i.t.

T
l tlu
CHAPTERTHREE
rotal Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces
FLUID MECTIANICS
& HYDRAULICS '
CHAPTER T}IREE
Total H5ldrostatic Fgrce on Surfaces lg'l
Metacentric heighf MG = MBn- GBo Along longitudinal axis (rolliirg): :' l

Metacentric height MG = 2.9'1. - 1.5 = 1,41 m B=10m

Since MG ) MBo, the moment is righting moment.
-
MB^= Llr* tan2 el where o = oo
Righting moment, R-&l = W(MG sin 0) 12Dl 2 .l
W- BF =yVo
w = (9.81 x 1.03)[9(15X2.4)] = 3,273.8 kN " 12(1.s3)
1as"= o) = 5.45 m
-]{2_11+
'
Righting mdment, RM = 3,273.8[(1.a1) sin 74.931
Righting morrient, RM = 1,189.3 kN-m
Metacentric height MG = 2.215 m (the barge is stable in rolling)

Problem 3 - 96 Along transverse direction (pitching):

A barge floating ih fresh water has the form of a parallelepiped B=30m
-r F c ^1
dimensions 10 m x 30 m by 3 m. It weighs 4,500 kN when loadedlwith B' tan'o
of gravity along its vertical axis 4 m from the bottom. Find tlib -12D1lr*
us^=
___L
l'whereo=o'
2l J
height about its longest e1nd shortest centerline, and determine whethel or
^^2
the barge is stable. -
MBo= (1+ o1= 49.02m
==, '
12(1.53)
==39
Solution l Metacentric height, MG = 49.02 - 3.235
W = 4,500 kN Metacentric height, MG = 45,785 m (the barge ls stable in pitching)

Io 4 m.atiove th6 bottom

A crane barge,20 m long, 8 rneters wide, and 2 meters high loaded at its center
T:=
3m with a road roller weighing 20 short tons, floats on fresh water with a draft of
1.20 meters and has iL ."-r',t"r of gravity located along its vertical axis at a
I
point 1.50 meters above its bottom. Cornpute the horizontal distance out to
one side from the centerline of the barge through which the crane could swing
the 20-ton load which it had lifted frorn the center of the deck, and tip the
Solve for the draft, D: barge with the 2O-meter edge just touching the water' surface? . '

lBr= W'
Y Vo=W
9.81 [10 x 30 x D] = 4,500
D=L.53m
GBo=4-O,
GBn= 4-1..53/2
GB,=3.735m
 It O7 CHAPTER THREE
,& FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER rHREE q3
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces It t t
Solution
z=dsin0
1 short ton = 2000 lb z = 0.552sin 11.31o = 0.108 m
= 900 kg
GB"=1.n-d=0.848m
Wn= (20 x 900) 9.81
Wn = 176.58 kN
!-1, * tan2 ol
'12D1
MB^=
2 J

8' [, * tu,,' t1'3t'-l = n.rr, *

- 12(1..2)1
tvtB^=
E
NE
T-'-: 2 l
,N MG = 4.533 - 0.848 = 3.685 m
l"j
lt x=MGsin0
x = 3.685 sin 11.31o = 0.7?3 rn
BF = yVn
lEMc = 0I
BF=9.81[8 x1.2x20] (BO"=Wn(L+21
BF = 1,883.52 kN = Wr
1.,883.52(0.723) = (175.58) (L + 0.108)
Weight of barge, Ws = BF - Wn L =7.604m ) Horizontal distance from the center of the deck
Weight of barge, Ws = 1.,883.52 - 176.58
Weight of barge Ws-"1,706.94kN
Problem 3 - 98
Tilted position: A wooden barge of rectangular cross-section is 8 m wide, 4 m high, and 15 m long.
It is hansporting in seawater (s = 1.03) a total load of 1,500 kN including its own
weight and cargo. If a weight of 75 kN (included in the 1,50GkN) is shifted a
distance of 2.5 m to one side, it will cause the barge to go down 450 mm in the
toedge of imimersion and also rise 450 mm in the corresponding ruedge of anersion.
The barge floats vertically (on an even keel) before the shifting of the weight.
Compute how far above the waterline is the center of gravity of the loaded barge.

Sotution

tur, e = *18
I
0 = 11.31o !
-.-t.-.
B" A_
Solve for the new position of G in the tilted position:
Wr(0.5) =Wa(d)
1,883.52(0.5) = 1,7 06.94(d)
d = 0.552 m
 I
--:J
l94 flfil;H:*ff Force on surfaces
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER THREE
Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces t95
Solve for the draft, D: Problem 3 - 99
BF =W
'l'he waterline section of a 1,500-kN barge is as shown. Its center
(9.81 x 1.03)[8 x 16 x D)= L,500
of gravity is
1.5 m above the center of buoyancy. Compute the initial metacentric height
D=1.16m
ngainst rolling.
In the Tilted position:

Solution
I
tan o = o'fs
lMn'= ;1
VD

0 = 6.42 /= frectangle * ltrirngle * lserni-circle

1= #(12X8)1+ fr(6)(4)3 x2+ S@)a'

MB^= Ll, * tan22lel
-12D1 I = 676.53 ma

IBF =vq
ys,= e'q2)
=n.ur* 9.81, Vo = 1,500
-9'1-(r*tunz2
12(1,.1,6)[ ) -- Vo = 152.9 m3

[rMB, = o] MB"=
576'53
= 4.4?im
1.,42s(b) + 75(a) = Br(c) 152.9
c=MB,sin0
c = 4.63 sin 6.42' [MG= MB,-G8"7
MG = 4,425 -1..5
c = 0.518 m
MG = 2.925 m ) initial metacentric height
I
rl a = 3.42 sin 6.42 + 2.5 cos 6.42
a = 2.867 rn

b = (h + 0.58) sin 6.42"

1,425[(h + 0.58) sin 6.42.) + 75(2.S6Z) = 1,500(0.518)

h = 2.947 m) distance of G from the w.s.

 I A' CHAPTERTHREE FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER THREE
ltlO Total Hydrostatic Force on surfaces & HYDRAULICS Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces 197
& HYDRAULICS

Supplemehtary Problems
lementary Prqblems ;
Problem 3 - 104
Water in a tank is pressurized to 80 cmHg. Determine the total force per meter
Problem 3 - 100 width on panel AB.
Am.s:482 kN
A vertical rectangular 2m wide and 1.2 m high has water on one side
gate
with surface 3 m above its top. Determine the magnitude of the total
hydrostatic force acting on the gate hnd its distance from the water surface.
Ans: L = 84.6 kN, y, = 3.63 m

Problem 3 - 1Ol
A vertical semi-circular area of radius r is submerged in a liquid with its
diameter in the liquid surface. How far is the center of pressure from the
liquid surface?
Ans:0.589r
Problem 3 - 1O5
In tl're figure showrL the 8-ft-diameter cylinder, 3 feet long weighs 550 lbs and
Problem 3 - 102
rests on the bottom of a tank that is 3 feet long. Water and oil are poured into
An open vat holding oil (s = 0.80) is 8 m long and 4 m deep and. has a tlre left-and right-hand of the tank to depths 2 feet and 4 feet, respectively
trapezoidal cross-section 3 m wide at the bottom and 5 m wide at the top. Determine the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical conrponents of the
Determine the following: (a) the weight of oil, (b) the force on the bottom of the force that will keep. the cylinder toughing the tank at A.
vat, and (c) the force on the trapezoidal end panel. Ans: Fp = 749Lb )
Ans: (a) 1002 kN; (b) 752 kN Fr = 2,134lbs J
(c) 230 kN
Problem 3 - 103
Freshly poured. concrete approdrnates a fluid with 10 in
sp. gr. of 2.40. The figure shown a wall poured
between wooden forms which are connected by six ,OL
bolts. Neglecting end effects, compute the force in
Oil, s = 0.75
the lower bolts.
Ang19,170Lbs

Problem 3 - 106
Compute the hydrostatic force and its location on semi-cylindrical indentation
BCD shown. Consider only 1 meter length of cylinder perpendicular to the
figure below. '
Ans: Fs = 199.t kN @ 1.349 m below D
Ft,= 20.5 kN @ 0.531 m to the left of B
 CHAPTER THREE CHAPTER THREE
t98 Total Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces & HYDRAULICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS Totat Hydrostatic Force on Surfaces lq9.
t '
'

Problem 3 - lO7 Problem 3 - 109

The 1-m diameter solid cylinder shown is 8 m long perpendicular to the figure A block of wood having a volume of 0.034 rn3 and weighing 300 N is
and rests in static equilibrium against a frictionless wall at O. Deternrine the suspended in water as shown. a wooden rod of length 3.4 m and cross-section
unit weight of the cylinder. of 200 mrn2 is attached to the weight and also to the wall. If the rod weigl'ts 16
Ans:10.5 kN/mr N, determine the angle cr for equilibrium.
Arts: u = 10.5"

Problem 3 - 108
The section of a concrete dam is shown in the figure. Concrete weights 23.5
lt i
kN per cubic meter and water weighs 9,790 N pei cubic meter, Coefficient of
'l,l friction between the dam and foundation is 0.55. Determine the factors of
safety against sliding and against overturning, and also the soil pressure at the
heel and toe. Assume hydrostatic uplift varies uniformly from full hydrostatic
head at the heel of the dam to zero at the toe. Consider 1 m length of dam.
Ans: FSo = 2.20; FS5 = 1.66
Qr.et 85.2 kPa; 4to" = 300.2 kPa
=
 2oo flfl,];ffi[:[ Force on surraces FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS Rerative Equ,,#ffTtt[?:';: 20 I
Problem 3 - 110
Two spheres, each 1..3..,r in diameter, weigh 5 kN and 13 kN, respectivery.
They are co^nected with a short rope and placed in water. what is
the tension
in the rope and what portio^ of trre righter sphere prokudes from the water?
Chapter 4
Ans: T = 1.74kN;40.1.%
Relative Equilibrium
Problem 3 - 111
of Liouids
I blo:k weighing 1.25 pcfis 1 ft square and 9 inches deep floats on a skatified
liquid composed of a 7-in layer of water above a tayer of mercury. (o)
Determine the position of the bottom of the block. (b) li adownward Under certain conditions, the particles of a fluid mass may have no relative
vertical
force of 250 lb is applied to the center of mass or ttri, block, what is rurotion between each other yet the mass itself may be in motion. If a mass of
the new
position of the bottom of the block? fluid is moving with a constant speed (uniform velocity), the conditions are
An* (a) 0.g,, below mercury the same as in fluid statics (as discussed in previous chapters). But if the body
(b) 4.67,, below mercury is subjected to. acceleration (whether kanslation or rotation), special treatment
is required, and this will be discussed in this chapter.
Problem 3 - 112
cyli'rder (sp. gr. = 0.61) 660 ,rrn in diameter and 1.3 m rong
.woul$.a yogden
be stable if placed vertically in oil (sp. gr. = 0.gS)?
RECTTLTNEAR TRANSLATTON (MOVTNG VESSEL)
Ans: Not stable

Horizontal Motion
Probtem 3 - 113 Consider a mass of fluid moving with a linear acceleration n as shown in the
A-rectangular scow z ftby 18 ft by 32 ft long loaded with garbage has Figure. Considering a particle in, the surface, the forces acting are the weight
a draft
of 5 feet in water. Its center of gravity is 2 fI above the walterfin!. Is the W = Mg and the fictitious inertia force (reversed effective force, REF) which is
scow
stable? What is the initial metacentric height? equal to Ma, and the reaction N which n"rust be norrnal to the surface.
Ans: The scow is stable
MG = 0.90 ft

Problem 3 - 114
A cube of dirnension L and sp. gr. 0.82 floats horizontally in water. Is the
cube
stable?
Ars: Stable

REF = Ma
 2o 2 FX,#tr[;"",,y#ium or Lisuids FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER
Retative Equilibrium of
FOUR -t,\-
Liquids ZV 5
From the force polygon shown:
Vertical Motion
REF
tan 6 = Consider mass of fluid accelerated upwards or downwards with an
a
w
Ma acceleration of a as shown in the Figure. The forces acting at a point h below
tauro = the liquid surface are the weight of the liquid''above the point, 1V, the inertia
Mg
force, Ma, and the pressure force F = pA, then,

[IF,, = 0]
p=y1a+yV
REF = Ma

M=pV= tV
Therefore; the surface and ail pranes of equar hydrostatic I
inclined at this angle 0 with the horizontal.
pressure must
--1 l

p= I ys1+yV 0 o
o
o

I
lnclined Motion Volume, V = Ah
F=PA
consider a mass of fluid being accererated upwards at
an incrination a v
the horizontal so that a, = a cos a and. ar= a sin cr. pA='(Alt)a+y(Ah)
I
p=yh(l+a/g)
n.ru = N,,
I
l,=r, r=rt,(ttt) Eq.4 - 3
I REFs = Man

Use (+; for upward motion and t) for downward motion.

