CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Most candles are made of paraffin wax, which creates highly toxic benzene and toluene when

burned. In fact, the toxins released from paraffin candles are the same as those found in diesel

fuel fumes (Wells, 2018). Candles make light by making heat. All the light a candle makes

comes from a chemical reaction known as combustion in which the wax made from carbon-

based chemicals typically derived from petroleum reacts with oxygen in the air to make a

colorless gas called carbon dioxide (Woodford, 2018).

Aquaculture is an important source of animal protein for human consumption. Oysters are the

second most commercially important marine organisms since its consumption has increased

considerable over the past decades (FAO, 2012). Approximately 4 million tons of oysters are

consumed annually and half of them are eaten as raw and ingested as a whole (Fang, et al.,

2015). Most mussels and oysters are cooked by steaming or immersion and the shell is removed.

The improper disposal of solid waste from shellfish cultivation decreases water oxygen and

microalgae that are responsible for the nutrition of mussels and oysters, thus hindering the

growth of these shellfish (Hamester et. al, 2012). Oyster shell is composed of protein

polysaccharides and minerals including calcium magnesium, sodium, copper iron, nickel,

strontium and some microelements. Chemical and microstructure analysis showed that oyster-

shells are predominantly composed of calcium carbonate with rare impurities (Ajith, 2016).

1
 Some sea animals have hard protective outer shells around them. These shells are composed

of excessive amount of calcium carbonate crystals together with layers of viscoelastic proteins,

these dense structures exhibit excellent mechanical properties (Lee, et al., 2014). Oyster shells

can be found as waste material with good mechanical properties can be utilized as bio filler in

making composites. Being a biodegradable agent it can be a good option to be combined with

light weight polymer matrices. Polypropylene is a type of thermoplastic polymer resin. It is a

part of both the average household and is in commercial and industrial applications (Johnson,

2018)

Since major component of the oyster shell is calcium carbonate, which gives carbon dioxide

(CO2) on decomposing after heating/burning. A study on strength, fire retardancy and water

absorption properties of the oyster shell powder reinforced Polypropylene has been carried out

by performing different types of mechanical, flame and water absorption tests. It is observed that

oyster shell powder has improved the burning properties of the composite on the cost of a little

decrease in mechanical strength. The optimized concentration of oyster shell powder has been

suggested after the study however it depends upon the type of application. Slight decrease in the

mechanical properties is common in particulate filled composites but the main benefit of the

oyster shell powder over other fillers is its easy availability, biodegradability and low cost which

is almost free because it’s a waste material (Shah et al., 2014).

Based on the present study has been undertaken by the researchers to evaluate and validate

the scientific use of powdered oyster shell as candle burning retardant enhancer.

2
Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to determine if powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell can

effectively enhance the retardation of candle burning. Specifically, the study sought answer to

the question:

1. Does powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shells at different concentrations enhance

the candle burning retardation in terms of percent melting resistance rate, candle height and

flame height?

Hypotheses of the Study

The following hypotheses were put forward:

1. Powdered oyster shell at different concentrations offer no significant enhancing

retardation effect of candle burning in terms of percent melting resistance rate, candle height and

flame height, respectively.

2. Powdered oyster shell at different concentrations offer significant enhancing retardation

effect of candle burning in terms of percent melting resistance rate, candle height and flame

height, respectively.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

A diagram showing the relationships of the key variables that were investigated on powdered

oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle burning retardant enhancer is presented in Figure 1.

3
 Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Treatment A
20 grams powdered oyster
shell +200 grams candle
wax

Treatment B Percentage Melting

15 grams powdered Resistance Rate (%)
oyster shell + 200 grams
candle wax

Treatment C
10 grams powdered shell
Powdered Wick Length
oyster + 200 grams
Oyster (cm)
candle wax
Shell

Treatment D
5 grams powdered oyster
shell + 200 grams candle
wax Flame Height
(cm)

Treatment E
0 grams powdered oyster
shell + 200 grams candle
wax

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework (Research Paradigm) on powdered oyster

Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle burning retardant enhancer.

