Tham Luang Cave Rescue

Coordinates: 20°22′54″N 99°52′06″E
Tham Luang cave rescue

In June and July 2018, a widely publicised cave rescue successfully extricated
Tham Luang cave rescue
members of a junior football team trapped in Tham Luang Nang Non cave in
Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Twelve members of the team, aged eleven to
seventeen, and their 25-year-old assistant coach entered the cave on 23 June after
football practice. Shortly afterwards, heavy rains partially flooded the cave,
trapping the group inside.
Efforts to locate the group were hampered by rising water levels and strong
currents, and no contact was made for more than a week. The rescue effort
expanded into a massive operation amid intense worldwide public interest. On 2 Rescue personnel and equipment at
July, after advancing through narrow passages and muddy waters, British divers the cave entrance
John Volanthen and Richard Stanton found the group alive on an elevated rock Date 23 June – 10 July 2018
about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the cave mouth. Rescue organisers discussed (18 days)
various options for extracting the group, including whether to teach them basic
Location Tham Luang Nang Non
diving skills to enable their early rescue, wait until a new entrance was found or
cave, Mae Sai, Chiang
drilled, or wait for the floodwaters to subside at the end of the monsoon season
Rai Province,
months later. After days of pumping water from the cave system and a respite
Thailand[1]
from rain, the rescue teams hastened to get everyone out before the next monsoon
rain, which was expected to bring a potential 52 mm (2.0 in) of additional rainfall
Coordinates 20°22′54″N 99°52′06″E
and was predicted to start around 11 July. Between 8 and 10 July, all of the boys Type Cave rescue
[10]
and their coach were rescued from the cave by an international team. Cause Monsoon flooding[2]
The rescue effort involved more than 10,000 people, including over 100 divers, Outcome Group found alive on 2
many rescue workers, representatives from about 100 governmental agencies, 900 July; all rescued
police officers and 2,000 soldiers, and required ten police helicopters, seven police between 8 and 10 July
ambulances, more than 700 diving cylinders, and the pumping of more than a 2018.[3][4][5]
billion litres of water out of the caves. Death(s) Saman Kunan, rescue
diver[6]
There was one fatality, Saman Kunan, a 37-year-old former Thai Navy SEAL who
Non-fatal Minor scrapes and
died of asphyxiation on 6 July while returning to a staging base in the cave after
injuries cuts, mild rashes,[7][8]
delivering supplies of air.
lung inflammation[9]
Tham Luang
Nang Non
Chiang Rai
Contents
Disappearance
Search and contact
Planning and preparation
Challenges
Options
Diving
Death of rescue diver
Rescue
Recovery
Responses
Local
Opinions about assistant coach
Bangkok
International
Sports world
Timeline
Legacy
Possible film
Awards
See also
References
External links
Disappearance
Tham Luang Nang Non is a karstic cave complex beneath Doi Nang Non, a
mountain range on the border between Thailand and Myanmar.[11] The system is
10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long and has many deep recesses, narrow passages and
tunnels winding under hundreds of metres of limestone strata. Since part of the
cave system is seasonally flooded, a sign advising against entering the caves
[12]
during the rainy season (July–November) is posted at the entrance.
Location within Thailand
On Saturday 23 June 2018, a group of twelve boys aged between 11 and 17 from a
local junior football team named the Wild Boars and their 25-year-old assistant
coach, Ekkaphon Chanthawong,[13] went missing after setting out to explore the
cave. According to early news reports, they planned to have a birthday party in the
cave after the football practice, and spent a significant sum of money on food, but
they refuted this in a news conference after the rescue.[14] The team was stranded in
the tunnels by sudden and continuous rainfall after they had entered the cave.[15]
They had to leave some food supplies behind when fleeing the rising
water.[16][17][18][19]
Doi Nang Non, "Mountain of the
Around 7 p.m., head coach Nopparat Khanthawong (Thai: นพรัตน กัณฑะวงษ) Sleeping Lady". When viewed from
checked his phone, finding about twenty missed calls from parents worried that their this angle, it is said to resemble a
children had not come home. Nopparat dialed assistant coach Chanthawong, lady lying on her back.
followed by a number of the boys in quick succession. Eventually, he reached
Songpon Kanthawong, a 13-year-old member of the team who mentioned he was
picked up after practice, and that the rest of the boys had gone exploring in the Tham
Luang caves. The coach raced up to the caves finding abandoned bicycles and bags
near the entrance, with water seeping out of the muddy pathway.[20] He alerted
[21]
authorities to the missing group after seeing their unclaimed belongings.
[18][22]
The members of the trapped team were as follows:
Play media
Thai news report fromNBT news (no
subtitles)
Informal
Name (RTGS) Age Comments
name
Chanin
Titan 11
Wibunrungrueang
Phanumat Saengdi Mig 13
Duangphet
Dom 13 Team captain.[22]
Phromthep
Somphong
Pong 13
Chaiwong
Mongkhon
Mark 13 Rescued in first mission.[23] Stateless.[24]
Bunpiam
Natthawut
Tern 14 Rescued in first mission.[25]
Thakhamsong
Ekkarat
Bew 14
Wongsukchan
Only English-language speaker; communicated with initial rescue
Adun Sam-on — 14
party.[22] Stateless.[24][26]
Prachak Sutham Note 15 Rescued in first mission.[23]
Phiphat Phothi Nick 15 Rescued in first mission.[25]

