1

Chapter I

PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

Martial law is the exercise of government and control by military

authorities over the civilian population of a designated territory.

On the year 1972 September 21, President Ferdinand E. Marcos

signed proclamation no. 1081 placing the Philippines under martial law.

A week before the actual declaration of martial law, a number of people

had already received information that Marcos is going to take over the

government and gain absolute rule. On September 131972 Senator

Benigno S. Aquino Jr. during his privilege speech exposed Marcos plan.

Marcos was going to use a series of bombings in Metro Manila, including

the 1971 Plaza Miranda Bombing, as a justification for his take over and

subsequent authoritarian rule (From A Garrison State in the Make, p.

353).

During Duterte’s time he declared Martial Law on May 23, 2017

placing the entire Mindanao under Military rule following the attack of

Islamic state inspired terrorist on Marawi City on May 23.( Fernandez et.

al.2017). This declaration caused cities to be lockdown in order to protect

the cities nearby and prevent terrorist from entering its nearby cities .

This was after the rumors that the Maute group headed by Isnilon

Hapilon was going to invade its neighboring cities to be used as their

 2

hideouts and to be used as an extension of their power through forcing a

family member in exchange of sparing their lives, based on reports of

survivors who were able to survive the crisis.

Due to the said implementation lots of conclusion are drawn by

different individuals especially the Mindanao’s, lots of them are in favor of

Martial law for it will protect their city from being penetrated by the Maute

ISIS base on local views, and it makes them safer seeing soldiers patrolling

in the society.

Conceptual Framework

The Iliganon’s Acceptance:

Implementation
a) Subjective
of Martial Law
in Mindanao b) Objective

Figure 1.0 The Research Paradigm

Figure 1 showed the relationship of the dependent (right) and

independent (left) variables respectively.

Martial Law is the exercise of government and controlled by military

authorities over the civilian population of a designated territory. Its

implementation to the entire Mindanao serves as a protection against the

terrorist group.
 3

In the framework, the implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao

is situated and serve as independent variable, in order to identify why

Iliganon’s Acceptance to its implementation either it is subjective or

objective reason.

Theoretical Framework

This paper is anchored in The Acceptance Theory to Authority of

Chester Barnard (2006); The investment model of Caryl Rusbult (1983).

The Acceptance Theory to Authority of Chester Barnard (2006)

explains that organizations need to be both effective and efficient. Effective

means meeting organizational goals in a timely way. Efficient, in his

opinion, means the degree to which the organization can satisfy the

motives of its employees. In other words, the organizational goals will be

accomplished and authority will be accepted when workers feel satisfied

that their individual needs are being met. This Theory can help this study

in way that it can be a guide to better know why Iliganon’s accept the

Implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao. It can also be the basis to

understand human behavior and their opinion from “not favor to favor”

when it come to the Implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao.

The investment model of Caryl Rusbult (1983) provides a useful

framework for predicting the state of being committed to someone or

something, and for understanding the underlying causes of commitment.

It was developed to move beyond focusing only on positive affect in

 4

predicting persistence in an interpersonal relationship. A major premise of

the investment model is that relationships persist not only because of the

positive qualities that attract partners to one another (their satisfaction),

but also because of the ties that bind partners to each other (their

investments) and the absence of a better option beyond the relationship

with the current partner (lack of alternatives); all of these factors matter

in understanding commitment. This theory explained satisfaction. With

the help of this theory, the researcher will know that if the Iliganon’s are

satisfied to the result of the Implementation of Martial Law they will likely

to accept it and they maybe favor for its extension.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers will investigate to get answers to the following questions:

1. What are the reasons behind the Iliganon’s acceptance of Martial

Law implementation in Mindanao?

a. Subjective Reason

b. Objective Reason

2. Is there a difference between objective and subjective reason behind

the Iliganon’s acceptance of Martial Law implementation in

Mindanao?

Significance of the Study

This research study has place an importance to individuals as to

give information regarding the Implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao

 5

on how the Iliganon’s accept the implementation. This study will provide

awareness to the following beneficiaries:

Government/Policy Makers. This study will serves as guide to

government to decide whether to stop or continue the implementation of

Martial Law in Mindanao.

General Public. This study will inform the public on what is

happening in the society and will widen their knowledge and

understanding about the implementation of Martial Law in Iligan city.

Future Researchers. This study will help the researchers to

increase their understanding of their research and as their basis to expand

and support their research study further.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This research study covers the reasons of Iliganons acceptance for

the Martial Law implementation in Mindanao, both subjective and

objective reason. The researchers will conduct a survey through survey

questionnaires and face-to-face interview. The residents of selected

barangays in Iligan City will be the respondents of the research study.