4
Significance of the Study

The results of the study will give benefit to generate new tool that will serve as a low-cost

and durable basic necessity out of recycled material for the people in the community. Shellfish

growers whose work revolves around producing oyster will greatly benefit from the product of

this study. This will enable them to have recycled oyster shell and use it as a material or product

that can be useful not only for the customers but to the environment. This will help eliminate

solid waste pollution caused by these shells. Moreover, it can prevent the rapid growth of

population of insects like mosquitos that live in shells which could be carries of bacteria and

viruses that can cause various diseases. In addition, new product means new opportunity for

export and new hope for economic process. Reusing shell waste is a perfect example of a circular

economy, particularly as shell are valuable biomaterial for it will improve the sustainability of

the aquaculture industry moving forward.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focused only on powdered oyster shell as a candle burning retardant. It was

conducted in the Science Laboratory of St. Anthony’s College, San Jose de Buenavista, Antique

on February 1, 2019.

The variables that were evaluated would be the efficacy of powdered oyster shells at

different concentrations as candle burning retardant enhancer in terms of percent melting

resistance rate, flame height, melt pool, and wick characteristics. The experiment used five (5)

treatments with three (3) replicates each.

The obtained data from the study were be subjected to the following descriptive and

inferential statistical tests. The statistical tools that were used in this study were: mean –

5
determined the average scores of all the results of the set-up tests; standard deviation –

determined the dispersion between mean; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – determined the

difference between two (2) or more means set a 0.05 level of significance; and Duncan’s

Multiple Range Test (DMRT) –tested the significant difference between means of each

treatment.

Definition of Terms

Burning. Process in which a substance reacts with oxygen to give heat and light. In this

study, burning undergone rapid combustion or consumed fuel in such a way that it would give

off heat, gases, and light.

Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). Found in nature as calcite and aragonite and in plant ashes, in

bones, and in many shells, obtained also as a white precipitate by passing carbon dioxide into a

suspension of calcium hydroxide in water. In this study, CACO3 provided the decomposition of

carbon dioxide after burning.

Candle wax. It is a kind of any material, such as stearin or tallow, used to make the body of

candles. In this study, candle wax was used as materials in making candle.

Candle wick. Unbleached cotton or muslin into which loops of yarn are hooked and then cut

to give a tufted pattern. In this study, candle wicks were used as material for holding candle

flame.

Enhancer. Something that is used to strengthen or improve the quality of something. In this

study, enhancer was used to the capability of the powdered oyster shell to improve the

retardation of candle burning.

6
 Melting. A process of changing something from solid to liquid. In this study, melting was

used to liquefy the substance for the experiment.

Powdered oyster shell. A soft-bodied invertebrate that is found in the shallow waters of the

sea; it has a rough irregularly shaped, double-hinged shell and moreover here are two kinds or

oysters, the Crassostrea and the Ostrea. In this study, oyster shell were used as material for

making a candle retardant and help the flame longer.

7
 CHAPTER 2

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chart of the flow of processes on powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as

candle burning retardant enhancer is presented in Figure 2.

Collection and Preparation of Research Tools, Materials and Equipment

Two hundred fifty (250) grams oyster shells were collected from the source for four (4) days

before the conduct of the study (See Figure 3). The oyster shells came from the source in which

they are disposed. These were brought at the science laboratory of St. Anthony’s College, San

Jose de Buenavista Antique.

Three (3) kilograms paraffin candle wax, cotton core wicks and blue pipe were purchased

from the source (See Figure 4). Recycled tin cans, match sticks, cooking oil, modeling clay,

thumbtacks and plywood were also collected in the study.