Note: a is positive for acceleration and negative for deceleration'
,a

From the force polygon shown:

Mou ROTATTON (ROTATTNG VESSELS)
tan o =
Mg+May When a liquid mass is rotated about a vertical axis at a constant angular speed
aH of rrl (in radians per second), every particlei experiences a normal acceleration
tano =
8+av which is equal 6 !' = az x where x is the particle's distance from the
of a,,
x
axis of rotation. This acceleration causes an inertia force (centrifugal force or

reversed normal effective force) which is equal to M au or! r'*.

Use (+) sign for upward motion and
C) sign for downward motion.
 CHAPTER FOUR
204 Re,ative Equitibrium of Liquids
FLUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULTCS I HYDRAULICS Rerative .0,",:"Ifftittlo?,Y* 2O5

dy
lirom calculus, slope = =tan0
dx
dv -
--:- -[41 $=
rlzx
dxg
2
-
-(l)
dy=
g
-74*
Integrate both sides:

a2 x2
rigure4-r1a;
y= Eq.4-5
2g

W=M9 Iror cylindrical container of radius r revolved about its vertical axis, the height
/rof paraboloid is:

w=Ms
,lL= _*2r2
Eq.4- 6
2g
CF = (Wg) or2 x

where ro is the angular speed in radians per second.

Figure4-1(c)
NOTE: 1 rpm = n/30 rad/sec

Figure 4 - l: paraboloid of revolution

Irr Figure 4 - 1 b), the relationship between any two points in the parabola can
is given by (squared property of parabola):

From the force polygon:

tanu- CF r{')) x'

-:-=::: Eq.4-7
w lhY
(W/g)ot2x
tano=
w
Volume of Paraboloid of Revolution

where tan 0 is the slope of the paraboroid any point

x from the axis of rotation.

Volume=l/znPh Eq.4-8
 CHAPTER FOUR
-Ir,
ZUO FLUID FLUID MECHANICS 2O7
Retative Equitibrium of Liquids & & HYDRAULICS Rerative tor,,fl#'iti.[::'r:
LIQUID SURFACE CONDITIONS
For closed cylindrical containers more than half-full of liquid, rotated
For ope. cylindrical containers more than half-full of liquid, rotated about its vertical axis (/r > H/2\:
its vertical axis (h > H/2):
d
€ I
I I

vlz<o yl2=o
'ilZ < o ylz=D (liquid surface just
(No liquid spilled) Liquid surface just touching the top rim)
touching the top rim I

(No liquid spilled)

Ylz>D Y = H2l2D
YIz>D Y=H (with imaginary (vortex just touching the
(Some liquid spilled) Vortex at the bottom paraboloid above) bottom)
(Some liquid spilled)

Note: For closed vessels, there can

never be any liquid spilled so the inital
volume of liquid (before rotation) is
always egual to the final volume of the .
y>H liquid (after rotation) or tlu.initialoolunrc
Vortex (imaginary) below of air inside is equal to tle finnl aolwne of air y > H2l2D
inside. T}ne oolume of air relation is more (Vortex below
the bottom
(Some liquid spilled) convenient to use in solving this type of the bottom)
problem.

yr= (D/H)U - K); K= Hz/zD

t.-i-'
2oB FL#ff[;,"',YJium or Liquids
FLUID
&
MECHANTCS
HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER
Relative Equitibrium of
FOUR -ia.t
Liquids ZU*l
For closed cylindrical containers completely filled with liquid:
U-tube revolved about its own axis:
Note: the pressure head at any point in

H;
v l\
I

==j the tube is the vertical distance from the

tube to the paraboloid. The pressure is
positive if the paraboloid is above the

tl\
1

:
point and negative.if it is below the
/l
Lr- point. The limiting pressure is absolute
zero.

Without pressure at top

For pipes and tubes:

!
I
I
!
I
I
I .*
z+ I
I i
I
I

Yz

Without initial pressure inside With initial pressure inside

 zIo ;1,#J5[;"",,y#ium or Liquids
FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERFOUR - i i
Liquids Z I
Relative Equilibrium of
& HYDRAULICS
'
(c) When a= 6m/s2
a5
tan0=, =9S1
Problem 4 - 1
0 = 31.45'
An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 5 m long, 2 m wide and 2.5
high is filled with water to a depth of 2 m. (a) What maximum
x = 2.5 cot3L.45o
acceleration can be imposed on the tank withoirt spilling any water and
x=4.0875<5m
determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass? (c) If the acceleration
V rc* = lz(4.087 5) (2.5) (2)
increased to 6 rn/ s2, how much water is spilled out?
V'yu=10.22ms

Solution Vo,igrnut = (2X2)(5)

(al Voriginal = 20 m3

%pilled = Voriginal - %eft

.%pilred =
20 -10'22
Vspillett = 9.78 m3

Problem 4 - 2

The figure shows the water level under maximum a when no water is A closed horizontal cylindrical tank 1.5 m in diameter and 4 m long is
spilled out. completely filled with gasoline (sp. gr, = 0.82) and accelerated horizontally at 3
m/s2. Find the total force acting at the rear wall and at the front wall of the
tanO= E =O.Z
tank. Find also the accelerating force on the fluid mass.
tang= !=O.z
I Solution
a = 0.2(9.87) a
a ='1,.952m/s2
tan0=
g a=3m/s2
y=3
Accelerating Force, F = Ma 4 9.8't
y =1,.223m
Mass, M = p(Volume of liquid)
Mass,M=1000[5 x2x2) h
Mass,M=20,000kg : =1..223+0.75
h =L.973m
Accelerating Force, F = 20,000 x 1.962
F,uu= Yfi A
iill' Accelerating Force, F = 3%240 N
F.",. = (9.81 x 0.82)(1.973)tt (1.s)'?]
,

F."". = 28.05 kN
F= Frear *oll - Ffront wall
Fr.ont=yEA
F s.81(+ )12.5(2)l-
= e.s1( + )t1.s(2)l
F = 39.24 kN
Frront = (9.81 x 0.82X0.75) tf G.5)'I
Fr,o,t =L0.56 kN
 212 ;5f,f[;r",,i#ium or Liquids & HYDRA
FTUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAUTICS
CHAPTER
Relative Equilibrium of
FOUR -t . a
Liquids Z I 5
Accelerating Force:
Also:
F=Ma Vair (original) J Vai, (rinat)
Mass, M = p(Volume) 4(0.2) (2) = xz(Z)
(1, / 2)

F = {(1000 x0.82)[f (1.s),(4)]] (3)

xz ='1.6 ) Eq. (2)

F = 12390 N
z ='1..6/ x ) Eq. (3)

F = 17.39 kN
Substitnte z and xz to Eq. (1)
aQ,.6/ x) -1..6 = 4.Lx ) multiply by r
rE:Drrear-tfronl
D 6.4-1,.6x=4.Lx2
F=28.05 -L0.66 4.1.* + 1..6x - 6.4= 0
F = 17.36 kN t ^l fi S\t - 4&1\--i,4)
- 1..6
= 1.0695 m
2(4.1)
Problem 4 - 3 z = 1,.6/1.0695 = 1..496 rn
az
A clobed rectangular tank 4 m ro,g, 2 m wide, and 2 m high is tan0 =- =-
water to a depth of 1.8 m. If the ailowable force at the rear
fiiled with 8x
*iu or tn" tu^t i. a 1..496
200 kN, how fast can it be accelerated horizontally? = Lo6%
i
a =13.72 m/s2 (horizontal acceleration)
Solution

Problem 4 - 4
1- An open tank 1.82 m square weighs 3,425 N and contains 0.91m of water. It is
F
acted by an unbalanced force of 10100"N parallel to a pair of sides. What is

[.;Jo
rt
the force acting in the side with the smallest depth?

2m
Solution
p=yhA
Solve for a and.y:
F=Ma=10,400
r=yhA M=M*"t".*Mtank
200=e.s1 E1z1z71 M = 1,000[(1.82X1.82X0.91)l + 3;425 / 9.s1.
/z = 5.1 rn M=3,363.42k9
10400 =3363.42x a
!=i:1 =4.1 m
a=3.092m/sz
By similar triangles:
4-x tano= n
g = 0.91,
x Y

4.1. z
4z-xz=4.1,x ) Eq. (1)
1.82mx1.82m

,1...
 4. CHAPTERFOUR CHAPTERFOUR , IE
Z I +^ Relative Eguilibrium of Liquids
FLUID MECHANICS
Relative Equilibrium of Liquids Z I ?
& HYDRAULICS

3.092 y Aese= 5'11 m2

=
9.81 0.91, V esa=5.11(1.5) ; 7.665 m3
y=0.29m<0.91m(OK)
It=0.91-A
.lr= 0.62m
Vrc*=12.4635 -7.655
P = 9 ,81.0 (0.62/ 2) l0 .62 x 1 .821 Vvr.= 4.7985m?
P = 3,432 N
%pired = 8.5985 '4.7985
%pi[ed = 3.9 m3

Problem 4 - 5
An open trapezoidal tank having a bottom width of 3 m is 2 m high, 1.5 m" Problem4-6(CEBoard)
wide, and has its sides inclined 60" with the horizontat. It is filled with water
A vessel 3 m in diameter containing 2.4 nt ofwater is being raised,. (a) Find the
to a depth of L.5 m. If the tank is accelerated horizontally along its length at
pressure at the bottom of the vessel in kPa when the velocity is constant, and
4.5 mf s2, how much watei is spilled out?.
(U; nna tne pressure at the bottom of the vessel when it is accelerating}.6 m/ s2
upwards.
Solution
3 + 2(2 cot 600) = 5.369 . Solution
3 + 2(1,5 cot 600) = 4.732m
For vertical motion:
p=yh$r.a/g\
h=2.4m
tano=; =9s1
a 4.5