Definition of Terms

In accordance to the research problem, essential terms are collected

and are operationally defined for further and better understanding of the

research study.
 6

Implementation. Implementing law or policies which is putting a decision

in execution.

Martial Law. A law implemented in Mindanao in which military authorities

have the power to control the civilian population of designated territory.

 7

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter discusses the literature and corresponding studies

relating to the implementation of Martial Law.

Related Literatrure

Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal

civilian functions of government, especially in response to a temporary

emergency such as invasion or major disaster, or in an occupied territory.

A former leader impose this kind of order to protect its people against any

harm.

According to Ranney’s Governing (p.35) a leader is best defined by

the status of his subjects or constituents. A good leader can assure the

satisfaction of the people involved. On the other hand, a bad leader could

cause the failure or downfall of a nation. It all depends on the qualities of

the leader leading a nation or group. All leaders employ different styles,

tactics and personalities. (Aguirre and Berondo).

Based on Machiavelli’s The Prince (p.12), “The end justifies the

means”. This idea states that a leader may do anything in order to

maintain or improve the welfare of a state. (Aguirre and Berondo).

One early work by (Armecin, 2017), Martial law in the Philippines

refers to the intermittent periods when the head of state places an area
 8

under the control of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). Martial law

is declared when the country or an area of the nation is experiencing a

near-violent unrest of major natural disasters.

When Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law

in 1972, press freedom became the first casualty in the country that once

boasted of being the ‘freest in Asia’. Printing presses, newspaper offices,

television and radio stations were raided and padlocked. Marcos was

especially fearful of the press and ordered the arrest of journalists whom

he charged with conspiring with the ‘Left’. Pressured into lifting martial

law after nearly 10 years, Marcos continued to censor the media, often

demanding publishers to sack journalists who’s writing the disapproved.

Ironically, he used the same ‘subversive writings’ as proof to Western

observers that freedom of the press was alive and well under his

dictatorship. This article looks at the writings of three female journalists

from the Bulletin Today. The author examines the work of Arlene Babst,

Ninez Cacho-Olivares, and Melinda de Jesus and how they traversed the

dictator’s fickle, sometimes volatile, reception of their writing. Interviewed

is Ninez Cacho-Olivares, who used humor and fairy tales in her popular

column to critics Marcos, his wife, Imelda, and even the military that

would occasionally ‘invite’ her for questioning. She explains an unwritten

code of conduct between Marcos and female journalists that served to

shield them from total political repression. (Forbes, 2015).

 9

The Martial Law years still bring a lot of painful memories too many

Filipinos. While it is true that Marcos did a lot of good things for the

country, the list of human rights violations and crimes is just as long. For

many, this is what overshadows his achievements. In the 80s, things

would start to go bad for the Philippines. The value of the Philippine peso

would start to drop, and by the end of Marcos’ term, the country was left

with an incredible amount of debt.(Poblete,2013) Also, people on Marcos

time oppose and revolt due to lots of killings, about 70,000 people were

imprisoned and 34,000 tortured, according to Amnesty International,

while 3,240 were killed from 1972-1981. Though myths in the Philippines

says that the Philippines enjoyed a golden age under Marcoses but most

reports consider that age as a dark chapter of Philippine history.

Thousands of people were subject to various forms of torture, prisoners

were electrocuted, beaten up, and strangled. Historian Alfred McCoy wrote

about Marcos elite torture units, whose specialty was psychological torture

and humiliation aside from the physical pain (Francisco, 2016).

While the Philippines are expecting economic gains and a strong

bond of friendship between Russia and the Philippines, unfortunately due

to the trouble in Marawi City in Lanao del Sur, Pres. Rodrigo "Digong"

Duterte had to cut off his historic four day visit to Russia because of

clashes between the Maute terror group and government forces in Marawi

City (Avila, 2017).

 10

Following the attacks in Marawi City by the Islamic State-aligned

Abu Sayyaf and Maute Groups, the declaration of martial law in the

Philippine region of Mindanao creates a desperate situation for the people

and the stability of Mindanao. Military operations and repressive actions

will more likely increase the extremist violence than subdue it. Given the

history of the Philippines and the abhorrent record of the Duterte

administration, as seen by his “war on drugs,” the return of martial law to

Mindanao is an ominous sign of the violence and bloodshed which will

certainly follow. The potential scale of the looming atrocities is buried at

the crossroads of the history of the Islamic extremism in the Philippines

and President Rodrigo Duterte’s disregard for human rights and the value

of human life (Anthony Hustedt, 2017).