Phonchai
Tee 16 Stateless.[24][26]
Khamluang
Phiraphat 16–
Night Celebrated his birthday while in the cave.[19]
Somphiangchai 17
Ekkaphon Assistant coach and formermonk.[22] Stateless.[24][26] Ninth to be

Ake 25
Chanthawong rescued.[27]
The assistant coach and three of the boys had no nationality. Nopparat Khanthavong, the founder of the Wild Boars team, explained
that they are from tribes in an area that extends across Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, and China. This region has no clear borders and
people are not assigned passports. Their statelessness deprived them of basic benefits and rights, including the possibility to leave the
Chiang Rai province. "To get nationality is the biggest hope for the boys", Khanthavong said. "In the past, these boys have problems
traveling to play matches outside of Chiang Rai because of their nationless status."[28] Following the team's rescue, Thai officials
promised to provide the three boys and the coach with legal assistance in obtaining Thai citizenship, a process which they said could
take up to six months.[29] On 26 September, the boys and the coach were granted Thai citizenship.
[30]
Search and contact

British caver Vern Unsworth, who lives in Chiang Rai and has detailed knowledge External video
of the cave complex, was scheduled to make a solo venture into the cave on 24
The first video released by Thai
June when he received a call about the missing boys.[31] Unsworth advised the
Navy SEALs showing the children
Thai government to request assistance from the British Cave Rescue Council
and their coach after they were
(BCRC).[31][32] On 25 June, Thai Navy SEALs divers arrived and began searching
found by British volunteer divers
the cave.[33] A Thai Navy SEAL said the water was so murky that even with lights
they could not see where they were going underwater.[34] After continuous rain,
which further flooded the entrance, the search had to be periodically External images
interrupted.[35] On 27 June, three BCRC cave divers arrived with specialist Map, from above, of the Tham
equipment including Heyphone LF radios, followed by separate teams of open Luang cave system, provided by
water divers. On 28 June, a United States Air Force team of 31st Rescue Squadron BBC News
Map, side view, of the Tham
Luang cave system, provided by
Pararescue divers joined them. By 29 June, an Australian Federal Police team of Deutsche Welle
Specialist Response Group divers had arrived and on Sunday a Chinese team of
divers from the Beijing Peaceland Foundation.[32][36][37][38][39]
Meanwhile, policemen with sniffer dogs searched the surface above for shaft
openings that could provide alternative entrances to the cave system below. Drones
and robots were also used in the search, but no technology existed to scan for people
deep underground.[40]
BCRC divers Richard Stanton and John Volanthen advanced through the cave Rescuers looking for alternative
complex placing diving guidelines, supported by Thailand-based Belgian cave diver access routes to the cave
Ben Reymenants.[41][42][43][44] The search had to be suspended due to the weather,

as rainfall increased the flow of water in the cave where the divers were battling
strong currents and poor visibility.[45][46] The search resumed on 2 July after the weather improved. The twelve boys and the coach
were discovered at approximately 22:00,[47] by Stanton and Volanthen, whose efforts were overseen from outside by BCRC diver
Robert Harper.[48] The boys and coach were on a narrow rock shelf about 400 metres (1,300 ft) beyond the "Pattaya Beach"
chamber,[47][49][50] named after an above-ground beach in Thailand. Volanthen had been placing guidelines in the cave to assist
others in navigation when he ran out of line. He then swam to the surface and soon found the missing group, smelling them before
hearing or seeing them.[51][52] The ledge where they were found is about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi)[53] from the cave mouth.[54] A video
of the encounter, showing the boys and their interactions with the divers, was posted on Facebook by the Thai Navy SEALs.[55] In
the video, the dazed boys are uncertain how long they have been trapped, as they ask the divers what day it is.[15] Former Chiang Rai
provincial governor Narongsak Osatanakorn, who was in charge of rescue work, said "We found them safe. But the operation isn't
over."[56][57] The Thai, US, Australian and Chinese diving teams supported the BCRC divers began transporting diving bottles into
[42][58]
the cave system and established an air supply storage area in Chamber 3.
On 3 July the trapped group were joined by three Thai Navy SEALs who supported them until the rescue. The SEALS included Thai
Army doctor Lt. Col. Pak Loharachun of the 3rd Medical Battalion, who had completed the Navy SEALs course.[59][60] Thai
officials told reporters that rescuers were providing health checks and treatment and keeping the boys entertained, and that none of
those trapped was in serious condition. "They have been fed with easy-to-digest, high-energy food with vitamins and minerals, under
the supervision of a doctor", Rear Admiral Apagorn Youkonggaew, head of the Thai Navy's Special Forces, told reporters. A video
made by the rescuers, and shared a few hours later by the Thai Navy SEALs, showed all twelve boys and their coach introducing
themselves and stating their age. Wrapped in emergency blankets and appearing frail, they all said hello to the outside world.
"Sawatdi khrap", each boy said with his palms together in wai, the traditional Thai greeting.[61] A second video shows a medic
treating them.[62] It was believed that some of the group could not swim,[63] complicating what would already be a difficult
rescue.[64] The Army doctor discovered that they had attempted to dig their way out of the cave. The team members had used rock
fragments to dig every day, creating a hole five metres deep.[60]
BCRC diver Jason Mallinson offered the boys and coach an opportunity to send messages to relatives by using his wet notes pad.[45]
Many of the notes said they were safe, reassured family members that everything was fine, and included words of love, reassurance
and encouragement.[65]
Planning and preparation