(a) When the velocity is constant,4 = 0, then

0 = 24.64"
P=yh
p = e.81'(2.a)
%pillecl = Vorie)-Vrcn p = 2g.544kPa (pressure at the bottom)
V*,r= b+z(1.5) x 1.5
V."g = 8.S!$$ rnr
(b) When a=0.6m1s2 (uqe "+" for upwardmotion)

V*n=Vaaco-Vasr
p = e.81(2.4)(1 + (1 + i*i)
? = 24.984kPa
Vesco= 31g@ (2X1.5)
VMCo = 12.4635 m3

Vass= AMs(1,.5) Problem 4 - 7

AaaE=%(AB)(AE)siri0 A vessel containing oil is accelerated on a plane inclined 15' with the
q,= 180o - 60" -24.54o horizontal at 1.2 m/sz. Determine the inclination of the oil surface when the
a = 95.36" motion is (a) upwards, and (b) downwards.
AE = sin 50o
AE = sin60o = 4.518 m
A;uie = lz(5.30\@.618)sin 24.64'
 CHAPTER FOUR
216 Relatirre Equilibrium of Liquids FIUID MECHANTCS CHAPTERFOUR -t t a
& HYDRAULICS Relative Equilibriurn of Liguids I I I
Solution
(c) Downward motion with a positive acceleration (use "-" with a = +8 m/s2)
Ag
.tan0=
8!av
t,--(\l9z
a. ^'l 7
p =4.!lkPa
AH=qCOSU.
aa = L.2 cos 15o (d) Downward motion with a negative acceleration luse 'i -' with a= -8m/ s)
au = L.1,59 m/ sz
,'=^1o.ti,tx o.s)(3) (, - r*)
av= a Sin d
P =4f.-74kPa
av = 1.2sin L5"
av = 0.3L n../ sz

Problem 4 - 9
(a) When the motion is upwardsi u:i. r v
rnls"

1.159
A cylindrical water tank used in liftiog water to the top of a tower is 1.5 m
tanH= high. If the pressure at the bottom of the tank is must not exceed 1"5 KPa, what
. 9.81 + (+0.31)
maximum vertical acceleration can be imposed in the cylinder when it is filled
0 = 6.533"
with water.
(b) When the rnotion is downwards:
Solution
7.L59
tanE= p=yh(1+a/g\
9.81 - (+0.31)
16 = 9.81(1.s)(1+ a/9.81)
0 - 6.955" -
a = 0.857 m/sz

Problem zl -8
Problem 4 - 10
An open tank containing oil (sp. gr. = 0.s) is accererated verticaly atg An open rylindrical vessel having a height equal to ib diameter is half-filled with
m/sz.
Determine the pressure3.m below the surface if the rnotio' is
(a) ,'pward with water and reVolved about its own vertical axis with a constant *golar speed of
a positive acceleration, (&) upward with a negative a.cererution,
1rj'ao*.,*ura 120 rpm. Find ib miilmum diameter so that there can be no Iiquid spilled.
with a positive acceleration, and (d) downwaid with a .egutir" u".ereration.
Solution
Solution
So that there's no liqu.id spilled, base of the
/\ paraboloid must just coincide with the
The pressure at a depth ft is given by, p = ynl tt Ll
( s) upper rim of the cylinder. Since the cylinder
is initially half-tull the height of the
(a) Upward with a positive acceleration (use ,,+,, with a = +g m/s2)
lotion paraboloid is therefore eqrral to the height of
p = (e,s,1, x 0.8)(3) (,. rt) the cylinder.
= 42.74kPa
P
-tt = _J_
^2r2
(bt Upward motion with a negative acceleration (use ,, +,, 2g
wifh a = _g m/ sz )
p = (s.81x 0.s)(3) (,. h= H=D
f&) a=120rpmxr/30
p = 4.34kPa
a = 4r rad/sec
 2I 8 [X,#J5[;;",,i#ium or Liquids
FIUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER FOUR
Relative Equilibrium of Liguids 2t9
o = $n)2(o /z)? Vspilled = Vair (final) - Vuir liniuug
2(9:81) Vspiued = lm(0.6)\1'.63) - zt(0.6)2(0.7)
D =0.497 mor 497 nrm Vsplbd = 0.1.3 m3 x 1000 lit/m3
Vspiued = 130 liters

Problem 4 - 1l
An open cylindrical tank 1.6 m in diameter and 2 m'high is full of Problem 4 - 13
we
when rotated about its vertical axis at 30 rpm, what would-be the slope'of An open cylindrical tank,2m in diameter and 4 m high contains water to a depth
water surface at the rim of the tank? of 3 m. It is rotated about its own vertical axis with a constanl angulal speed ol .
(a) If to = 3 rad/ sec., is there any liquid spilled?
Solution (b) What maximum value of a; (in rpm) can be imposed without spilling
Slope = tan 0 any liquid?
r (c) If o =-8 rad/ s, how much water is spilted out and to what depth will
slope = 92 the water stand when brought to rest?
I (d) What angular speed ro (in rpm) will just zero the depth of water at the
x- Ztrrcd lmin center of the tank?
ro=30 x-
rev 60 sec @ ii, = fOO tp* tto* much area at the bottom of the tank is uncovered?
a=nrad/se
Solution
srope=I*P =0.805 -l7= ,2r2
2g
-
(a) co=3rad/sec
Problem 4 - t2 (CE Board foveilUer fSZA; ,.
- (3)2(1)2
An open cylindrical vessel 1.2 m in diameter and 2(e.81)
2.1 m high is z/3 full of
water. Compute the amount of water in liters that will be h= 0.46
fuilled out is the
vessel is rotated about its vertical axis at a constant angularcp""a or
90 rpm. h/2= 0.23 <1.m
.'. no liquid is spilled out
Sotution ,tI
: o=9orpm
I S-{- o=90rpm ir=1m
. ,,r2 12
h= (&) The maximum or so that there is no tiquid spilled is such that
i 2g
irt rpnx n/30
or- = 90
. h/2=lmorh
,)
= 2m
- a'r'
a=3nrad/s ,t -
,
2g
ffii -
,, =
(3n)2 (o-e)z
^ _ a'(1)'
2(e.81) 2(e.81)
h='1..53m. .a=6.26rad/secx
h/2= 0.515 > 0.7 m (some liquid spiled)
$
ro = 59.78 rpm
l"l r=0.6m

Ii
 22 o ;3,:5Jf Ef,",,,Y#,,- or Liquids
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER
Retative Equilibrium of
FOUR -rrr .
Liquids ZZ I
(c) or=8rad/sec 'Area,A=n2g2 o= 100 rpm

y=5'58-4 rl't I
_ (s)?(1)2
ft =3.26m !i t I I
2(e.81) y=1.58m
h/2=L.63m>Lm
By the squared property
.'. some liquid spilled but the vortex of the of parabola:
paraboloid is inside the tank since /r < 4m. x-a, r- E

%pilled = Vair(final) - V"ir(ini,int)

yh
-=- co
h
u;
-,
Vair lfinall = Vparaboloi<t ,z = ffi (1.58) il

Vair lrinat; = 1/z n(1)2 (3.26) x2 = 0.283

Varrlrinat; = 5.121 m3
r=1m Area, A = n(0.2S3)
Vo,, (ini,i"r) = n(1)r(1) Area,A=0.889m2
Vut, linittul; = 3.142 rn3 \_L/:
%pired = 5.121 -3.742 k- x
%pillod = L.979 m3
Problem 4 - 14 (CE November 1993)
Another solution:
When the tank is brought to rest, the An open vertical cylindrical vessel, 2 m in diameter and 4 m high is filled with
water level will rest at h/2fromtop. water to the top. If rotated on its own vertical axis in order to discharge a
,
y=h/2-1 quantity of water to uncover a eircular area at the bottom of the vessel 1 m in
y=1'63-1 diameter: (a) Determine the angular speed in rpm/ and (b) how much water is
left in ttre cylinder aftei rotation?
a = 0'53m
V5p11126= lc P 1l Solution , t=?
o=?
. Vspiled=n(.1)'?(0,63)
Vspiued = 1..979 m3 - ,2r2 \
r=1m 2g
(d) The vortex touches the bottom when ft = 4m
Solve for h (by squared property)
,2 (1)2
^ -
2(e.81) 0)2 = (0.5)2
l
<o:8.86 x S h h-4
It-4=0.251t
I

ril
ro = 84.6 rpm
0.75h = 4
(el When <o = 100 rpm Ir = 5.33 m
llir ro = 100(n/30) = 3.33n rad/sec
5.33 = '2(1)2
,-- ,'r' - (a.asr;21r12 2(e.81)

I
29 2(e.810) <o = 10.23 rad/sec x 30

ft=5.58>4m ro = 97.55 rpm

.'. the vortex of the paraboloid is already below the tank (imaginary)
 -t -t -t CHAPTER FOUR FLUID
ZZZ, ,& MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER FOUR
Relative Equitibrium of Liquids HYDRAUTICS & HYDRAULICS Relative Equilibrium of Liquids 223
(b) %eft = Vcytinde, - Vf.ustu,n of paraboloid hz= pz/,(
vnt = 7t (1), (4) - l% n (112 (5.33) _ l/zn (0.5)2 (5.33 _ 4)l , hz= 1410.0008
V6x= ll.llg 1ns hz=17500 cm = 175 m
h=hz-2.75-p/to
Problem 4 - 15 (CE Board November 1993) h=175-2.75-62.5
h= 109.75
A 1.90 m diameter closed cylinder, 2.7s m high^is completely filled with oilj
ro21o.es;2
having sp. gr. of 0.8 under a pressure of 5 kg/ cmi at the top.
1a; wtrat angular 109.75 =
speed can be imposed on the cylinder so that the maximum pressure at the 2(e.81)
bottom of the tank is 14kg/ cmz? (b) Compute the pressure force exerted by oil ro = 48.84 rad/sec x 30
1l
on the side of the tank in kg.
or = 466.44 rpm

Solution
(bl r=yh A
Imaginary L.S, h =hz-2.75/2=173.625m
F = 800 (17 3. 62s)l2n(0.95) (2.75)l
F = 2.28 x 1.06 kg
\

h-
Probtem 4 - 16 (CE May 1985)
An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 300 mm and a height of 1.2 m is
full of water. How fast should it be rotated about its own vertical axis so that
75o/' of its volume will be spilled out?
hz = p2l't

Solution
E
ot=?
\
h

N oil (s!= 0.8) -

h=- ^2r2
2g
Since 75% of the total volume is spilled out
the paraboloid will be formed a part outside
the vessel (i.e. with its vortex below the tank)
2z(0.95) = 5.969 m