President Rodrigo Duterte declared Martial Law in Mindanao on

Tuesday, May 23, prompted by the attack of the Maute Group in Marawi

City. The announcement generated rapid-fire comments on social media,

both negative and positive. This comes as no surprise, as martial law in

the Philippines remains a hot-button topic after former dictator Ferdinand

Marcos imposed it nationwide from 1972 to 1981. (Young, 2017). ).

Majority of lawmakers from Mindanao expressed support for the

prolonging the already extended martial law, citing that military rule is

needed to protect the constituents and secure rehabilitation efforts in

Marawi. In the past six months of Martial law in Mindanao, pulls

conducted across the country showed positive support from residents of

 11

Mindanao for the declaration ,with just two of ten Mindanaoan

respondents disagreeing with the initial extension until the end of

2017(Cabico, 2017).

In only shows that people nowadays sees Duterte’s declaration of

Martial Law as an aid to resolve the country’s problem in terms of

terrorism, and less abused are reported and most of those reports are

considered false unlike Marcos time wherein killings of innocent ones were

reported and media was banned which shows there is something

happening that public shouldn’t know.

Related Studies

Foreign
In remembering the happenings of this country’s history they can

probably feel the angriness and proudness at the same time. The

declaration of Martial 1aw during the regime of 1ate President Ferdinand

Marcos was a suffering and a burden to innocent and civilian Filipinos at

that time. Ferdinand Marcos is one of the genius presidents of Philippine

public. But the Philippines under his rule was notes harmonious as what

they thought but it is like the place for a one man who rule less in

accordance with Philippine constitution and more in accordance with his

personal command. Martial 1aw was a time of hardship for most of the

people in Philippines. Those were the stuff nightmares are made of. Today’s
 12

students are now open in more dreadful details of Ferdinand Marcos E.

rule.

The salvaging’s, the kidnappings, the state sanctioned executions,

tortures, and intimidation. The fear that an unsuspecting country soon

found itself living in, curfews, killings, beating and thieves. That was part

of Martial law. Thousands of men and women found themselves tailed,

tortured, and murdered. Those bloody reminders of Martial1aw are almost

completely forgotten today. There are too many deluded among the youth

and old guard alive who celebrate the excesses of Martial 1aw, they live to

point to the dream of a strong man who controlled their lives and

harnessed a nation to service his, his wife’s, and their cronies desires.

(https://www.academia.edu/23553952/Research_Paper_Martial_Law)

A research study by (Dolan, 1991) stated that in September 1972,

Marcos declared martial law, claiming that the country was faced with

revolutions from both the left and the right. He gathered around him a

group of businessmen, used presidential decrees and letters of instruction

to provide them with monopoly positions within the economy, and began

channeling resources to himself and his associates, instituting what came

to be called "crony capitalism." By the time Marcos fled the Philippines in

February 1986, monopolization and corruption had severely crippled the

economy.

This study tackles about the

 13

Local

A research study by (Pacomios, 2017) stated that the undesirable

happenings during the reign of Ferdinand Marcos were a worst nightmare

to every Filipino who witnessed its cruelty and vindictiveness. Martial law

was never an answer to the problem of the country during that time. But,

by the power vested to Marcos, martial law was implemented. Ferdinand

Marcos ruled the Philippines, for more than 20 years( December 30, 1965,-

Feb.25 1986).

A critical study of press freedom under martial law: (Garcia,G.E.,

Kapunan,E,R, Lopez,J.V., & Morada, J.G. Vol.52) stated that The

Philippine setting freedom of the press: As a constitutional right, is

comprehended under the broader guarantee of freedom of expression. In

its generic sense, it is defined as "the liberty to discuss publicly and

truthfully all matters of public interest without prior censorship or

subsequent punishment." It signifies the freedom of a person to

communicate with other members of the body politic. Individuals may

ventilate their thoughts either in oral form or in writing and these are fully

protected by the fundamental law under a provision which states: "No law

shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the press. The

Constitution does not demand orthodoxy of political creed. With the advent

of martial law, however, a problem was immediately posed: Could press

freedom thrive, much less exist, under martial law? Could they co-exist?
 14

Traditionally, the free press clause included only two constricted legal

dimensions. "First, it prohibited only limited forms of interference with free

expression. Every democratic nation today recognizes the value of freedom

of the press. The exercise of this freedom lies at the foundation of free

government by free men. This freedom rests on the assumption that the

widest possible dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic

sources is essential to the welfare of the pUblic. Public discussion is a

necessary condition in a free society. Indeed, it is only through free debate

and free exchange of ideas that the government can be responsive to the

will of the people, and peaceful change is affected. It is perhaps only

through a clash of diversified concepts in the "marketplace of ideas" that

working truths can be arrived at. The widest array of opinions and

information must course through the channels of debate and discussion

in arriving at solutions to social problems and sound public policy.