A logistics camp was established at the cave entrance, which accommodated hundreds of volunteers and journalists in addition to the
rescue workers. The site was divided into several zones: restricted areas for the Thai Navy SEALs, other military personnel, and
civilian rescuers, an area for the relatives to give them privacy [66]
, and areas for the press and for the general public.
An estimated 10,000 people contributed to the rescue effort, including more than 100 divers, representatives from about 100
government agencies, 900 police officers, 2,000 soldiers and numerous volunteers. Equipment included ten police helicopters, seven
police ambulances, and more than 700 diving cylinders, of which more than 500 were in the cave at any time while another 200 were
in the queue to be refilled. More than a billion litres of water (the equivalent of 400
Olympic-size swimming pools) were removed.[67][68]
Challenges
The point where the boys became stranded was about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi)[53] from
the entrance and 800–1,000 metres (2,600–3,300 ft) below the top of the
mountain.[69] The route to them had several flooded sections, some with strong
currents and zero visibility,[70] and some extremely narrow parts, the smallest Rescue camp near Tham Luang
measuring only 38 by 72 centimetres (15 in × 28 [71][72][73]
in). cave
The journey through the cave to the team took six hours against the current and five
hours to exit with the current,[74] even for experienced divers.[75]
From the outset rescue workers battled rising water levels. In an effort to de-water
the cave, a stone diversion dam was built upstream and systems were installed to
pump water out of the cave and divert flows that were entering it. On 4 July, it was
estimated that the pumps were removing 1,600,000 l/h (420,000 US gal/h) from the
cave, ruining nearby farm fields in the process.[76][77] For a time, well-meaning
volunteers inadvertently pumped water back into thegroundwater supply.[78] Helped
by a spell of unseasonably dry weather, these efforts reduced water levels by 1.5 Pumps used to drain water from the
centimetres (0.6 in) per hour on 5 July, enabling rescue teams to walk 1.5 kilometres cave and downstream lakes
(0.93 mi) into the cave. However, heavy rains forecast for 8 July were expected to
halt or reverse this process and could even flood the position where the team were
trapped.[79]
On 6 July, the oxygen level in the cave was detected to have dropped, raising fears that the boys might develop hypoxia if they
remained for a prolonged time. By 8 July the oxygen level was measured to be 15%; the level needed to maintain normal function for
humans is between 19.5% and 23.5%.[80] Thai military engineers attempted to install an air supply line to the boys, but the effort was
abandoned as impractical.[45]
Options
As the crisis unfolded, rescuers planned several different methods to save the team and
coach. The principal options were to:[81][82][83][75]
Wait until the end of the monsoon season; with divers providing food and
water.
Teach the group basic diving skills.
Find an alternative entrance to the cave which could allow for an easier
escape; one shaft was discovered that went down 900 metres. [84]
Drill a rescue shaft; more than 100 shafts were bored into the soft limestone,
but no suitable location was found.[73][69]
Thai rescue workers at cave
Build an oxygen line. entrance positioning a pipe for
Build a telephone wire to communicate. water pumping on 2 July
Diving
Multiple dangers—the threat of more heavy rain, dropping oxygen levels, and the difficulty or impossibility of finding or drilling an
escape passage—forced rescuers to make the decision to bring out the team and coach with experienced divers.[45][85] The Thai
Navy SEALs and US Air Force rescue experts met with the Thai Minister of the Interiorwho approved the plan.[45][86] Ninety divers
worked in the cave system, forty from Thailand and fifty from other countries.[87] Rescuers at first considered teaching the boys
basic diving skills to enable them to make the journey.[73][88] Organisers built a mock-up of a tight passage with chairs, and divers
practiced with local boys in a school swimming pool. Thai SEALs and US Air Force experts then refined the plan to use teams of
divers to bring out the weakened boys.[86]
Death of rescue diver