Vspiled = V r;, = 0.751ru2(1.2)j

Unit weight of oil, y = 1000(0.8) Vui, = 0.9rcP
Unit weight of oil, y = 800 kg/m3 = 0.0008 kg/cm3 1.2 m
ilr
. ,2r2 But 7"i, = Vtigp"ruboloid - Vsmallparabotoid
(al 0.9nf =1/zn*h -7/2nxzy
2g
L,8i=ralt-x2y )Eq.(1)
Solve for ft :

pr/y = 5/0.0008 = 5250 cm

fi/y = 62.5 m

lL.,
 FOUR -t it F
224 ;LffJ5[;:'rY#ium or Liquids
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER
Relative Equilibrium of Liquids Z25
By squared property of parabola: Lrea
a:72.52grad/sec
' * ,60sec
x'))1 r' r' Zrrad lmin
y h' h <o = 119.64 rpm
In Eq. (1)
_2
1,.812= ih - . vfu) ) multiplybothsides byh/p Problem 4 - 18
h"-
l.Bh=lp-y2 An open vessel, 500 mm in diameter and filled with water, is rotated about is
vertical axis at such velocity that the water surface 100 mm from the axis makes
buty=1r-1.,
.t an angle of 40o with the horizontal. Compute the speed of rotation in rpm.
.gtt = h2 _ (h _ t.z1z
7.8tr = h2 - (hz _ 2.4h + 1.44\
Solution
0.6h = 1..44
h=2.4m The slope of the paraboloicl at any distance " x" fromthe axis is given by:

tanO=
o) x
Finally:
8
.^_^2 10.3y2 Where0=40"andx=0.1 m
2(e.81) ).

a= 22.87 rad/sec x 30-

tan4o. = Sto.rl
9.81 '
<o = 2L8.4 rpm a = 9.07 rad/sec ,. # = 86.64 rpm

Problem 4 - L7 Problem 4 - Lg
An open cylindrical tank 1 m in diameter and 3 m high is full of water. At An open cylindrical tank 1.2 m in diameter and 1.8 m deep is filled with water
what speed (in rpm) must it be rotated to discharge 1,/3 of i* content. and rotated about its own axis at 50 revolutions per minute. How much liquid
is spilled and what is the pressure at the center of its bottom?
Solution
Let y be the height of the paraboloid. Solution or = 60 rpm

since the volume of the paraboloid represents flle volume of water spilled, then: -It=-^2r2
2g
Volume of paraboloid 7e Full volume of cylinder
= x (n/30)=2nrad/sec
ro = 60
1/z n (0.5)z y
= t n (0.5), (3)
" r=L.2/2 = 0.6m
V=2m
(2rr)2(0.q2
XI
r - a2x2 -
x=0.5m
,r= = o.7z4m
l-V= ^
zg
I 2(e.81)
1'
yspilled r,
- vparaboloid
,2 (o.s)2
-, - 2(e.87)
Vspilled
Vspitled
= lz r* lt
= 1/zn(0.6)2 (0.724)
%pillecl = 0'409 m3
' r=0,6m
?r-

.I-) CHAPTER FOUR FTUID MECHANICS FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER FOUR -.,1
ZZO' Retative Equitibrium of Liquids & HYDRAULICS & HYDRAULICS Retative Equilibrium of Liquids ZZ
'
Pressure at the center: h/2=3.67m>1m
p=vy (part of the paraboloid is above the vessel)
y -1.8 _ h = 1.8 _ 0.724 =,1..076 nt
p -- 9.81'(1,.076) = 10.555 kPa Verify the position of the vortex (See Page207)
H2 _ $)2
Problem 4 - 20
2D 2(1)
u2
A closed cylindrical vessel, 2 rn in diameter and 4 m high is filled with watei '' = 8 m > 7.34 m .'. the vortex is inside the vessel
to a depth of 3m and rotated about its own vertical axis at a constant angular, 2D
speed, ol . The air inside the vessel is under a pressure of 120 kpa.
(a) rf o - 12 radf sec, what is the pressure at the center and circumference at
Vair lfinatl = Vair(initial)

the bottom of the tank? Yznxzy = nra11',

(b) what angular speed co will just zero the depth of water at the center? xzy=212 ) Eq. (1)
(.) If <o = 20 radf sec, how much area at the bottom is uncovered?
By squared property of parabola:
Sotution *'=r'
I
y11
I ,':^12 ny )Eq.(2)

Tl-
I 1m Substitute 12 in Eq. (2) to Eq. (1)
)
l+- (iv)v=2"
!
,,, I
f = 2h= 2(7.34)
y=3.83m<4m
Pressure at the center, (at O)
p1 =ylli|+ pan
h=4-!
J'i Ir1= 4 -3.83 = 0.17 m
i p1= 9.81(0.17) + 120
Figure (a) pt = 1A.66 kPa (pressure at the center)
(al Refer to Figure (b): Pressure at circumference, (at @)
a =72rudf s
P2= lh2 + P^n
. *2r2 h2= 111 + 11
2g hz=0.17 +7.34=7.51m
pz= 9.81(7.51) + 120
t =(12)2(1)2 =734 pz= 193.67 kPa (pressure at the circurnference)
2(e.81)
 228 ;I|#tr[ffi'Tium orliquids ILUID MECHANICS
I HYDRAULICS Retative rq"uf"T:tirt,1?i* 229
(bt
3 Let us first derive the general value of (c), = 20rad/sec
when the vortex of the paraboloid
/e

-It= _.UD-r'
))
reaches the bottom of the vessel 2g

%ir = Vair linrriatl

lrtnaty
,. _ (2q20)2
1/z nx2H = nrzD 2(e.81)
x2H=2iD )Eq.(b-1) h=20.4m
E
\r
ct
By squared property of parabola: In Figure (d): N

I
il
x' ai
r' V"ir 1inlu"t1 = Vui. (fi*t) .c
Hlt rrt(7) = 7/znxf y1 - 7/znx22 y2
2rz = xf yt - xzz !/z )Eq. (c-1)
-.2
x2='
h
H ) Eq. (b-2)
By squared property of parabola:
*t2
=*ru -r'
Substirute x2 to Eq. (b-1) VrTzh
t
^r-
-h yl ) Eq. (c-2)
ff4H=2iD
ua--
-lt
^12 lz ) Eq. (c-3)
-

Substitute rr2 and rz2 to Eq. (c-1)

,*= + y,Ui- vrAtrl multiplybothside byh/*

|
211= y12 _ y*
r=ff=s* Butyr= 4+ yz
2h=(4+yz)z-yzz
,
^2r2 Zlt='1.6+8yz+y22_y2z
2g
I
9yz= 2(20.4) - 15; yz = 3.1 m
i,ri g ,2(1)2
= .
In Eq. (c-3)
2(e.81)
?2
a =12528 rad/sec x
ilr 30
xz2 =
T' lz
i, ro = 11.9.6 rpm
I

*,,= = 0.152
i

#(3.1)
Area= nxzz=n1g.rl\
)
Area = 0.48 m2 (area uncovered at the bottom)
I

(,
-tA CHAPTER FOUR FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERFOUR ,r- t
Z5U Relative Equilibrium of Liquids & HYDRAUTICS Relative Equilibrium of Liquids Z5 I
Problem 4 - 21 Determine the position of the vortex:
A closed vertical cylindrical vessel, 1.5 m in diameter and 3.6 m high
full of brine (s = 1.3) and is revolved about its vertical axis with a 2D zp.e)
angular speed, The vessel is made up of steel 9 mm thick with an
tensile stress of 85 MPa and has a small opening at the center of the top Since lr = L3.86 > 7.2, the vortex is below the vessel, See Figure (b)
(a) If the angular speed is 210 rpm, what is maximum the stress in the
(b) To what maximum angular speed can the vessel be revolved? V.i. (iniu"l) = Vair lfinal;
nr2(0.9) = 7/zfixr2 Y't - 1/mx22 Y2
Solution 7.8 ra = xr2 yt - xf yz )
Eq. (1)

By squared property of parabola:

o =7nrad./s
xrZ xr2
...:=:=- r2
S, = *2t Note: The maximum pressure is at the circumference at the Vt lz lr

= lvrin" ht ^12
xt'= ? Eq. (2)
P
afr
€, XtL= -^12-Uth'- ) Eq. (3)
I

ir=0.75m
Substitute xr2 and rz2 to Eq. (1)

7 Bra = ) multiply both sides by h/

| vrOr,l
] v, Ut,l ta

ll
7.8h=yf-y22

But yr = 3.6 + y2
1.97r= (3.6 + yzlz - yz2
1..9h = 12.96 + 7.2yo + Vrz _ yt
7.2 yz= 1.8h - 12.96 ) Eq, (a)

7.2U2 = 1,8(13.36) - 12.95

,ll
yz=1.6\5m
Figure (a) Figure (b) lu=13.86-1..665
hl=12.195m
Solve for hr: P = 9,81(1.3)(12,795).
h1=h-yz P = 155.52 kPa

. _ (155.s2X1500)
, a2r2 (zn)2 (o.zs)z ",-
2g 2(e.81) -]|GD-
St=12,960kPa
'h=13.86m St=72.96MPa (maximum wall shess)
 23 2 [:,1itr[;"",,y#iurn or Liquids FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERFOUR ^{-
& HYDRAULICS Liquids Z 5 5
Relative Equilibrium of
(b) For maximum value of ol, Sr = g5 Mpa
(1'8 x 103 )
85 x 1G _ e.81(1.9)ft1(1500) 82 x 103 - P'
2(e) 2(s)
lu =79.98m pz= 455.5kPa
yz= h -79.98
Pz= Ylh
455.5 = 9.81(1.6)h2
In Eq. (a)
7.2(h _7e.e8) = 1.8h _ 12.e6
lo=2r.or^
5.4h = 562.89G; h 104.24 m : h=ln-h/y -2.7
h=29.02-2.7 -15.61
,r- ,
tfl - --l--
'o2,2 I h= 10.77n
zg
,2 (o.zs)2 1,= ^2(o.g)2 =fi.71
,0.24 - 2(e.81)
2(e.81)
to = 1.6.1 rad/sec x .1Q
ro = 60.3 rad/sec x30/r
ol = 576 rpm ro = 153.8 rpm (maximum allowable angular speed)

Problem 4 - 22 Problem 4 - 23
A 1'8 m diameter crosedcyrind er,2.7 mhigh is completery I'he 1.5 m diameter impeller of a closed centrifugal water pump is rotated at
f,red with glycerin 1500 rpm. If the casing is full of water, what
having sp. gr. of r..6 under a pressure of i+s kpa
at the top. The steer plates
pressure is developed by
rotation?
y-_ich lorm the cylinder ur" 5 ,nm thick with an urtimate tensile stress
MPa' How fast can it be rotated about its vertical
of g2
axis to tt poirri oiuursting?
" Solution
Solution
,) Pressure head., L =h
, Ct)'t' v
2g , ,2r2
Solve for ft 2g r=0.75m
h_ 245 ro=1500xn/30
y e.81(1.6) ro 50n radf sec
=
lL = $.61m hz = pzlt h- Forq2P.75)2
=707.4m
v 2(e.81\
P = 707.4 mof water
The maximum tensile stress occurs 9.81
at point O: p = 6,940kPa
pD
From Sr =
2t
 ,)
ZJA
CHAPTER FOUR
FLUID , FOUR -r,r F
^ Relative Equilibrium of Liquids FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER
& & HYDRAULICS Relative Equilibrium of Liquids 255
Problem 4 - 24 (CE Board)
Solution
A conical vessel with sides inclined 30" with its vertical axis is revolved
another axis L m from its own and parailer. How many revolutio: Pz= Y hz

lninute must it make in order that water poured into il",wil be

discharged by the rotative effect? Solving for /r2:
14= y2,,- yt
Solution a2 *22 *2.*r2
1r, =
2g 2g
The water in the vessel will entirely be
discharged at a speed when the ,,=
paraboloid is tangent to the cone at the ffi[(2.s),-(o.s),]
vertex, hence, the inclination, 0, of the -
. 14=?3'1.27 m /2m
paraboloid at x = 7 m is 60o or its slope is
p = (9.81. x 0.822) (?31, :27)
tan 50o.
p = 7,855kPa !-=-z.sm
From the formula:
)
tan0= @ r i lm /i Problem 4 - 26
s ;<--l+: A glass U-tube whose vertical stems are 300 mm apart is filled with mercury
l/l
itr/ ,/ to a depth of 150 mm in the vertical stems. It is rotated about a vertical axis
tan60o=
"
9.81'
(1)
',
\ \t/ \-t-l | ,./
through the midpoint of the horizontal section. What angular speed a will
a = 4.12 rad/sec x 30 :
I
produce a pressure of absolute zero in the mercury at the axis?
ol : 39.35 revolutions per minute
Solution