This is not to conclude, however, that the press must be unbridled

in its operation. Otherwise, an abusive press could easily cause social

dislocation by the vast resources it controls. A moderate amount of

government supervision, not complete control, is necessary to ensure that

the press does not exceed its bounds. Responsibility of the press can be

fostered by giving it more freedom to criticize and check the policies and

actions of the other branches of government. We could neither tolerate a

licentious press nor prefer it to be shackled.

 15

The survey found that, among the 92% of Filipino adults who are

aware of the martial law declaration, 57% said it was the right decision,

while 29% said that Martial Law should have been declared only for

Marawi City and the Province of Lanao del Sur, and 11% said that it should

have been declared only for Marawi City, the Province of Lanao del Sur,

and nearby provinces.

It was similarly high among men, at 93%, and women, at 91%;

highest among 25 to 34 year olds at 96%, followed by 35 to 44 year olds

at 93%, 45 to 54 year olds at 92%, 55 year olds and above at 90%, and 18

to 24 year olds at 88%.

The proportion of those who said Pres. Duterte was right in declaring

Martial Law in the whole of Mindanao was highest in Mindanao at 64%,

followed by Metro Manila at 58%, Visayas at 57%, and Balance Luzon at

53%. (http://www.interaksyon.com/sws-q2-survey-more-than-6-out-of-

10-in-sws-survey-oppose-expansion-of-martial-law/)
 16

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research Methodology of the study. These

include the Research Design, Method of Gathering the data, Development

of the Research Instrument, Sampling Design, Research and Statistical

Treatment.

Research Design

In this study, Descriptive method will be use to conduct a survey to

the respondents of the selected Barangay’s in Iligan City. Descriptive

Method includes brief interview or discussion with an individual about a

specific topic and survey questionnaire. With the use of this method it will

be much easier for the researchers to gather the data needed.

Locale of the study

Figure 2: The Map of Iligan City, where the study will takes place.
 17

This study will be conducted in Iligan City. Iligan City were

composed of 44 barangay. It is geographically within the province of Lanao

del Norte but administered independently from the province. Iligan has a

total land area of 813.37 square kilometres (314.04 sq mi), making it one

of the 10 largest cities in the Philippines in terms of land area. It had a

population of 342,618 inhabitants in the 2015 census.

Respondents

This study will be conducted in selected 4 barangays of Iligan City.

Brgy. Ditucalan, Brgy. Maria Cristina, Brgy. Poblacion, and Brgy.

Tambacan. Each of the selected barangay’s have different population

according to their location. Brgy. Ditucalan have 3, 337 population. In

barangay Maria Cristina there are total of 10,751 population. While in

barangay Poblacion, there are 3,924 and lastly in barangay Tambacan

there are 16, 701 population as off 2007.

Barangay Population Sample Respondents

(N) (n)

Ditucalan 3,337 38

Maria Cristina 10,751 123

Poblacion 3,924 44
 18

Tambacan 16, 701 190

Total 34, 713 395

Table 1: The respective total Population of each Barangay’s in Iligan City

and its corresponding sample Respondents.

Sampling Procedure

In this research, the Slovin’s Formula will be use in getting the

𝑁
number of respondents’. The Slovin’s formula is = 1+𝑁𝑒 2 , where n is the

sample size or sample population , while N is the total population and e

is the margin of error (0.05).

While on the other hand, Purposive Sampling (also known as

Judgment, selective or subjective sampling) will be used as a sampling

technique in which researchers will rely on own judgment when choosing

members of population to participate in the study. Thus, Iligan City

residents will be the subject respondents for the Purposive Sampling as to

gather the data and information about their views regarding to the

implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao such as reasons behind the

acceptance of Martial Law implementation in Mindanao.

Data Gathering Procedure

Prior to the administration of the questionnaire, the researchers

 19

wrote a letter of permission to the authority of each Barangay for the

conduct of the survey. All communications was signed and approved by

the concerned individuals including the respective adviser of the chosen

Barangay.

Survey questionnaire will be used to gather the data. Survey

questionnaire is made up of questions that related to the statement of the

problem. Hence, this survey is accurate and reliable because all of the

respondent will have the same questionnaire to be answered off. It will be

easier to analyze the data gathered.

Instrument Used

Survey questionnaire will be use. Since a questionnaire is a common

tool of research and it can obtain the needed information beyond the

physical reach of the researchers. The questionnaire has clarity in

language, singleness of purpose, relevant to the objective if the study and

correct grammar. This kind of instrument is also easy to test the data for

reliability and validity. It is also less time consuming and can preserve the

anonymity and confidently of the respondent’s answers.