On 5 July at 8.37pm, Saman Kunan (Thai: สมาน กุนน
ั ), a 37-year-old[89] former Thai
Navy SEAL, made a dive from Chamber 3 to the T Junction close to Pattaya Beach to
deliver three air tanks.[90][91] During his return he lost consciousness underwater. His dive
buddy attempted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) without success. Kunan was
brought to Chamber 3 where CPR was attempted again, but he could not be resuscitated
.[90][92]
and was pronounced dead about 1 am on 6 July
A member of Thai Navy SEALs class 30, Kunan had left the SEALs in 2006 at the rank of Saman Kunan
Petty Officer 1st class and was working in security at the Suvarnabhumi Airport when he
volunteered to assist the cave rescue.[92][90] He was posthumously promoted to Lieutenant
Commander by the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy, an unprecedented rise of seven ranks.[93][94] A funeral sponsored
and attended by the Thai royal family was held on 14 July. On the same day, he was also awarded theKnight Grand Cross (first class)
of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant by King Vajiralongkorn.[94] A memorial statue of him may form a part of a
proposed tourist attraction at the site.[95][96] Kunan was survived by his wife, Valeepoan Kunan.[97]
Rescue
On the morning of 8 July, officials instructed the media and all non-essential personnel around the cave entrance to clear the area as a
rescue operation was imminent, due to the threat of monsoon rains later in the week, which were expected to flood the cave until
October.
For the first part of the extraction, eighteen rescue divers consisting of thirteen international cave divers and five Thai Navy SEALs
were sent into the caves to retrieve the boys, with one diver to accompany each boy on the dive out.[45][98][99][100] There were
conflicting reports that the boys were rescued with the weakest first or strongest first. In fact, the order was which boy volunteered
first.[14] The international cave diving team was led by four British divers John Volanthen, Richard Stanton, Jason Mallinson, Chris
Jewell each assigned a boy and two Australians, doctor Richard Harris, a physician specializing in anesthesia, and Craig
Challen.[44][45][101] Their portion of the journey would stretch over 1 kilometre going through submerged routes while being
supported by 90 Thai and foreign divers at various points performing medical check-ups, resupplying air-tanks for the main divers
and other emergency roles.[102]
The boys were dressed in a wetsuit, buoyancy jacket, harness and a positive pressure full face mask. A cylinder with 80% oxygen
was clipped to their front, a handle attached to their back and they were tethered to a diver in case they were lost in the poor visibility.
The rescue divers described them as "a package."[103][45][104][105] Dr Harris administered anaesthetic to the boys before the journey,
rendering them unconscious, to prevent them from panicking on the journey and risking the lives of their rescuers.[106][88] The Thai
government provided doctor Harris and two medical assistants with diplomatic immunity if something went
wrong.[107][108][109][103] The anaesthetic lasted between 45 minutes to an hour, requiring divers, who Dr Harris had trained, to re-
sedate the boys during the three hour journey.[110][45] The boys were manoeuvred out by the swimming divers who held onto their
back or chest, with each boy on either the right or left side of the diver, depending on the guideline; in very narrow spots divers
pushed the boys from behind.[45][104] The divers navigated them through tight passages carefully to avoid dislodging their full face
mask against rocks. The divers kept their heads higher than the boys so that in poor visibility the diver would hit their head against
the rocks first.[45] After a short dive to a dry section, the divers and boys were met by three divers, and the boys' dive gear was
removed. The boys were then transported on a drag stretcher over 200m of rocks and sand hills. Craig Challen assessed them, and
their dive gear was put back on before they were re-submerged for the next section.[45] The boys arrived at 45 minute intervals.[111]
[103]
The divers knew the boys were breathing from their exhaust bubbles, which they could see and feel.
After being delivered by the divers into the staging base in Chamber 3, the boys were then passed along a 'daisy chain' by hundreds of
[112] The boys, wrapped in 'sked' stretchers, would alternately be carried,
rescuers stationed along the treacherous path out of the cave.
slid and zip-lined over a complex network of pulleys installed by rock-climbers.[113] Many areas from Chamber 3 to the entrance of
the cave were still partially submerged and rescuers described having to transport the boys over slippery rocks and through muddy