Problem 4 - ZS.(CE novemUeFl5gZl v=

a2x2
^z8 q. I
75 mm diameter pip:,2 m long is just filled with oil Y=lhtt+0'15
f (sp. gr. = 0.822) t
r=0.15m
r=0.15m I r=0.15m
p1".:ton a-horiioniat position. rt is roiaiei at27.S rud/ j---------------
l:i:*O"O:.*.d
about a vertical axis 0.5 m from o.ru (outside the pipe). *nu, i, Since the irressure at *re center
"rrd :
pressure in kPa at the far end of the pipe?
is absolute zero, then the gage
pressuxe at the center is -prt or
-760 mmHg, therefore ft^ = 0.76 m

y=0.76+0.15
y = o'9't' m
ro2(o.ts)2
o.9t =
2(e.81)
a = 28.17 rud/sec x $
lr a = 259 rpm
iu
 23 6 [:if,tr[;,,q,y#ium or Liquids
FLUID
&
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS.
CHAPTERFOUR
Relative Eguilibrium of
rtru
Liquids Z5 I
Problem 4 - 27
Solution
A glass
Y-tuP"
whose vertical stems are 600 mm apart is filred with mer
to a depth of 200 mm in the vertical stems. It is rotated about a vertical
through its.horizontal base 400 mm from one stem. How fast should it
Initial water
level
s.
rotated so that the difference in the mercury levels in the sfems is 200 1..
mm?

Solution

xz = 0.4m T hz

Initial mercury
level -[l
a
I
I

J
I

\i 0.2 m

0.5 m 0.5 m
i xr =0'5'm
x2=[.0m

Since there is no liquid spilled out, its initial volume is equal to its final
volume or as shown in the figure, the sum of the height of water in the vertical
In the figure shown: stems before and after rotatio-n must be equal.
lz-!/t=0.2
, ,2r2 Zyr + 2yz= 5(0.5)
wnere
"29 yt+ yz=L.25 ) Eq. (1)

Jr"Z
(r2 _.L
__,2*.2
--L By squared'pioperly of parabola:
=()2
2g 2g (1)2 (0.o2
=
- (0.2)'a] = Az At
#^ [(o'4)'? 0.2
yz=4yt ) Eq. (2)
a=S.72rad/secx @
Substitute y: to Eq. (1)
to = 54.5 rpm
yt+ 4yt=1..25
'Yr=Q.%
Prcblem 4 - ZA a2xt2
Yt= 2g
A qlas-s gbhg consist of 5 vertical stems which are s00 mm apari connected
tor
a single horizontal tube. The tube is filled with water to a aepdr q-(u'5)-
sdr;;
the vertical stems. How fast should it be rotated about and axis"fthrough - -=
025 '(o.s)'
the 2(e.81)
middle stem to just zero the depth of water in that stem?
a=A. 3rud/sec,x @
 238 ;5ffJiH:,,i#ium or Liquids
FLUID
&
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER
Relative Equilibrium of
FOUR 7?O
Liquids 'a' '
Problem 4 - 29
Minimize H, dilferenliate Eq. (1) with respect to r and equate,to zero:
A 75 mm diameter pipe, 2 m rong is filled with water and capped at both
It is held on a plane inclined 50o with the horizontal and rotated ab *dx:=2.548x- tan 5o.o = o
vertical axis through its lower end with d constant angular speed of
s rad,l r=0,68m
(a) compute the pressure at the upper end of th" pii" and'(b)
determine a = r sec60o
minimum pressure and its.location in the pipe. a = 0.68 sec60o = 1.36 m
Solution In Eq. (1i:
\ /

Since there is no initial pressure h' ='1..274(0.58)2 + L7q'- (0.58) tan50'

in the pipe the pressure head at h'=1.1,4Lm
the lower end of the liipe will P*i" = 9.81(L.141)
remain equal to the static ?^in=11.196 kPa located 1.36 m from the lower end (along the pipe)
pressure head of 7..73 m, and
therefore the vortex of the
parab.oloid will be 1.73 m above Problem 4 - 30
the Iower end.
A cylindrical bucket 150 mm in diamete'r and 200 mm high contains 150 mm of
. ,2r2 water. A boy swings the bucket on a vertical plane so that the bottom of the
2g bucket describes a circle of radius 1 m. How fast should it be rotated so that
. _ (5)'(1)' E
2(e.81) N
.i Solution
h=1.274m I
o
0,lm@
o
rD
.Cr
(a) Pressure at the upper end: N
I
Pupper = lh I
I
prpper = 9.8L(1,.274) I
I
I
Pupper = 72.497 kPa Y

t\ I
I
I
(b) Minimum pressure I
I
I I
ll{ k- x I
----+l 9
Pnin =

Solve for ft'

.h,=y+z
z-1..73-xtan60o
. x2 1, Figure (b)
y =12
h = 1..224
U = 1.274 xz
h' = 1.274 zcz + ('t.73- r tan50") ) Eq. (1)
l

_,li

ll,
 24o ;X,#tr[;f,rY#ium orLiquids FLUID
&I
IIUID MECHANICS
I HYDRAULICS Fundamenta[:fFtr5Fi# 241
The critical position for the liquid to fall is at the highest point.

From Figure (b):

CF =W
CF = lv.I a,,
Chapter 5
w
CF=-ro2r Fundamentals of
w Fluid Flow
a2 r=W
V
to2r=g The previous chapters deals only with fluids at rest in which the only
or2 (0.925) = !.$1
llgnificant propefty used is the weight of the fluid. This chapter will deal with
fluids in moEon which is based on the following principles: (a) the principle of
a = 3.25 rad/sec x $ conservation of mass, (b) the energy principle (the kinetic and potential
ol = 31.L3 rpm energies), and (c) the principle of momentum.

Problem 4 - 31
A cubical tank is filled with 2 m of oil having sp. gr. of 0.g. Find the force DISCHARGE OR FLOW RATE, Q
acting on one side sf the tank when the acceleration is S m/ s2 (a) vertically Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per
upward, and (b) vertically downward. unit of time. This is expressed as a mass flwo rate (ex. kg/sec), weiglfi flmo rate
(ex. kN/ sec), and oolume floru rute or flcno rate (ex. m3/ s, lit/ s).
Solution
(al F = p,rA . l,Volumeflowratg, Q-Au' , Eq.5-1
F = ly h,s$ + a/g\ A r- ,, r. Mass,flow rater M = p e E q.S-z
F = (e.81 x 0.8)(1)(1 + 5 / e.81)l(z)(2)l
Weightflowrate,W=yQ .5.3
F = 47.392 kN

(bl where:
F = p,sA
Q = discharge in m3/s or fF / s
F = ly lr"r(1- a/il) A
p= A = cross-sectional area of flow in m2 or ft2
(e.81. x 0.8)(1)(1 -5/e.81)(zx2)
?=meanvelocityof flowinm/s of ft/s
F = 15,392 kN p = mass.density in kg,/mc or slugs/ft3
y = weight density'in N/m3 or lb/f&

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fluid Flow may be steady or unsteady; uniform ot n on-uniform ; continuous ;
laminar or turbulent; one-dimensiennl, ttoo-ilimensional or three-dimensional; and
ratational or inotational.
 -,^ CHAPTERFIVE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERFIVE -,-t
Z+Z Fundamentals of Fluid Flow & HYDRAULICS Fundamentals of Fluid Flow Z+5
\I
i Steady Flow , Turbulent Flow
This occurs when the discharge Q passing a given cross-section is constant The flow is said to be turbulent when the path of individual particles are
time. If the flow Q at the cross-section varies with time, the flow is unsteady. irregular and continuously cross each other. Turbulent flow normally occurs
when the Reynolds number exceed 2,100, (although the most corrunon
\ situation is when it exceeds 4000).
I uniform Flow
This occurs if, with steady flow for a given length, or reach, of a sheam, Laminar flow in circular pipes can be maintained up to values of & as high as
average velocity of flow is the same at every cross-section. This usually 50,000. However, in such cases this type of flow is inherenfly unstable, and
when an incompressible fluid flows through a stream with uniform the least disturbance will transform it instantly into turbulent flow. On the
sebtion. In stream where the cross-sections and velocity changes, the flow other hand, it is practically impossible for turbulent flow in a straight pipe to
said to be non-uniforru. persist at values of & much below 2100, because any turbulence that is set up
will be damped out by viscous friction.

Continuous Flow
This occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section of the stream One-Dimensional Flow
the same (pinciple of consentation of mass). This occurs when in an incompressible fluid, the direction and magnitude of
the velocity at all points are identical

Two-Dimensional Flow
This occurs when the fluid particles move in planes or parallel planes and the
streamline patterns are identical in each plane.

Continuity Equation Streamlines

F or incompressible fluids. lhese are rmagmary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction of
motion in various sections of the flow of the fluid system.

F or compressible flluids. Streamtubes I

These represents elementary portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a group

of streamlines which confine the flow.