The other materials, tools, and equipment needed were weighing scale in grams, ball hammer,

basins, mortar and pestle, 0.09 finer mesh size screen, tongs, tray, still brush, spoon, stirring rod,

clean small containers, gloves, mask, goggles, and laboratory gowns (See Figure 5). These were

prepared and obtained from the Science Laboratory of St. Anthony’s College, San Jose de

Buenavista Antique prior to the conduct of the study.

8
Research Procedure/Experimental Design

The oyster shells were washed and cleaned in running water. After washing and cleaning, the

shells were sun-dried for five (5) days to make it brittle (See Figure 6). After sun-drying, these

were hammered into smaller pieces using a ball hammer, then pounded using mortar and pestle.

Ensuring the uniform sizes, the obtained powdered oyster shells were sieved in a 0.09 finer mesh

size screen (See Figure 7). The obtained finer powdered oyster shells were placed inside a clean

sterilized container.

The collected blue pipe and cotton core wick were cut into fifteen (15) pieces with a measure

of four (4) centimeters and eight (8) centimeters, respectively. Each end of the cotton core wick

were tied in a knot and pinned into a plywood by thumbtacks. Cooking oil was wiped in each

fifteen (15) pieces of blue pipe. The pinned wicked was inserted in the blue pipe and pinned wick

was centered inside the blue pipe. The bottom of the blue pipe was secured by a modelling clay

(See Figure 8).

The paraffin wax was divided into fifteen (15). These were weighed two hundred (200)

grams each using the weighing scale (See Figure 9). The paraffin wax were shredded and cut

into smaller pieces (See Figure 10) and were put into a clean container. The fire was started up

and the shredded paraffin wax were placed in the recycled tin can, allowing the paraffin wax to

melt ten (10) to fifteen (15) minutes on fire (See Figure 11). The different ratio of powdered

oyster shells were added in the improvised candle molder. After the paraffin wax were

completely melted, these were poured into the blue pipe (See Figure 12). It was stirred for thirty

(30) seconds or more to ensure it was evenly distributed. After the wax solidified and

consolidated around the wick, the finished candles were pushed downward out of the mold,

allowing the wick to thread again through the molds in preparation. Allw the wax to set for four

9
(4) hours at room temperature. The candle wax were hardened, it was pushed off through from

its improvised molder.

All the candle samples, both the experimental and the control set-up were conditioned by

air-drying or curing for five (5) days (See Figure 13). After the experimentation, the application

of burning test was evaluated (See Figure 14).

The experiment used five (5) treatments with three (3) replicates each. The duration of

experimental lasted for twenty (20) days beginning February 1, 2019 and ended on February 20,

2019.

The five (5) treatments used in the study were the following See Figure 16):

Treatment A – 20 grams powdered oyter shells + 200 grams candle wax

Treatment B – 15 grams powdered oyter shells + 200 grams candle wa

Treatment C – 10 grams powdered oyter shells + 200 grams candle wax

Treatment D – 5 grams powdered oyter shells + 200 grams candle wax

Treatment E – 0 grams powdered oyter shells + 200 grams candle wax

Gathering of Data

To determine the effectiveness of powdered oyster shell as candle burning retardant

enhancer, all fifteen (15) paraffin wax candle samples were subjected for fire-resistant rate test

using acetylene. The paraffin waxed candle were burned and the time of burning was noted and

recorded as the fire-resistant rate.

10
Treatment of Data

The obtained data were analysed, interpreted, and subjected by the researchers to descriptive

and inferential statistical treatments. The statistical tools used were: mean – to determine the

average scores of the results of the set-up treatments; Standard deviation – to determine the

dispersion between mean; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) – to determine the difference between

two (2) or more means set at 0.05 level of significance; Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT)

– to test the significance difference between means at each treatment on the powdered oyster

shell as a candle burning retardant enhancer.