water for hours.[114] The journey from Chamber 3 to the cave entrance took about four to five hours initially, but was reduced to less
[112]
than an hour after a week of draining and clearing the mud path using shovels.
The authorities warned that extracting everyone would take several days, because crews had to replace air tanks, gear, and other
[115][116][117] Shortly after 19:00, local officials said that two boys had been
supplies, requiring ten to twenty hours between each run.
rescued and taken to Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital.[118][119][120] Shortly after, two more boys exited the cave and were assessed
by medical officials.[118] Low water levels had reduced the time required for the rescues.[121] The lower water was due to improved
weather and the construction of aweir outside the cave to help control the water.[122]
On 9 July, four more boys were rescued from the cave.[123] On 10 July, the last four boys and their coach were rescued from the
cave.[124][3][4][5][125] Experience helped streamline the rescue procedure, so the total time to extract a boy was reduced from three
hours on the first day to just over two hours on the final day, allowing four boys and the coach to be rescued.[111][100] The three Thai
Navy SEALs and the Army doctor who had stayed with the boys the entire time were the last to dive out. Three of these divers made
it to Chamber 3, joining waiting rescuers when the pumps shut off for an uncertain reason, possibly due to a burst water
pipe.[126][127] Water levels in Chamber 3 started to rise, which would have cut off rescuers' access to Chamber 2, Chamber 1 and the
entrance of the cave.[126] "All of a sudden a water pipe burst and the main pump stopped working", a diver stated. "We really had to
run from the third chamber to the entrance because the water level was rising very quickly – like 50cm every 10 minutes."[127] This
forced up to 100 rescuers still located more than 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) inside the cave to evacuate in a hurry, abandoning the
rescue equipment inside the cave.[128] The last diver made it back to Chamber 3 as everyone was preparing to leave.[126] The
.[128]
rescuers managed to rush to the cave exit in under an hour
A number of news outlets reported on the role of coach Ekkaphon during the rescue. The coach had previously been a Buddhist
monk, and had guided meditation for the children during the ordeal. He also passed on a message in which he apologised for putting
the children in danger.[129][130]
Recovery
Thai authorities said the rescued boys were able to eat rice porridge, but more complex foods would be withheld for ten days.[131]
The Thai Health Ministry said the boys lost an average of 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) each, but were in "good condition".[132] The boys
were quarantined while health workers determined whether they had caught any infectious diseases, and they were expected to
remain hospitalised for at least one week.[133] Due to the prolonged stay in the damp cave environment, officials were worried about
potential infections such as histoplasmosis or leptospirosis.[134] Parents of the team members initially visited looking through a
window, but if laboratory results proved negative, they would be allowed to visit in person while wearing a medical gown, face mask
and hair cap.[135]
The boys wore sunglasses as a precaution while their eyes adjusted to daylight. Detailed tests of their eyes, nutrition, mental health
and blood were carried out. A Health Ministry physician said all the boys showed an increase in white blood cells, so preventive
antibiotic doses were given to the entire team.[135]
Responses
Local
Residents of Chiang Rai province volunteered to cook, clean for, and otherwise support the missing team's families and the rescue
teams at the encampment by the cave mouth.[11] Social media were used to draw attention to the rescue attempts.[11] Classmates and
teachers of the team spent time chanting and praying for the missing boys.[136] Classmates of one of the boys made 1,000 paper
cranes for him, while praying for his safe return.[137] Local schools donated money to help the parents with living costs, as many of
[66]
them stopped working in order to follow the rescue attempts.
On 29 June, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha visited the search site and told the families of the boys not to give up hope.[138]
[139]
Following the death of Saman Kunan, KingRama X announced that he would sponsor Kunan's funeral.
After the rescue was completed, the boys' families, the rescue commander
, military officials, and the thousands of volunteers gathered
at the cave entrance. The group gave thanks for the lives saved and asked forgiveness from the cave goddess "Jao Mae Tham" for the
[140]
intrusion of pumps, ropes and people during the rescue.
Opinions about assistant coach