Flow Nets
\ These are drawn to indicate flow patters in case of two-dimensional flow, or
\ Laminar Flow
even three-dimensional flow.
The flow is said to be laminar when the path of individual fluid particles
- not cross or intersect. The flow is always laminar when the Reynolds numbef
& is less than (approximately) 2,100.

u
 2+ 4 FX#J,,':i,:Yn1r F,uid F,ow FTUID
&
FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTERFIVE
-,F
& HYDRAULTCS Fundamentals of Fluid Flow Z+5
ENERGYAND HEAD
The energy possessed by a flowing Pressure Energy (Potential Energy)
fluid co.sistsof the kinetic and thepoten
energy. Potential energy may in turn Consider a closed tank fitled with a fluid which has a small opening at the top.
be subdivided irto aru,
position or eteaation above a given Without pressure at the top, the fluid practically will not Row. hictrapter 2,
datum, #;;;;; i"'L'iiliruo
"r.,urgy
,n ,
fluid. The amount of energy per pound or the equivalent head (pressure head) for a pressure of p is p/y. Hence the
Newton of fluid is called t,."t
"o) pressure energy is equivalent to:

Kinetic Energy
The ability of the fluid mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.

where:
z = position of the fluid above (+) or below (-) the datum plane.
p = fluid pressure
? = mean velocity of flow
For circular pipe of diameter D
flowing full:
"2 _ (Q/A), _ Q'
Total Flow Energy, E
29 29 2gA, The total energy or head in a fluid flow is the sum of the kinetic and the
potential energies. It can be summarized as:
u2
_=- 02
29 zs(tor), rrr I I Total,Eiierglt =,Kinetic Energy + Potentlal Energies Eq. 5 - 14
,
,., r TotalHead,E=!*L*z Eq.S-15
29 ,l

Elevation Energy (potential Energy) POWER AND EFFICIENCY

The energy possessed by the Power is the rate at which work is done. For a fluid of unit weight y (N/m3)
by virtue of ib position or erevation with
respect to a dafum plane. -fluid and moving at a rate of Q (m3/s) with a total energy of E (m), the'power in N-
m/s floule/sec) or watts is:

P,ower.=,Ql,iE Eq.5-16

Effieienc{, 4 = 9ulp*-.t x 1007o Eq.5-17

Input
Note: L Horsepower (hp) = 745 Watts
1 Horsepows (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 Watt = 1 N-m/s - 1 Joule/sec
 CHAPTER FIVE FLUID MECTIANICS CHAPTER FIVE -. N
Z+O Fundamentals of Fluid Flow & HYDRAULICS Fundamentals of Fluid Flow Z+^ I
Energy Equation with Head Lost:
BERNOULLI'S ENERGY TH EOREM
Considering head lost, the values that we can attain are called actual oalues.
The Bernoulli's energy theorem resutts ftom the applSltion-oj- the principles
With reference to Figure 5 - 4:
conseraatiom of energy. This equation may be summarized as follows:
Bernoulli's Principle, in physics, the concept
that as the speed of a moving fluid (liqdid '. '',..j' ,,. fi1,.HLq-z-rEz ' Eq.5-21
gas) increases, the pressure within that fluk 2 -
-.2
decreases. Originally formulated in 1738 by
"] + lL a7r= ": + lL +zz+HLr_z Eq.S-22
Swiss mathematician and physicist Daniel
Bernoulli, it states that the total energy in a
29y29y
steadily flowing fluid system is a constant
along the flow path. An increase in the
speed musttherefore be matched by a
decrease in its pressure,

vzzi2g

Energy Equation without Head Lost:

If the fluid experiences no head lost in moving from section 1 to section 2 then
the total energy at section I must be equal to the total energy at section 2.
Neglecting head lost in fluid flow, the values that we get are called ideal or
theoretical anlues. With reference to Figure 5 - 3: Figure 5 - 4
21

. Er=Ez .Eq.'5'-rt9
n,
or',
* PL a 7.,= y2_ a lL a y,
.22
2gy29, Datum I

Energy Equation with Pump:

Pump is used basically to increase the head. (Usually to raise water from a
F-.-* lower to a higher elevation). The input power (Pi,ip*) of the pump is electrical
ldPult^
I
_.Rreu.rn energy and its output power (P",tp',) is the flow energy.
Prlv

Pzly

Z2

.. _+.,
 "-,!.lqlr

CHAPTER FIVE
248 Fundamentals of Ftuid Flow
FLUID ILUID MECHANICS
I
CHAPTERFIVE
^^A
& HYDRAULTCS Fundamentals of Ftuid Flow l,+L)
h + HA - HL1-r= B, Eq. S - Chrracteristics of HGL
o HGLslopes downward in the direction of flow but it may rise or fall due

r !29 - *v * -'i'*"
r,+ HA= * . ? * r,* rr,.,
,s y Eq.s-24 to changes in velocity or pressure.
,

o For uniform pipe cross-sectioo HGL is parallel to the EGL.

Output Powerof r For horizontal pipes with uniform diameter, the drop in pressure heads
between any truo points is also equal to the head lost between these
points.
Energy Equation with Turbine or Motor:
Turbines or motors extract flow energy to do mechanical work which
in
converted into electrical energy for turbines. Energy Grade Line (EGL)
Energy grade line is a graphical representation of the total energy offlow (the
tum of kinetic and potential energies). Its distance from the datum plane is
a2p
-- + L +2.
t8 y
Characteristics of EGL
. EGL always slope downward in the direction of flow, and it will only
rise,with the presence of a pump.
o The drop of the EGL between Eu:ry two points is the head lost between
those points.
o For uniform pipe cross-section, EGL is parallel to the HGL.

Er - HE - HLr-r= 2, ' EGL is always above the HGLby an amount equal to the velocity head,
a2/29.
ot? Pt + zt= or2 +''P.t +
f,29 * --- t'- . Neglecting head loss, EGL is horizontal.
y 2g ;I ,'zz+HL1-2+HE
Input Power of Turbine = Qy HE

ENERGYAND HYDRAULIC GRADE TINES

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

Also known as pressure gradien! rrydrauric grade rine is the graphicar
.representation of the total.potential energy of flow. It is the line that connects
the water levels in rr.""rrirr" piezomete"r tubes placed at intervals along
the
pipe. Its distance from the datum plane is Z + 2.
v Figure 5 - 7: Illustration showing the behavior of energy and hydraulic grade lines.
 FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER FIVE rt F i
& HYDRAULICS Fundamentats of Fluid Flow 25 I
Solution
W=yQ=yAo
p
Problem 5 - 1 I- RT
water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/sec. Find
the volume flow rate in m3/sec and lit/sec, (b) the mass flow rate in kg/r L10 x L03
' = 12.39 N/m3
and (c) the weight flow rate in N/sec. 29.3(30 + 273)

20 = 12.3e10.1.6 (0.32)lu
Solution
o = 17.53 m/s (average velocity)
(o) Q= Aa
Q= Aa
= f (0.075)r(3) = (0.16)(0.32)(31.s3)
= 0.013 m3/s
x 1000lit/mr Q=1,674mlsec (volume flux or discharge)
Q= 13 litlsec

(b) M= pQ Problem 5 - 4
= 1000(0.013) A 100-mm diameter plunger is being pushed at 60 mm/sec into a tank filled
M = L3 kglsec (mass flow rate) with oil having sp. gr. of 0.82. If the fluid is incompressible, how rnany N/s of
oil is being forced out at a 30-mm diameter hole?
(c) w=v Q
= es10(0.013) Solution
W = 127 N/sec-(weight flow rate)
Since the fluid is incompressible:
Qr= Qz
Qr= ArVl
what is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe with a d.iameter of =t (0.1F(0.05)
mm and speed of 0.5 m/sec?
Qt = 0.00047 m3 / s

Solution Qz= 0.00047 m3/s

Flowrate, Q=Aa w=v Q
Q = f (0.02)'?(o.s) = (e810 x 0.82)(0.00047)
Q = 1.52 x 10< mr/sec W= 3.78 N/s

Problem 5 - 5
Air at 30'C and L10 kPa flows at 20 N/s through a rectangular duct that If the velocity of flow in a 75-mm diameter fire hose is 0.5 m/s, what is the
measure 160 mm x 320 mm. Compute the average velocity and volume flux. velocity in a iS mm diameter jet issuing from a nozzle attached at the end of
the pipe. Compute also the power available in the jet.
 252 FXffHIi'J-'or Fruid Frow
FLUID MECHANICS
&
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTERFIVE ^F-
Flow 25 5
Fundamentats of Ftuid

Solution Solution 5ma

By continuity equation: PE=Wz
Qro," = QP1 W=y, Volume
A1, u1 = Ai u,
=e.81xf(s)r(10)
f (0.07s)'? (0.s) = f (0.025)2 ai
W=1,,926.2kN
m/s

@t
a1= 4.5 (vetocity of the jet)
PE=1,,926.2x7
PE =73483.32 kN-m
Power,P=QyE
Q= Aa
Problem 5 - 8
Q = t (0.02s)' (4.s) = 0.00220e m3 / s
Determine the kinetic energy flux of 0.02 m3/s of oil (sp. gr. = 0.85)
e = t- = 4'5' = 1.032r m discharging through a 50-mm diameter nozzle.
29 2(e.81)
Power, P = 0.002209(9,810X1.0321) Solution
Power, P = 22.37 wattq (power available in the jet) Kinetic energy flux = Kinetic Energy per second = Power
Power,P=QyE
Q= 0.02rfi/s
A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it is 0.61 m3/s. .-o2
Assuming an efficiency of 87%, what is the head acting on the turbine? 2g

Solution - o
7r:
A
.:
o.o2

t(o.os)2
Given: Power output = 600 hp
a = 10.186 m/ s
EfficiencY, '\ = 87%
(10'186)2
6 = = 5.288 m
600 2(e.81)
power inpul = - 6g9.655 "r
' 0.87 ---'--- ho P = 0.02(9810 x 0.85)(5.2s8)
Power input = 514,483 watts P = 882 watts

Power input = Qy HE
5'1.4,483 = 0.67 (9,870)HE Problem 5 - 9
HE = 85.97 m Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height a vertical jet of water could '
rise if projected with a velocity of 20 m/ s?

Problem 5 - 7
A standpipe 5 m in diameter and 10 m high is filled with water. Calculate the
potential energy of the water if the elevation datum is taken 2 m below the
base of the standpipe.
 .)? , CHAPTER FIVE FLUID FLUID AlIECHANICS CHAPTER FIVE .t F F
Zr+ Fundamentals of Fluid Ftow & Fundamentals of Fluid Flow Zfi
& HYDRAULICS

Solution Problem 5 - 11
As the jet rises, its kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy. A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size from 150 mm at
Neglecting air resistance: secfion 1 and 450 min at section 2. Section 1 is 3.5 m below section 2 and the
pressures are 90 kPa and 50 kPa respectively. If the discharge is 150 lit/sec,
KE=PE determine the head lost and the direction of flow.
1/2Md=Wh
yrYo, =,1111,
Solution = 50 kPa

.u2
I Qt= Q2= 0.15 m3/s l,I
lt- ,, =+-
fr (0.15)',
=g.A9rn/s
-2g
150 mm o
h= ' '
(2o\2 ,r = !'1?, - = o.e43 m/ s
t
=20.4m
2(e.81) fr(0.45)'
o
Pr = 90 kPa
Taking O as datum:

Er=a72
' +?l-+rr= 8B +- 90 +0
water is flowing in an open channel at a depth of 2 m and a velocity of 3 r: 2g y 2(e.81) (9.81.x0.877)
It flows down a chute into another channel where the depth is L m and Er = 14.135 m
velocity is 10 m/s. Neglecting friction, determine the difference in elevatiori
the channel floors. )
=o2- *Pz
E-29Y +22
Solution t
0.9432 .60
,[, =-+ +5-b

t
2m
2(e.81)
Ez=70.62m
(9.81.x0.877)

Since Er > Ez the flow is fronr 1 to 2

+ -
Head Lost, HL = Et - Ez = 74.735 - 70.62
I

z Head LosL HL = 3.515 m

Neglecting friction
(head lost):
Et=Ez
a12
+Z+z=azz +"1
29 29

L+2+z= 1o' *1
2(e,81) 2(e.81)
z=3.64m
 256 Fffi#:i:YforF,uid F,ow
FLUTD MECHANiCS
& HYDHAULIGS
FI-UID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS Fundamentals
CHAPTER
of Fluid
FIVE .t F -'
Flow 25 I
't
Problem 5. 12 El.30m ',ii M = orAro,
Oil flows from a tank throqgh j.50 m
Pzl(0.3) (0.3)l (2) = 0.152s
of 150 mm diameter pipe and then
discharges into air ur-riro*r, in the
p2 = 0.875 kg/m3 (mass density at section 2)
U
Figure. If the head loss from point 1 E
E
to point 2 is 600 mm, determine the o
h Problem 5 - 14
pressure needed at point 1 to cause
77lit/sec of oil to flow.
I
E
Water flows at the rate of 7.5 m/ sthrough 75-mm diameter pipe (pipe 1) and
o
h leaves through 50-mm diameter and 65-mm diameter pipes at the rate of 3
Solution m/s and 3.5 m/s, respectively as shown in the Figure. Air at the top of the
tank 'escapes through a SO-mm-diameter vent. Calculate ilh/ dt artd the
Q=0.017 mt/s
velocity of air flow through the vent. Assume the flow to be incompressible.
Energy equation between O and G): Vq=?
h- HLt-z= Ez
t.2
--l- + Pt + z1- HL1-2= + Pz
2g v
{2gv + zz

o+ b- +20-0.6- lQ'017)2'- +o+30

f n'g(0.15)a
lL = 7o.6sm of oil vz=3m/s
v
pr = 10.65(9.81 x 0.84) = 87.76 kPa vr = 3.5 m/s
Qr