Statistical Treatment

After the data gathering, all the data will be evaluate to summarize

the responses of the selected. This study will be statically analyzed with

the data requirements of the study. This will utilize the 0.05 level of

significances.
 20

1. Mean. This was used to determine the average score of the respondents’

answer.

2. Frequency and Percentage. This was to summarize the data gathered

from the survey questionnaires, the respondents answered.

 21

Chapter IV

PRESENTAION, ANALYSIS, AND RECOMMENDATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyses and interprets the data gathered the

data were collected and then processed to seek the answers of the problem

of MINDANAO IMPLEMENTATION OF MARTIAL LAW: ILIGANONS

ACCEPTANCE. The presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data were

presented based base on the sequence of the questionnaire that the

respondents answered.

Table 2. Frequency and Percentage of individuals who heard or read about

the declaration of Martial Law of President Rodrigo Duterte in Mindanao.

CHOICES FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE

Yes 382 96.2%

No 15 3.8%

TOTAL 397 100%

 22

Out of 397 respondents there were 382 who answered YES which is

equivalent to 96.2 % which means that the respondents were all aware of

the implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao. On the other hand, the

remaining 15 respondents answered no. and is equivalent to 3.8%.

On May 23, 2017, President Rodrigo Duterte declared the whole

area of Mindanao under Martial Law temporarily. Following the attack of

the Islamic State inspired terrorist in Marawi City. According to the survey

results, majority agreed that they’ve heard or read about the declaration

of Martial Law of President Rodrigo Duterte in Mindanao and other

disagreed that they have not heard or even read about the declaration of

Martial Law in Mindanao.

Table 3. Number of individuals who ever think even once that there is a

possibility that Martial Law will be implemented in Mindanao.

CHOICES FREQUENCY MEAN (µ)

Yes 285 0.72

No 99 0.25
 23

Maybe 0 0

I don’t know 13 0.03

TOTAL 397 1.00

Out of 397 respondents 285 answered YES which has a mean value

of 0.72, it implies that majority of the respondents foresee the possibility

of Martial Law to be implemented. 99 who answered NO which has a mean

value of 0.25. 13 who answered I don’t know which has a mean value of

0.03.

During the 2016 elections of presidency, there were rumors that

there’s a chance where Martial Law will be implemented if Rodrigo Duterte

will be elected as a president. Thus the survey results depict this

statement. Majority of the population agreed that there is a possibility that

Martial Law will be implemented and some disagreed on the thought.

 24

Figure 3. Frequency and Percentage of individual’s feelings after the

implementation of Martial Law in subjective and objective manner.

SUBJECIVE 69.78%

OBJECTIVE 30.22%

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

FREQUENCY

Out of 397 respondents 277 answered in subjective manner which

has a value of 69.78% regarding to their feelings after the implementation

of Martial Law and 120 respondents answered in an objective manner

which has a value of 30.22%.

A survey found out that majority of the respondents in Iligan City

felt safe, relieved and secured after the implementation of Martial Law in

Mindanao. Most of the respondents’ reasons why they felt it were not just

because on what happened in Marawi, but also because the crime rate is

decreasing, there are no teenager or underage in streets during night time

and some of bad people are scared to commit crimes anymore. The findings

also stated that there are still few of the respondents who were afraid of

Martial law because of what happened in the past. This findings also
 25

validates the findings of Poblete 2013, which stated that, The Martial law

of Marcos reign bring a lot of painful memories to many Filipinos, because

the list of human rights violations and crimes is just long,(Poblete, 2013)

Table 4. Frequency and Mean of individuals who are in favor of Martial

Law in subjective and objective manner.

CHOICES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

Objective 210 52.9%

Subjective 187 47.1%

TOTAL 397 100%

210 respondents answered in an objective manner which has a

value of 52.9% who are in favor of Martial Law, and 187 respondents

answered in subjective manner which has a value of 47.1%

All of the respondents were in favor to the implementation of Martial

law in Mindanao. Majority of them have objective reasons why they are in

favor of Martial Law, for the reason of the Marawi siege happened or
 26

whatever stated in the findings as they connected to it. They are in favor

for this implementation as they know that it’s for the safety and security

of the people in Mindanao. They are favor since it is already implemented

and the President know what his doing, it’s for the good of everyone and

the President will not make an action which can harm the place he was

born.

Figure 4. Number of individual’s perception if Martial Law offers good

protection.