Some observers, primarily in Western media, questioned whether assistant coach Ekkaphon Chanthawong should face criminal
charges for leading the group into the caves, despite the warning sign at the entrance stating that it is dangerous to enter between July
and November.[141] The boys had entered the cave on 23 June, one week before the advised period. Local communities, as well as
the boys' parents, emphasised that they did not blame the boys or their coach, as the rain had arrived a month earlier than usual.[142]
Vern Unsworth, a British caver mapping the cave, stated, "Nobody’s to blame, not the coach, not the boys. They were just very
unlucky ... It wasn’t just the rain that day, the mountain is like a sponge and waters from earlier rain were raising the levels".
Unsworth said that he himself had been planning to make a solo venture into the complex on 24 June, when he received a telephone
call saying the boys were missing there.[143]
While the police chief told the newspaper Khao Sod that he "hadn't ruled out" pressing negligence charges against the coach for
putting the team in danger, no calls were made to take legal action against him. A number of lawyers stated that the coach would
probably not face criminal charges, since Thai law also takes into consideration whether a person has malicious intent. In mainstream
media, Ekkaphon has widely been held 'a hero' and was a "calm voice [that] helped boys to beat despair in the
darkness."[144][145][146] The coach was reported to have treated the boys with care, giving them his food, helping them remain calm,
and instructing them to drink the relatively clean water dripping from the cave walls, instead of the murky floodwaters that trapped
them.
When asked if Ekkaphon should be held legally responsible for negligence, Mongkhon Bunpiam, the father of 12-year-old
Mongkhon, rejected the suggestion: “We would never do that...the boys love their coach...and we as parents don’t want it either.
Coach Ekk has been good to my boy, and now I hear how he gave them hope, and kept them calm for so many days without food. I
have great admiration for him.”[144] Tanawut Vibulrungruang, father of 11-year old Chanin, was reported to be "touched by the
actions of the team's coach. Without him...he doesn't know how the kids could have survived."[147] The team's head coach, Nopparat
Kanthawong, said he would not have approved of the hike, but was confident in Ekkaphon's ability to take care of the boys. Prime
minister Prayut Chan-o-cha said that the emphasis should be on the rescue and the recovery of the team, and he asked the public to
avoid a rush to judgment.[148][149][150]
International
Over the course of two weeks, hundreds of volunteers, military specialists and corporate experts arrived from around the world to
offer assistance in the rescue.
Australia: Six Australian Federal Police(AFP) Specialist Response Groupdivers, one Navy Clearance diver, one
Australian Medical Assistance Team (AUSMAT) member and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Crisis
Response Team officers. Up to 20 Australians were involved at the cave site. [151][152] Doctor Richard Harris, an
anaesthetist, was part of the medical team that determined the boys' fitness to make the 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) journey .
Harris and his diving partner, retired veterinarian Doctor Craig Challen, both cave diving specialists, played key roles
in the rescue. The Thai government provided Harris with diplomatic immunity to protect him in case anything went
wrong with the sedation.[45][107]
.[153]
Belgium: Ben Reymenants, the owner of a diving school in Phuket, contributed in cave diving capacity
Canada: Erik Brown, a dive instructor from Vancouver, participated on the cave diving team.[154]
China: A six man team from the volunteer rescue organisation the Beijing Peaceland Foundation arrived on 29
June.[39] The team brought rescue equipment including an underwater robot, diving equipment and a three-
[153]
dimensional imager.[153] A second Chinese team arrived on 30 June from the Green Boat Emergency Rescue
organisation with expertise in search and rescue on mountains and in caves. [155]
Czech Republic: Government of the Czech Republic offered to provide a Czech manufacturer's high performance
pumps; the state has four such pumps, each with an output of 400 litres per second (1,440,000 l/h (380,000 US
gal/h)).[156] Upon inspection at the site, however, it was determined heavy-duty pumps could not be used due to
unsuitable terrain.[157]
Denmark: Two Danish divers, Ivan Karadzic who runsa diving center with Finnish Mikko Paasi, and Claus
Rasmussen, a diving instructor, participated in the cave diving team.[154]
Finland: Diver Mikko Paasi came to assist with rescue ef forts.[158]
India: Experts from Kirlosker Brothers' Limited's (KBL)offered technical know-how and advice on dewatering and
pumps.[159]
Israel: Diver Rafael Aroush joined the diving team while emergency mobile communication devices were donated by
Maxtech NetWorks.[160]
Japan: Divers and engineers, including Shigeki Miyake, a drainage specialist of the
Japan International Cooperation
Agency in Thailand, assisted in efforts to pump water out of the cave.[161]
Laos: Members of the Vientiane Rescue contributed to search and rescue efforts.[162][163][164]
forts.[165]
Netherlands: Drainage specialists were sent to aid water pumping ef
Russia: Ministry of Emergency Situationssent a volunteer team including a rescue specialist. [166][167]
United Kingdom: The British Cave Rescue Councilsent eight experienced cave rescue divers, familiar with caves in
Thailand, to lead the diving team; three cave rescue personnel; and special equipment. [101][168][169][170] Vernon
Unsworth, a British man living in the area, was the first person with caving expertise on the site. [171] John Volanthen
and Rick Stanton discovered the boys and led the cave diving team. [172][173][174][175] Chris Jewell and Jason
Mallison brought 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of diving equipment. [176][171] Others involved included Connor Roe, Josh
Bratchley, Jim Warny, Mike Clayton, Gary Mitchell and Tim Acton.[177][178] The cave rescue personnel, including
Robert Harper, provided surface control for the divers.[179][48]