Ways of Proper Disposal

After the observation, and experimental activities the materials used such as the weighing

scale in grams, knives, ball hammer, basins, mortar and pestle, 0.09 finer mesh size screen,

tongs, tray, still brush, spoon, stirring rod, and chopping board were washed thoroughly,

sterilized, and were kept safely. The container/ boxes were used in storing of candles for

personal purposes and were also stored for the future use. Gloves and match sticks were disposed

(See Figure 26). Left over oyster powdered shells were placed in airtight plastic bag and were

buried 2.5 feet underground (See Figure 15).

11
 Collection of Collection of Preparation of
Oyster Shells Candle Wax Research
Materials,
In running Tools and
Wash
water Equipment

Sun - Dry 5 days Weight

and
Hammer Ball Hammer Measure
Wash
Pound Mortar and Pestle

Clean
Sieve Fine Mesh Sieve

Ponder Sterilize

Divide

Treatment A Treatment B Treatment C Treatment D Treatment E

Candle Formulating Molding

Curing 5 days

Burning Test

Melting Wick length Flame Height

Resistance Rate (cm) (cm)
(%)

Figure 2. The flow of processes on powdered oyster shell as candle burning retardant enhancer.
12
Figure 3. Collection of oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shells from the source.

Figure 4. Purchasing of paraffin candle wax, cotton core wicks and blue pipe.

13
 \

Figure 5. Preparation of other laboratory materials, tools, and equipments.

Figure 6. Sun-drying of oyster shells.

14
Figure 7. Pounding and hammering of powdered oyster shells.

Figure 8. Securing the improvised candle molder with clay.

15
Figure 9. Division of paraffin wax weighing (200) grams each.

Figure 10. Shredding of paraffin wax.

16
Figure 11. Heating of paraffin wax with respective measures.

Figure 12. The melted paraffin wax were poured properly inside the blue pipe keeping
the wick centered.

17
Figure 13. Set-up of ongoing powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle
burning retardant enhancer.

Figure 14. Testing and curing of candles.

18
Figure 15. Burying of excess oyster shells.

19
 CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Presentation of Data

The result of the experimentation on powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle

burning retardant enhancer is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Average data results on wick initial length, wick final length, variance of initial and
final wick length, percentage melting rate, initial flame height, final flame height, and
variance of final and initial flame height on powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F.
shell as candle burning retardant enhancer after five (5) minutes burning.
Treatment Wick Wick Variance Percentage Initial Flame Final Variance
Initial Final (cm) Melting Rate Height Flame (cm)
Length Length (%) Height

A 5.00 2.23 2.77 55.44% 2.33 15.00 12.67

B 5.00 1.80 3.20 64.00% 2.17 12.50 10.33

C 5.00 1.60 3.40 68.00% 2.60 12.10 9.50

D 5.00 1.30 3.70 74.00% 1.40 10.00 8.60

E 5.00 0.03 4.97 99.40% 1.53 2.07 0.54

20
 6

4
Average Wick Length

0
A B C D E
Treatment

Figure 16. The graphical trends between treatment and average wick length after five (5) minutes
burning on powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle burning retardant
enhancer.

21
 120%

100%

80%
Percentage Melting Rate

60%

40%

20%

0%
A B C D E
Treatment

Figure 17. The graphical trends between treatment and percentage melting rate after five (5)
minutes burning on powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle burning
retardant enhancer.

22
 14

12

10
Average Flame Height

0
A B C D E
Treatment

Figure 18. The graphical trends between treatment and average flame height after five (5)
minutes burning on powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle burning
retardant enhancer.

23
Analysis of Data

The data obtained in this study were analysed and interpreted by the researcher in Table 2 and

3, respectively.

Table 2. Summary results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) computation of wick length,

percentage melting rate, and flame height of powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F.
shell as candle burning retardant enhancer.