I Don't know (µ=0.03)

Maybe (µ=0.10)

No (µ=0.01)

Yes (µ=0.90)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Frequency

Majority of the respondents stated that Martial Law offers good

protection with a frequency of 340 and mean value of 0.90. 40 respondents

answered MAYBE which has a mean value of 0.10. 13 respondents

answered I DON’T KNOW which has mean value of 0.03 followed by 4

respondents which has a mean value of 0.01.

 27

The survey found, that Martial Law really provides good protection

so that’s why they felt protected. The respondents are mostly adults. But

there were still some teenagers who think that they were not sure Martial

law could give a god protection to the people of Mindanao. Only few of

Mindanaoan respondents have said no that Martial law does not offers

good protection. The military rule is needed to protect the constituents and

secure rehabilitation efforts in Marawi. (Cabico, 2017). Through the

survey, it showed positive comments to the declaration of Martial law and

it really gives good protection to the people of Marawi but also for the whole

Mindanaoan people.

CHOICES FREQUENCY MEAN

YES 243 0.61

NO 56 0.14

MAYBE 88 0.22
 28

I DON’T KNOW 10 0.03

Most of the respondents with the frequency of 243 and mean value

of 0.61 answered that Martial Law is the solution of terrorism. 56

respondents who answered NO with a mean value of 0.14. 88 who

answered MAYBE with a mean value of 0.22 followed by 10 who answered

I DON’T KNOW with a mean value of 0.03.

Majority of the respondents stated that Martial law is the solution of

terrorism. It only shows that people nowadays sees Duterte’s declaration

of Martial law as an aid to resolve the country’s problem in terms of

terrorism. The findings stated that still people of Mindanao are not yet sure

if Martial law is the solution of terrorism. According to the respondents

Duterte’s declaration of Martial law are much more safe and secured

rather than Marcos time wherein killings of innocent ones were far more

rampant and showed Martial law was not a big help or a solution of

terrorism before. In the present times, Mindanaoan people agreed that

Martial law is indeed the solution of terrorism.

Table 6. Frequency and Percentage of individual’s perceptions on why

Martial Law must be implemented in objective and subjective manner.

 29

CHOICES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

OBJECTIVE 257 65%

SUBJECTIVE 140 35%

TOTAL 397 100%

Most of the respondents with a frequency of 257 answered in

objective manner in which Martial Law must be implemented with a

percentage of 65%. 140 who answered in subjective manner with a

percentage of 35%.

Majority of the respondents answered the question in an objective

manner in which why Martial law must be implemented compared to the

subjective which focuses on disciplining the community. Objective in a

reason that Martial law must be implemented for safety and security

purposes which is the primary objective of Pres. Rodrigo Duterte in

implementing the said law.

30
 31

Chapter V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Martial law, the exercise of government and controlled by military

authorities over the civilian population of a designated territory. It was

implemented in Mindanao following the Marawi crisis attacked by the

Maute ISIS. Due to the said implementation different views by different

individuals was drawn whether in a subjective or objective views.

Subjective, in which Martial law must be implemented to discipline the

people and the community. Objective, in which it must be implemented to

ensure the safety and security of the people. Anchored by the Acceptance

Theory to Authority of Chester Barnard (2006) which explains that

organizations need to be both effective and efficient. Effective, means

meeting organizational goals in a timely way. Efficient, means the degree

to which the organization can satisfy the motives of the employee. Through

the use of this theory the researchers will be guided to better known

Iliganon’s acceptance of Martial law in Mindanao. In this study,

Descriptive method will be used to conduct survey to the respondents of

the selected barangays in Iligan City, the respondents are Brgy. Maria

Cristina, Brgy. Poblacion, Brgy. Tambacan and Brgy. Ditucalan. On the

other hand, Purposive Sampling (also known as judgment, selective or

subjective sampling) will be use as a sampling technique in which

researchers will rely on own judgement in choosing members of a

 32

population to participate and survey questionnaires will be used to gather

the data. After the data gathering, all the data will be evaluate to

summarize the responses of the selected using; Weighted Mean, to

determine the average score of the respondents answer and Frequency and

Percentage used to summarize the data gathered from the survey

questionnaire the respondents answered.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1. Out of the 4 chosen barangays, Brgy. Ditucalan and Maria Cristina

have an objective reasons accepting the Martial Law since their

location were close to where the crisis happened.

2. The remaining 2 barangays, Brgy. Tambacan and Poblacion have a

subjective reasons accepting its implementation for the reason that

their area were not that close to Marawi City.

3. Majority of the respondents were all aware to the declaration of

Martial Law in Mindanao by President Duterte.

4. Before the Marawi Crisis, the possibility of having a Martial Law

have in Mindanao is high base on the survey collected.