United States: On 28 June, the US military’s Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM) deployed 36 personnel from
Okinawa, including airmen from 353rd Special Operations Group and the 31st Rescue Squadron. According to
Military.com, they joined seven other personnel, including a member of Joint US Military Advisory Group Thailand.
Pentagon spokesman Colonel Rob Manning said that US personnel had "staged equipment and prepared the first
three chambers of the cave for safe passage. The US contingent assisted in transporting the evacuees through the
final chambers of the system, and provided medical personnel and other technical assistance to the rescue
efforts."[180]
Volunteers, teams and technical specialists from countries including Germany,[181] Myanmar,[47] the Philippines,[182]
Singapore,[183] Spain,[184] Sweden,[185] and Ukraine,[186] also participated in the operation. France offered to send a team of
[187]
specialists and equipment, but Thai authorities believed that adequate resources were already on site.
The ordeal captured the media's attention from around the world. Over a period of three weeks, articles relating to the incident
[188]
dominated the top stories section at many major news publications.
Tesla chief executive Elon Musk contacted James Yenbamroong, CEO of Thailand-based satellite company mu Space Corp, to get
him connected with the Thai government.[189] He then ordered engineers from two of his companies to design a "kid-sized"
submarine to help the rescue effort.[190][191] Thai authorities decided not to use the submarine.
[192][193]
Sports world
FIFA, via a letter from its president Gianni Infantino to the president of theFootball Association of Thailand, invited the children and
coach to the World Cup final if circumstances allowed.[194] The entire team was expected to remain hospitalised for at least a week,
and watched the final on television instead.[195] FC Barcelona invited the team to play in their international academy tournament in
2019 and to watch a first-team game at their home stadium Camp Nou.[196] England and Manchester City F.C. defender Kyle Walker
said he wanted to send them shirts, after spotting that one of the rescued boys was wearing a "Three Lions" jersey.[197] In October
2018 the boys traveled to the UK as guests at Old Trafford for the Manchester United F.C. home match against Everton F.C. in the
Premier League.[198][199] The boys were invited by the IOC to the opening ceremony of the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in
Buenos Aires.[200]
Timeline
23 June: The team entered the Tham Luang cave shortly after practice and prior to
heavy rain. Later, the mother of one of the boys reported to local police that her son
was missing after he failed to arrive home. Local police investigated and found
shoes and bicycles near the entrance of the cave after rumors spread about them
going into the Tham Luang cave.[201]
24 June: Handprints and footprints of the boys were found by officials. A vigil is
held outside the cave by relatives.[201]
International cave divers prepare
[201]
25 June: Thai Navy SEAL divers enter the cave to search for the team. their diving gear on 2 July
26 June: Having arrived at a T-junction, divers were pushed back due to floodwaters.
[201]
The floodwaters blocked an elevated air pocket near Pattaya Beach, where divers believe the team may have been stranded.
27 June: British and a US military team of divers and experts were sent to Thailand to help with the search. Divers re-entered but
quickly retreated due to another flooding.[201][202]
28 June: Heavy rains caused the rescue operation to stop temporarily. In order to drain the water, pumps were delivered. Drones were
[201][202]
dispatched to assist more than 600 people in search of new vents in the cave roof.
29 June: Thai Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha visited the site.[201]
30 June: The search resumed after divers took advantage of a brief pause in the rainfall. They advanced further
, but still were far from
where they believed the boys might be stranded.[201]
1 July: As divers went deeper into the cave, they used Chamber 3 as an operating base to store diving cylinders and other supplies
[201]
which were replenished by support divers transiting back and forth to the entrance.
2 July: The team were found alive on elevated land in the evening at around 20:20[47] by the British diving team, including Richard
Stanton and John Volanthen, 400 m (1,300 ft) further than Pattaya Beach. Communication was difficult since only Adun spoke
English.[201]
3 July: Seven Thai Navy divers, including Doctor Pak Loharnshoon and a medic, went to deliver food, medicine and supplies to the
boys, including high calorie gels and paracetamol.[201] Four of them, including Loharnshoon, volunteered to stay with the boys
[203] They would be the last people to exit the cave.
inside the cave for a week until all 12 were extracted. [204]
4 July: The team were taught how to use a full face diving mask and breathing apparatus as none of the boys knew how to swim.
[201]
Rescue teams worked on continuing to pumping water from the cave, they had already pumped out over 30 million gallons.
5 July: The rescue was forced to move more quickly due to expected rain. Another group searched the mountains for any new cracks
or openings.[201]
6 July: Saman Kunan, a former Thai navy diver and volunteer of the rescue mission, died between 01:00 to 02:00 after losing
consciousness while placing diving cylinders underwater along the route to the stranded boys.[205] Authorities urged that the rescue
happen faster, due to oxygen levels falling to 15%, well below the 21% "safe zone."
7 July: The rescue chief claimed that it was not suitable for the team to dive yet. More than 100 vents were being drilled in a third
attempt to reach the team. However, an accident to a rescue vehicle injured six people, and the effort was called off. A letter appeared
[18][201]
from the coach of the team, apologising to the boys' parents along with letters from the boys to their parents.
8 July: Thirteen international divers, led by four British and two Australian divers,[101] and five Thai military SEALs divers went
into the cave to begin bringing the boys to safety.[206][99] The boys were each to be accompanied by 3 divers as they made their way
