Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
I. Kinetic energy.
II. Work.
III. Work - Kinetic energy theorem.
IV. Work done by a constant force: Gravitational force
V. Work done by a variable force.
- Spring force.
- General: 1D, 3D, Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
VI. Power
VII. Potential energy Energy of configuration
VIII. Work and potential energy
IX. Conservative / Non-conservative forces
X. Determining potential energy values: gravitational potential energy,
elastic potential energy
Energy: scalar quantity associated with a state (or condition) of one or
more objects.
I. Kinetic energy
1 2
Energy associated with the state of motion of an object. K mv (7.1)
2
Units: 1 Joule = 1J = 1 kgm2/s2 = N m
II. Work
Energy transferred “to” or “from” an object by means of a force acting on
the object.
To +W
From -W
- Constant force: Fx ma x
v 2 v02
v
2
v02 2a x d a x
2d
1 1 1
Fx ma x m(v 2 v02 ) ma x d m(v 2 v02 )
2 d 2
1 Work done by the force = Energy
m(v 2 v02 ) K f K i Fx d W Fx d
2 transfer due to the force.
- To calculate the work done on an object by a force during a displacement,
we use only the force component along the object’s displacement. The
force component perpendicular to the displacement does zero work.
F
W Fx d F cos d F d (7.3) cos φ
d
Net work done by several forces = Sum of works done by individual forces.
2) Fnet Wnet=Fnet d
II. Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
K K f K i W (7.4)
Change in the kinetic energy of the particle = Net work done on the particle
K K f K i Wa Wg (7.6)
- Calculation:
xi ∆x xf
x
1) The block displacement must be divided into Fj
many segments of infinitesimal width, ∆x.
WS k
xf 1 2
x dx k x
xf
xi
1 2
k ( x f xi2 )
xi
2 2
1
Ws k x 2f if xi 0
2
Block stationary before and after the displacement: ∆K=0 Wa= -Ws
The work done by the applied force displacing the block is the negative
of the work done by the spring force.
Work done by a general variable force:
1D-Analysis
W j Fj ,avg x
W W j Fj ,avg x
better approximation more x, x 0
xf
Geometrically: Work is the area between the curve F(x) and the x-axis.
3D-Analysis
F Fx iˆ Fy ˆj Fz kˆ ; Fx F ( x), Fy F ( y ), Fz F ( z )
dr dx iˆ dy ˆj dz kˆ
r x y f fz f f
dW F dr Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz W dW Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz
ri xi yi zi
W F ( x)dx ma dx
xi xi
dv dv
ma dx m dx m v dx mvdv
dt dx
dv dv dx dv
v
dt dx dt dx
vf vf
1 2 1 2
W mv dv m v dv mv f mvi K f K i K
vi vi 2 2
V. Power
Time rate at which the applied force does work.
P
dW
(7.13) F
dt φ
x
dW F cos dx dx
P F cos Fv cos F v (7.14)
dt dt dt
(a ) v0 0 K 0.5mv 2f
mg mg
Fy Fy
(2 N ) cos 0.5(4kg )v 2f
v f cos m / s
(b) K 0 0 W K K f
W 1.31J 0.5mv 2f v f 0.93m / s
55. A 2kg lunchbox is sent sliding over a frictionless surface, in the positive
direction of an x axis along the surface. Beginning at t=0, a steady wind pushes
on the lunchbox in the negative direction of x, Fig. below. Estimate the kinetic
energy of the lunchbox at (a) t=1s, (b) t=5s. (c) How much work does the force
from the wind do on the lunch box from t=1s to t=5s?
dx 2
v 1 t
dt 10
dv 2
a 0.2m / s 2
dt 10
3
3
9 1 1
(b) W 2 dx 9 9( 1) 6 J
1 x x 1 3
73. An elevator has a mass of 4500kg and can carry a maximum load of
1800kg. If the cab is moving upward at full load at 3.8m/s, what power is
required of the force moving the cab to maintain that speed?