5. Majority of the respondents felt safe and relieved after the

implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao, but there are still some

who were afraid of it because on what happened in the past.

6. Majority of the respondents feel happy since curfew is already exist

and there’s no teenager in the street at night.

 33

7. Most of the respondents stated that Martial Law helps in decreasing

the crime rate, eliminating the drug lord and drug users.

8. Majority of the respondents agreed the Martial Law is the solution

of terrorism.

9. Majority of the respondents agreed that implementation of Martial

Law offers good protection to the people in Mindanao.

CONCLUSION

The following conclusions represents an attempt to better

understand the reason behind the acceptance of Iliganons under the

implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao.

Researchers concluded the thought that Iliganon have different

perspective of accepting Martial Law in Mindanao, thus classifying the

reasons as of subjective or objective reasons. Hence Iliganons acceptance

of Martial law implementation in Mindanao depends on the location of

their barangay. Researchers wrapped up the thoughts as subjective reason

if Iliganons accepted Martial law for the reason of decrease of crime rate,

teenagers wont roomed outside the house anymore during late at night

and decrease of drug users. Moreover, objective reasons behind the

Iliganons acceptance of Martial law implementation in Mindanao were the

Marawi crisis and safety and security against terrorism where in the first

place, if these are the main reason of pushing Martial law in Mindanao to

be implemented.
 34

Consequently, the age of the respondents and location of the

barangay is directly proportional to the perspective whether its subjective

or objective reason of Martial law implementation in Mindanao.

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the results of this study, the following recommendation

are hereby offered to further strengthen the findings of the present study:

1. For the people of Mindanao, the researcher recommend that the

real essence of accepting the implementation of Martial Law

depends on how they support the implementation but how they

obey the military rules and regulations.

2. For the teenagers it is recommended that they find interest of

what is really Martial Law and that they should remain obedient

and vigilant at all times.

3. The researcher recommended to the local official that they may

use the findings of this study to strengthen the policies with

regards to the implementation of Martial Law in the Philippines.

4. It is also recommended to the future researchers to make a study

that is related with this topic and develop a larger sample and

connect more complex variables.

 35

Bibliography/Reference List

Internet Sources

Armecin( 2017, June 6). Martial Law in the Philippines. Retrieved from
https://philippineone.com/martial-law-in-the-philippines/

Avila B.S,(2017). Its Right to Declare Martia Law in Mindanao.

Retrieved from http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/05/
251703351/its-right-declare-martial-law-mindanao? No mobile=1.

Forbes,(2015). Courageous women in media: Marcos and censorship in

the Philippines. https://www.researchgate.net/publication
/286500473_Courageous_women_in_media_Marcos_and_censorshi
p_in_the_Philippines

Poblete, M., (2013). Different Perspectives of the Martial Law Years

Retrieved from http://www.clix.com.ph/different-perspectives-of-
the-martial-law-years/

Young, J.,C, Netizens terrified or trusting of martial law in Mindanao.

Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/technology/social-
media/170749-martial-law-mindanao-netizens-reactions

Rusbult, Agnew and Arriaga (2011). The Investment Model of

Commitment Processes. Retrieved from
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025&co
ntext=psychpubs

STUDIES

Pacomios, S.J (2017).Research Paper Martial Law Retrieved from

https://www.academia.edu/23553952/Research_Paper_Martial_L
aw
 36

Alforque,2011 FREEDOM OF SPEECH UNDER SIEGE THE PHILIPPINE

EXPERIENCEhttps://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/defaultsource/stud
ent/student-journalajpa/issue08.pdf?sfvrsn=898c930b_2

Dolan,R.E (1991), Martial Law and its Aftermath, (1972-86).

Retrieved from http://countrystudies.us/philippines57/.htm

Journals/Articles

Aguirre & Berondo (2011, March 29). Chapter II. Review of Related
Literature. Retrieved from http://aguirreberondo.blogspot.com
/2011/03/chapter-ii-rrl.html?m=1. http://www.interaksyon.com/
sws-q2-survey-more-than-6-out-of-10-in-sws-survey-oppose-
expansion-of-martial-law/

Books

A Garrison State on the Make (p. 353) Retrieved from

http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-
law/a-grrison-state-in-the-make-p-353/
 37

APPENDICES
 38

APPENDIX A

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

LETTER OF THE PRINCIPAL

 39

APPENDIX B

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

COMMUNICATION LETTER
 40

APPENDIX C

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE

Name: Grade/Section:

General Instruction: Read the following statements carefully. Answer it

with all honesty. Do not leave any item unanswered.