out of the cave. The boys were also sedated to prevent any panic. The first boy was reported to have come out about 17:40, and the
fourth one was reported to have exited about 19:50,[207] though not all sources agree. The four boys were taken to Chiang Rai
Prachanukroh, a local hospital. It was announced that divers would not resume the rescue for at least another 10 hours, as they needed
to replenish supplies.[201]
9 July: Four more boys were confirmed to be out of the cave and then taken to the hospital. It was also announced that the boys
would be kept in quarantine.[208]
10 July: The remaining four boys and their coach were rescued.[209][3][4][5] It was later confirmed that all of the rescue divers had
also successfully exited the cave.[209][210]
Legacy
The head of the rescue mission and former governor of Chiang Rai province,
Narongsak Osatanakorn, said that the cave system would be turned into a living
museum to highlight how the operation unfolded. Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha
acknowledged the statement but highlighted the concerns for tourist safety, stating
that precautions would have to be added and correctly implemented both inside and
outside to safeguard tourists.[211][212][213]
Following the incident, Thailand's Navy SEALs will include cave-diving in their
gencies.[214]
training regimen to be better prepared for similar emer The Wild Boars with Thomas Bach at
the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.
Three of the boys and their assistant coach werestateless, and officials promised that
they would be granted Thai citizenship within six months.[29] On 26 September, the
four were granted Thai citizenship.[30] The Thai government has vowed to end statelessness by 2024.
[215]
Possible film
On 10 July, a managing partner of US film production company Pure Flix announced that the firm was planning to create a feature
film based on the rescue, with potential for worldwide release.[216] Ivanhoe Pictures of SK Global Entertainment also expressed
interest in a separate project, with Jon Chu slated as the director.[217] A film, called The Cave, is currently being filmed by Thai-Irish
[218]
filmmaker Tom Waller, featuring many of the real-life cave divers as themselves.
Awards
Australia: On 24 July 2018, theGovernor-General of Australiaawarded the Bravery Medal to the six AFP Special
Response Group divers and the Navy Clearancediver who supported the diving operation in the cave for "displayed
considerable bravery". Cave divers Doctor Richard Harris and Craig Challen were awarded the Star of Courage for
"displayed conspicuous courage". All nine were awarded theMedal of the Order of Australia(OAM) "for service to
[219]
the international community through their specialist response roles".
China: On 18 July 2018, the Thai Ambassador to Beijing hosted a luncheon for the Beijing Peaceland Foundation
and Green Boat Emergency Rescue organisation. [220]
Thailand: On 13 July 2018, the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy (C-in-C), in a letter of commendation,
posthumously promoted to Lieutenant Commander former Navy SEAL Saman Kunan, who had died on 6 July , and
on 14 July the King of Thailand awarded him with the Knight Grand Cross of the Most Exalted Order of the White
Elephant.[93][94] Commander of the Navy SEALs, Rear Admiral Apakorn oYukongkaew, and Navy SEAL Special
Captain Anan Surawan, Commander of the First Special W arfare Corps, were cited in the letter of commendation by
the C-in-C for their "outstanding performance, which sets the best example for others in the Thai navy to
follow".[221][93] RADM Youkongkaew had commanded the overall activities of all divers during the operation and
CAPT Surawan had commanded the operational center in Chamber 3. [221] The commendation stated that 127
current and former Navy SEAL members and a 32 member medical team had participated in the rescue. [93]
United Kingdom: On 24 July 2018, thePrime Minister hosted a reception at 10 Downing Street with the Thai
Ambassador for the British Cave Rescue Council divers and personnel involved in the rescue. [222][223]
On 7 September 2018 the Royal Thai government hosted a reception for all Thai and foreign ficials
of and personnel
involved in the rescue. His Majesty the King granted a royal decoration,The Most Admirable Order of the
Direkgunabhorn, to 188 people who were involved in the rescue of the football team—114 foreigners and 74
Thais.[224]
In November 2018, the British cave rescue team were given thePride of Britain 2018 award for "Outstanding
Bravery". The rescued children attended the award ceremony, in London.[225]
On 28 December 2018 it was announced that seven British members of the rescue team would receive medals in
the 2019 New Year Honours. Rick Stanton and John Volanthen would each receive the George Medal; Chris Jewell
and Jason Mallinson would each receive theQueen's Gallantry Medal; Josh Bratchley, Connor Roe and Vern
Unsworth would all be appointedMBEs.[226][227]
See also
Modesto Varischetti (1907)
Alpazat cave rescue (2004)
Beaconsfield Mine collapse(2006)
2010 Copiapó mining accident
Riesending cave rescue(2014)
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External links
Out Of The Dark - Four Corners documentary (55:44; 17 July 2018; ABC News (Australia) on YouTube
The Thai Kids Talk - live press conference with English translation (1:31:32; 18 July 2018;
ABC News (Australia) on
ABC iview) alternative link on Facebook
Thai cave rescue – Rick Stanton account (03:42; 17 July 2018; ITV -News) on YouTube
Thai cave rescue (augmented reality) (21 July 2018; NYT)
"Tham Luang Cave Rescue: Against The Elements"
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Coordinates: 20°22′54″N 99°52′06″E

Tham Luang cave rescue

Prachak Sutham Note 15 Rescued in first mission.[23]

Phiphat Phothi Nick 15 Rescued in first mission.[25]

Ekkaphon Assistant coach and formermonk.[22] Stateless.[24][26] Ninth to be

Search and contact

Ben Reymenants.[41][42][43][44] The search had to be suspended due to the weather,

Planning and preparation

Death of rescue diver

Opinions about assistant coach

29 June: Thai Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha visited the site.[201]

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This page was last edited on 29 December 2018, at 22:48(UTC).

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