the explosion. Nobody knous for sare vhetber these things are true or not, 'Write sentences about Arthur
,rsiag (bc) supposcd to.
lc) supposcd to
)nrctimes it is supposed to,.. = it is said to...:
o Let's go r.. that filrn, It's supposed to be ve\ good, (= it is said to be very good) . l'1..^
'rt.:.1 J
o '\7hy was"ndhc arrested?' 'Hc's supposed to have kickcd a policeman.' (= he is said to 'i,"".;t,O
havc kicked a policeman) .;{t5
1ii*,.
ut sometimes supposed to has a different meaning, 'Something is supposed to happen' = it is
anned, arranged or expccted. Often this is diffcrent from what really happenst you haue to use (bel supposed to with its other meaning, In each exatnple uhdt happens is
I
r i'd betrer hurry. It's nearly 8 o'clock and I'm supposed to b'e meeting Ann at 8.15. from what is supposed to happen. Use (be) supposed to + one of these verbs:
(= I have arranged to meet Ann, I said I would meet her)
"- be block come p** phone start
r The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour,late. (= the train was Sf the sentences are negativi llike thi first example).
expected to arrive a. 11.30 according to the timetable) i You h.e.,nei?-.9,u?ppeed.Ip.pel*.' here. Ir's private parking only.
r You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it? The train .,.w.efi.guppo.epA..la..e$.1yg... at 1i ,30, but it wai an irour late.
fou're not supposed to do something' = it is not allowed or advisable for you to do it: ,'"lVhat are thc childrcn doing at homc? Thcy at school
r You're not supposed to park your car here. It's private parking only. gt this tirne.
o Mr Bond is much better after his illness but he's still not supposed to do any heavy Ve.....,.....,,.,.-. work at 8.15, but we rarely do anything before 8.30.
work. (= his doctois have advised him not to,..) This door is a fire exit. You ...,............,,.. it.
Oh dearl I..............,.......,.. Ann but I complerely forgor.
Ttrey arrived very early - at 2 o'clock, They ................ . until 3.30.
89
 UNIT
tsEs
Have something done 45
;ick ()tbc c,Jrrect se,ilcuce, (a) or (b), for euch picture.
Srudy rhis example situation:

The roof of Jill's house was damaged in a storm, so she

arranged for somebody to repair ir. Yesrerday a workntan
came and did the job. Y;P
Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.
a Bill is cutting his a John is cleaning Sue is taking a
hair. his shoes, photograph.
This means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repair b Sarah is having b Bill is having his b John is having his Sue is having her
her hair cur. hair cut. shoes cleaned. photograph taken.
the roof. She didn't repair it herself.

Why did you do these things? Answer usitry'haue sonlething done'. Use one of these uerbs:
clcan cut rcpair s€'rri€e
I
; 1ye use have something done to say thar we arrange for somebody else to do sornething for us. 1 Why did you take your car to the garage? ...-Lc.h.ev.e.l!..ee!v.i.ee.4,..
't Compare: 2 Vhy did you take your jacker to the cleancr's? To ....................
.''

i
r Jill rcpaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself) 3 l(hy did you take your watch to the jeweller's?
e Jill had tbe roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else ro repair it) a !flhy diC you go to rhe hairdresser?
Srudy thcsc scntcnccs:
o Did Ann nrake rhe dress hcrself or did she havc it nradc? Wrile sentatces itt the way shown.
. 'Arc ),ou going to repair rhe car yourself?' 'No, I'm going to have it rcpaired.' 1 Jill .didn't repair the roof herself. She ...had..i!..re?e.itcA.'..
2 I didn't cut my hair myself. I.........................
Be carcful rvith r.r'ord order. The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is after rhe obiect (the roof /
3 They didn't paint the house themselves
your hair etc.):
4 .lue didn't make the curtains herself.
have object past particiPle
had the roo{ repaired yesterday. Use the words in brackets to conzplete the sentences. Use the structure 'haue something dorrc'.
Jilr
\\tre.' did you have ,,^..- L^;- cut? it We .-4r.e.hey-ing1he}9g9e.pzink*.... (the house / painr) ar rhe momen!.
1i i2 I lost my key. I'll have to ............,....:....
Your hair looks r,.;e. Have you had It cut? (another key / make),
Julia nas just had central heating installed in her house. :;i3 Vhen was the last time you ...................'......................................................... (your hair / cut)?
We the house painted at the moment, fJ4 You look different. (you / your hair / cut)?
:
are having
Horv ofren do you have your car serviced? " (vou / a newspaper / deliver) to vour house or
I think you should have rhat coat cleaned soon. ;; t;,,;;;; ;; ;i;;;; ;;t o;
I don'r like having my photograph takcn. ,r: What are those workmen doing in your garden?
B: Oh, we (a swimming pool / build).
e: Can I see the photographs you took when you were on holiday?
You can also say 'gct something done' instead of 'have something done' (mainly in informal s: I'm afraid I .......... (not / the film / develop) yet.
spoken English): This coat is dirry. I must .............. ....... (it / clean).
o When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof repaired) U.you want to wear earrings, why don't you ..........,........ .. (your
o I think you should get your hair cut.
/ pierce) ?

Sometimes have something done has a different meaning. For example: ,,Qou haue to use 'hat,e something done' with its second meaning (see Section C),
o .Jill and Eric had all their money slolen while they were on holiday.
's nose was broken in a fight.
Of course rhis does not mean that rhey'arranged for rornlbody to steal their money. 'They had
happened to George? ...!1e.h.ed.h.l.p-neeehrpkpn.l.n.a.fiohL.,
all thqir money stolen' means only: 'All their money was stolen from them'' :.
's bag was stolen on a train.
With rhis meaning, we use have something done to say that something happens to somebody q happened to Sarah? She
their belongings. Usually what happens is not nice: hat was blown off in the wind.
. GeorBe had his nose broken in a fight. happened to Fred?
o Have you ever had your passport stolcn? 's passport was taken away from her by the police.
haooened to Diane? ...........