Source of Sum of Degrees Mean Square Computed F Tabulate

Variation Squares of dF
Freedom
Flame Percenta Candle 0.0 0.0
Height ge Height 5 1
Melting
Rate
4 31.2495 31.7805
Treatment ** ** 3.4 5.9
8 9
Error 10
Corrected 14
Total

**Highly Significant
*Significant
ns
Not Significant

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results of the final flame height in Table 2 shows that

there is a significant difference between the mean number of powdered oyster shell and negative

control, and there is significant difference to the candle wax enhanced with powdered oyster

shell, since the computed F (31.2495) is greater than the tabulated F value (3.48 and 5.99).

However, the candle height has no significant difference to the powdered oyster shell as

retardant. This proved that the candle wax is significantly be an additive in powdered oyster shell

to retard fire.

24
Table 3. Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on the candle height and flame height of
powdered oyster shell as candle burning retardant enhancer.
Treatment Mean N Duncan
Groupings
Candle Height
0 15 A
TE
1.30 15 B
TD
1.80 15 B
TB
2.00 15 B
Tc
2.23 15 B
TA
Flame Height
0 15 A
TE
1.30 15 A
TD
1.80 15 A
TB
2.00 15 A
Tc
2.23 15 B
TA

Table 3 shows the comparison of the significant differences among treatment means of.

The comparison revealed that the powdered oyster shell as candle burning retardant enhancer has

significant effect in retarding fire additive. This means that powdered oyster shell could be an

additive in paraffin wax candle as fire retardant.

25
 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

Based on the result of the study, the powdered from oyster shell is significantly effective

as a candle retardant. It has a very high potential because it cannot melt easily and can stand a

little longer compared to the commercial wax candle. It can also be referred from the findings

that the powdered oyster can give a candle a long light. Moreover, findings confirmed that the

presence of calcium carbonate, organic matter enable to enhance the retardation of a candle

burning. Thus, the differences in particles size and observed are due to the milling conditions

used and firing conditions of calcinations that it was kept in constant. The oyster shell may be

possibly due to composite with commercial calcium carbonate. These active compound hasten

the candle to melt longer and has a strong fire that gives light. Henceforth, oyster shell can be an

effective substance for mixing the candle wax as a retardation to a candle.

26
 CHAPTER 5

RECOMMENDATIONS

In view of results of the study, it is recommended that further research on powdered

oyster shell as candle burning retardant enhancer with different materials in the study. As an

additive in making of candle at different concentration to enhance the candle burning retardation

in terms of percent melting resistance rate, wick height and flame height. A study on burning

retardant enhancer should be mainly done that may reveal highly significant differences in terms

of their burning time and candle flame retardant. Also, it is recommended that the use of

powdered oyster shell as candle burning retardant enhancer could be a good additive to use as an

alternative burning material such as charcoal because of its chemical compounds present is

calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in which it can increase its burning time and produce considerable

flame height.

27
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books

Daniels, E. (2018). Pro Flowers. Provide Commerce Institution.

Fisher, D. (2018). The Spruce Crafts. Dotdash Publishing Company.

B. Journals

Peralta, J. and Sorio, J. (March 13, 2018). Microbiological quality of oyster

(Crassostrea iredalei) in selected production areas in Dumangas, Iloilo,
Philippines. AACL Bioflux. 2(11). pp 319. Retrieved from
www.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2018.319-326.pdf

Ajith. (2016). Chemical Composition of the Edible Oyster Shell. Journal of

Marine Biology and Aquaculture. 23 (9): 825-827.

C. Websites

Bryant, J. (2018). The Oyster. Retrieved December 14, 2018 from

http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1985/7/85.07.02.x.html
Early Origins. (2018) Retrieved from http://candles.org/history/

Hamester, et al. (2012). Characterization of Calcium Carbonate Obtained from

Oyster and Mussel Shells and Incorporation in Polypropylene. Retrieved
December 14, 2018
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516
14392012000200006.

Helmenstine, A. M, (2017). Combustion Definition. Retrieve December 14, 2018

from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-combustion-60584

Johnson. (2018). Learn the Basics of the Plastic Resin Polypropylene. Retrieved
December 14, 2018 from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-
polypropylene20365.