1. Have you ever heard or read about the declaration of Martial Law of
Pres. Rodrigo Duterte in Mindanao?

2. Before its implementation, did you ever think even once that there is a
possibility that Martial Law will be implemented?

3. After the Implementation of Martial Law, What did you feel about it?

4. Are you in favor for the implementation of Martial Law in Mindanao?

Why or Why not?

5. At the moment, while Martial Law is still in effect, does it offer good
protection?

6. Do you think of Martial Law as the solution of Terrorism?

7. For you, why Martial Law must be implemented?

Mary Maxwell, Ph.D

Nov. 10, 2005
SOURCE: http://www.informationliberation.com/?id=3097
 41

APPENDIX D

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

SAMPLE ANSWERED QUESTIONNAIRE

 42

APPENDIX C

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

January 8, 2018

JOSE E. SALVADOR, PhD

Assistant Principal II
Iligan City National High School

Dear Sir:

The Grade 12 students of Iligan City National High School conducts a study
entitled “ILIGANONS ACCEPTANCE OF MARTIAL LAW IMPLEMENTATION IN
MINDANAO”. This study aims to seek the reasons behind the acceptance of
Martial Law implementation in Mindanao.
In view of the objective, we would like to ask permission to gather data through
an online survey, pen and paper survey questionnaires. Rest assured that all the
data to be gathered will be treated with the strictest confidence and will be used
only for this paper.

With fervent hope, may this humble request be granted with your generous
permission.

Thank you very much and God bless!

Respectfully yours,
ERMITA, MELCHIE A. RODINAS, BERNADETH R.
NOVINO, ELAILAH A. VILLARIN, PRINCESS MICHELLE P.
PAIRAT, RENTO CLYDE B.
Researchers

Noted by:

____________________________ _____________________________
JOAN A. ENAD, MAED-ELT VICENTE TOMAS LLUISMA
Research Adviser Academics Dept. Head

Approved by:
_____________________________ ___________________________
VICENTE TOMAS LLUISMA JOSE SALVADOR PhD
Academics Dept. Head Assistant Principal
 43

APPENDIX C

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CURRICULUM VITAE

MELCHIE A. ERMITA

PERSONAL INFORMATION

SEX FEMALE

DATE OF BIRTH MAY 17, 2000

ADDRESS 37-A CABILI AVE. EXT. PUROK 8 SARAY,

ILIGAN CITY

CONTACT NO. 0955 711 6238

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY LEVEL ILIGAN CITY NORTH 1
CENTRAL SCHOOL

SECONDARY LEVEL

a. Junior High School ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH

b. Senior High School SCHOOL
APPENDIX A
 44

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

ELAILAH A. NOVINO

PERSONAL INFORMATION

SEX FEMALE

DATE OF BIRTH OCTOBER 3, 1999

ADDRESS PUROK 3 BRGY. MARIA CRISTINA,

BALO-I, LANAO DEL NORTE

CONTACT NO. 0905 748 3620

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY LEVEL MARIA CRISTINA FALLS
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

SECONDARY LEVEL
a. Junior High School ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH
b. Senior High School SCHOOL
 45

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

RENATO CLYDE B. PAIRAT

PERSONAL INFORMATION

SEX MALE

DATE OF BIRTH AUGUST 20, 1999

ADDRESS PUROK 4, BRGY. UPPER HINAPLANON,

ILIGAN CITY

CONTACT NO. 0936 873 6488

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY LEVEL ILIGAN CITY CENTRAL
SCHOOL

SECONDARY LEVEL

a. Junior High School ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH

b. Senior High School SCHOOL
 46

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

BERNADETH R. RODINAS

PERSONAL INFORMATION

SEX FEMALE

DATE OF BIRTH FEBRUARY 3, 2000

ADDRESS PUROK 1 SARAY, ILIGAN CITY

CONTACT NO. 0906 420 1079

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY LEVEL DONA JUANA ACTUB LLUCH
MEMORIAL CENTRAL SCHOOL

SECONDARY LEVEL

a. Junior High School ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH

b. Senior High School SCHOOL
 47

ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Gen. Wood St., Poblacion, Iligan City
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRINCESS MICHELLE P.
VILLARIN

PERSONAL INFORMATION

SEX FEMALE

DATE OF BIRTH FEBURARY 11, 1996

ADDRESS ZONE 1 PUROK MANGA TUBOD,

ILIGAN CITY

CONTACT NO. 0926 913 2337

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PRIMARY LEVEL SRGT. MIGUEL CANOY
MEMORIAL CENTRAL SCHOOL
MARANDING ANNEX CENTRAL
SCHOOL
TUBO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

SECONDARY LEVEL

a. Junior High School ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH

b. Senior High School SCHOOL