mg
A single force acts on a body that moves along an x-axis. The figure below shows
the velocity component versus time for the body. For each of the intervals AB, BC,
CD, and DE, give the sign (plus or minus) of the work done by the force, or state
that the work is zero.
v W K K f K 0
1
2
m v 2f v02
B C
AB vB v A W 0
D
A t
BC vC vB W 0
E
CD vD vC W 0
DE vE 0, vD 0 W 0
50. A 250g block is dropped onto a relaxed vertical spring that has a spring
constant of k=2.5N/cm. The block becomes attached to the spring and
compresses the spring 12 cm before momentarily stopping. While the spring is
being compressed, what work is done on the block by (a) the gravitational force on
it and (b) the spring force? (c) What is the speed of the block just before it hits the
spring? (Friction negligible) (d) If the speed at impact is doubled, what is the
maximum compression of the spring?
( a ) WFg Fg d mgd (0.25 kg )(9.8m / s 2 )(0.12 m ) 0.29 J
1
(b ) Ws kd 2 0.5 ( 250 N / m )(0.12 m ) 2 1.8 J
mg 2
Fs (c ) Wnet K 0.5mv 2f 0.5mvi2
d mg
v f 0 K f 0 K K i 0.5mvi2 WFg Ws
0.29 J 1.8 J 0.5 (0.25 kg )vi2
vi 3.47 m / s
( d ) If vi ' 6.95 m / s Maximum spring compressio n ? v f 0
Wnet mgd '0.5kd '2 K 0.5mvi '2
d ' 0.23m
62. In the figure below, a cord runs around two massless, frictionless pulleys; a
canister with mass m=20kg hangs from one pulley; and you exert a force F on the
free end of the cord. (a) What must be the magnitude of F if you are to lift the
canister at a constant speed? (b) To lift the canister by 2cm, how far must you pull
the free end of the cord? During that lift, what is the work done on the canister by
(c) your force (via the cord) and (d) the gravitational force on the canister?
Spring compression
Spring extension
fs Spring force does +W on block
energy transfer from potential energy
of the spring to kinetic energy of the
block.
General:
- A force acts between a particle in the system and the rest of the system.
- When system configuration changes force does work on the
object (W1) transferring energy between KE of the object and some
other form of energy of the system.
x
xf
Elastic potential energy: U ( kx) dx
i
2
k 2
x
xf
xi
1 2 1 2
2
kx f kxi
2
Change in the elastic potential energy of the spring-block system.
Emec K U 0
K 2 U 2 K1 U1
dU ( x)
U ( x) W F ( x)x F ( x) (1D motion)
dx
- The force is the negative of the slope of the curve U(x) versus x.
K always ≥0 (K=0.5mv2 ≥0 )
Examples:
Equilibrium points: where the slope of the U(x) curve is zero F(x)=0
∆U = -F(x) dx ∆U/dx = -F(x)
∆U(x)/dx = -F(x) Slope
Equilibrium points
Emec,1
Emec,2
Emec,3
Example: x ≥ x5 Emec,1= 4J=4J+K K=0 and also F=0 x5 neutral equilibrium
x4 Emec,3=1J=1J+K K=0, F=0, it cannot move to x>x4 or x<x4, since then K<0
Stable equilibrium
Review: Potential energy
W = -∆U
a 12 a 6
U ( x) U 0 2 where U0 and a are constants.
x x
dU ( x) a a 11 a a 5
i) Calculate the force Fx F ( x) U 0 12 2 2 2 6
dx x x x x
a 13 a 7
U 0 12a12 x 13 12a 6 x 7
12U 0
a x x
ii) Minimum value of U(x).
dU ( x) 12U 0 a 13 a 7
U ( x) min if F ( x) 0 0
dx a x x
xa U (a ) U 0 1 2 U 0