Lee, et al. (2014). Development and Characterization of Oyster Shell Powder

Filled Polypropylene Composite. Retrieved December 14, 2018 from
file:///C:/Users/ASUS/Downloads/jkscm027050201%20(4).pdf

28
Shah et al. (2014). Properties of Pulverized Oyster Shell. Retrieved December 14,
2018 from
https://wwww.Researchgate.net.publication/30173932_Properties_of_pulverized_
oyster_shell.390482

Wells. (2018). Why I Don’t Use Scented Candles. Retrieved November 11, 2018
from https://wellnessmama.com/22656/dont-use-scented-candles/.

Woodford. (2018). The Science of Candles. Retrieved November 11, 2018 from
ttps://www.explainthatstuff.com/candles.html.

29
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Grateful thanks are due to,

Mr. Ronald C. Rioja, for trusting us to work with him. He extended his willingness to

provide what we need. Polvorosa Candle for supplying us the candle-making materials needed in

the study.

Mr. Jose B. Galera, our Laboratory Coordinator for providing us information to used in

the study.

Mrs. Segrid V. Manderico, Research Capstone teacher, for her dynamic suggestions

regarding to our study. She also criticize all about in our study.

St. Anthony’s College Library personnel, for supplying us the print materials and journals

needed in the study.

Our parents and loved ones for igniting our hearts with inspiration and moral support so

that self-determination and motivation engulfed our whole beings.

The creator of all things who poured the researchers all wisdom and guidance to finish

this project.

Mc Claire, Andrea, Jeric, Mary Jansen, Beltranico Ibie, Crystal Pearl, Carlo, and Jumarie

30
APPENDICES

31
Appendix 1. The schedule of activities on powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle
burning retardant enhancer.
GANTT CHART OF SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES

November December January February March

Activities
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
A. Planning Stage
1. Addressing Research
Problem of Research
Title
2. Approval of the
proposed Research
Problem of the Research
Title
3. Formulating of Title
Page
B. Literature Review
C. Writing Stage
1. Background of the Study
2. Objectives of the Study
3. Significance of the Study
4. Scope and Limitations of
the Study
D. Materials and Methods
a. Formulating the Research
Design and Procedures
b. Data Analysis and Data
Collection
c. Credibility and
Dependability
d. Formulating of
Questionnaires
E. Actual Conduct of the Study
F. Reporting Stage
1. Presentation of Report
2. Final Oral Defense
G. Proofreading of the Final
Write-up
1. Final Computerization of
the Write-up
2. Submission of Final
Write-up

32
Appendix 2. Summary of data results on initial flame height, average wick length, and
percentage melting resistance rate on powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell
as candle burning retardant enhancer after five (5) minutes burning.
Initial Final Wick Length (cm) Wick Length Percentage
Wick Replicates Total Mean (Variance) Melting Rate
Treatment Length
1 2 3 (%)
(cm)
A 5.00 2.20 2.50 2.00 6.70 2.23 2.77 55.44%
B 5.00 1.50 2.20 1.70 5.40 1.80 3.20 64.00%
C 5.00 1.20 1.90 1.70 4.80 1.60 3.40 68.00%
D 5.00 1.10 1.50 1.30 3.90 1.30 3.70 74.00%
E 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.03 4.97 99.40%
Grand 20.90 6.96
Total

Table 2. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) computation on initial flame height and
average wick length on powdered oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle burning
retardant enhancer after five (5) minutes burning.
Source of Variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Calculated F Tabulated F
Squares Freedom Square 0.05 0.01
SSBT or SSC 8.3154 4 2.07885
(Treatment) 1.4917** 3.18 5.99

SSWT or SSE (Error) 0.7333 10 0.07333

Corrected Total 9.0487 14
(SST)
**Highly Significant
*Significant
ns
Not Significant