G-as is flowing
through a square conduit whose section graduany changes from
Solution
15! mm.(5cu9n 1) to 300 mm (section 2). At section t,
ihe vetocity oriow is z Assuming the flow to be incompressible:
m{s a1d the density of gas is 7 kg/ mt while at section 2
the verocity of flow is 2
m/s.CalculatethemassflowrateandthedensityofthegasatsectiLn2. Qin = Qort
t P.o7s)z(7.5) = f (0.05)'z(3) + t (0.06,s)'?(3.5) ++ (0.5)z ith / dt
Solution dh/ dt = 0.0553 ny's

150 mm
pr . 1 kglm3
e M P2=? 3oo mm
r-
lQr = Q"nl
=Irri --
f, (0.05)2ur = f, (0.6)2 dh/ itt
M= pe f; (0.05)'zur = f (0.6)'z(0.0ss3)
I
M = ptArat a+;'7.963mls (velocity of air flow)
= 1[(0.15)(0.1s)](7)
M = 0.7575 kglsec (mass flow,rate)
 CHAPTER F|VE ?tro
258 Fffi#:flforFruidFrow
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAUI.ICS Fundamentals of Ftuid Flow z)7
Problem 5 - 15 Solution
A liquid having sp. gr. of 2.0,is flowing in a 50 mm diameter pipe. The' er= ez= Q.QJ ps/g
head at a given point was found to be17.5 Joule per Newton. The ,' = 8Q'
the pipe above the datum is 3 m and the pressure in the pipe is 65.5 29 n, gDo
Compute the velocity of flow and the horsepower in the skeam at that
,12 8(0'03)2
- = 0.0455 m
Solution
- -
2g r'(9.81)(0.2)'
-
Totalenergy,E= '2 -P -- r,22 _8(0.03)2 .
zgy
^
29= n21e.sr11o.rs1a =0..147m
E = l75JoulelN x (1 N-m/|oule) Energy Equation betweenA and B:
E = 17.5m Ea'HLat+HA-HLrs= Es

?: + 65.6 +g ,,
t7.s=
2g e,81,(2) '!- * PA + zA-HLet+ HA-HL\-B= !E- + pB + zB
,
2gvzgv
L 0 + 0 + 10 - 2(0.0465) + HA - 1O(0.1,4n'=0 + 0 + 50
= 11.155 m
2g HA = 51.553 m
a = 14.79 rn/s (velocity of flow) Power output = Qy HA = 0.03(9,810)(51.553)
15,L75 watts x (7hp/7a6watts)
Power, P=QyE Power output = 20.34 horsepower (rated power of the pump)
= [ f (0.05)2 (L4.79)l x (9810 x 2) x 17 .5 Pressure heads at 1 and 2:
=9970.92watts x (1hp/7a6 watts)
Power, P=73.37hp Energy Equation between A and L:
Et-HLet= Er

. PA +ze-HLe-r= *
+zgyzSy . Pt +21
The pump shown draws water from reservoir A at elevation 10 m and lifts Pt +o
0 + 0 + L0 - 2(0.0465) = 0,0465 +
,"r"rioirtB at elevation 60 m. The loss of head from A to 1 is two times v
velocity head in the 200 mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to
ten times the velocity head in the 150 mm diameter pipe. Determine the L =9,86m of water
horsepower of the pump and the pressure heads at 1 and 2 in meters when T

discharge is 0.03 m3,/sec. jll Energy Equation between of 2 xd B:

Ez- HLz-s = Es

. P2 + zz-HLz-s= 4
+2gvzg *ps +ze
v

0.L47 + lZ * O -10(0.1,47)= 0 + 0 + 60
v
Pz
= 61.323 m of water
v
 260 FX#J:ii:Yfbr Fruid F,ow
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICSi
CHAPTERFIVE
Fundamentals of Fluid
^.. I
Flow ZO
Problem 5 - L7 (CE November 1986)
HLz= 9160.13 Q2
A pipeline with a pump leads to a nozzf,e as shown. Find the flow rate
pump develops an 80 tt (24.4 m) head. Assume head lost in the 6-inch (152
mm) pipe to be five times its velocity head while the head lost in the 4-inch
.'t-= ^,Q' , =z45o.8ez
2g g(0.0752)a
12
(102,mm) pipe to be twelve time its velocitv head. (a) Compute the flow rate,
(b) sketch the energy grade line and hydraulic grade line, and (c) find the 0 + 0 + 27.3 - 773.95 Q2 + 24.4 ; 9760.13Q2 = 2450.8 e2 + 0 + 24.4
pressure head at the suction side. 72,3U.89 Q2=21.3
El 80'(2a.4 m) Q = 0.0415 m7s ) Discharge
B
3"jet (b) Energy and Hydraulic grade lines:
(76.2 mm)
,t2 _ 8(o.o41s)2
El 70'(21.3 m) 2g rz (9.81)(0.152)a
A
az2 8(o.o41s)2
= L.31 m
2g n21e.a1;1o.roz;a

u B2s(0.0415)
2
6" (152 mm)
=
29 -=0.255rn = lL ),) m
-.E|30'(15.2m) n21s.st11o.ozozya
HL1-773.9, Q2 = 1.33 m
Solution HL2= 9,150.13 2z = 15.r,
(a) Discharge
B. 28.59 m
Qr= Qz= Qs = Q
Energy Equation between A and B:
Ee- HLt+ HA-HLz= llL2 = 15,73,
Es
-.te..I-.- N
t
+ tn
Dt N
aB2 pB
--^2
zgy
*ZA-HL1 +HA-HL2= + +zB
d
lt
o
2g v B. 27.28 m

HA=24.4m q
E

a12 tf
N
B El 80'(24.4 m)
HLr=5
29 =5
9Q' , I 3"iet
(76.2 mm)
nr gD1f t E
E
N
o
=5 = 8Q2 Et 70'(21,3 m)
n.,p.aqpsz1a A t Une 2

HL1=//l$5 Pz

29 =n nr!Q'
HLr=12o22
gDzn -'8130'(15;2m)

=12 = BQ'
El.19,97 m
,
El. 19.704 m
n21s.er;1o.toz;a
 2 62 FffiJ-'5i',",f;r Fruid Frow FLUID FLUID MECHANICS
\

CHAPTER FIVE -, -
& & HYDRAULICS Fundamentats of Ftuid Ftow ZO5
(c) Ppessure head at S
Energy Equation between A and,S Energy Equation between 1 and 2
Ee-HLr=E, (neglecting head lost and taking point 2 as datum)

+29 - PA +zA-HL1='s2 ps
'" r'ut * +zs Er-HE=Ez
y ,g ' , at| +lL a7r-HE=az2 +P2 ar,
--2
oq
-;:- a.')
= :l- = 0.266 m
2gv29v
zg zg 8(0.5)2 .
- * 14 + z.s -p1g 8(0.5)2 + -
= n21e.ar11o.s;a.
A.
+0
0+0+ 27.3_7.33=0.266+ Ps + n21e.ar11o.o;4 9.81. =
9.81
75.2
v' HE=3.647 m
Ps
= 4.504 m
v Power, P=QyHE
= 0.5(9810)(3.54n = 12888.5 watts x (1hp/7a6 watts)
above' the pressure head Power, P = 23.98 horsepower
8:*",ilffiffffiilr"Jl at s is the verticar

!! =D.704-1s.2 Problem 5 - 19 (CE May 1979)

A 20-hp suction pump operating at 70% effiqency draws water from a suction
& =4.504 m line whose diameter is 200 mm and discharges into air through a line whose
diameter is 150 mur- The velocity in the 150 m.m line is 3,5 m/s: If the pressure
at point A in the suction pipe is 34 kPa below the abnosphere, where A is 1.8 m
below B on the L50 mm line, determine the maximum elevation,above B to
which water can be raised assuming a head loss of 3 m due to friction.
teter pipe under a p-1":
+Q
kPa. It leaves through a e0-0_mm_dir;;;-J:::"?'L^lii,".l"
xhaust
Or"rr;"; Solution
kpa'
kpa. A verticBr i_i?.o or2.5
,"ru.ur distice * __- .- pipe with a pressure of
n6 1 tr m
G;;;; i#:H,Tir[ff"rll** .az= 3.5
,
nr,t/ s = oc
sections where the pressure,
motor each second, compute th"
*" ;";:;;;i rrliio ii,"#i.Il,f; ,"r"",
ac-
=0.55 m
p._;;,;;;iied to the motor. 2g
Solution Qr- t(0-1s)?(3.6)
14 kPa
Q2= 0.0636m3/s
e=er=e2=0.0636ms/s
' 0.0635
VA=47 = --=
t(0.2)'
uA= u7- 2,.0?5 m/S
,,
!A- -0.21m
2g
Q, = Q, = 0.5 m3ls
Fowerorpoj = Qy HA
 264 FX#HX;:YforF,uid F,ow FI-UID MECHANICS CHAPTER FIVE ^, ,
& HYDRAULICS Fundamentals of Fluid Ftow ZO,
20 x746 = 0.0636(9810)HA
HA = 23.91m Bnergy equation between A and N:
Ee - HLe-u - HLu - HLus - HLrv = Eru

Energy between A and C (datum atA): tte2 + P^*

lgrlation
Ea+HA-HL=Ec 2gv"29 ro-g -z-10-o.o40N ={+PNzgv +zN
,e' * pa +za+HA-HL=oC2 !9 *?^ *ro-15=1.g4o*' *PN +zN
29v + +r, 'o'
2g v Zgv2gy
0.2t + a + 0 + 23.97 - 3 = 0.G6+ 0 + (1.8 + r) 8Qz *550+0-1.5='t.04^ 8Q' ;+0+1.5
9.81
;1%1X057-031 r'(e.81)(0.02sf
'v' rv
h =75.79 m
Q = 0.0106745 m3/s

o 0.0105745
-,v - T-
A_fire pump delivers water through a 3O0-mm-diameter AN f (0.02s)2
main to a hydrant to
which is connected a cotton rubberJined fire hose an = 2'1.74m/s
100 mm in diametet
terminating to a 2S-mm-diameter nozzle. The nozzle
is 2.51m ab"";;;;
hydrant and 16 m above the pump. Assuming frictionar
losses of 3 m from the ,-_ uN2 _ zl.z42
qump to the hydranf 2 m in the hydran! tO ri from the hydrant t"A;;;:" ; 2g 2(e.81)
the nozzle, and the loss in the nozzre of 4% of the
velociiy h;;d i" the jet, to Ir=24.1O2m
what vertical height can the jet be thrown if the gugu prurrrrf
pump is 550 kPa? ' ,ignt
-o- arter tne