SST = (2.202 + 2.502 + 2.002 + 1.502… + 0.102) - 20.902 /15

= 38.1700 – 436.8200/15
= 38.1700 – 29.1213
= 9.0487

SSC = (6.702 + 5.402 + 4.802 + 3.902 + 0.102)/3 – (20.90)2/15

= 112.31/3 – 436.8200/15
= 37.4367 – 29.1213
= 8.3154

SSE = SST – SSC

= 9.0487 – 8.3154
= 0.7333

33
DFSSC = (n-1) = (5-1) = 4 DFSSE = n(k-1) = 5(3-1) = 5(2) =10

DFTotal = n*k-1 = 5*3-1 = 15 – 1 = 14

MSSSC = SSC/DFSSC = 8.3154/4 = 2.07885

MSSSE = SSE/DFSSE = 0.7333/10 = 0.07333

FCalculated = MSSSC//MSSSE = 2.07885/0.07333 = 28.34924 FTabulated = DF 10, 4 = 3.48 at a 0.05

= DF 10, 4 = 5.99 at a 0.01
2
S = 0.07333

√ S2/n = √0.07333/5 = 0.12110

Table 3. Duncan

P 2 3 4 5 6
rp 3.1510 3.2930 3.3760 3.4300 3.4650
√ S2/n 0.1211 0.1211 0.1211 0.1211 0.1211
Rp 0.3816 0.3988 0.4088 0.4153 0.4196

Treatment Mean Difference Shortest significance Results Duncan

range at a=0.05 Groupings
TE 2.07 12.9300 0.3816 Not Significant A
TD 10.00 5.0000 0.3988 Significant B
TC 12.10 2.9000 0.4088 Significant B
TB 12.50 2.5000 0.4153 Signifcant B
TA 15.00 0.0000 0.4196 Significant B

34
Appendix 2. Summary of data results on final flame height of powdered oyster Crassostrea
iredalei F. shell as candle burning retardant enhancer.
Final Flame Height (cm)
Treatment
Replicates
1 2 3 Total Mean
A 17.00 13.50 14.50 45.00 15.00
B 12.00 13.00 12.50 37.50 12.50
C 12.20 12.50 11.60 36.30 12.10
D 11.50 11.70 6.80 30.00 10.00
E 2.70 2.00 1.50 6.20 2.07
Grand Total 155.00 51.61

Table 2: One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) computation final flame height of powdered
oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle burning retardant enhancer.
Source of Variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Calculated F Tabulated F
Squares Freedom Square 0.05 0.01
SSBT or SSC 294.1266 4 73.53165
(Treatment) 31.2495** 3.48 5.99
25.9648 2.59648
SSWT or SSE (Error) 10
Corrected Total 320.0914 14
(SST)
**Highly Significant
*Significant
ns
Not Significant

SST = (17.002 + 13.502 + 14.502 + 12.002… + 1.502) - 155.002 /15

= 1921.7581–24025/15
= 1921.7581– 1601.6667
= 320.0914

SSC = (45.002 + 37.502 + 36.302 + 30.002 + 6.202)/3 – (155.00)2/15

= 5687.3800/3 –24025/15
= 1895.7933 – 1601.6667
= 294.1266

SSE = SST – SSC

= 320.0914– 294.1266
= 25.9648

35
DFSSC = (n-1) = (5-1) = 4 DFSSE = n(k-1) = 5(3-1) = 5(2) =10

DFTotal = n*k-1 = 5*3-1 = 15 – 1 = 14

MSSSC = SSC/DFSSC = 294.1266/4 =73.53165

MSSSE = SSE/DFSSE = 25.9648/10 =2.59648

FCalculated = MSSSC/MSSSE = 73.53165/2.59648 = 28.31974 FTabulated= DF 10, 4 = 3.48 at a 0.0

= DF 10, 4 = 5.99 at a 0.01
S2 = 2.59648

√ S2/n = √ 2.59648/4= 0.80568

Tablr
P 2 3 4 5 6
rp 3.151 3.293 3.376 3.430 3.465
√ S2/n 0.80568 0.80568 0.80568 0.80568 0.80568
Rp 2.53870 2.65310 2.71998 2.76348 2.79168

Treatment Mean Difference Shortest significance Results Duncan

range at a=0.05 Groupings
TE 0 0.0000 2.53870 Not Significant A
TD 1.30 0.2300 2.65310 Significant B
TB 1.80 0.4300 2.71998 Significant B
Tc 2.00 0.2300 2.76348 Signifcant B
TA 2.23 0.9300 2.79168 Significant B

Appendix 3. Summary of data results on powdered oyster shell as candle burning retardant
enhancer in terms of candle height difference and percentage melting resistance
rate.

Treatment Initial Total Mean Wick Percentage

Wick Replicates Length Melting
Length (Variance) Rate (%)
(cm) 1 2 3
A 5.00 2.20 2.50 2.00 6.70 2.23 2.77 55.44%

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 B 5.00 1.50 2.20 1.70 5.40 1.80 3.20 64.00%
C 5.00 2.40 1.90 1.70 6.00 2.00 3.00 60.00%
D 5.00 1.10 1.50 1.30 3.90 1.30 3.70 74.00%
E 5.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.03 4.97 99.40%

Treatment Percentage of Melting

Resistance (%)
A 1.77/4 (100) 44.25%
Percentage of Melting Resistance Rate:
B 2.20/4 (100) 55%
C 2.00/4 (100) 50% Candle Height Difference (Variance)
D 2.70/4 (100) 67.50% Initial Candle Height
E 0/4 (100) 0%

Table 2: One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) computation final flame height of powdered
oyster Crassostrea iredalei F. shell as candle burning retardant enhancer.
Source of Variation Sum of Degrees of Mean Calculated F Tabulated F
Squares Freedom Square 0.05 0.01
SSBT or SSC 9.1960 4 2.2990
(Treatment) 3.48 5.99
31.7805 **
SSWT or SSE (Error) 0.7234 10 0.07234
Corrected Total 9.9194 14
(SST)
**Highly Significant
*Significant
ns
Not Significant

SST = (2.202 + 2.502 + 2.002 + 1.502… + 0.012) - (22.10)2 /15

= 42.4801 – 488.4100/15
= 42.4801 – 32.5607
= 9.9194

SSC = (6.702 + 5.402 + 6.002 + 3.902 + 0.102)/3 – (22.10)2/15

= 41.7567 – 32.5607
= 9.1960

SSE = SST – SSC

= 9.9194 - 9.1960
= 0.7234
DFSSC = (n-1) = (5-1) = 4 DFSSE = n(k-1) = 5(3-1) = 5(2) =10 DFTotal = 4 + 10 = 14

MSSSC = SSC/DFSSC = 9.1960/4 = 2.2990

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MSSSE = SSE/DFSSE = 0.7234/10 = 0.07234

FCalculated = MSSSC/MSSSE = 31.7805 FTabulated= DF 10, 4 = 3.18 at a 0.05

= DF 10, 4 = 5.99 at a 0.01
S2 = 0.07234

√ S2/n = √0.0723/4 = 0.0181

P 2 3 4 5 6
rp 3.151 3.293 3.376 3.430 3.465
√ S2/n 0.0181 0.0181 0.0181 0.0181 0.0181
Rp 0.0570 0.0596 0.0611 0.0621 0.0627

Treatment Mean Difference Shortest Results Duncan

significance Groupings
range at a=0.05
TE 0 2.2300 0.0570 Significant A
TD 1.30 0.9300 0.0596 Significant A
TB 1.80 0.4300 0.0611 Significant A
Tc 2.00 0.2300 0.0621 Signifcant A
TA 2.23 0.0000 0.0627 Not Significant B

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