For the pipe shown in the Figure ot = oz = 1,.2 m/ s. Determine the total head

150 mm @ llre hose

vLzl2g
 -, , CHAPTER FIVE FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER FIVE -), -,
ZOg Fundamentals of Fluid Flow & HYDRAULICS Fundamentals of Fluid Flow ZO I
'LUID
Solution of spr gr. 0.84 is
7)'t = u2= "1.2m/s ving in a pipe
the El. 3.21 m
Energy equation between 'L
andZ
tonditions shown in
fi-HL=12 0teFigtue. If the
)
{.Pl +zj-HL=4.P2 +zz btal head loss from
zgy'2gy point 1 to point,2 is
900 mm, find the
Since or = *, lt- =
oz2
pressure at point 2.
2g 29 225mma
El. 1.2 m

P' 1-21-HL= lL +y, lolution

yy Qt= Qz= 0.055 m3/s
280 + 2oo *
4.g - HL= 9.og
9.81, 9.81 Energy equation between O and O:
HL= 3.375m Et - HLr-z= Ez
,
. P, a7r-HLr-z= *
*zgyzgy a Pz a7,
5-22
A nozzle inclined at an angle of 60",with the horizontal issues a *
qio.osol'. MS i rr, -o.eo = g(o.os5)2.
diameter water jet at the rate of 1.0 m/s. Neglecting air resistance, what is
n2g(0.15)a 9.81x 0.84 g(0.?25)a 9.81x n2 0.84

area of the jet at the highest point of the projectile? 7.2

P = 55.52 m of oil
Solution 9.81x 0.84
Solving for the velocity of the jet at the summit (highest point, A) ? = 457.53Wa
av=0
r.l* = ur" cos a
a, = 10 cos 60o = 5 m/s Highest point Problem 5 - 24
vv=0 A 50-mm diameter siphon discharges oil (sp. gr. = 0.82) from a reservoir (elev.
7J- 20 m) into open air (elev. 15 m). The head loss from the.reservoir (point 1) to
the summit (point 2, elev. ?2 m) is 1.5 m and ftom the summit to the discharge
a= =5m/s end is 2.4 m. Determine the flow rate in the pipe in lit/sec and the absolute
pressure at.the summit assuming aknospheric Pressure to be 101.3 kPa.
Since the flow is continuous:
lQo = Q^l
Aoao = Ae o

t
(o.os), (10) = AA (5)
At = 0.003927 m2

Problem 5 - 23
2 68 F"trJi:i#,for F,uid Frow
FTUID MECHANTCS
& HYDRAUTICS
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAUTICS
CHAPTER
Fundamentats of Fluid
FIVE ^,
Flow ZO*)
Solution Problem 5 - 25
l)ctermine the velocity and
dlscharge through the 150 mm
lliameter pipe shown (a) assuming
no head loss and (b) considering a
Qz= Qt= Q hcad lost of 200 mm.
HLr-z = 1.5 m El. 28 m
HLr-t = 2.4 El. 27.5 m

Solution
(a) Assuming no head loss:
Energy equation between 1 and 3: Energy equation between
Et - HLt-z- HL2-, = 2^ O and O neglecting head lost El'24'9 t

Et=Ez
+. . ? * r.,- HLt-z- HLz-t = { * lz * atZ +pr +r.,=rz2
zgy2gy ", +p2 +2,
2gvzgy'
o + o + 20 - l.s - 2.4 = o + 1s
-#r..+
n'g(0.05)" 0+0+*=*+o+24.s
Q = 0.00912 m3/s
Q = 9.12Iitlsec :U12 =5.1 m
2g
Energy equation between 1 and 2:
a2=L0mf s
Er - HLt-z= Ez
a Q=Azrr= t(0.1s)r(10)
- P'. +zt-HLt-z= oz2 * lZ *r,
{zgv2gy Q=0.177 rf /s=177IJs

8(0'00912)2 (b) Considering head loss of 0.2 m:

0+0+ 20-1.5- * Pz +22 Er-HL=Ez
rzg(0.05)a 9.81x 0.82
p2= -37 kPa
!.P7 +zt-HL=*.P2 +zz
2g Y T
Absolute pressure at @ = 101.3 + (-32) r"
Absolute pressure at G) = 64.3 kpa 0+0+30-0.2 ='?- + o+24.g
2g
--2
u' = 4.9 ro
2g
az=9.805m/s
Q = Azrtz= t (0.15F(9.805)
Q= 0.173 a13y's = l73lte
 ,aA CHAPTER FIVE FLUID FIVE A, I
z.Iv Fundamentals of Fluid Flow &
,I|IUID MECHANICS
HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER
Fundamentals of Ftuid Flow Z I I
Problem 5 - 26 5-27
water flows freely from the reservoir shown through a 50-mm dian ting head loss, determine
at the rate of 6.31 lit/sec. If the head lost in the system is 11.5g ihe manometer reading in the
determine the elbvation of the water surface in the reservoir if the
tyotem shown when the velocity
end is at elevation 4 m. 25mm@
0f water flowing in the 75-mm
diameter prpe is 0.6 m/s.
Vent

Solution
ot= 0.6m/s
lQr = QzI
t (0.07sF(0.5) = ft (0.0%)zaz
az= 5.4rr./s
Solution
Energy equation between O and O:
Q = 6.31 L/ s= Q.QQSll 6s/g
HL = 11.58 N-m/N = 11.58 m Et= Ez
ot-), +P7 arr=a2- +P2 +r,
Energy equation betweeri O and €; 29v2gv-
h-HL=Ez
o'52 *!]-*o= 5'42 +o+2.4
t . Pt +zt-HL=
zgv2g 21 + p2 +22 2(e.8L) y 2(e.81)
v ' L =3.868mof water
8Lo'00631).2
o+o+zr - 11.58- +o+4
r'g(0.05)*
zt = 16.11 m ) Elevation of w.s in the tank Summing-up pressure head from O. to O inme@rsof water:
L *o.zs-h(7s.q= h,

h=0.3395.m=339.5.-um ' ,
 272 Fffi#:i:YforF,uidF,ow FLUID
&
, FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
CHAPTER
Fundamentals of Ftuid
FIVE -
Ftow Z-,.I 5
Problem 5 - 28
Solution .
A. horizontal pipe gradually reduces from 300 mm diameter section
to 100 (a)Energy equation between 1 & 3
diameter section. The pressure at the 300 mm section is
100 kpa ana ut trre (Neglecting head loss & datum
mm section is 70 kpa. If the flow rate is 15 liters/sec.of water,
compute along point 3)
head lost between the two sections.
h=Et
Solution ar',) +P, *rr=o3' *b*r^
300 mm
29. v 29 y
,)

0+0+10=a3 +0+0
2g
a3=1.4m/s
- Pr = 100 kPa 225mm@
e= er= f, (0.225)2(141
Qt = Qz= 0.015 rn3/s
Q = 0.557 m7s
Energy equation between O and G):
(b) Pressure at the throat:
fi-HL=E2
1 Energy equation between O and O:
tr.2 o,
Yt
#-+ +zt-HL='.,- *P, *r, a2'1') +P,
2gy2gy *rr=03' *P, *r,
t!' 29v2gy
lt*.* 9.81+o-HL- nzs(ous):
n'g(0.3)" * 7o *o
g(0.1)a 9.81 . sJo'557)2.
*P, *o=142 +o+o
HL= Z872m r'g(0.15)* y. 2g
p2= -398.75kPa

5.
A diverging tube discharges water from a reservoir at a depth
of 10 m b,
the water surface. The diameter of the tube gradualry increases
from 150
at the throat to 225 mm at tle gutler Negticting dctioo a*"r*i""l1ry
madmum possible rate of tn orgf, tni, tube, and (bl
-discharge
corresponding pressure at the throat;
 t

-Iq CHAPTER FIVE , FIVE ^, F

Z I +^ FI-UID MECHANICS CHAPTER
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow & HYDRAUTICS Fundamentats of Fluid Flow Z I 5

Problem 5 - 33
If the water level in Problem 5 - 32 varies and, az = 1.0 m/s, find the rate of
Problem 5 - 30 change dh/ dt.
Ans: -9 mm/s
Air is moving through a square 0.50-m by 0.50-m duct at 180 m3/min.
the mean velocity of the air? ')
Ans:72 Problem 5 - 34
Fluid having.sp. gr. 0.88 enters the cylindrical arrangement shown in Figure 5
Problem 5 - 31 - 10 at section A, at 0.L6 N/s. The 8O-mm-diameter plates are 3 mm apart.
Assuming steady flow, determine the average velocity at section A and at
The piston of a hypodermic apparatus shown in Figure 5 - 8 is
section B. Assume radial flow at B.
withdrawn at 6 mm/sec; air leaks around the piston at 20 nrm3/sec. ' Ansi'o1 =7'47 m/s;a2=2'45cm/s
the average speed of blood flow in the needle?
Ans:498mm/
Ir,
l
80mmO
iilit

l
Figure 5 - 8

lii
ii
i

Figure 5. 10
i

l/
li Problem 5 - 32
I The water tank in Figure 5 - 9 is being filled through section 1, at 6 m/s
through section 3 at 15 L/s. If water level /r is constant, determine the If a jet is inclined upward 30o from the horizontal, what rnust be its velocity to
reach over a 3-m wall at a horizontal distance of 18 m, neglecting friction?
velocity a2.
Ans: L6.9Z m/ s

H#
Ans:7.97

Problem 5 - 36
Neglecting air resistance, determine the height a vertical jet of water will rise if
projected with velocity of 21. rn/ s?
Ans:22.5m

Figure 5 - 9
27 6 FX#Ji5i,:",:orF,uid F,ow
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS
I
FLUID MECHANICS
& HYDRAULICS Fluid Flow
CHAPTER SIX
^, E
Measurement Z I I
Problem 5 - 37
High velocity water flows up an inclined plane, as showp in Figure 5 -
What are the two possible depth of flow at section 2? Neglect al losses.
Ans:0.775m&2.74m
11.
Chapter 6
Fluid Flow Measurement
'l'here are numerous number of devices used to measure the flow of fluids. In
rrrry of these devices, the Bernoulli's Energy Tlrcorem is greatly utilized and
Figure 5 - 11
rtrlditional knowledge of the characteristics and coefficients of each device is
important. In the absence of reliable values and coefficients, a device should
+ lrc calibrated for the expected operating conditions.
9.806 m/s

DEVICE COEFFICIENTS

Coefficient of Discharge, C or C6
'l'he coefficient of discharge is the ratio of the actual discharge through the
rlevice to the ideal or theoretical discharge which would occur without losses.
'l'his may be expressed as:

Actualdischarge _ O
CorL,i Eq.6-1
Theoreticaldischarge Qr

'I'he actual discharge

may be accomplished by series of observation, usually by
measuring the total amount of fluid passing through the device for a known
period. The theoretical value can be accomplished using the Bernoulli's
'
l'lreorem neglecting losses.

Coefficient of Vetocity, C,,

'l'he coefficient
of velocity is the ratio of the actual mean velocity to the ideal or
theoretical velocity which would occur without any losses.

Actualvelocity a
Cr= Eq.6 -2
Theoreticalvelocity a7